The Bureau of Reclamation is considering several alternatives to meet the future municipal, rural, and industrial water-supply needs in the Red River of the North (Red River) Basin, and an environmental impact statement is being prepared to evaluate the potential effects of the various alternatives on the water quality and aquatic health in the basin in relation to the historical variability of streamflow and constituent concentration. Therefore, a water-quality trend analysis was needed to determine the amount of natural water-quality variability that can be expected to occur in the basin, to determine if significant water-quality changes have occurred as a result of human activities, to explore potential causal mechanisms for water-quality changes, and to establish a baseline from which to monitor future water-quality trends. This report presents the results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, to analyze historical water-quality trends in two dissolved major ions, dissolved solids, three nutrients, and two dissolved trace metals for nine streamflow-gaging stations in the basin.
Annual variability in streamflow in the Red River Basin was high during the trend-analysis period (1970-2001). The annual variability affects constituent concentrations in individual tributaries to the Red River and, in turn, affects constituent concentrations in the main stem of the Red River because of the relative streamflow contribution from the tributaries to the main stem. Therefore, an annual concentration anomaly, which is an estimate of the interannual variability in concentration that can be attributed to long-term variability in streamflow, was used to analyze annual streamflow-related variability in constituent concentrations. The concentration trend is an estimate of the long-term systematic changes in concentration that are unrelated to seasonal or long-term variability in streamflow. Concentrations that have both the seasonal and annual variability removed are called standardized concentrations. Numerous changes that could not be attributed to natural streamflow-related variability occurred in the standardized concentrations during the trend-analysis period. During various times from the late 1970's to the mid-1990's, significant increases occurred in standardized dissolved sulfate, dissolved chloride, and dissolved- solids concentrations for eight of the nine stations for which water-quality trends were analyzed. Significant increases also occurred from the early 1980's to the mid-1990's for standardized dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations for the main-stem stations. The increasing concentrations for the main-stem stations indicate the upward trends may have been caused by human activities along the main stem of the Red River. Significant trends for standardized total ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations occurred for most stations. The fitted trends for standardized total phosphorus concentrations for one tributary station increased from the late 1970's to the early 1980's and decreased from the early 1980's to the mid-1990's. Small but insignificant increases occurred for two main-stem stations. No trends were detected for standardized dissolved iron or dissolved manganese concentrations. However, the combination of extreme high-frequency variability, few data, and the number of censored values may have disguised the streamflow-related variability for iron.
The time-series model used to detect historical concentration trends also was used to evaluate sampling designs to monitor future water-quality trends. Various sampling designs were evaluated with regard to their sensitivity to detect both annual and seasonal trends during three 4-month seasons. A reasonable overall design for detecting trends for all stations and constituents consisted of eight samples per year, with monthly sampling from April to August and bimonthly sampling from October to February.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055224","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., 2005, Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for streams in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1970-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5224, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055224.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5224/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.33333333333333,46 ], [ -101.33333333333333,49 ], [ -94,49 ], [ -94,46 ], [ -101.33333333333333,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72684,"text":"sir20055242 - 2005 - Assessment of a model of forest dynamics under contrasting climate and disturbance regimes in the Pacific Northwest [FORCLIM]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20055242","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5242","title":"Assessment of a model of forest dynamics under contrasting climate and disturbance regimes in the Pacific Northwest [FORCLIM]","docAbstract":"An individual-based model of forest dynamics (FORCLIM) was tested for its ability to simulate forest composition and structure in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Simulation results across gradients of climate and disturbance were compared to forest survey data from several vegetation zones in western Oregon. Modelled patterns of tree species composition, total basal area and stand height across climate gradients matched those in the forest survey data. However, the density of small stems (<50 cm DBH) was underestimated by the model. Thus actual size-class structure and other density-based parameters of stand structure were not simulated with high accuracy. The addition of partial-stand disturbances at moderate frequencies (<0.01 yr-1) often improved agreement between simulated and actual results. Strengths and weaknesses of the FORCLIM model in simulating forest dynamics and structure in the Pacific Northwest are discussed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055242","usgsCitation":"Busing, R.T., and Solomon, A.M., 2005, Assessment of a model of forest dynamics under contrasting climate and disturbance regimes in the Pacific Northwest [FORCLIM]: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5242, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055242.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7081,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672884","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busing, Richard T.","contributorId":13303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busing","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, Allen M.","contributorId":20394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72665,"text":"sir20055212 - 2005 - Instream flow characterization of upper Salmon River basin streams, central Idaho, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-05T14:43:08","indexId":"sir20055212","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5212","title":"Instream flow characterization of upper Salmon River basin streams, central Idaho, 2004","docAbstract":"Anadromous fish populations in the Columbia River Basin have plummeted in the last 100 years. This severe decline led to Federal listing of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stocks as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 1990s. Historically, the upper Salmon River Basin (upstream of the confluence with the Pahsimeroi River) in Idaho provided migration corridors and significant habitat for these ESA-listed species, in addition to the ESA-listed bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Human development has modified the original streamflow conditions in many streams in the upper Salmon River Basin. Summer streamflow modifications resulting from irrigation practices, have directly affected quantity and quality of fish habitat and also have affected migration and (or) access to suitable spawning and rearing habitat for these fish.
\nAs a result of these ESA listings and Action 149 of the Federal Columbia River Power System Biological Opinion of 2000, the Bureau of Reclamation was tasked to conduct streamflow characterization studies in the upper Salmon River Basin to clearly define habitat requirements for effective species management and habitat restoration. These studies include collection of habitat and streamflow information for the Physical Habitat Simulation System model, a widely applied method to determine relations between habitat and discharge requirements for various fish species and life stages. Model results can be used by resource managers to guide habitat restoration efforts by evaluating potential fish habitat and passage improvements by increasing streamflow.
\nIn 2004, instream flow characterization studies were completed on Salmon River and Beaver, Pole, Champion, Iron, Thompson, and Squaw Creeks. Continuous streamflow data were recorded upstream of all diversions on Salmon River and Pole, Iron, Thompson, and Squaw Creeks. In addition, natural summer streamflows were estimated for each study site using regional regression equations.
\nThis report describes Physical Habitat Simulation System modeling results for bull trout, Chinook salmon, and steelhead trout during summer streamflows. Habitat/discharge relations were summarized for adult and spawning life stages at each study site. Adult fish passage and discharge relations were evaluated at specific transects identified as a potential low-streamflow passage barrier at each study site.
\nContinuous summer water temperature data for selected study sites were summarized and compared with Idaho Water Quality Standards and various water temperature requirements of targeted fish species. Continuous summer water temperature data recorded in 2003 and streamflow relations were evaluated for Fourth of July Creek using the Stream Segment Temperature model that simulates mean and maximum daily water temperatures with changes in streamflow.
