The Charles River, one of the Nation’s most historically significant rivers, flows through the center of the Boston metropolitan region in eastern Massachusetts. The lower Charles River, downstream of the original head of tide in Watertown, was originally a productive estuary and important source of fish and shellfish for the Native Americans of the region. This portion of the river has an exceptionally long and colorful human history. In 1615, the explorer Captain John Smith gave the river its modern name, in honor of young Prince Charles of England. In 1617–18, the Native American community of the watershed was decimated by an epidemic, after having continuously occupied the area for the previous 4,000 years. In 1630, the first large group of English settlers, led by John Winthrop, set foot on the Shawmut Peninsula at the mouth of the river, and established the town of Boston. In the 1630s, the first printing press, public park, public school, and college in the English colonies were all established on the banks of the Charles River. Almost immediately, the settlers of Boston and adjacent towns also began to modify the landscape and water resources of the watershed.
Perhaps the most important type of landscape alteration in the watershed was the filling of the extensive salt marshes and tidal flats of the estuary downstream of Watertown. This landmaking activity along the lower Charles River began in the mid-1600s, and did not conclude until the 1950s. In the early 20th century, the estuary mouth was dammed, creating a freshwater basin in the lower 9.5 miles of the river. A system of parks and parkways was built along the banks of the impounded river. In addition to the mainstem river, virtually all of the remaining water resources in the watershed have also been altered. Most of the river’s tributaries, for example, were culverted, or placed into tunnels, and many of the ponds and freshwater wetlands in the watershed were filled to facilitate urban development.
One additional legacy of the river’s long human history is pollution from industry and sewage. By 1875, a total of 43 mills were operating along the lower Charles River between Watertown Dam and Boston Harbor. Thousands of gallons of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater entered the river daily through gravity drains, posing a major threat to public health. Concerted efforts to address the sewage problem began in the late 1870s. By the 1960s, the water quality of the river was significantly improved, yet still not suitable for swimming, fishing, or even boating under most conditions. In 1965, the Charles River Watershed Association was organized and the call to restore the environmental quality of the river and its parklands was heard anew. Passage of the Federal Clean Water Act in 1972 and the subsequent court-ordered reconstruction of the region’s sewage-treatment infrastructure in the 1980s and 1990s (the “Boston Harbor Cleanup”) provided additional impetus to address the river’s remaining pollution problems.
In 1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched the Clean Charles 2005 Initiative, which brought together government agencies, private-sector institutions, and environmental organizations to focus on restoring the river to fishable and swimmable conditions by Earth Day 2005. This initiative has achieved substantial improvements in water quality; sewage discharges to the river, for example, have been largely eliminated. Nevertheless, it is now widely acknowledged that full attainment of water-quality standards will likely depend upon improved public understanding of the watershed, continued efforts to eliminate illicit sewage discharges to the river, and better management of the urban runoff that enters the river both directly and from its many tributary streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1280","isbn":"0607968540","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Weiskel, P.K., Barlow, L.K., and Smieszek, T.W., 2005, Water resources and the urban environment, lower Charles River watershed, Massachusetts, 1630-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1280, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1280.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6959,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1280/images/cover_sm.gif"},{"id":395460,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1280/pdf/cir1280.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Lower Charles River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.21578216552733,\n 42.22139878761366\n ],\n [\n -71.0321044921875,\n 42.22139878761366\n ],\n [\n -71.0321044921875,\n 42.404953126475725\n ],\n [\n -71.21578216552733,\n 42.404953126475725\n ],\n [\n -71.21578216552733,\n 42.22139878761366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8657","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiskel, Peter K. pweiskel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"Peter","email":"pweiskel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Lora K.","contributorId":90279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smieszek, Tomas W. 0000-0002-1361-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-2167","contributorId":241661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smieszek","given":"Tomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70253,"text":"sir20045197 - 2005 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the basin-fill aquifer of the Tularosa Basin, south-central New Mexico, predevelopment through 2040","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"sir20045197","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5197","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the basin-fill aquifer of the Tularosa Basin, south-central New Mexico, predevelopment through 2040","docAbstract":"The hydrology of the basin-fill aquifer in the Tularosa Basin was evaluated through construction and calibration of steady-state and transient three-dimensional ground-water-flow simulations. Simulations were made using the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference modular ground-water-flow computer software MODFLOW-96. The transient simulation covered 1948-2040. Both steady-state and transient simulations were calibrated by matching simulation output to available ground-water-level measurements. The root-mean-square error of the steady-state calibration in the well-calibrated area of the ground-water-flow simulation was 6.3 meters, and root-mean-square errors of individual transient-calibration points ranged from 0.8 to 17.0 meters. The areal distribution of water-level measurements used in the steady-state and transient calibrations restricts the well-calibrated area of the model to the eastern side of the Tularosa Basin. Water levels in the La Luz Creek subbasin area were underestimated by both the steady-state and transient models, suggesting that the hydrology of this area is not well represented in the model.