This interim report describes an alternative approach for evaluating the efficacy of using mercury (Hg) offsets to improve water quality. Hg-offset programs may allow dischargers facing higher-pollution control costs to meet their regulatory obligations by making more cost effective pollutant-reduction decisions. Efficient Hg management requires methods to translate that science and economics into a regulatory decision framework.
This report documents the work in progress by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Western Geographic Science Center in collaboration with Stanford University toward developing this decision framework to help managers, regulators, and other stakeholders decide whether offsets can cost effectively meet the Hg total maximum daily load (TMDL) requirements in the Sacramento River watershed. Two key approaches being considered are: (1) a probabilistic approach that explicitly incorporates scientific uncertainty, cost information, and value judgments; and (2) a quantitative approach that captures uncertainty in testing the feasibility of Hg offsets.
Current fate and transport-process models commonly attempt to predict chemical transformations and transport pathways deterministically. However, the physical, chemical, and biologic processes controlling the fate and transport of Hg in aquatic environments are complex and poorly understood. Deterministic models of Hg environmental behavior contain large uncertainties, reflecting this lack of understanding. The uncertainty in these underlying physical processes may produce similarly large uncertainties in the decisionmaking process. However, decisions about control strategies are still being made despite the large uncertainties in current Hg loadings, the relations between total Hg (HgT) loading and methylmercury (MeHg) formation, and the relations between control efforts and Hg content in fish.
The research presented here focuses on an alternative analytical approach to the current use of safety factors and deterministic methods for Hg TMDL decision support, one that is fully compatible with an adaptive management approach. This alternative approach uses empirical data and informed judgment to provide a scientific and technical basis for helping National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit holders make management decisions. An Hg-offset system would be an option if a wastewater-treatment plant could not achieve NPDES permit requirements for HgT reduction.
We develop a probabilistic decision-analytical model consisting of three submodels for HgT loading, MeHg, and cost mitigation within a Bayesian network that integrates information of varying rigor and detail into a simple model of a complex system. Hg processes are identified and quantified by using a combination of historical data, statistical models, and expert judgment. Such an integrated approach to uncertainty analysis allows easy updating of prediction and inference when observations of model variables are made. We demonstrate our approach with data from the Cache Creek watershed (a subbasin of the Sacramento River watershed).
The empirical models used to generate the needed probability distributions are based on the same empirical models currently being used by the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Cache Creek Hg TMDL working group. The significant difference is that input uncertainty and error are explicitly included in the model and propagated throughout its algorithms. This work demonstrates how to integrate uncertainty into the complex and highly uncertain Hg TMDL decisionmaking process. The various sources of uncertainty are propagated as decision risk that allows decisionmakers to simultaneously consider uncertainties in remediation/implementation costs while attempting to meet environmental/ecologic targets.
We must note that this research is on going. As more data are collected, the HgT and cost-mitigation submodels are updated and the uncertainties may be reduced. Subsequently, the value of using a probabilistic framework for estimating and explicitly stating these uncertainties within a decisionmaking process can be estimated when new data are collected.
Future work includes the design and implementation of a Bayesian network decision support system (BN-DSS) to produce mitigation scenarios for offset-project evaluation in the Cache Creek watershed. The decisionmaker, a wastewater-treatment plant, is expected to evaluate potential Hg-offset programs in terms of changes in HgT load changes, MeHg-production potential, project cost, and other suitability criteria. Subsequently, scenarios can be analyzed by performing sensitivity analyses and ranking environmental and economic uncertainties in terms of the decisionmaker’s preferences and risk choices. Such an analysis allows decisionmakers and stakeholders to explore various scenarios and predict the consequences of different stated preferences over outcomes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041408","usgsCitation":"Wood, A., 2004, Incorporating uncertainty into mercury-offset decisions with a probabilistic network for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit holders: An interim report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1408, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041408.","productDescription":"75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5896,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1408/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70112.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f56b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Alexander","contributorId":41518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58257,"text":"sir20045156 - 2004 - Hydrologic, ecologic, and geomorphic responses of Brewery Creek to construction of a residential subdivision, Dane County, Wisconsin, 1999-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T12:01:24","indexId":"sir20045156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5156","title":"Hydrologic, ecologic, and geomorphic responses of Brewery Creek to construction of a residential subdivision, Dane County, Wisconsin, 1999-2002","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Dane County Land Conservation Department (LCD) and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR), investigated the instream effects from construction of a residential subdivision on Brewery Creek in Dane County, Wisconsin. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether a variety of storm-runoff and erosion-control best-management practices (BMPs) would effectively control the overall sediment load, as well as minimize any hydrologic, ecologic, and geomorphic stresses to Brewery Creek.