\nResults of these habitat studies can be used to prioritize and direct cost-effective actions to improve fish habitat for ESA-listed anadromous and native fish species in the basin. These actions may include acquiring water during critical low-flow periods by leasing or modifying irrigation delivery systems to minimize out-of-stream diversions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., Hortness, J., and Ott, D.S., 2005, Instream flow characterization of upper Salmon River basin streams, central Idaho, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5212, Report: ix, 122 p.; Data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055212.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 122 p.; Data files","numberOfPages":"135","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055212.PNG"},{"id":7069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286895,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5212/pdf/sir20055212.pdf"},{"id":286896,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5212/data/"}],"scale":"40000","projection":"Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Salmon River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,44.0 ], [ -115.0,44.75 ], [ -114.0,44.75 ], [ -114.0,44.0 ], [ -115.0,44.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db69148f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ott, Douglas S. dott@usgs.gov","contributorId":3552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ott","given":"Douglas","email":"dott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72663,"text":"sir20055157 - 2005 - Age and quality of ground water and sources of nitrogen in the surficial aquifers in Pumpkin Creek Valley, western Nebraska, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T21:16:12.171314","indexId":"sir20055157","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5157","title":"Age and quality of ground water and sources of nitrogen in the surficial aquifers in Pumpkin Creek Valley, western Nebraska, 2000","docAbstract":"Ground water is the source of drinking water for the residents of Pumpkin Creek Valley, western Nebraska. In this largely agricultural area, shallow aquifers potentially are susceptible to nitrate contamination. During the last 10 years, ground-water levels in the North Platte Natural Resources District have declined and contamination has become a major problem for the district. In 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey and the North Platte Natural Resources District began a cooperative study to determine the age and quality of the ground water and the sources of nitrogen in the aquifers in Pumpkin Creek Valley.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from 8 surface-water sites, 2 springs, and 88 ground-water sites during May, July, and August 2000. These samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients or nitrate, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. In addition, a subset of samples was analyzed for any combination of chlorofluorocarbons, tritium, tritium/helium, sulfur-hexafluoride, carbon-14, and nitrogen-15.\r\n\r\nThe apparent age of ground water in the alluvial aquifer typically varied from about 1980 to modern, whereas ground water in the fractured Brule Formation had a median value in the 1970s. The Brule Formation typically contained ground water that ranged from the 1940s to the 1990s, but low-yield wells had apparent ages of 5,000 to 10,000 years before present. Data for oxygen-18 and deuterium indicated that lake-water samples showed the greatest effects from evaporation. Ground-water data showed no substantial evaporative effects and some ground water became isotopically heavier as the water moved downgradient. In addition, the physical and chemical ground-water data indicate that Pumpkin Creek is a gaining stream because little, if any, of its water is lost to the ground-water system.\r\n\r\nThe water-quality type changed from a sodium calcium bicarbonate type near Pumpkin Creek's headwaters to a calcium sodium bicarbonate type near its mouth. Nitrate concentrations were largest in the alluvial system (median = 5 mg/L) and smallest in the surface-water system (median = 1 mg/L). Most nitrate concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 mg/L as nitrogen were adjacent to irrigated fields and in areas where alluvial sediments are less than 50 ft thick.\r\n\r\nSources of nitrogen in the ground water of the study area included naturally occurring nitrogen, commercial fertilizer, and animal waste. Based on nitrate concentration and delta nitrogen-15, the nitrogen in 65 percent of the water samples appears to have originated from a mixture of commercial fertilizers and animal waste. Some of the smallest nitrate concentrations in the ground-water samples contained some of the largest delta nitrogen-15 values (greater than 10 per mil), which suggests animal waste as the likely source. Commercial fertilizers were the likely source of most of the nitrogen in water samples with nitrate concentrations that exceeded 10 mg/L. The source of the nitrogen in water samples with nitrate concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L, but with delta nitrogen-15 values close to 10 per mil, could not be determined.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055157","usgsCitation":"Steele, G.V., Cannia, J.C., Sibray, S., and McGuire, V., 2005, Age and quality of ground water and sources of nitrogen in the surficial aquifers in Pumpkin Creek Valley, western Nebraska, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5157, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055157.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393936,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75455.htm"},{"id":7068,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5157/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Pumpkin Creek Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0525,\n 41.3922\n ],\n [\n -102.9358,\n 41.3922\n ],\n [\n -102.9358,\n 41.8289\n ],\n [\n -104.0525,\n 41.8289\n ],\n [\n -104.0525,\n 41.3922\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, G. V.","contributorId":62543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannia, J. C.","contributorId":105258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sibray, S. S.","contributorId":63048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibray","given":"S. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207845,"text":"70207845 - 2005 - Historical development of the gravity method in exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T15:45:05","indexId":"70207845","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-03T15:33:05","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical development of the gravity method in exploration","docAbstract":"The gravity method was the first geophysical technique to be used in oil and gas exploration. Despite being eclipsed by seismology, it has continued to be an important and sometimes crucial constraint in a number of exploration areas. In oil exploration the gravity method is particularly applicable in salt provinces, overthrust and foothills belts, underexplored basins, and targets of interest that underlie high-velocity zones. The gravity method is used frequently in mining applications to map subsurface geology and to directly calculate ore reserves for some massive sulfide orebodies. There is also a modest increase in the use of gravity techniques in specialized investigations for shallow targets.
Gravimeters have undergone continuous improvement during the past 25 years, particularly in their ability to function in a dynamic environment. This and the advent of global positioning systems (GPS) have led to a marked improvement in the quality of marine gravity and have transformed airborne gravity from a regional technique to a prospect-level exploration tool that is particularly applicable in remote areas or transition zones that are otherwise inaccessible. Recently, moving-platform gravity gradiometers have become available and promise to play an important role in future exploration.