\r\n\r\nAbout 143,000 cubic meters per day of recharge is estimated to enter the basin-fill aquifer from subbasins that rim the Tularosa Basin. The estimated recharge is about 4-5 percent of total precipitation in most subbasins. Approximately 88 percent of total recharge left the basin-fill aquifer as evapotranspiration under predevelopment conditions.\r\n\r\nWater levels were simulated for 1948, 1995, and 2040 under scenarios of zero and maximum return flows. Estimated return flows from municipalities were calculated on the basis of data in the Tularosa Basin Regional Water Plan for 2000-2040. Agricultural return flows were estimated primarily on the basis of ground-water-withdrawal, ground-water-depletion, surface-water-withdrawal, and surface-water-depletion data for the Tularosa Basin. The ground-water-flow simulation was sensitive to the return-flow scenario in the agricultural area near Tularosa and decreasingly sensitive to the south. Declines in simulated water levels near Tularosa between 1948 and 1995 were as large as 30 meters under the zero return-flow scenario and 15 meters under the maximum return-flow scenario. Declines in simulated water levels between 1995 and 2040 were as large as 25 meters under the zero return-flow scenario and 15 meters under the maximum return-flow scenario. Comparison of water levels measured near Tularosa in 1991 and water levels simulated under the maximum return-flow scenario for 1991 suggests that declines in simulated water levels near Tularosa may be overestimated under the zero return-flow scenario. Declines in simulated water levels near the City of Alamogordo well field between 1948 and 1995 were as large as 15 meters under the zero return-flow scenario and 10 meters under the maximum return-flow scenario. Simulated declines in water levels between 1995 and 2040 were nearly 15 meters under both return-flow scenarios assuming that all projected increases in withdrawal came from existing City of Alamogordo public-supply wells and all withdrawal from the wells came from the basin-fill aquifer. Declines in simulated water levels near the Holloman Air Force Base well fields between 1948 and 1995 and between 1995 and 2040 were less than 5 meters under both the zero and maximum return-flow scenarios. In 1995 under the zero return-flow scenario, an estimated 56,000 cubic meters of water per day was removed from aquifer storage. Of the approximately 199,000 cubic meters of water per day that left the aquifer under 1995 conditions, 40 percent left the basin-fill aquifer as ground-water withdrawal, 51 percent as evapotranspiration, 7 percent by interbasin ground-water flow into the Hueco Bolson, and 2 percent by flow into creeks and springs.\r\n\r\nGeneralized directions of ground-water flow were simulated for 1948, 1995, and 2040 for much of the eastern part of the Tularosa Basin. Localized","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045197","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., 2005, Simulation of ground-water flow in the basin-fill aquifer of the Tularosa Basin, south-central New Mexico, predevelopment through 2040: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5197, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045197.","productDescription":"108 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6955,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db5461c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Glenn F.","contributorId":12079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200,"text":"sim2881 - 2005 - Nitrate in ground water: using a model to simulate the probability of nitrate contamination of shallow ground water in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:04","indexId":"sim2881","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2881","title":"Nitrate in ground water: using a model to simulate the probability of nitrate contamination of shallow ground water in the conterminous United States","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2881","usgsCitation":"Hitt, K.J., and Nolan, B.T., 2005, Nitrate in ground water: using a model to simulate the probability of nitrate contamination of shallow ground water in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2881, 2 single-sided sheets (32 inches x 39 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2881.","productDescription":"2 single-sided sheets (32 inches x 39 inches)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6918,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sim20052881/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, Kerie J.","contributorId":54565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Kerie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nolan, Bernard T. 0000-0002-6945-9659 btnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-9659","contributorId":2190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Bernard","email":"btnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199,"text":"sir20045269 - 2005 - Simulated ground-water flow for a pond-dominated aquifer system near Great Sandy Bottom Pond, Pembroke, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"sir20045269","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5269","title":"Simulated ground-water flow for a pond-dominated aquifer system near Great Sandy Bottom Pond, Pembroke, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A ground-water