The upper Yellowstone River in Montana is an important State and national water resource, providing recreational, agricultural, and commercial benefits. Floods in 1996 and 1997, with recorded peak discharges having recurrence intervals close to 100 years, caused substantial streambank erosion and hill- slope mass wasting. Large quantities of sand-, gravel-, and cobble-sized material entrained by the flood flows became flood-bar deposits, creating a source of sediment available for transport during future floods. The flood damage and resulting sedimentation raised concerns about potential streambank-stabilization projects and how the river and riparian corridor might be managed in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Park Conservation District, the Montana Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, investigated sediment transport in the upper Yellowstone River near Livingston from 1999 through 2001 as part of a cumulative effects study to provide a scientific basis for future river management decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport for the upper Yellowstone River.
The study area included a 13.5-mile study reach of the upper Yellowstone River where substantial sediment transport occurred in 1996 and 1997. In this study area, the upper Yellowstone River is a high gradient, coarse-bed stream having a slope of about 0.0028 foot per foot or more than 14 feet per mile. The study area drains about 3,551 square miles, and runoff results primarily from snowmelt during the spring and summer months. As part of sediment-transport investigations, the U.S. Geological Survey surveyed river cross sections, characterized streambed-material particle size using particle counts and sieve analyses, and collected bedload- and suspended-sediment data during three runoff seasons (1999-2001). Data were collected for stream discharges that ranged from 2,220 cubic feet per second (typical of pre- and post-runoff discharge) to 25,100 cubic feet per second (about 125 percent of bankfull discharge).
The distribution of streambed-material particle size was determined, and sediment-transport curves for bedload discharge, suspended-sediment discharge, and total-sediment discharge were developed. The threshold values of streamflow and average stream velocity needed for initiation of bedload transport for selected sediment-size classes showed that little to no bedload was transported for an average stream velocity below about 3 feet per second, and the only particle size transported as bedload at that velocity was sand. Over the range of stream discharges sampled and with silt- and finer-sized particles excluded, bedload discharge averaged about 18 percent of the total-sediment discharge, equal to bedload discharge plus suspended-sediment discharge. At the lowest and highest stream discharges sampled, bedload was, respectively, less than about 2 percent and about 30 percent of the total-sediment discharge. Over the range of stream discharges sampled, the sand-sized part of the total suspended-sediment discharge averaged about 48 percent, where the total suspended-sediment discharge included sand-, silt- and finer-sized particles. At the lowest and highest stream discharges sampled, the sand-sized part of the total suspended-sediment discharge was, respectively, less than about 16 percent and about 50 percent of the total suspended-sediment discharge. The sediment-transport curves were compared to curves for selected sites in the western United States having drainage areas ranging from 21 square miles to over 20,000 square miles. Daily sediment loads transported at bankfull discharge were calculated for each site and results were plotted in relation to drainage area. Results based on the 1999-2001 data-collection period indicate that the estimated daily bedload transported at bankfull discharge in the upper Yellowstone River exceeded the envelope line that bounds the upper end of the data for other selected sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains and is similar in magnitude to that for selected sites in Alaska having braided channels and glacial and snowmelt runoff. Similar comparisons for suspended sediment indicate that daily suspended-sediment load at bankfull discharge is relatively high in the upper Yellowstone River, plotting slightly above the envelope line that bounds the upper end of the data for other selected sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains.
Sediment data were used to develop individual transport equations for seven size classes of sediment ranging from small cobbles to very fine sand. A step-wise regression procedure relating sediment discharge to important hydraulic variables showed that average stream velocity was the only significant variable at the 95-percent confidence level. Bedload and suspended-sediment data and equations indicate that more sand is transported for a given velocity than any other particle size, and very little sand-size sediment load is transported below an average stream velocity of about 2.5 feet per second. Transport of coarser-sized sediment (limited to bedload) becomes very little for an average velocity less than about 3.5 feet per second. Results for the 1999-2001 data-collection period indicate that sediment transport in the upper Yellowstone River tends to be limited more by the transport capacity of the stream (capacity or transport limited), than to the availability of sediment in the watershed (supply limited).