Data reduction, filtering, and visualization, together with low-cost, powerful personal computers and color graphics, have transformed the interpretation of gravity data. The state of the art is illustrated with three case histories: 3D modeling of gravity data to map aquifers in the Albuquerque Basin, the use of marine gravity gradiometry combined with 3D seismic data to map salt keels in the Gulf of Mexico, and the use of airborne gravity gradiometry in exploration for kimberlites in Canada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.2133785","usgsCitation":"Nabighian, M., Ander, M.E., Grauch, V.J., LaFehr, T., Li, Y., Pearson, W.C., Peirce, J., Phillips, J., and Ruder, M., 2005, Historical development of the gravity method in exploration: Geophysics, v. 70, no. 6, p. 63ND-89ND, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2133785.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"63ND","endPage":"89ND","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nabighian, M.N.","contributorId":62724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nabighian","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ander, M. E.","contributorId":221660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ander","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489 tien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"tien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaFehr, T.R.","contributorId":16641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaFehr","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Li, Y.","contributorId":221662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pearson, W. C.","contributorId":221661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peirce, J.W.","contributorId":21756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peirce","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ruder, M.E.","contributorId":55634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruder","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70161783,"text":"70161783 - 2005 - Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: Lessons from ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T09:37:02","indexId":"70161783","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: Lessons from ecology","docAbstract":"Agent-based complex systems are dynamic networks of many interacting agents; examples include ecosystems, financial markets, and cities. The search for general principles underlying the internal organization of such systems often uses bottom-up simulation models such as cellular automata and agent-based models. No general framework for designing, testing, and analyzing bottom-up models has yet been established, but recent advances in ecological modeling have come together in a general strategy we call pattern-oriented modeling. This strategy provides a unifying framework for decoding the internal organization of agent-based complex systems and may lead toward unifying algorithmic theories of the relation between adaptive behavior and system complexity.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.1116681","usgsCitation":"Grimm, V., Revilla, E., Berger, U., Jeltsch, F., Mooij, W.M., Railsback, S.F., Thulke, H., Weiner, J., Wiegand, T., and DeAngelis, D., 2005, Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: Lessons from ecology: Science, v. 310, no. 5750, p. 987-991, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116681.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"991","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/51885","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"310","issue":"5750","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e4923e4b0e7a44bc41a31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimm, Volker","contributorId":89656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimm","given":"Volker","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Revilla, Eloy","contributorId":152060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Revilla","given":"Eloy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berger, Uta","contributorId":59552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Uta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jeltsch, Florian","contributorId":152061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jeltsch","given":"Florian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Railsback, Steven F.","contributorId":147528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Railsback","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16859,"text":"Lang, Railsback, and Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":587756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thulke, Hans-Hermann","contributorId":152062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thulke","given":"Hans-Hermann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weiner, Jacob","contributorId":152063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weiner","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wiegand, Thorsten","contributorId":152064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiegand","given":"Thorsten","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70161772,"text":"70161772 - 2005 - Artificial neural networks and ecological communities (Book Review: Modelling community structure in freshwater ecosystems)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:59:03","indexId":"70161772","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artificial neural networks and ecological communities (Book Review: Modelling community structure in freshwater ecosystems)","docAbstract":"No abstract available
\n\n
Review info: Modeling community structure in freshwater ecosystems. Edited by Sovan Lek, Michele Scardi, Piet F.M. Verdonschot, Jean-Pierre Descy, and Young-Seuk Park, 2005. ISBN: 3-540-23940-5, 518 pp.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2005)86[3132:ANNAEC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., 2005, Artificial neural networks and ecological communities (Book Review: Modelling community structure in freshwater ecosystems): Ecology, v. 86, p. 3132-3133, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2005)86[3132:ANNAEC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3132","endPage":"3133","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313883,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48e3e4b0e7a44bc4188a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193171,"text":"70193171 - 2005 - Non-lethal estimation of body composition of Yukon River salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T16:40:38.592901","indexId":"70193171","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-31T10:32:49","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7468,"text":"Final Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Non-lethal estimation of body composition of Yukon River salmon","docAbstract":"Because of the importance of Chinook salmon to commercial and subsistence fisheries on the Yukon River, further study of the factors that may affect the success of this species and our ability to manage the fisheries is warranted. Critical to these studies is the determination of the amount of lipids (fat) stored and available to the fish as its primary energy source for migration and spawning. Recent developments of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) promise a simple, non-lethal means of estimating proximate composition (e.g. fat, protein, water content) for field applications with fish. The goal of the project was to develop BIA models for Chinook salmon from the Yukon River watershed that would permit the non-lethal estimation of body proximate composition for use in field studies.
Our results clearly demonstrated that BIA can be used to estimate proximate composition and energy density of salmon. While some minor refinements were suggested, the methodology can be used in a wide variety of field applications. For instance, application of the BIA models to predict energy levels of fish during their migration will allow evaluation of management programs, while also yielding data that can be used to evaluate energy use along the migratory path. Correlations of energy level with ongoing tagging, radio-tracking, and genetic studies also have the potential to allow managers and scientists to understand the relationship between fat content and distance to spawning location. These models have the potential for application to this species in other river systems. They also provide tools for a variety of other scientific investigation such as: 1) differences in energy stores in spawning and recruitment success; 2) effects of global warming on migratory salmonid stocks; and 3) differences in annual flow and temperature regiments upon migratory energy costs and resulting recruitment success.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative","usgsCitation":"Margraf, F.J., Hartman, K.J., and Cox, M.K., 2005, Non-lethal estimation of body composition of Yukon River salmon: Final Report, iv, 23 p.