flow simulation for a 66.4-square-mile area around Great Sandy Bottom (GSB) Pond (105 acres) near Pembroke, Massachusetts, was developed for use by local and State water managers to assess the yields for public water supply of local ponds and wells for average climatic and drought conditions and the effects of water withdrawals on nearby water levels and streamflows. Wetlands and ponds cover about 30 percent of the study area and the aquifer system is dominated by interactions between ground water and the ponds. The three largest surface-water bodies in the study area are Silver Lake (640 acres), Monponsett Pond (590 acres), and Oldham Pond (236 acres). The study area is drained by tributaries of the Taunton River to the southwest, the South and North Rivers to the northeast, and the Jones River to the southeast. In 2002, 10.8 million gallons per day of water was exported from ponds and 3.5 million gallons per day from wells was used locally for public supply.\r\n\r\nA transient ground-water-flow model with 69 monthly stress periods spanning the period from January 1998 through September 2003 was calibrated to stage at GSB Pond and nearby Silver Lake and streamflow and water levels collected from September 2002 through September 2003. The calibrated model was used to assess hydrologic responses to a variety of water-use and climatic conditions. Simulation of predevelopment (no pumping or export) average monthly (1949-2002) water-level conditions caused the GSB Pond level to increase by 6.3 feet from the results of a simulation using average 2002 pumping for all wells, withdrawals, and exports. Most of this decline can be attributed to pumping, withdrawals, and exports of water from sites away from GSB Pond. The effects of increasing the export rate from GSB Pond by 1.25 and 1.5 times the 2002 rate were a lowering of pond levels by a maximum of 1.6 and 2.8 feet, respectively. Simulated results for two different drought conditions, one mild drought similar to that of 1979-82 and a more severe drought similar to that of 1963-66, but with current (2002) pumping, were compared to results for average monthly recharge conditions (1949-2002). Simulated mild drought conditions showed a reduction of GSB Pond level of about 1.3 feet and a lower streamflow of about 1.7 percent in the nearby stream. Simulated severe drought conditions reduced the pond level at GSB Pond by almost 7 feet and lowered streamflow by about 37 percent. Varying cranberry-irrigation practices had little effect on simulated GSB Pond water levels, but may be important in other ponds. The model was most sensitive to changes in areal recharge. An increase and decrease of 22 percent in recharge produced changes in the GSB Pond water level of +1.4 feet and -2.4 feet, respectively.\r\n\r\nThe accuracy of simulation results was best in the central portion of the study area in the immediate location of GSB Pond. The model was developed with the study-area boundary far enough away from the GSB Pond area that the boundary would have minimal effect on the water levels in GSB Pond, nearby ponds, and the underlying aquifer system. The model is best suited for use by local and State water managers to assess the effects of different withdrawal scenarios for wells and ponds near GSB Pond and for general delineation of areas contributing recharge to wells and ponds in the vicinity of GSB Pond. The model in its current form may not be well suited to detailed analyses of water budgets and flow patterns for parts of the study area farther from GSB Pond without further investigation, calibration, and data collection.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045269","usgsCitation":"Carlson, C.S., and Lyford, F.P., 2005, Simulated ground-water flow for a pond-dominated aquifer system near Great Sandy Bottom Pond, Pembroke, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5269, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045269.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6917,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045269/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5269.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, Carl S. 0000-0001-7142-3519 cscarlso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-3519","contributorId":1694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Carl","email":"cscarlso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194,"text":"sir20045175 - 2005 - Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing ground water to production wells, Cadillac, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:33:27","indexId":"sir20045175","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5175","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing ground water to production wells, Cadillac, Michigan","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water for domestic, municipal, and industrial use within the northwest section of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Because of the importance of this resource, numerous communities including the city of Cadillac in Wexford County, Michigan, have begun local wellhead protection programs. In these programs, communities protect their ground-water resources by identifying the areas that contribute water to production wells, identifying potential sources of contamination, and developing methods to cooperatively manage and minimize threats to the water supply.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Cadillac, simulated regional ground-water flow and estimated areas contributing recharge and zones of transport to the production well field. Ground-water flow models for the Clam River watershed, in Wexford and Missaukee Counties, were developed using the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW 2000). Ground-water flow models were calibrated using the observation, sensitivity, and parameter estimation packages of MODFLOW 2000. Ground-water-head solutions from calibrated flow models were used in conjunction with MODPATH, a particle-tracking program, to simulate regional ground-water flow and estimate areas contributing recharge and zones of transport to the Cadillac production-well field for a 10-year period.