\nStormwater volumes decreased 60 percent from the preconstruction phase to the land-disturbance phase and slightly increased (9 percent) from the land-disturbance phase to the home-construction phase. The stormwater volumes were applied to total solids and total suspended solids concentrations to compute a solids load for each contaminant. Total and suspended solids load indicated a similar trend from preconstruction to land-disturbance phases with decreases of 52 and 72 percent, respectively. Both total and suspended solids load continued to decrease in the transition from land-disturbance to home-construction phases, by 22 and 37 percent, respectively. However, because of variability in the data, statistically there was no change in the magnitude of difference between the upstream and downstream solids load from one phase of construction to the next at the 90-percent confidence level.
\nOther physical, biological, and ecological surveys including macroinvertebrates, fish, habitat, and geomorphology were done on segments of Brewery Creek affected by the study area. Macroinvertebrate sampling results (Hilsenhoff Biotic Index value, or HBI), on Brewery Creek ranged from 'very good' to 'good' water-quality with no appreciable differences during any phase of construction activity. Results for fish-community composition, however, were within the 'poor' range (Index of Biotic Integrity value, or IBI) during each year of testing. A general absence of intolerant species, with the exception of brown trout, reflects the low IBI values. Habitat values did not change significantly from preconstruction to postconstruction phases. Although installation of a double-celled culvert in Brewery Creek most likely altered the width-to-depth ratio in that reach, the overall habitat rating remained 'fair'. Fluvial geomorphology classifications including channel cross sections, bed- and bank-erosion surveys, and pebble counts did not indicate that stream geomorphic characteristics were altered by home-construction activity in the study area. Increases in fine-grained sediment at various cross sections were attributed to instream erosion processes, such as bank slumping, rather than increases in sediment delivery from the nearby construction site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045156","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Dane County Land Conservation Department and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Selbig, W.R., Jopke, P.L., Marhshall, D.W., and Sorge, M.J., 2004, Hydrologic, ecologic, and geomorphic responses of Brewery Creek to construction of a residential subdivision, Dane County, Wisconsin, 1999-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5156, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045156.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5840,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":311354,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5156/pdf/SIR_2004_5156.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Black Earth Creek, Brewery Creek","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selbig, William R. 0000-0003-1403-8280 wrselbig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8280","contributorId":877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","email":"wrselbig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jopke, Peter L.","contributorId":39456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jopke","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marhshall, David W.","contributorId":17699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marhshall","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sorge, Michael J.","contributorId":59117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorge","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53370,"text":"wdrND031 - 2004 - Water Resources Data North Dakota Water Year 2003, Volume 1. Surface Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:43:38","indexId":"wdrND031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ND-03-1","title":"Water Resources Data North Dakota Water Year 2003, Volume 1. Surface Water","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for North Dakota consists of records of discharge, stage, and water quality for streams; contents, stage, and water quality for lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality for ground-water wells. Volume 1 contains records of water discharge for 108 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only for 24 river-stage stations; contents and/or stage for 14 lake or reservoir stations; annual maximum discharge for 32 crest-stage stations; and water-quality for 99 streamflow-gaging stations, 5 river-stage stations, 11 lake or reservoir stations, 8 miscellaneous sample sites on rivers, and 63 miscellaneous sample sites on lakes and wetlands. Data are included for 7 water-quality monitor sites on streams and 2 precipitation-chemistry stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in North Dakota.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrND031","usgsCitation":"Robinson, S., Lundgren, R., Sether, B., Norbeck, S., and Lambrecht, J., 2004, Water Resources Data North Dakota Water Year 2003, Volume 1. Surface Water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ND-03-1, 583 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrND031.","productDescription":"583 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDR-ND-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd1fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, S.M.","contributorId":79162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundgren, R.F.","contributorId":44228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundgren","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sether, B.A.","contributorId":61504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sether","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Norbeck, S.W.","contributorId":23158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norbeck","given":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lambrecht, J.M.","contributorId":100065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambrecht","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53382,"text":"wdrID032 - 2004 - Water resources data, Idaho, 2003; Volume 2. Surface water records for Upper Columbia River basin and Great Basin below King Hill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wdrID032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ID-03-2","title":"Water resources data, Idaho, 2003; Volume 2. Surface water records for Upper Columbia River basin and Great Basin below King Hill","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2003 water year for Idaho consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; discharge of irrigation diversions; and water levels and water quality of groundwater. The three volumes of this report contain discharge records for 208 stream-gaging stations and 14 irrigation diversions; stage only records for 6 stream-gaging stations; stage only for 6 lakes and reservoirs; contents only for 13 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality for 50 stream-gaging stations and partial record sites, 3 lakes sites, and 398 groundwater wells; and water levels for 427 observation network wells and 900 special project wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. Volumes 1 & 2 contain the surface-water and surface-water-quality records. Volume 3 contains the ground-water and ground-water-quality records. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Idaho, adjacent States, and Canada.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrID032","usgsCitation":"Brennan, T., Lehmann, A., and O'Dell, I., 2004, Water resources data, Idaho, 2003; Volume 2. Surface water records for Upper Columbia River basin and Great Basin below King Hill: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ID-03-2, 311 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrID032.","productDescription":"311 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5138,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-id-03-2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f13e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, T.S.","contributorId":56708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lehmann, A.K.","contributorId":8548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmann","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Dell, I.","contributorId":80336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Dell","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53384,"text":"wdrSD031 - 2004 - Water resources data, South Dakota, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wdrSD031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SD-03-1","title":"Water resources data, South Dakota, water year 2003","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for South Dakota consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; precipitation; and water levels in wells. This report contains discharge records for 123 streamflow-gaging stations; stage and contents records for 10 lakes and reservoirs, stage for 15 streams and 3 lakes; water-quality records for 5 streamflow-gaging stations, 2 daily sediment stations, 3 wells, 11 ungaged stream sites, 2 lakes, 1 sewage lagoon, and 1 precipitation site; water levels for 6 wells; daily precipitation records at 4 sites; and 74 partial-record crest-stage gage sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in South Dakota.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrSD031","usgsCitation":"Burr, M.J., Teller, R.W., and Neitzert, K.M., 2004, Water resources data, South Dakota, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SD-03-1, 513 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSD031.","productDescription":"513 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5139,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-sd-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burr, Michael J.","contributorId":65840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teller, Ralph W.","contributorId":65839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teller","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neitzert, Kathleen M. kmneitze@usgs.gov","contributorId":1833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neitzert","given":"Kathleen","email":"kmneitze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53999,"text":"wri034325 - 2004 - Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:57:53","indexId":"wri034325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4325","title":"Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001","docAbstract":"Ground water supplies about one-third of the water used by the public in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The occurrence and distribution of natural and anthropogenic compounds in ground water used for public supply in the valley were evaluated. Water samples were collected from 31 public-supply wells in 2001 and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, radon, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, methylene blue active substances, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. The samples also were analyzed for the stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium), tritium, chlorofluorocarbons, and dissolved gases to determine recharge sources and ground-water age.
Dissolved-solids concentration ranged from 157 to 1,280 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in water from the 31 public-supply wells. Comparison of dissolved-solids concentration of water sampled from the principal aquifer during 1988-92 and 1998-2002 shows a reduction in the area where water with less than 500 mg/L occurs. Nitrate concentration in water sampled from 12 of the 31 public-supply wells was higher than an estimated background level of 2 mg/L, indicating a possible human influence. At least one pesticide or pesticide degradation product was detected at a concentration much lower than drinking-water standards in water from 13 of the 31 wells sampled. Chloroform was the most frequently detected volatile organic compound (17 of 31 samples). Its widespread occurrence in deeper ground water is likely a result of the recharge of chlorinated public-supply water used to irrigate lawns and gardens in residential areas of Salt Lake Valley.