Sediment data collected and analyzed were used to simulate sediment transport in the study reach using the BRIdge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation, or BRI-STARS computer model. The model was calibrated and verified using selected data from historical runoff periods. Simulated total-sediment loads, on a reach-averaged basis, were in good agreement with the total-sediment loads determined from the transport curve for the 2-year flood hydrograph but were considerably smaller for the total-sediment loads determined from the transport curve for the 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood hydrographs. The differences probably were largely due to the inability of the model to simulate streambank erosion, hillslope mass-wasting, and other channel-widening processes, which had supplied substantial quantities of sediment to the channel during the 1996 and 1997 floods, and probably continued to contribute to the sediment load in the subsequent years (1999-2001) when the data were collected. Furthermore, the transport curve was applied beyond the measured data for the highest discharges, and may thus be unreliable. Also, the transport curve derived from only limited data may not apply over the full duration of the hydrograph and sediment might be transported over only a portion of the hydrograph, especially for rivers like the upper Yellowstone where snowmelt runoff predominates. The true sediment discharge is, therefore, unknown and might be closer to the simulated values than to the values calculated from the transport curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055234","usgsCitation":"Holnbeck, S.R., 2005, Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5234, viii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055234.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"69","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5234.jpg"},{"id":7752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5234/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463444,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76518.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"upper Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.65,45.25 ], [ -110.65,45.63333333333333 ], [ -110.55,45.63333333333333 ], [ -110.55,45.25 ], [ -110.65,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":73553,"text":"tm6A16 - 2005 - MODFLOW-2005 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"tm6A16","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A16","title":"MODFLOW-2005 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process","docAbstract":"This report presents MODFLOW-2005, which is a new version of the finite-difference ground-water model commonly called MODFLOW. Ground-water flow is simulated using a block-centered finite-difference approach. Layers can be simulated as confined or unconfined. Flow associated with external stresses, such as wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, drains, and rivers, also can be simulated. The report includes detailed explanations of physical and mathematical concepts on which the model is based, an explanation of how those concepts are incorporated in the modular structure of the computer program, instructions for using the model, and details of the computer code.\r\n\r\nThe modular structure consists of a MAIN Program and a series of highly independent subroutines. The subroutines are grouped into 'packages.' Each package deals with a specific feature of the hydrologic system that is to be simulated, such as flow from rivers or flow into drains, or with a specific method of solving the set of simultaneous equations resulting from the finite-difference method. Several solution methods are incorporated, including the Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient method. The division of the program into packages permits the user to examine specific hydrologic features of the model independently. This also facilitates development of additional capabilities because new packages can be added to the program without modifying the existing packages. The input and output systems of the computer program also are designed to permit maximum flexibility.\r\nThe program is designed to allow other capabilities, such as transport and optimization, to be incorporated, but this report is limited to describing the ground-water flow capability. The program is written in Fortran 90 and will run without modification on most computers that have a Fortran 90 compiler.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm6A16","collaboration":"Code and documentation for other water models are available at http://water.usgs.gov/software/ground_water.html .","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A.W., 2005, MODFLOW-2005 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16, 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A16.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm6A16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":74023,"text":"ofr20051326 - 2005 - The National Assessment of Shoreline Change: A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the U.S. southeast Atlantic coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T20:44:10.526669","indexId":"ofr20051326","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1326","title":"The National Assessment of Shoreline Change: A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the U.S. southeast Atlantic coast","docAbstract":"The Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey has generated a comprehensive database of digital vector shorelines and shoreline change rates for the U.S. Southeast Atlantic Coast (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina). These data, which are presented herein, were compiled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project. Beach erosion is a chronic problem along most open-ocean shores of the United States. As coastal populations continue to grow and community infrastructures are threatened by erosion, there is increased demand for accurate information including rates and trends of shoreline migration. There is also a critical need for shoreline change data that is consistent from one coastal region to another. One purpose of this work is to develop standard repeatable methods for mapping and analyzing shoreline movement so that periodic updates of shorelines and shoreline change rates can be made nationally that are systematic and internally consistent.\r\n\r\nThis data compilation for open-ocean, sandy shorelines of the U.S. Southeast Atlantic Coast is the second in a series that already includes the Gulf of Mexico, and will eventually include the Pacific Coast, and parts of Hawaii and Alaska. Short- and long-term shoreline change evaluations are based on merging three historical shorelines with a modern shoreline derived from lidar (light detection and ranging) topographic surveys. Historical shorelines generally represent the following time periods: 1800s, 1920s-1930s, and 1970s. The most recent shoreline is derived from data collected over the period of 1997-2002. Long-term rates of change are calculated by linear regression using all four shorelines. Short-term rates of change are simple end-point rate calculations using the two most recent shorelines. Please refer to our full report on shoreline change for the U.S. Southeast Atlantic Coast at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1401/ to get additional information regarding methods and results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051326","programNote":"See also OFR 2005-1401","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.L., Morton, R., and Sallenger, A., 2005, The National Assessment of Shoreline Change: A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the U.S. southeast Atlantic coast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1326, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051326.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7552,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1326/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75134.htm"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"southeast Atlantic coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81,\n 25\n ],\n [\n -75.4583,\n 25\n ],\n [\n -75.4583,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b29c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Tara L.","contributorId":56302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury H. Jr.","contributorId":27458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":73123,"text":"sir20055219 - 2005 - Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface water interactions in the Des Moines River valley, southwestern Minnesota, 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T09:10:27","indexId":"sir20055219","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5219","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface water interactions in the Des Moines River valley, southwestern Minnesota, 1997-2001","docAbstract":"Increased water demand in and around Windom led the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, local water suppliers, and Cottonwood County, to study the hydrology of aquifers in the Des Moines River Valley near Windom. The study area is the watershed of a 30-kilometer (19-mile) reach of the Des Moines River upstream from Windom.
\nBased on stratigraphic analysis, two hydrologically and genetically separate surficial aquifers underlie the study area. The Windom aquifer has a saturated thickness of 34 meters (111 feet), and the Des Moines aquifer has a saturated thickness of 33 meters (108 ft). The surficial aquifers are relatively isolated from deeper aquifers by till, but some leakage probably occurs. Recharge to the aquifers is from areal recharge, from Cottonwood Lake, and from edge recharge. Pumping at the Windom well field induces substantial amounts of Cottonwood Lake water into the aquifer. During this study, the water level in a well located between two Red Rock wells and the river was lower than the river level during two periods. During those periods, water in the Des Moines River had the potential to recharge the aquifer. Discharge from the aquifers is primarily to municipal wells, the Des Moines River, and other surface waters.