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-007579","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aykssi.org/project/energy-content-of-yukon-river-chinook-salmon/"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.93457031249997,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -139.4384765625,\n 64.62387720204688\n ],\n [\n -144.53613281249997,\n 66.9816661111497\n ],\n [\n -159.521484375,\n 65.34851379240024\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 62.512317938386914\n ],\n [\n -163.0810546875,\n 62.91523303947614\n ],\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 63.29293924364835\n ],\n [\n -164.7509765625,\n 62.08331486294795\n ],\n [\n -161.8505859375,\n 61.33353967329144\n ],\n [\n -159.1259765625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -157.2802734375,\n 64.14895190024562\n ],\n [\n -149.85351562499997,\n 65.09064558256851\n ],\n [\n -146.07421875,\n 66.19600891267761\n ],\n [\n -142.8662109375,\n 64.64270382119375\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 63.25341156651705\n ],\n [\n -136.8896484375,\n 61.079544234557304\n ],\n [\n -134.47265625,\n 59.512029386502704\n ],\n [\n -132.93457031249997,\n 59.712097173322924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Margraf, F. Joseph jmargraf@usgs.gov","contributorId":257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.","email":"jmargraf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, Kyle J.","contributorId":6414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartman","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16210,"text":"Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, M. Keith","contributorId":166685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cox","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72651,"text":"sir20055195 - 2005 - Hydrogeology and simulation of source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer near Shippensburg, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T20:36:41.03836","indexId":"sir20055195","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5195","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer near Shippensburg, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Shippensburg Borough Authority to evaluate the source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer in Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pa. The areal extent of the zone of contribution was simulated for three production wells near Shippensburg, Pa. by use of a ground-water-flow model. A 111-square-mile area was selected as the model area and includes areas of the South Mountain Section and the Great Valley Section of the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. Within the model area, the geologic units in the South Mountain area are predominantly metamorphic rocks and the geologic units in the Great Valley are predominantly carbonate rocks. Hydrologic and geologic information were compiled to establish a conceptual model of ground-water flow. Characteristics of aquifer materials were determined, and streamflow and water levels were measured. Streamflow measurements in November 2003 showed all streams lost water as they flowed from South Mountain over the colluvium-mantled carbonate aquifer into the Great Valley. Some streams lost more than 1 cubic foot per second to the aquifer in this area. The Shippensburg Borough Authority owns three production wells in the model area. Two wells, Cu 969 and Fr 823, are currently (2004) used as production wells and produce 500,000 and 800,000 gallons per day, respectively. Well Cu 970 is intended to be brought on line as a production well in the future. Water levels were measured in 43 wells to use for model calibration. Water-level fluctuations and geophysical logs indicated confined conditions in well Cu 970. \r\n\r\nGround-water flow was simulated with a model that consisted of two vertical layers, with five zones in each layer. The units were hydrostratigraphic units that initially were based on geologic formations, but boundaries were adjusted during model calibration. Model calibration resulted in a root mean square error of 9.8 feet. A parameter-estimation package was used during model calibration to estimate three parameters. The parameter estimation resulted in a value of 233 feet per day for horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the highly fractured carbonate rocks and sandy colluvium in layer 1; 3.97 feet per day for horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the ridge-forming unit in layer 1; and a value of 1.73 for horizontal anisotropy in both layers. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to delineate the areal extent of the zone of contribution for wells Cu 969 and Fr 823. Although well Cu 970 is not currently (2004) being used, the areal extent of its zone of contribution also was simulated without additional model calibration. The shape of the areal extent of the zone of contribution was similar for each well and included an area that extended from the well southwest along the Tomstown Formation, and then extended southeast into the metamorphic rocks of South Mountain. The contributing areas from the watersheds of losing streams were also delineated because losing stream reaches bisect the areal extent of the zones of contribution. \r\n\r\nSpatial uncertainty of the areal extent of the zone of contribution was illustrated using a Monte-Carlo analysis. The model was run 1,000 times using randomly generated parameter sets that were normally distributed within the confidence interval around the optimal values for the three estimated parameters. The model converged and had a reasonable water budget for 980 of the model runs. For each of those 980 model runs, the recharge area was determined, and the results for all runs were compiled and contoured. The results of the Monte-Carlo analysis were compared to the results of the deterministic model, illustrating that the deterministic model has the greatest certainty in the area closest to each well in the Tomstown Formation. The areas farther from the well, upgradient, and in the metamorphic rocks have a higher degree","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055195","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., 2005, Hydrogeology and simulation of source areas of water to production wells in a colluvium-mantled carbonate-bedrock aquifer near Shippensburg, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5195, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055195.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414751,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75450.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Cumberland County, Franklin County","city":"Shippensburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.4,\n 39.9333\n ],\n [\n -77.4,\n 40.1208\n ],\n [\n -77.6431,\n 40.1208\n ],\n [\n -77.6431,\n 39.9333\n ],\n [\n -77.4,\n 39.9333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72642,"text":"sir20055166 - 2005 - Hydrogeologic setting, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at the Lake Wheeler Road research station, 2001-03 : North Carolina Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:33:14.349836","indexId":"sir20055166","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5166","title":"Hydrogeologic setting, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at the Lake Wheeler Road research station, 2001-03 : North Carolina Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program","docAbstract":"Results of a 2-year field study of the regolith-fractured bedrock ground-water system at the Lake Wheeler Road research station in Wake County, North Carolina, indicate both disconnection and interaction among components of the ground-water system. The three components of the ground-water system include (1) shallow, porous regolith; (2) a transition zone, including partially weathered rock, having both secondary (fractures) and primary porosity; and (3) deeper, fractured bedrock that has little, if any, primary porosity and is dominated by secondary fractures. The research station includes 15 wells (including a well transect from topographic high to low settings) completed in the three major components of the ground-water-flow system and a surface-water gaging station on an unnamed tributary.\r\n\r\nThe Lake Wheeler Road research station is considered representative of a felsic gneiss hydrogeologic unit having steeply dipping foliation and a relatively thick overlying regolith. Bedrock foliation generally strikes N. 10? E. to N. 30? E. and N. 20? W. to N. 40? W. to a depth of about 400 feet and dips between 70? and 80? SE. and NE., respectively. From 400 to 600 feet, the foliation generally strikes N. 70? E. to N. 80? E., dipping 70? to 80? SE. Depth to bedrock locally ranges from about 67 to 77 feet below land surface. Fractures in the bedrock generally occur in two primary sets: low dip angle, stress relief fractures that cross cut foliation, and steeply dipping fractures parallel to foliation.\r\n\r\nFindings of this study generally support the conceptual models of ground-water flow from high to low topographic settings developed for the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces in previous investigations, but are considered a refinement of the generalized conceptual model based on a detailed local-scale investigation. Ground water flows toward a surface-water boundary, and hydraulic gradients generally are downward in recharge areas and upward in discharge areas; however, local variations in vertical gradients are apparent.\r\n\r\nWater-quality sampling and monitoring efforts were conducted to characterize the interaction of components of the ground-water system. Elevated nitrate concentrations as high as 22 milligrams per liter were detected in shallow ground water from the regolith at the study site. These elevated nitrate concentrations likely are related to land use, which includes agricultural practices that involve animal feeding operations and crop fertilization. Continuous ground-water-quality data indicate seasonal fluctuations in field water-quality properties, differences with respect to depth, and fluctuations during recharge events. Water-quality properties recorded in the regolith well following rainfall indicate the upwelling of deeper ground water in the discharge area, likely from ground water in the transition-zone fractures. Additionally, interaction with a surface-water boundary appears likely in the ground-water discharge area, as water levels in all three ground-water zones, including the deep bedrock, mimic the surface-water rise during rainfall.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055166","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.J., Bolich, R.E., and Huffman, B.A., 2005, Hydrogeologic setting, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at the Lake Wheeler Road research station, 2001-03 : North Carolina Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5166, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055166.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7018,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75454.