Environmental tracers were used to determine the sources of recharge to the principal aquifer used for public supply in the valley. Oxygen-18 values and recharge temperatures computed from dissolved noble gases in the ground water were used to differentiate between mountain and valley recharge. Maximum recharge temperatures in the eastern part of the valley generally are below the range of valley water-table temperatures indicating that mountain-block recharge must constitute a substantial fraction of recharge to the principal aquifer in this area. Together, the recharge temperature and stable-isotope data define two zones with apparently high proportions of valley recharge on the east side of the valley.
The possibility of water samples containing a substantial proportion of water recharged before thermonuclear testing began in the early 1950s (pre-bomb) was evaluated by comparing the initial tritium concentration of each sample (measured tritium plus measured tritiogenic helium-3) to that of local precipitation at the apparent time of recharge. Three interpreted-age categories were determined for water from the sampled wells: (1) dominantly pre-bomb; (2) dominantly modern; and (3) modern or a mixture of pre-bomb and modern. Apparent tritium/helium-3 ages range from 3 years to more than 50 years. Water generally becomes older with distance from the mountain front, with the oldest water present in the discharge area.
The presence of anthropogenic compounds at concentrations above reporting levels and elevated nitrate concentrations (affected wells) in the principal aquifer is well correlated with the distribution of interpreted-age categories. All of the wells (10 of 10) with dominantly modern water are affected. Seventy percent (7 of 10) of the wells with dominantly modern or a mixture of modern and pre-bomb waters are affected. Only 1 of the 11 wells with dominantly pre-bomb water is affected. Anthropogenic compounds were not detected in water with an apparent age of more than 50 years, except for water from one well. All of the samples that consisted mostly of modern water contained at least one anthropogenic compound.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri034325","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., and Manning, A.H., 2004, Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4325, x, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034325.","productDescription":"x, 95 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034325/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334634,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034325/pdf/wri034325.pdf","size":"7.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake 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Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","edition":"Online Only","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":true,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58323,"text":"ofr20041431 - 2004 - Spectral variations in rocks and soils containing ferric iron hydroxide and(or) sulfate minerals as seen by AVIRIS and laboratory spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:00","indexId":"ofr20041431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1431","title":"Spectral variations in rocks and soils containing ferric iron hydroxide and(or) sulfate minerals as seen by AVIRIS and laboratory spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Analysis of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data covering the Big Rock Candy Mountain area of the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah, identified abundant rocks and soils bearing jarosite, goethite, and chlorite associated with volcanic rocks altered to propylitic grade during the Miocene (23\u001321 Ma). Propylitically-altered rocks rich in pyrite associated with the relict feeder zones of convecting, shallow hydrothermal systems are currently undergoing supergene oxidation to natrojarosite, kaolinite, and gypsum. Goethite coatings are forming at the expense of jarosite where most pyrite has been consumed through oxidation in alluvium derived from pyrite-bearing zones. Spectral variations in the goethite-bearing rocks that resemble variations found in reference library samples of goethites of varying grain size were observed in the AVIRIS data. Rocks outside of the feeder zones have relatively low pyrite content and are characterized by chlorite, epidote, and calcite, with local copper-bearing quartz-calcite veins. Iron-bearing minerals in these rocks are weathering directly to goethite. \r\n\r\nLaboratory spectral analyses were applied to samples of iron-bearing rock outcrops and alluvium collected from the area to determine the accuracy of the AVIRIS-based mineral identification. The accuracy of the iron mineral identification results obtained by analysis of the AVIRIS data was confirmed. In general, the AVIRIS analysis results were accurate in identifying medium-grained goethite, coarse-grained goethite, medium- to coarse-grained goethite with trace jarosite, and mixtures of goethite and jarosite. However, rock fragments from alluvial areas identified as thin coatings of goethite with the AVIRIS data were found to consist mainly of medium- to coarse-grained goethite based on spectral characteristics in the visible and near-infrared. \r\n\r\nTo determine if goethite abundance contributed to the spectral variations observed in goethite-bearing rocks with AVIRIS data, a laboratory experiment was performed in which spectra were acquired of a goethite-bearing rock while progressively decreasing the areal abundance of the rock with respect to a background of white, fine-grained quartz sand. This experiment found that, with decreasing material abundance, the crystal field absorption feature of goethite near 1.0 micron decreases in depth and narrows more from the long wavelength side of the feature than from the short wavelength side, as is the case in goethite reference spectra as grain size decreases from coarse to