\nMost of the ground-water samples collected in the study area consisted of calcium-magnesium bicarbonate waters. Corn and soybean herbicides and their degradates were detected at low concentrations in 14 of 27 ground-water samples and in all 3 river samples. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid was the most commonly detected compound and also was detected at the highest concentrations. Nutrient concentrations in ground-water samples were skewed low with high outliers, and nutrient concentrations in river samples generally were less than analytical reporting limits.
\nNearly all recharge to the aquifer in the ground-water simulation was from edge recharge (80 percent). Calibrated net areal recharge ranged from 17 to 30 percent of the average annual precipitation. Isotopic composition of ground water and Cottonwood Lake water indicated about one-half of the water withdrawn from the Windom aquifer is from Cottonwood Lake.
\nScenarios tested with the calibrated model involved increased ground-water withdrawals and changes in recharge to simulate drier or wetter weather conditions. Doubling the withdrawals from all wells in the model had a small effect except in the Windom well-field area. Maximum head declines in the Red Rock well field and the Jeffers city well were less than 40 centimeters (15 inches). In the Windom well field, the maximum head decline was 11 meters (36 feet). The Windom well field does not induce recharge from the Des Moines River. The addition of a new well that pumped 2,000 cubic meters per day (0.44 million gallons per day) in the Augusta Lake Valley area caused a 0.83-meter-deep (2.72-foot-deep) cone of depression that extended to the valley walls. The drought scenario and the high-precipitation scenario resulted in head changes in the northern part of the Augusta Lake Valley area, in the southwestern part of the Red Rock area, and near the valley edges.
\nLong-term withdrawals of water for public supplies may cause a net decrease in ground-water discharge to surface water. Water that does not evaporate, or that is not exported, is discharged to the Des Moines River but with changed water quality. Because ground-water and surface-water qualities in the study area are similar, the ground-water discharge probably has little effect on river water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055219","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the cities of Windom and Jeffers, Minnesota, the Red Rock Rural Water System, and the Cottonwood County Environmental Office","usgsCitation":"Cowdery, T.K., 2005, Hydrogeology and ground-water/surface water interactions in the Des Moines River valley, southwestern Minnesota, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5219, viii, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055219.","productDescription":"viii, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":73203,"text":"ofr20051421 - 2005 - Petroleum system modeling of the western Canada sedimentary basin - isopach grid files","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T13:19:28","indexId":"ofr20051421","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1421","title":"Petroleum system modeling of the western Canada sedimentary basin - isopach grid files","docAbstract":"This publication contains zmap-format grid files of isopach intervals that represent strata associated with Devonian to Holocene petroleum systems of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, Canada. Also included is one grid file that represents elevations relative to sea level of the top of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group. Vertical and lateral scales are in meters. The age range represented by the stratigraphic intervals comprising the grid files is 373 million years ago (Ma) to present day. File names, age ranges, formation intervals, and primary petroleum system elements are listed in table 1.
Metadata associated with this publication includes information on the study area and the zmap-format files. The digital files listed in table 1 were compiled as part of the Petroleum Processes Research Project being conducted by the Central Energy Resources Team of the U.S. Geological Survey, which focuses on modeling petroleum generation, 3 migration, and accumulation through time for petroleum systems of the WCSB. Primary purposes of the WCSB study are to
Large concentrations of ammonia and densities of bacteria have been detected in reaches of the Kansas River in northeast Kansas during low streamflow conditions, prompting the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) to list these reaches as water-quality limited with respect to ammonia and fecal coliform bacteria. Sources for ammonia and bacteria in the watershed consist of wastewater-treatment facilities (WWTFs) and agricultural and urban runoff. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with KDHE, conducted an investigation of the Kansas River to characterize hydrologic and water-quality conditions and to simulate ammonia assimilative capacity and bacteria transport during low streamflow. This report characterizes the water-quality conditions, documents the calibration of a two-dimensional water-quality model, and presents results of hypothetical simulations of existing and future WWTFs discharging to the Kansas River during low streamflow.
\nWater samples were collected during low streamflow conditions at 50 sampling sites along and near the Kansas River between Wamego and Kansas City, Kansas, during three synoptic surveys conducted between November 2001 and August 2002. The analytical results from these samples indicated that ammonia and other nutrient concentrations and fecal coliform bacteria densities increased in the Kansas River from Wamego to Kansas City. Point sources were the primary contributors of ammonia and fecal coliform bacteria during low-flow conditions. Generally, ammonia concentrations in the Kansas River were largest at sampling sites just downstream from WWTFs. Overall, ammonia concentrations in the Kansas River, tributaries, and WWTF effluent were larger in the winter than during the summer. None of the main-stem sample concentrations exceeded the State of Kansas pH- and temperature-dependent chronic aquatic-life criteria for ammonia during the sampling periods. Other nutrients, such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus, indicated a similar, but less variable, spatial pattern along the main stem of the Kansas River, with concentrations increasing slightly downstream from major WWTFs. The temporal variance defined by the results of synoptic survey III (July 22–August 8, 2002) indicated that ammonia concentrations in the Kansas River sometimes varied daily by as much as 155 percent at a single site.