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Wake County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Wheeler Road Research Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.6731,\n 35.7353\n ],\n [\n -78.6811,\n 35.7353\n ],\n [\n -78.6811,\n 35.7297\n ],\n [\n -78.6731,\n 35.7297\n ],\n [\n -78.6731,\n 35.7353\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6920ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Melinda J. 0000-0003-4021-0320 mjchap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-0320","contributorId":1597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Melinda","email":"mjchap@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bolich, Richard E.","contributorId":89615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolich","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, Brad A. 0000-0003-4025-1325 bahuffma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1325","contributorId":1596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Brad","email":"bahuffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217329,"text":"70217329 - 2005 - Triggering of tsunamigenic aftershocks from large strike‐slip earthquakes: Analysis of the November 2000 New Ireland earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T21:12:27.421948","indexId":"70217329","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-21T15:04:27","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggering of tsunamigenic aftershocks from large strike‐slip earthquakes: Analysis of the November 2000 New Ireland earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"[1] The November 2000 New Ireland earthquake sequence started with a Mw = 8.0 left‐lateral main shock on 16 November and was followed by a series of aftershocks with primarily thrust mechanisms. The earthquake sequence was associated with a locally damaging tsunami on the islands of New Ireland and nearby New Britain, Bougainville, and Buka. Results from numerical tsunami‐propagation models of the main shock and two of the largest thrust aftershocks (Mw > 7.0) indicate that the largest tsunami was caused by an aftershock located near the southeastern termination of the main shock, off the southern tip of New Ireland (Aftershock 1). Numerical modeling and tide gauge records at regional and far‐field distances indicate that the main shock also generated tsunami waves. Large horizontal displacements associated with the main shock in regions of steep bathymetry accentuated tsunami generation for this event. Most of the damage on Bougainville and Buka Islands was caused by focusing and amplification of tsunami energy from a ridge wave between the source region and these islands. Modeling of changes in the Coulomb failure stress field caused by the main shock indicate that Aftershock 1 was likely triggered by static stress changes, provided the fault was on or synthetic to the New Britain interplate thrust as specified by the Harvard CMT mechanism. For other possible focal mechanisms of Aftershock 1 and the regional occurrence of thrust aftershocks in general, evidence for static stress change triggering is not as clear. Other triggering mechanisms such as changes in dynamic stress may also have been important. The 2000 New Ireland earthquake sequence provides evidence that tsunamis caused by thrust aftershocks can be triggered by large strike‐slip earthquakes. Similar tectonic regimes that include offshore accommodation structures near large strike‐slip faults are found in southern California, the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, along the Queen Charlotte fault in British Columbia, and near the Alpine fault of New Zealand. Results from this study and previous stress modeling studies suggest that the likelihood of local tsunamis in these regions may significantly increase after a great strike‐slip earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2005GC000935","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Parsons, T., 2005, Triggering of tsunamigenic aftershocks from large strike‐slip earthquakes: Analysis of the November 2000 New Ireland earthquake sequence: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 6, no. 10, Q10005, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC000935.","productDescription":"Q10005, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000935","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands","otherGeospatial":"New Britain, New Ireland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 149.39208984375,\n -10.336536087082974\n ],\n [\n 159.67529296875,\n -10.336536087082974\n ],\n [\n 159.67529296875,\n -3.754634090910913\n ],\n [\n 149.39208984375,\n -3.754634090910913\n ],\n [\n 149.39208984375,\n -10.336536087082974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, Tom 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":22056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Tom","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72640,"text":"i2600D - 2005 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"i2600D","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2600","chapter":"D","title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002","docAbstract":"Changes in the area and volume of polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctic part alone of the Antarctic ice sheet could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 meters (m). The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m (Lythe and others, 2001) to 73 m (Williams and Hall, 1993). In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known for certain whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking. In a review paper, Rignot and Thomas (2002) concluded that the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet is probably becoming thinner overall; although it is thickening in the west, it is thinning in the north. Joughin and Tulaczyk (2002), on the basis of analysis of ice-flow velocities derived from synthetic aperture radar, concluded that most of the Ross ice streams (ice streams on the east side of the Ross Ice Shelf) have a positive mass balance, whereas Rignot and others (in press) infer even larger negative mass balance for glaciers flowing northward into the Amundsen Sea, a trend suggested by Swithinbank and others (2003a,b, 2004). The mass balance of the East Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet is unknown, but thought to be in near equilibrium.\r\n\r\nMeasurement of changes in area and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), in subsequent recommendations by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989, 1993), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Pro-grams. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geo-logical Survey (USGS) decided that the archive of early 1970s Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Ant-arctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) (and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)), RADARSAT images, and other data where available, to compare changes during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I-2600) consisting of 23 maps at 1:1,000,000 scale and 1 map at 1:5,000,000 scale, in both paper and digital format (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; Ferrigno and others, 2002) (available online at http://www.glaciers.er.usgs.gov).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2600D","isbn":"0607964413","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Foley, K., Swithinbank, C., Williams, R., and Dalide, L., 2005, Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2600, 1 map : col. ; 48 x 56 in. (115 x 100 cm.), on sheet 142 x 104 cm., folded in envelope to 29 x 21 cm. + 1 pamphlet (11 p. : map; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2600D.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 48 x 56 in. (115 x 100 cm.), on sheet 142 x 104 cm., folded in envelope to 29 x 21 cm. + 1 pamphlet (11 p. : map; 28 cm.)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1974-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8347,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8348,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/ronne.met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":8349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/i2600d.zip"},{"id":8350,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/D/i2600d-pamphlet.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Polar stereographic, MSL","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,-84 ], [ -90,-74 ], [ -45,-74 ], [ -45,-84 ], [ -90,-84 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, K.M.","contributorId":41846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swithinbank, C.","contributorId":47036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dalide, L.M.","contributorId":8188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalide","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72582,"text":"sir20055173 - 2005 - Simulation of flow and sediment transport in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20055173","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5173","title":"Simulation of flow and sediment transport in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho","docAbstract":"Characterization of sediment transport of the Kootenai River in the white sturgeon spawning reach is needed by the Kootenai River White Sturgeon Recovery Team to predict sediment-transport conditions that improve spawning conditions for the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho. The decreasing population and spawning failure of the white sturgeon has led to much concern. Few wild juvenile sturgeon are found in the river today.\r\n\r\nThe Kootenai River begins in British Columbia, Canada, and flows through Montana, Idaho, and back into British Columbia. A 15-mile reach of the Kootenai River in Idaho was studied, including the white sturgeon spawning reach that has been designated as a critical habitat near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, and a 1-mile long side channel around the western side of Shorty Island.\r\n\r\nA one-dimensional sediment-transport model of the study reach was developed, calibrated, and used to simulate the response of the hydraulic and sediment system to varying discharges and water-surface elevations. The model comprises 79 cross sections, most of which came from a previous river survey conducted in 2002-03. Bed-sediment samples collected in 2002 and additional samples collected for this study in 2004 were used in the model.\r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated to discharge and water-surface elevations at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations. The model also was calibrated to suspended-sediment discharge at several sites in the study reach.