Model simulations match the conceptual model in that regional ground-water flow in the deep ground-water system is from southeast to northwest across the watershed. Areas contributing water were determined for the optimized parameter set and an alternate parameter set that included increased recharge and hydraulic conductivity values. Although substantially different hydrologic parameters (assumed to represent end-member ranges of realistic hydrologic parameters) were used in alternate numerical simulations, simulation results differ little in predictions of the size of the contributing area to the city well field. However, increasing recharge and hydraulic conductivity values appreciably affected the shape of the contributing area and zone of contribution of reacharge. Simulation results indicate that the region immediately to the south and southeast of the well field is contributing water to the production wells. Detailed aquifer characterization would be needed to describe and simulate the heterogeneous glacial deposits in the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Cadillac, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Hoard, C.J., and Westjohn, D.B., 2005, Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing ground water to production wells, Cadillac, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5175, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045175.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6912,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Clam River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.75859069824219,\n 44.112239974004645\n ],\n [\n -85.75859069824219,\n 44.36853274822797\n ],\n [\n -85.27381896972656,\n 44.36853274822797\n ],\n [\n -85.27381896972656,\n 44.112239974004645\n ],\n [\n -85.75859069824219,\n 44.112239974004645\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bc887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoard, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2337-506X cjhoard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-506X","contributorId":191767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoard","given":"Christopher","email":"cjhoard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197,"text":"sir20055035 - 2005 - Hydrogeology and trichloroethene contamination in the sea-level aquifer beneath the Logistics Center, Fort Lewis, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"sir20055035","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5035","title":"Hydrogeology and trichloroethene contamination in the sea-level aquifer beneath the Logistics Center, Fort Lewis, Washington","docAbstract":"The U.S. Army disposed of waste trichloroethene (TCE) and other materials in the East Gate Disposal Yard near the Logistics Center on Fort Lewis, Washington, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. As a result, ground water contaminated with primarily TCE extends more than 3 miles downgradient from the East Gate Disposal Yard. The site is underlain by a complex and heterogeneous sequence of glacial and non-glacial deposits that have been broadly categorized into an upper and a lower aquifer (the latter referred to as the sea-level aquifer). TCE contamination was detected in both aquifers. This report describes an investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the source, migration, and attenuation of TCE in the sea-level aquifer.\r\n\r\nA refined conceptual model for ground-water flow and contaminant migration into and through the sea-level aquifer was developed in large part from interpretation of environmental tracer data. The tracers used included stable isotopes of oxygen (18O), hydrogen (2H), and carbon (13C); the radioactive hydrogen isotope tritium (3H); common ions and redox-related analytes; chlorofluorocarbons; and sulfur hexafluoride. Tracer and TCE concentrations were determined for samples collected by the USGS from 37 wells and two surface-water sites in American Lake during 1999-2000. Ground-water levels were measured by the USGS in more than 40 wells during 2000-01, and were combined with measurements by the U.S. Army and others to create potentiometric-surface maps.\r\n\r\nLocalized ground-water flow features were identified that are of particular relevance to the migration of TCE in the study area. A ridge of ground water beneath American Lake diverts the flow of TCE-contaminated ground water in the sea-level aquifer to the west around the southern end of the lake. Tracer data provided clear evidence that American Lake is a significant source of recharge to the sea-level aquifer that has created that ridge of ground water. High ground-water altitudes at locations north and northeast of the Logistics Center combined with the ridge beneath American Lake prevent TCE contaminated water beneath the Logistics Center from migrating toward municipal water-supply wells northeast of the site.\r\n\r\nThe 1999-2000 TCE concentrations measured by the USGS at older wells screened in the sea-level aquifer were similar to those measured since 1995, but the known downgradient extent of the TCE contamination expanded nearly 2 miles after the Army installed and sampled new wells during 2003-04. Concentrations of TCE in the sea-level aquifer were consistently highest in the upper part of the aquifer throughout the plume, although TCE has spread throughout much of the thickness of the aquifer in the downgradient portions of the plume.\r\n\r\nEnvironmental tracer data indicated that the primary pathway for contaminant migration into the sea-level aquifer is through the previously identified confining unit window, an area where the predominately fine-grained confining unit is relatively coarse grained and more permeable. Other less substantial pathways for contaminant migration also were identified near the East Gate Disposal Yard and the I-5 pump-and-treat facilities. Those areas are near active pumping wells and ground-water reintroduction facilities, but there is no evidence that the contaminant migration was caused or enhanced by those activities.