\nSamples analyzed for densities of fecal coliform bacteria illustrated a seasonal, spatial, and temporal pattern slightly different from that of nutrients. Overall, the bacteria densities measured during the summer were larger than the densities measured in the winter. The only fecal coliform bacteria density to exceed the former State water-quality, single-sample criteria of 2,000 col/100 mL (colonies per 100 milliliters of water) was measured at 4,000 col/100 mL during synoptic III (summer 2002) on the main stem of the Kansas River at Kansas City. Temporal variability measured during synoptic survey III indicated up to a 263-percent difference in bacteria density over a 12-day period.
\nInstantaneous loads of ammonia and bacteria were computed to determine primary inputs to the Kansas River and ammonia and bacteria decay rates in the river. The Oakland WWTF in Topeka was the largest contributor of both ammonia and bacteria on the basis of samples collected during the three synoptic surveys, except for fecal coliform bacteria collected during synoptic survey III when the DeSoto WWTF was discharging the largest concentration of bacteria. The ammonia assimilative process was about twice as effective during the summer synoptic survey than it was during the winter survey. Decay of fecal coliform bacteria density was less evident and appeared to have little seasonal effect on the basis of data collected for this report. The summer low-streamflow water-quality conditions were suitable for nitrification, algae that consume ammonia, and consequently, decaying organic matter that consume oxygen. The consumption of dissolved oxygen due to nitrification and decaying algae contributed to three measurements of dissolved oxygen that were less than the State of Kansas aquatic-life-support use criteria of 5.0 milligrams per liter.
\nCE–QUAL–W2, a two-dimensional, hydrodynamic and water-quality model, was used to simulate ammonia and bacteria transport in the Kansas River from Topeka to Kansas City. The model was calibrated and verified using data from the three synoptic surveys. The calibrated model successfully simulated the hydrodynamics, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and fecal coliform bacteria in the Kansas River. Simulated in-stream ammonia concentrations were compared to measured concentrations upstream to downstream along the Kansas River. The simulated in-stream ammonia concentrations mostly overestimated the measured values for both winter and summer, with a few exceptions. Comparisons between measured and simulated in-stream ammonia concentrations indicated ammonia assimilation was simulated more accurately in the summer than during the winter.
\nFour hypothetical simulations of varied effluent discharges from existing WWTFs and addition of a proposed WWTF near DeSoto were simulated to better understand future water-quality conditions in the Kansas River. Results indicated that ammonia and dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Kansas River will decrease from the conditions observed during synoptic surveys II (February 25 through March 1, 2002) and III (July 22 through August 8, 2002) except near the proposed WWTF where concentrations of ammonia would be near or exceed criteria for waterborne species. Effects of the proposed WWTF on dissolved oxygen would result in concentrations less than the State of Kansas aquatic-life-support use criteria of 5.0 milligrams per liter for 1 to 2 miles downstream from either of the proposed sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health and Environment","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, P.P., and Christensen, V.G., 2005, Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Kansas River, northeast Kansas, November 2001–August 2002, and simulation of ammonia assimilative capacity and bacteria transport during low flow: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5188, viii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055188.","productDescription":"viii, 111 p.","numberOfPages":"120","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055188.JPG"},{"id":394604,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72983,"text":"sir20055213 - 2005 - Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20055213","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5213","title":"Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Effects of surface-water diversions on habitat availability for native stream fauna (fish, shrimp, and snails) are described for 21 streams in northeast Maui, Hawaii. Five streams (Waikamoi, Honomanu, Wailuanui, Kopiliula, and Hanawi Streams) were chosen as representative streams for intensive study. On each of the five streams, three representative reaches were selected: (1) immediately upstream of major surface-water diversions, (2) midway to the coast, and (3) near the coast. This study focused on five amphidromous native aquatic species (alamoo, nopili, nakea, opae, and hihiwai) that are abundant in the study area.\r\n\r\nThe Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) System, which incorporates hydrology, stream morphology and microhabitat preferences to explore relations between streamflow and habitat availability, was used to simulate habitat/discharge relations for various species and life stages, and to provide quantitative habitat comparisons at different streamflows of interest. Hydrologic data, collected over a range of low-flow discharges, were used to calibrate hydraulic models of selected transects across the streams. The models were then used to predict water depth and velocity (expressed as a Froude number) over a range of discharges up to estimates of natural median streamflow. The biological importance of the stream hydraulic attributes was then assessed with the statistically derived suitability criteria for each native species and life stage that were developed as part of this study to produce a relation between discharge and habitat availability. The final output was expressed as a weighted habitat area of streambed for a representative stream reach.\r\n\r\nPHABSIM model results are presented to show the area of estimated usable bed habitat over a range of streamflows relative to natural conditions. In general, the models show a continuous decrease in habitat for all modeled species as streamflow is decreased from natural conditions.\r\n\r\nThe PHABSIM modeling results from the intensively studied streams were normalized to develop relations between the relative amount of diversion from a stream and the resulting relative change in habitat in the stream. These relations can be used to estimate changes in habitat for diverted streams in the study area that were not intensively studied. The relations indicate that the addition of even a small amount of water to a dry stream has a significant effect on the amount of habitat available. Equations relating stream base-flow changes to habitat changes can be used to provide an estimate of the relative habitat change in the study area streams for which estimates of diverted and natural median base flow have been determined but for which detailed habitat models were not developed.\r\n\r\nStream water temperatures, which could have an effect on stream ecology and taro cultivation, were measured in five streams in the study area. In general, the stream temperatures measured at any of the monitoring sites were not elevated enough, based on currently available information, to adversely effect the growth or mortality of native aquatic macrofauna or to cause wetland taro to be susceptible to fungi and associated rotting diseases.