fine. \r\n\r\nIn the Marysvale study area, goethite-bearing alluvium downgradient from source outcrops tends to be identified as finer-grained or thin coatings of goethite due to the mineral\u0019s presence in lesser abundance. The goethite-bearing alluvium is a closer match to reference spectra of thin coatings of goethite even though the actual grain size of the contained goethite fragments is medium to coarse grained, the same on average as that from the source outcrops. Coarser-grained goethite most likely will be correctly identified in areas of greater goethite abundance proximal to jarosite-bearing source rock where the surface is relatively free of goethite-free soil components and vegetation that corrupt the goethite spectral response. \r\n\r\nWhen analysis of imaging spectroscopy data is performed using reference spectra of iron minerals of varying grain sizes and mixed compositions, the results are useful not only for purposes of mineral identification, but also for distinguishing goethite-bearing outcrop from alluvial surfaces with similar mineralogy, providing valuable information for geologic, geomorphologic, mineral exploration, and environmental assessment studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041431","usgsCitation":"Rockwell, B.W., 2004, Spectral variations in rocks and soils containing ferric iron hydroxide and(or) sulfate minerals as seen by AVIRIS and laboratory spectroscopy (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1431, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041431.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5919,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1431/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ca3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rockwell, Barnaby W. 0000-0002-9549-0617 barnabyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-0617","contributorId":2195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Barnaby","email":"barnabyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56325,"text":"wdrWI031 - 2004 - Water Resources Data - Wisconsin, Water Year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"wdrWI031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WI-03-1","title":"Water Resources Data - Wisconsin, Water Year 2003","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for Wisconsin include records of streamflow at gaging stations, partialrecord stations, and miscellaneous sites, records of precipitation, and records of chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of surface water. In addition, water levels in observation wells are reported. These data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State and local agencies and other Federal agencies in Wisconsin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wdrWI031","issn":"07408803","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wisconsin and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Waschbusch, R., Olson, D., Ellefson, B., and Stark, P., 2004, Water Resources Data - Wisconsin, Water Year 2003 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-03-1, xxii, 607 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWI031.","productDescription":"xxii, 607 p.","numberOfPages":"629","temporalStart":"2002-10-01","temporalEnd":"2003-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12073,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-WI-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,42.5 ], [ -93,47 ], [ -86.75,47 ], [ -86.75,42.5 ], [ -93,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69788c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waschbusch, R.J.","contributorId":107307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waschbusch","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, D.L.","contributorId":34943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellefson, B.R.","contributorId":83927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefson","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stark, P.A.","contributorId":39850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54149,"text":"ds91 - 2004 - Depth to the Juan de Fuca slab beneath the Cascadia subduction margin– A 3-D model for sorting earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T21:09:31.809264","indexId":"ds91","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91","title":"Depth to the Juan de Fuca slab beneath the Cascadia subduction margin– A 3-D model for sorting earthquakes","docAbstract":"We present an updated model of the Juan de Fuca slab beneath southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, and use this model to separate earthquakes occurring above and below the slab surface. The model is based on depth contours previously published by Fluck and others (1997). Our model attempts to rectify a number of shortcomings in the original model and update it with new work. The most significant improvements include (1) a gridded slab surface in geo-referenced (ArcGIS) format, (2) continuation of the slab surface to its full northern and southern edges, (3) extension of the slab surface from 50-km depth down to 110-km beneath the Cascade arc volcanoes, and (4) revision of the slab shape based on new seismic-reflection and seismic-refraction studies. We have used this surface to sort earthquakes and present some general observations and interpretations of seismicity patterns revealed by our analysis. For example, deep earthquakes within the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath western Washington define a linear trend that may mark a tear within the subducting plate Also earthquakes associated with the northern stands of the San Andreas Fault abruptly terminate at the inferred southern boundary of the Juan de Fuca slab. In addition, we provide files of earthquakes above and below the slab surface and a 3-D animation or fly-through showing a shaded-relief map with plate boundaries, the slab surface, and hypocenters for use as a visualization tool.