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to simulate six different management alternatives to assess erosion and deposition under varying hydraulic conditions at the end of 21 days of simulation. Alternative 1 was simulated with a discharge of 6,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), alternative 2 with 20,000 ft3/s, alternative 3 with 40,000 ft3/s, and alternatives 4 through 6 with 60,000 ft3/s and represents low to high discharges in the river since the construction of Libby Dam.\r\n\r\nSediment deposition was dominant in management alternatives 1 through 4. The streambed in the sandbed reach changed little or not at all. The gravel-cobble reach was more dynamic.\r\n\r\nIn alternatives 1 through 4, deposition was the dominant feature because increasing river discharge alone did not produce boundary shear stresses that can erode and transport streambed sediments. Water-surface slope probably was the limiting factor in these alternatives because backwater conditions flattens the stage throughout the reach. High flows in the river probably would be more effective in eroding the streambed and transporting sediments if water-surface slope was increased. One practical method for increasing the slope is to lower the water level in Kootenay Lake. Two additional alternatives (5 and 6) were simulated to demonstrate the effects of a steeper slope in the study reach.\r\n\r\nSimulation results from management alternatives 5 and 6 (a discharge of 60,000 ft3/s) were quite different than those from alternatives 1-4. Erosion was the dominant feature in these simulations because water-surface slopes were increased by lowering water levels in Kootenay Lake. Slopes in alternatives 5 and 6 were 2.4 and 3.5 times, respectively, greater than slope in alternative 4. For alternatives 5 and 6, sediment deposition dominated in the gravel-cobble reach while erosion dominated in the sandbed reach. Downstream of Ambush Rock (river mile 151.8) in the sandbed reach, maximum streambed decreased 2 and 3 feet in alternatives 5 and 6, respectively. Decreases also were prevalent in the side channel and averaged 1 foot or greater.\r\n\r\nWhite sturgeon eggs have been collected in the study reach since 1994. The largest number of eggs have been collected in the reach adjacent to Shorty Island. Another large number of eggs was located between river miles 149 and 146. Although these reaches for alternatives 5 and 6 were erosional, these reaches are still considered unsuitable spawning habitat because","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055173","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., and Bennett, J.P., 2005, Simulation of flow and sediment transport in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5173, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055173.","productDescription":"81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7617,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72584,"text":"ofr20051124 - 2005 - Modern and glacial-Holocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"ofr20051124","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1124","title":"Modern and glacial-Holocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051124","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Forester, R., Colman, S., Liu, A., Skipp, G., Simmons, K., Swarzenski, P., and Anderson, R., 2005, Modern and glacial-Holocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1124, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051124.","productDescription":"21 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7635,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter","contributorId":83395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forester, Richard","contributorId":59523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steve","contributorId":65726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, An","contributorId":11070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"An","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skipp, Gary","contributorId":6458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simmons, Kathleen","contributorId":82187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"Kathleen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":99664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Anderson, Roger","contributorId":82188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70118336,"text":"70118336 - 2005 - The upper crust laid on its side: tectonic implications of steeply tilted crustal slabs for extension in the basin and range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:16:45","indexId":"70118336","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-16T14:15:04","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"The upper crust laid on its side: tectonic implications of steeply tilted crustal slabs for extension in the basin and range","docAbstract":"Tilted slabs expose as much as the top 8–15 km of the upper crust in many parts of the Basin and Range province. Exposures of now-recumbent crustal sections in these slabs allow analysis of pre-tilt depth variations in dike swarms, plutons, and thermal history. Before tilting the slabs were panels between moderately dipping, active Tertiary normal faults. The slabs and their bounding normal faults were tilted to piggyback positions on deeper footwalls that warped up isostatically beneath them during tectonic unloading. Stratal dips within the slabs are commonly tilted to vertical or even slightly overturned, especially in the southern Basin and Range where the thin stratified cover overlies similarly tilted basement granite and gneiss. Some homoclinal recumbent slabs of basement rock display faults that splay upward into forced folds in overlying cover sequences, which thereby exhibit shallower dips. The 15-km maximum exposed paleodepth for the slabs represents the base of the brittle upper crust, as it coincides with the depth of the modern base of the seismogenic zone and the maximum focal depths of large normal-fault earthquakes in the Basin and Range. Many upended slabs accompany metamorphic core complexes, but not all core complexes have corresponding thick recumbent hanging-wall slabs. The Ruby Mountains core complex, for example, preserves only scraps of upper-plate rocks as domed-up extensional klippen, and most of the thick crustal section that originally overlay the uplifted metamorphic core now must reside below little-tilted hanging-wall blocks in the Elko-Carlin area to the west. The Whipple and Catalina Mountains core complexes in contrast are footwall to large recumbent hanging-wall slabs of basement rock exposing 8-15 km paleodepths that originally roofed the metamorphic cores; the exposed paleodepths require that a footwall rolled up beneath the slabs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Abstracts with Programs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"2005 Salt Lake City Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"2005-10-16T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"New York, NT","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., 2005, The upper crust laid on its side: tectonic implications of steeply tilted crustal slabs for extension in the basin and range, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe90d0e4b0824b2d14c028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72476,"text":"sir20055211 - 2005 - Hydraulic characterization of overpressured tuffs in central Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T08:44:47","indexId":"sir20055211","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5211","title":"Hydraulic characterization of overpressured tuffs in central Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"A sequence of buried, bedded, air-fall tuffs has been used extensively as a host medium for underground nuclear tests detonated in the central part of Yucca Flat at the Nevada Test Site. Water levels within these bedded tuffs have been elevated hundreds of meters in areas where underground nuclear tests were detonated below the water table. Changes in the ground-water levels within these tuffs and changes in the rate and distribution of land-surface subsidence above these tuffs indicate that pore-fluid pressures have been slowly depressurizing since the cessation of nuclear testing in 1992. Declines in ground-water levels concurrent with regional land subsidence are explained by poroelastic deformation accompanying ground-water flow as fluids pressurized by underground nuclear detonations drain from the host tuffs into the overlying water table and underlying regional carbonate aquifer. A hydraulic conductivity of about 3 x 10-6 m/d and a specific storage of 9 x 10-6 m-1 are estimated using ground-water flow models. Cross-sectional and three-dimensional ground-water flow models were calibrated to measured water levels and to land-subsidence rates measured using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Model results are consistent and indicate that about 2 million m3 of ground water flowed from the tuffs to the carbonate rock as a result of pressurization caused by underground nuclear testing. The annual rate of inflow into the carbonate rock averaged about 0.008 m/yr between 1962 and 2005, and declined from 0.005 m/yr in 2005 to 0.0005 m/yr by 2300.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055211","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., Laczniak, R.J., and Galloway, D.L., 2005, Hydraulic characterization of overpressured tuffs in central Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5211, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055211.","productDescription":"55 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7535,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"central Yucca Flat","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6297be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70238383,"text":"70238383 - 2005 - Implications for prediction and hazard assessment from the 2004 Parkfield earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-18T18:18:55.697023","indexId":"70238383","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-13T11:50:53","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications for prediction and hazard assessment from the 2004 Parkfield earthquake","docAbstract":"Obtaining high-quality measurements close to a large earthquake is not easy: one has to be in the right place at the right time with the right instruments. Such a convergence happened, for the first time, when the 28 September 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake occurred on the San Andreas fault in the middle of a dense network of instruments designed to record it. The resulting data reveal aspects of the earthquake process never before seen. Here we show what these data, when combined with data from earlier Parkfield earthquakes, tell us about earthquake physics and earthquake prediction. The 2004 Parkfield earthquake, with its lack of obvious precursors, demonstrates that reliable short-term earthquake prediction still is not achievable. To reduce the societal impact of earthquakes now, we should focus on developing the next generation of models that can provide better predictions of the strength and location of damaging ground shaking.