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20055213","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., and Wolff, R.H., 2005, Effects of Surface-Water Diversions on Habitat Availability for Native Macrofauna, Northeast Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5213, Report: vi, 94 p.; Plate: 17 x 20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055213.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 94 p.; Plate: 17 x 20 inches","numberOfPages":"103","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7355,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.20083333333332,20.784166666666668 ], [ -156.20083333333332,20.95 ], [ -156.08333333333334,20.95 ], [ -156.08333333333334,20.784166666666668 ], [ -156.20083333333332,20.784166666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624f0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72841,"text":"sir20055277 - 2005 - Numerical ground-water change model of the C aquifer and effects of ground-water withdrawals on stream depletion in selected reaches of Clear Creek, Chevelon Creek, and the Little Colorado River, northeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:22:41","indexId":"sir20055277","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5277","title":"Numerical ground-water change model of the C aquifer and effects of ground-water withdrawals on stream depletion in selected reaches of Clear Creek, Chevelon Creek, and the Little Colorado River, northeastern Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055277","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., Hoffmann, J., and Dickinson, J.E., 2005, Numerical ground-water change model of the C aquifer and effects of ground-water withdrawals on stream depletion in selected reaches of Clear Creek, Chevelon Creek, and the Little Colorado River, northeastern Arizona (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5277, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055277.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7346,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffmann, J.P.","contributorId":76389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72846,"text":"sir20055252 - 2005 - Simulation of streamflow and estimation of recharge to the Edwards aquifer in the Hondo Creek, Verde Creek, and San Geronimo Creek watersheds, south-central Texas, 1951-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T18:14:32","indexId":"sir20055252","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5252","title":"Simulation of streamflow and estimation of recharge to the Edwards aquifer in the Hondo Creek, Verde Creek, and San Geronimo Creek watersheds, south-central Texas, 1951-2003","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, constructed three watershed models using the Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN (HSPF) to simulate streamflow and estimate recharge to the Edwards aquifer in the Hondo Creek, Verde Creek, and San Geronimo Creek watersheds in south-central Texas. The three models were calibrated and tested with available data collected during 1992–2003. Simulations of streamflow and recharge were done for 1951–2003. The approach to construct the models was to first calibrate the Hondo Creek model (with an hourly time step) using 1992–99 data and test the model using 2000–2003 data. The Hondo Creek model parameters then were applied to the Verde Creek and San Geronimo Creek watersheds to construct the Verde Creek and San Geronimo Creek models. The simulated streamflows for Hondo Creek are considered acceptable. Annual, monthly, and daily simulated streamflows adequately match measured values, but simulated hourly streamflows do not. The accuracy of streamflow simulations for Verde Creek is uncertain. For San Geronimo Creek, the match of measured and simulated annual and monthly streamflows is acceptable (or nearly so); but for daily and hourly streamflows, the calibration is relatively poor. Simulated average annual total streamflow for 1951–2003 to Hondo Creek, Verde Creek, and San Geronimo Creek is 45,400; 32,400; and 11,100 acre-feet, respectively. Simulated average annual streamflow at the respective watershed outlets is 13,000; 16,200; and 6,920 acre-feet. The difference between total streamflow and streamflow at the watershed outlet is streamflow lost to channel infiltration. Estimated average annual Edwards aquifer recharge for Hondo Creek, Verde Creek, and San Geronimo Creek watersheds for 1951–2003 is 37,900 acrefeet (5.04 inches), 26,000 acre-feet (3.36 inches), and 5,940 acre-feet (1.97 inches), respectively. Most of the recharge (about 77 percent for the three watersheds together) occurs as streamflow channel infiltration. Diffuse recharge (direct infiltration of rainfall to the aquifer) accounts for the remaining 23 percent of recharge. For the Hondo Creek watershed, the HSPF recharge estimates for 1992–2003 averaged about 22 percent less than those estimated by the Puente method, a method the U.S. Geological Survey has used to compute annual recharge to the Edwards aquifer since 1978. HSPF recharge estimates for the Verde Creek watershed average about 40 percent less than those estimated by the Puente method.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055252","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., 2005, Simulation of streamflow and estimation of recharge to the Edwards aquifer in the Hondo Creek, Verde Creek, and San Geronimo Creek watersheds, south-central Texas, 1951-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5252, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055252.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055252.PNG"},{"id":7350,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5252/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Hondo Creek watershed, San Geronimo Creek watershed, Verde Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.8,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -99.8,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -98.6,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -98.6,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -99.8,\n 30\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2214","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72832,"text":"ofr20051374 - 2005 - Bridge scour monitoring methods at three sites in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-14T11:34:37","indexId":"ofr20051374","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1374","title":"Bridge scour monitoring methods at three sites in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This map is the first of four new geologic maps covering the city of Seattle that are based on field exposures and an extensive database of subsurface geologic explorations. The landforms and near-surface deposits here record a relatively brief, recent period in the geologic history of the region that was dominated by the last advance of the continental ice sheet that covered the region about 17,000 years ago. Beneath the deposits of this ice sheet is a complex succession of older sediments that extends far below sea level across most of the map area. These older sediments are now exposed where modern erosion and landslides have sliced through the edge of the upland, most notably in coastal bluffs along Puget Sound.