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds91","usgsCitation":"McCrory, P.A., Blair, J., Oppenheimer, D.H., and Walter, S.R., 2004, Depth to the Juan de Fuca slab beneath the Cascadia subduction margin– A 3-D model for sorting earthquakes (Version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 91, Report: 13 p.; Spatial Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds91.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; Spatial Data","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392069,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68495.htm"},{"id":8686,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/91/4_DATA/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8685,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/91/version_history.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5595,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/ds-91/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -132,39.3333 ], [ -132,51.1667 ], [ -121,51.1667 ], [ -121,39.3333 ], [ -132,39.3333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e1c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCrory, Patricia A. 0000-0003-2471-0018 pmccrory@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-0018","contributorId":2728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"Patricia","email":"pmccrory@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blair, J. Luke","contributorId":102573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blair","given":"J. Luke","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oppenheimer, David H. oppen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"David","email":"oppen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, Stephen R.","contributorId":34954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54278,"text":"wdrVA032 - 2004 - Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water, Year 2003 Volume 2. Ground-Water-Level and Ground-Water-Quality Records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"wdrVA032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"VA-03-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water, Year 2003 Volume 2. Ground-Water-Level and Ground-Water-Quality Records","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for Virginia consist of records of water levels and water qualityof ground-water wells. This report (Volume 2. Ground-Water-Level and Ground-Water-Quality Records) contains water levels at 354 observation wells and water quality at 64 wells. Locations of these wells are shownon figures 4 through 9. The data in this report represent that part of the National Water Data System collectedby the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Virginia.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrVA032","usgsCitation":"White, R., Powell, E., Guyer, J., and Owens, J., 2004, Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water, Year 2003 Volume 2. Ground-Water-Level and Ground-Water-Quality Records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report VA-03-2, 424 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrVA032.","productDescription":"424 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5392,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRVA032","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa6da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, R.K.","contributorId":96338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, E.D.","contributorId":83993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guyer, J.R.","contributorId":68392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guyer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Owens, J.A.","contributorId":44993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57758,"text":"wdrPA031 - 2004 - Water resources data, Pennsylvania, water year 2003—volume 1. Delaware River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-22T14:20:15","indexId":"wdrPA031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-03-1","title":"Water resources data, Pennsylvania, water year 2003—volume 1. Delaware River Basin","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2003 water year for Pennsylvania consist of records of discharge and water quality of streams; contents and elevations of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report, Volume 1 contains (1) discharge records for 79 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations, 8 partial-record stations, 19 special-study and miscellaneous streamflow sites; (2) elevation and contents records for 13 lakes and reservoirs, and water-quality records for 6 lakes and reservoirs; (3) water-quality records for 37 gaging stations and 12 ungaged streamsites; (4) water-quality records for 67 special-study stations; (5) water-level records for 49 network observation wells; and (6) water-quality analyses of ground water from 10 ground-water wells. Site locations are shown in figures 6-13. Additional water data collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data collection program are also presented. These data together with the data in Volumes 2 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Pennsylvania.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Philadelphia District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Chester County Water Resources Authority, and with other State, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Durlin, R., and Schaffstall, W., 2004, Water resources data, Pennsylvania, water year 2003—volume 1. Delaware River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PA-03-1, 659 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPA031.","productDescription":"659 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-pa-03-1/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":5999,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-pa-03-1/WDR-PA-03-1.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR PA-03-1"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070