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/nature04067","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., Aagaard, B.T., Dost, B., Ellsworth, W.L., Hardebeck, J.L., Harris, R.A., Ji, C., Johnston, M.J., Langbein, J.O., Lienkaemper, J.J., Michael, A.J., Murray, J.R., Nadeau, R., Reasenberg, P., Reichle, M., Roeloffs, E.A., Shakal, A., Simpson, R.W., and Waldhauser, F., 2005, Implications for prediction and hazard assessment from the 2004 Parkfield earthquake: Nature, v. 437, p. 969-974, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04067.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"969","endPage":"974","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150403-080028282","text":"External Repository"},{"id":409458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.4537640117938,\n 35.910700976762385\n ],\n [\n -120.4537640117938,\n 35.88567088811958\n ],\n [\n -120.41342358821001,\n 35.88567088811958\n ],\n [\n -120.41342358821001,\n 35.910700976762385\n ],\n [\n -120.4537640117938,\n 35.910700976762385\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"437","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":857298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dost, B.","contributorId":299207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dost","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16158,"text":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":857299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hardebeck, Jeanne L. 0000-0002-6737-7780 jhardebeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-7780","contributorId":841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"Jeanne","email":"jhardebeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ji, C.","contributorId":31093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnston, Malcolm J. S. 0000-0003-4326-8368 mal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Malcolm","email":"mal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":857304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langbein, John O. 0000-0002-7821-8101 langbein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-8101","contributorId":3293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","email":"langbein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Murray, Jessica R. 0000-0002-6144-1681 jrmurray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-1681","contributorId":2759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Jessica","email":"jrmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Nadeau, R.M.","contributorId":93268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nadeau","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Reichle, M.S.","contributorId":14845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichle","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Shakal, A.","contributorId":20934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shakal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":857313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":857314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":72435,"text":"sir20055079 - 2005 - Feasibility of using benthic invertebrates as indicators of stream quality in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:55","indexId":"sir20055079","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5079","title":"Feasibility of using benthic invertebrates as indicators of stream quality in Hawaii","docAbstract":"Macroinvertebrates were collected from 19 sites on 14 streams on the island of Oahu and from 9 sites on 7 streams on the island of Kauai to evaluate associations between macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental variables and to determine whether or not it would be feasible, in future studies, to develop macroinvertebrate metrics that would indicate stream quality based on the macroinvertebrate assemblages and/or components of the assemblages. The purpose of applying rapid bioassessment techniques is to identify stream quality problems and to document changes in stream quality. Samples were collected at 10 sites in 1999, 3 sites in 2000, and 5 sites in 2003 on Oahu and at 9 sites on Kauai in 2003. Additionally, multiple year and multiple reach samples were collected at 1 site on Oahu. Macroinvertebrates were collected primarily from boulder/cobble riffles or from the fastest flowing habitat when riffles were absent. Although most streams in Hawaii originate in mountainous, forested areas, the lower reaches often drain urban, agricultural, or mixed land-use areas. The macroinvertebrate community data were used to identify metrics that could best differentiate between sites according to levels of environmental impairment. Environmental assessments were conducted using land-use/land-cover data, bed-sediment and fish-tissue contaminant data, and reach-level environmental data using a calibration set of 15 sites. The final scores of the environmental assessments were used to classify the sites into three categories of impairment: mild, moderate or severe. A number of invertebrate metrics were then tested and calibrated to the environmental assessments scores. The individual metrics that were the best at discerning environmental assessments among the sites were combined into a multimetric benthic index of biotic integrity (BIBI). These metrics were: total invertebrate abundance, taxa richness, insect relative abundance, amphipod abundance, crayfish presence or absence, and native mountain shrimp presence or absence. Because this index is in the preliminary stage of development and additional 'pristine' sites need to be sampled and assessed to develop a more robust measure of biotic integrity, the index will be referred to as a Preliminary Hawaiian Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-HBIBI). The P-HBIBI scores were then classified into three categories of impairment: mild, moderate, or severe. The P-HBIBI was then used to assess the remaining sites and classify them into impairment categories. The P-HBIBI was correlated (r2 = 0.72; p < 0.005) with a reduced environmental assessment determined without contaminants data. The results of this study suggest that the development of a reliable Hawaiian benthic index of biotic integrity (HBIBI), based on macroinvertebrate assemblages, is feasible; however, a much larger sample size, including more samples from 'pristine' sites and from the other islands, would be required.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055079","usgsCitation":"Wolff, R.H., 2005, Feasibility of using benthic invertebrates as indicators of stream quality in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5079, viii, 78 p. : ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055079.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p. : ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7456,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4823e4b07f02db4e2402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205865,"text":"70205865 - 2005 - National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70205862,"text":"70205862 - 2005 - Results of the acid rain program: Status and trends of emissions and environmental impacts (1990–2002)","indexId":"70205862","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Results of the acid rain program: Status and trends of emissions and environmental impacts (1990–2002)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70205865,"text":"70205865 - 2005 - National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","indexId":"70205865","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70205863,"text":"70205863 - 2005 - Assessing acid deposition: Advances in the state of science","indexId":"70205863","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"3","title":"Assessing acid deposition: Advances in the state of science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70205865,"text":"70205865 - 2005 - National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","indexId":"70205865","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-09T07:15:17","indexId":"70205865","displayToPublicDate":"2005-10-08T16:27:32","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5871,"text":"Report to Congress","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An integrated assessment","docAbstract":"Acid deposition, more commonly known as acid rain, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the atmosphere (with water, oxygen, and oxidants) to form various acidic compounds. These acidic compounds then fall to earth in either a wet form (rain, snow, and fog) or a dry form (gases, aerosols, and particles). Prevailing winds transport the acidic compounds hundreds of miles, often across state and national borders. At certain levels the acidic compounds, including small particles such as sulfates and nitrates can cause many negative human health and environmental effects. While ecosystems are subject to many stresses, including land-use changes, climate change, and variations in hydrologic and meteorologic cycles, the scientific literature has clearly demonstrated that these pollutants can:
• Degrade air quality,
• Impair visibility,
• Damage public health,
• Acidify lakes and streams,
• Harm sensitive forests,
• Harm sensitive coastal ecosystems, and
• Accelerate the decay of building materials, paints, and cultural artifacts such as buildings, statues, and sculptures.