Every day, biologists in parkas, raincoats, and rubber boots go into the field to capture and mark a variety of animal species. Back in the office, statisticians create analytical models for the field biologists' data. But many times, representatives of the two professions do not fully understand one another's roles. This book bridges this gap by helping biologists understand state-of-the-art statistical methods for analyzing capture-recapture data. In so doing, statisticians will also become more familiar with the design of field studies and with the real-life issues facing biologists.
Reliable outcomes of capture-recapture studies are vital to answering key ecological questions. Is the population increasing or decreasing? Do more or fewer animals have a particular characteristic? In answering these questions, biologists cannot hope to capture and mark entire populations. And frequently, the populations change unpredictably during a study. Thus, increasingly sophisticated models have been employed to convert data into answers to ecological questions. This book, by experts in capture-recapture analysis, introduces the most up-to-date methods for data analysis while explaining the theory behind those methods. Thorough, concise, and portable, it will be immensely useful to biologists, biometricians, and statisticians, students in both fields, and anyone else engaged in the capture-recapture process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Princeton University Press","publisherLocation":"Princeton, NJ","isbn":"9781400837717","usgsCitation":"2005, Handbook of capture-recapture analysis, xviii, 313 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 313 p.","numberOfPages":"336","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339341,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/8109.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a57f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":505671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":505672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505670,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205270,"text":"70205270 - 2005 - Upper Auglaize watershed AGNPS modeling project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T16:49:35","indexId":"70205270","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T16:26:14","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":251,"text":"Final Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"title":"Upper Auglaize watershed AGNPS modeling project","docAbstract":"The Upper Auglaize Watershed agricultural non-point source modeling project was an interagency effort to use a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based modeling approach for assessing and reducing pollution from agricultural runoff and other non-point sources. This project applied the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service’s AGricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) suite of models to the Upper Auglaize River Watershed, a major watershed within the Maumee River Basin. This modeling project was conducted by an interagency team consisting of a partnership between the: (1) USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS); (2) USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS); (3) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); (4) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); (5) Ohio State University; (6) University of Toledo (UT); (7) Heidelberg College; (8) Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Division of Soil and Water Conservation; (9) Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA); and (10) Allen, Auglaize, Van Wert, and Putnam Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The partnership was the first step in a process to eventually apply the model in a portioned subset of watersheds for the Maumee Basin, and then to link them to form a comprehensive basin-wide model This work was performed under the authority of Section 516(e) of the Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 1996, as amended, for the purpose of assisting State and local watershed managers with their evaluation, prioritization and implementation of alternatives for soil conservation, sediment trapping and non-point source pollution prevention in the Upper Auglaize River watershed.
The project team, working in a cooperative effort, used the models to determine sediment sources, contributing locations, and the effect of application of best management practices (BMPs) on rates of sediment delivery to the mouth of the watershed. The results will be used to guide conservation incentive and land treatment programs. The team relied heavily on Geographic Information System (GIS)-based applications to expedite the application of the model.
The results of the analysis demonstrated that the application of BMPs would have a positive effect on reducing the loadings of sediment leaving the mouth of the Upper Auglaize Watershed. An application of 17 percent new no-till acres and eight percent new grassland acres, when randomly applied to the watershed, reduced loadings at the mouth to 82 percent of the simulated existing condition loadings. No-till, conversion of cropland to grassland, other uses including grass buffers, and reforestation of parts of the watershed, were all shown by the model to have a measurable effect on reducing sediment loads. Conversion of all of the cropland in the watershed to no-till would reduce the average unit load (tons of sediment per acre) leaving the mouth of the watershed to a level that is 42 percent of the simulated existing condition load.
Ephemeral gullies were found to be the primary source of erosion (72 percent), sediment yield (73 percent), and sediment loading (73 percent). Controlling sediment load means controlling gully erosion and possibly trapping sediment yield before it reaches the stream system. Most BMPs (e.g., no-till, conversion of cropland, etc.) that reduce sheet and rill erosion and its sediment yield will also reduce gully erosion and its sediment yield. However, grassed waterways, which have no effect on sheet and rill erosion, are frequently an effective BMP to prevent ephemeral gullies. And, of course, riparian vegetation and sediment traps would reduce the delivery ratios of all types of landscape erosion.
New techniques were developed by the team to quantify the ephemeral gully erosion within the model. When calibrated to available stream gage data the model suggests that more (73% in the existing condition simulation) of the sediment load originates from ephemeral gully erosion than from traditional sheet and rill erosion. The model quantified the value of tile drainage in reducing the sediment load from the watershed. Loadings under drained conditions were always less than loadings under undrained conditions for otherwise identical land uses. The average sediment load of all alternatives for drained loadings was 89.2 percent of the load for the corresponding undrained loadings. The model established that while many conservation incentive programs treat tile drainage as a production practice, significant erosion and sediment control benefits are provided by the practice in comparison to cultivation in an undrained state.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Bingner, R.L., Czajkowski, K., Palmer, M., Coss, J., Davis, S., Stafford, J., Wideman, N., Theurer, F.D., Koltun, G.F., Richards, P., and Friona, T., 2005, Upper Auglaize watershed AGNPS modeling project: Final Report, vii, 68 p.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/oh/water/watersheds/nrcs144p2_029494/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Auglaize River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.53979492187499,\n 40.13269100586688\n ],\n [\n -83.7432861328125,\n 40.13269100586688\n ],\n [\n -83.7432861328125,\n 40.79717741518766\n ],\n [\n -84.53979492187499,\n 40.79717741518766\n ],\n [\n -84.53979492187499,\n 40.13269100586688\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bingner, Ronald L.","contributorId":152469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bingner","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czajkowski, Kevin","contributorId":218878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Czajkowski","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmer, Michael","contributorId":218879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmer","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coss, James","contributorId":218880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coss","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, Steve","contributorId":218881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stafford, Jim","contributorId":218882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stafford","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wideman, Norm","contributorId":218883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wideman","given":"Norm","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Theurer, Fred D.","contributorId":41699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theurer","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960 gfkoltun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":140048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G.","email":"gfkoltun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Richards, Pete","contributorId":218884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards","given":"Pete","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Friona, Tony","contributorId":218885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friona","given":"Tony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70228820,"text":"70228820 - 2005 - Diatom biochronology for the early Miocene of the equatorial Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T17:28:05.989831","indexId":"70228820","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T11:20:59","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diatom biochronology for the early Miocene of the equatorial Pacific","docAbstract":"The latest Oligocene and early Miocene diatom biostratigraphy (24.4 to 16.9 Ma) of equatorial Pacific ODP Site 199-1219 is documented and tied to paleomagnetic stratigraphy in 69 samples, allowing an average age resolution of about 100 kyrs. An updated taxonomy is provided and most of the 71 taxa are illustrated in 9 photographic plates. The equatorial Pacific diatom zonation for the latest Oligocene and early Miocene is updated: the Nitzschia maleinterpretaria Partial Range Zone is newly proposed to replace the Triceratium pileus Interval Zone and part of the Craspedodiscus elegans Partial Range Zone, and the C. elegans Zone is modified to be an interval zone. Absolute ages of 62 datum levels are estimated and compared with age estimates from elsewhere in the equatorial Pacific, as well as from the North Pacific and Southern Ocean. It is likely that many of these datum levels will be useful for correlations between the equatorial Pacific and higher latitude regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press","usgsCitation":"Barron, J.A., 2005, Diatom biochronology for the early Miocene of the equatorial Pacific: Stratigraphy, v. 2, no. 4, p. 281-309.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"309","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396257,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/stratigraphy/issue-210/article-1443"}],"otherGeospatial":"equatorial Pacific Ocean","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185069,"text":"70185069 - 2005 - Preliminary assessment of recent deposition related to a crevasse splay on the Mississippi River delta: Implications for coastal restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-14T10:50:53","indexId":"70185069","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary assessment of recent deposition related to a crevasse splay on the Mississippi River delta: Implications for coastal restoration","docAbstract":"Historically, the Mississippi River has replenished sediment across the lower deltaic plain, abating land loss. However, flood-control structures along the river now restrict this natural process and divert sediment from the modern delta offshore to the shelf break, thereby removing it from the coastal system. Localized crevasse splays, however, can deposit significant amounts of sediment in a short span of time.