Title IV was passed by Congress as part of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments to reduce emissions of SO2 and NOx from fossil fuel-burning power plants in order to protect
ecosystems suffering damage from acid deposition and to improve air quality. At the same time, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) was asked to periodically assess and report to Congress on the implementation of the Acid Rain Program, recent scientific knowledge surrounding acid deposition and its effects, and
the reduction in acid deposition necessary to prevent adverse ecological effects. This NAPAP Report focuses primarily on emission reductions from power plants, both in terms of assessing past reductions under the Acid Rain Program and in projecting the ecological effects of additional reductions of SO2 and NOx.
It should be noted that power generation currently contributes approximately 69% of the SO2 emissions and 22% of the NOx emissions nationwide. This contribution is decreasing as emissions from power generation continue to decrease, making the other sources of these pollutants more prominent. Modeling suggests that even if SO2
emissions from power generation were reduced to zero, some lakes and streams would remain acidic due to acid deposition. However, there are several other regulations that reduce emissions of SO2 and NOx from these non-power generation sources, such as the Tier II mobile source standards, the Heavy Duty Diesel standards, and the Clean Air Non-Road Diesel Rule, that have also been promulgated since 1990. These regulations, primarily designed to bring counties into attainment with fine particle and ozone air quality standards, also incidentally reduce emissions that contribute to acid deposition.
Implementation of Title IV has successfully and substantially reduced emissions of SO2 and NOx from power generation at a significantly lower cost than expected:
• In 2002, SO2 emissions were 10.2 million tons, 35% lower than 1990 emissions and 40% lower than 1980 emissions.*
• In 2002, NOx emissions were 4.5 million tons, 33% lower than 1990 emissions.
In addition, SO2 emissions from all sources have decreased by 32% since 1990 and emissions of NOx from all sources have decreased by 12% since 1990. Power generating sources continue to close in on the goal of reducing power plant SO2 emissions from 1980 levels by 50% (to 8.95 million tons) as required by the 1990 Clean Air Act. Power generating sources have also exceeded the goal of a two million ton reduction in NOx emissions from projected 2000 levels as required by the 1990 Clean Air Act.
These emission reductions have contributed to measurable improvements in air quality, reductions in acid deposition, and the beginnings of recovery of acid-sensitive waters in some areas:
• SO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (a precursor to fine particles and acid deposition) have decreased since 1990. Average annual SO2 concentrations in the Northeast in 2000–2002 were 40% lower than they were in 1989–1991, concentrations in the mid-Atlantic were 30% lower, concentrations in the Southeast were 35% lower, and concentrations in the Midwest were 45% lower.
• Sulfate concentrations in the atmosphere (a major component of fine particles, especially in the East) have decreased since 1990 as well. Average annual sulfate concentrations in the Northeast and Midwest in 2000–2002 were approximately 30% lower than they were in 1989–1991, and concentrations in the mid-Atlantic and Southeast were 25% lower.
• Wet sulfate deposition, a major component of acid rain, has also decreased since 1990. Average annual sulfate deposition in the Northeast in 2000–2002 was 40% lower than it was in 1989–1991, deposition in the mid-Atlantic and Midwest was 35% lower, and deposition in the Southeast was 25% lower.
• Wet nitrate deposition has not decreased regionally from historical levels because of the relatively moderate NOx reduction from power plants and the continuing large contribution (over 50% of total NOx emissions) from other sources of NOx such as vehicles and nonroad vehicles.
• Although visibility has begun to improve in some parts of the U.S., there is still significant impairment of visibility in many national parks and other Class I areas throughout the U.S.
• Acid neutralizing capacity is beginning to rise in some surface waters in the Northeast, including lakes in the Adirondack Mountains (see graphic below). This is an indication that recovery from acidification is occurring in those areas.
Geochemical studies of lake sediment from Eagle Rock Lake and upper Fawn Lake were conducted to evaluate the effect of mining at the Molycorp Questa porphyry molybdenum deposit located immediately north of the Red River. Two cores were taken, one from each lake near the outlet where the sediment was thinnest, and they were sampled at 1-cm intervals to provide geochemical data at less than 1-year resolution. Samples from the core intervals were digested and analyzed for 34 elements using ICP–AES (inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry). The activity of 137Cs has been used to establish the beginning of sedimentation in the two lakes. Correlation of the geochemistry of heavy-mineral suites in the cores from both Fawn and Eagle Rock Lakes has been used to develop a sedimentation model to date the intervals sampled. The core from upper Fawn Lake, located upstream of the deposit, provided an annual sedimentary record of the geochemical baseline for material being transported in the Red River, whereas the core from Eagle Rock Lake, located downstream of the deposit, provided an annual record of the effect of mining at the Questa mine on the sediment in the Red River. Abrupt changes in the concentrations of many lithophile and deposit-related metals occur in the middle of the Eagle Rock Lake core, which we correlate with the major flood-of-record recorded at the Questa gage at Eagle Rock Lake in 1979. Sediment from the Red River collected at low flow in 2002 is a poor match for the geochemical data from the sediment core in Eagle Rock Lake. The change in sediment geochemistry in Eagle Rock Lake in the post-1979 interval is dramatic and requires that a new source of sediment be identified that has substantially different geochemistry from that in the pre-1979 core interval. Loss of mill tailings from pipeline breaks are most likely responsible for some of the spikes in trace-element concentrations in the Eagle Rock Lake core. Enrichment of Al2O3, Cu, and Zn occurred as a result of chemical precipitation of these metals from ground water upstream in the Red River. Comparisons of the geochemistry of the post-1979 sediment core with both mine wastes and with premining sediment from the vicinity of the Questa mine indicate that both are possible sources for this new component of sediment. Existing data have not resolved this enigma.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055006","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., Fey, D., and Marot, M.E., 2005, Questa baseline and premining ground-water quality investigation. 8. Lake-sediment geochemical record from 1960 to 2002, Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes, Taos County, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5006, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055006.","productDescription":"47 p.","temporalStart":"1960-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402636,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73907.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Rock and Fawn Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -105.42823791503906,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -105.42823791503906,\n 36.72842852891896\n ],\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.72842852891896\n ],\n [\n -105.58547973632812,\n 36.6959520787169\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a06c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marot, M. E.","contributorId":7733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marot","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}