Satellite imagery and field investigations, including eight sediment vibracores, have identified a recent crevasse splay originating from Brant Bayou within the Delta National Wildlife Refuge on the lower Mississippi River delta. The splay deposits are estimated to be as much as 3 m thick and are located stratigraphically above shallow interdistributary-bay deposits. In addition, the deposits exhibit physical characteristics similar to those of large scale prograded deltas. The Bayou Brant crevasse splay began forming in 1978 and has built approximately 3.7 km2 of land. Coastal planners hope to utilize on this natural process of sediment dispersion to create new land within the deltaic plain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Gulf Coast Associations","usgsCitation":"Ferina, N., Flocks, J.G., Kingdinger, J.L., Miner, M., Motti, J.P., Chadwick, P.C., and Johnston, J.B., 2005, Preliminary assessment of recent deposition related to a crevasse splay on the Mississippi River delta: Implications for coastal restoration: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 55, p. 185-194.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/055/055001/185_gcags550185.htm#aff5"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.6181640625,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -86.1328125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -86.748046875,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 43.58039085560786\n ],\n [\n -88.28613281249999,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -88.59374999999999,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -89.73632812499999,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -91.31835937499999,\n 47.10004469402519\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 47.398349200359235\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -100.7666015625,\n 49.23912083246695\n ],\n [\n -112.41210937500001,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -115.6640625,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -115.31249999999999,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -104.37011718749999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -97.71240234375,\n 33.68778175843934\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296874999,\n 32.89803818160524\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -93.27392578125,\n 32.26855544621476\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265624999,\n 30.4297295750316\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 29.01774801849607\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -89.31884765624999,\n 28.70986084394286\n ],\n [\n -89.05517578125,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -88.92333984375,\n 28.786918085420226\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359374999,\n 29.0945770775118\n ],\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 30.35391637229704\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -87.01171874999999,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -75.4541015625,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -78.6181640625,\n 42.5530802889558\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90129e4b0849ce97abcff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferina, N.F.","contributorId":63140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferina","given":"N.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flocks, J. G.","contributorId":92309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingdinger, Jack L.","contributorId":90655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingdinger","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miner, M.D.","contributorId":56069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miner","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Motti, J. P.","contributorId":189239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Motti","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chadwick, Paul C.","contributorId":34791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnston, James B.","contributorId":78039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70198257,"text":"70198257 - 2005 - Birth of the lower Colorado River–Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for its inception near the conjunction of Nevada, Arizona, and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-24T10:05:34","indexId":"70198257","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5478,"text":"Geological Society of America Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Birth of the lower Colorado River–Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for its inception near the conjunction of Nevada, Arizona, and California","docAbstract":"A detailed record of the late Cenozoic history of the lower Colorado River can be inferred from alluvial and (likely) lacustrine stratigraphy exposed in dissected alluvial basins below the mouth of the Grand Canyon. Numerous sites in Mohave, Cottonwood, and Detrital valleys contain stratigraphic records that directly bear on the mode, timing, and consequences of the river’s inception and integration in the latest Miocene–early Pliocene and its subsequent evolution through the Pleistocene. This field trip guide describes and illustrates many of these key stratigraphic relationships and, in particular, highlights evidence that supports the hypothesis of cascading lake-overflow as the principal formative mechanism of the river’s course downstream from the Grand Canyon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Interior Western United States: Geological Society of America Field Guide","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2005.fld006(17)","usgsCitation":"House, K., Howard, K.A., Bell, J.W., Perkins, M.E., Faulds, J.E., and Brock, A., 2005, Birth of the lower Colorado River–Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence for its inception near the conjunction of Nevada, Arizona, and California, chap. of Interior Western United States: Geological Society of America Field Guide: Geological Society of America Field Guides, v. 6, p. 357-387, https://doi.org/10.1130/2005.fld006(17).","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"387","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98c6b1e4b0702d0e8462db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, Kyle 0000-0002-0019-8075 khouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-8075","contributorId":2293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"Kyle","email":"khouse@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, J. W.","contributorId":54288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perkins, M. E.","contributorId":92707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Faulds, J. E.","contributorId":84854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulds","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brock, A.","contributorId":107838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70196622,"text":"70196622 - 2005 - Exploring the persistence of sorted bedforms on the inner-shelf of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T12:31:19","indexId":"70196622","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploring the persistence of sorted bedforms on the inner-shelf of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Geological studies offshore of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina reveal subtle large-scale regions of coarse sand with gravel and shell hash (widths between 100 and 200 m and negative relief of ∼1 m) that trend obliquely to the coast. It was previously suggested that these regions serve as conduits for sand exchange between the shoreface and inner shelf during storm-associated downwelling. Consequently they were classified as rippled scour depressions. More recently, the role of alongshore flows and self-organization as a result of inhibited settling of fine sand has been discussed. In this study, 45 days of near-bed current measurements were analyzed using benthic boundary layer and sediment transport models to examine the role of along- and cross-shore flows in driving sediment transport at this site. The wind climate was found to be a dominant influence on near-bed flows. Six distinct sediment transport events were recognized. During these events, sediment transport models show that bedload transport is directed mainly in the cross-shore direction, while suspended sediments are directed alongshore to the southwest. Current observations during these sediment transport events provide no evidence of cross-shore sediment transport caused by steady downwelling currents. Instead, benthic boundary layer model results are used to show that differences in bed roughness between the coarse areas of the seabed within the “rippled scour depressions” and the finer areas of the inner shelf are more pronounced during increasingly energetic wave and current conditions. The enhanced difference in roughness results in increased turbulence intensities over coarse regions inhibiting the deposition of the fine sand that is resuspended over the shelf during these events relative to finer areas over the shelf. Findings from this study contribute to explaining the observed long-term persistence of these features.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.027","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez, B.T., Voulgaris, G., and Thieler, E.R., 2005, Exploring the persistence of sorted bedforms on the inner-shelf of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina: Continental Shelf Research, v. 25, no. 1, p. 65-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.07.027.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Wrightsville Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -76.8548583984375,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -76.8548583984375,\n 34.84536693184101\n ],\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 34.84536693184101\n ],\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 33.742612777346885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff0418e4b0da30c1bfccd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez, Benjamin T. 0000-0002-1879-7893 bgutierrez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-7893","contributorId":2924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Benjamin","email":"bgutierrez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":733798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voulgaris, George","contributorId":26377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Voulgaris","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27143,"text":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":733799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":733800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}