\r\n\r\nWithin the sea-level aquifer, TCE concentrations continue to migrate westward in the flow field strongly influenced by ground-water recharge from American Lake. Historical data are not available to definitively determine if the 5-?g/L leading edge of the current TCE plume is stable or if it is still moving downgradient. However, an evaluation of the available data combined with TCE traveltime estimates indicates that the peak TCE concentrations in the sea-level aquifer may have not yet reached the wells near the currently defined leading edge of the plume. Hypothetically, the 5-?g/L leading edge","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055035","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 2005, Hydrogeology and trichloroethene contamination in the sea-level aquifer beneath the Logistics Center, Fort Lewis, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5035, 59 p.; 1 plate, 42 in. x 30 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055035.","productDescription":"59 p.; 1 plate, 42 in. x 30 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6915,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5035/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181,"text":"sir20045096 - 2005 - Vulnerability of production wells in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system to saltwater intrusion from the Delaware River in Camden, Gloucester, and Salem Counties, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T15:50:23.161401","indexId":"sir20045096","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5096","title":"Vulnerability of production wells in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system to saltwater intrusion from the Delaware River in Camden, Gloucester, and Salem Counties, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system is hydraulically connected to the Delaware River in parts of Camden and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey, and has more limited contact with the river in Salem County, New Jersey. The aquifer system is used widely for water supply, and 122 production wells that are permitted by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to pump more than 100,000 gallons per year in the three counties are within 2 miles of the river. During drought, saltwater may encroach upstream from the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay to areas where the aquifer system is recharged by induced infiltration through the Delaware River streambed. During the drought of the mid-1960's, water with a chloride concentration in excess of potability standards (250 mg/L (milligrams per liter)) encroached into the reach of the river that recharges the aquifer system. The vulnerability of the major production wells in the area to similar saltwater encroachment in the future is a concern to water managers. This vulnerability was evaluated by investigating two scenarios: (1) a one-time recurrence of the conditions approximating those that occurred in the1960's, and (2) the recurrence of those same conditions on an annual basis.\r\n\r\nResults of ground-water-flow simulation in conjunction with particle tracking and one-dimensional transport analysis indicate that the wells that are most vulnerable to saltwater intrusion are those in the Morris and Delair well fields in Camden County. A single 30-day event during which the concentration of dissolved chloride or sodium exceeds 2,098 mg/L or 407 mg/L, respectively, in the Delaware River would threaten the potability of water from these wells, given New Jersey drinking-water standards of 250 mg/L for dissolved chloride and 50 mg/L for dissolved sodium. This chloride concentration is about six times that observed in the river during the 1960's drought. An annually occurring 1-month event during which the concentrations of dissolved chloride or sodium in the river exceeds 1,818 mg/L or 358 mg/L, respectively, would threaten the potability of water from these wells. Wells outside the Morris and Delair well fields are substantially less vulnerable to the intermittent saltwater intrusion that was simulated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045096","usgsCitation":"Navoy, A.S., Voronin, L.M., and Modica, E., 2005, Vulnerability of production wells in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system to saltwater intrusion from the Delaware River in Camden, Gloucester, and Salem Counties, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5096, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045096.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6884,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5096/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":390823,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72159.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Camden County, Gloucester County, Salem County","otherGeospatial":"Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.5833,\n 39.5833\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39.5833\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.05\n ],\n [\n -75.5833,\n 40.05\n ],\n [\n -75.5833,\n 39.5833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688edf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Navoy, Anthony S. anavoy@usgs.gov","contributorId":2464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navoy","given":"Anthony","email":"anavoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voronin, Lois M. 0000-0002-1064-1675 lvoronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-1675","contributorId":1475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"Lois","email":"lvoronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Modica, Edward","contributorId":59431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modica","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182,"text":"sir20045115 - 2005 - Surface-water/ground-water interaction along reaches of the Snake River and Henrys Fork, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"sir20045115","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5115","title":"Surface-water/ground-water interaction along reaches of the Snake River and Henrys Fork, Idaho","docAbstract":"Declining water levels in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and decreases in spring discharges from the aquifer to the Snake River have spurred studies to improve understanding of the surface-water/ground-water interaction on the plain. This study was done to estimate streamflow gains and losses along specific reaches of the Snake River and Henrys Fork and to compare changes in gain and loss estimates to changes in ground-water levels over time. Data collected during this study will be used to enhance the conceptual model of the hydrologic system and to refine computer models of ground-water flow and surface-water/ground-water interactions.\r\n\r\nEstimates of streamflow gains and losses along specific subreaches of the Snake River and Henrys Fork, based on the results of five seepage studies completed during 2001?02, varied greatly across the study area, ranging from a loss estimate of 606 ft3/s in a subreach of the upper Snake River near Heise to a gain estimate of 3,450 ft3/s in a subreach of the Snake River that includes Thousand Springs. Some variations over time also were apparent in specific subreaches. Surface spring flow accounted for much of the inflow to subreaches having large gain estimates. Several subreaches alternately gained and lost streamflow during the study.\r\n\r\nChanges in estimates of streamflow gains and losses along some of the subreaches were compared with changes in water levels, measured at three different times during 2001?02, in adjacent wells. In some instances, a strong relation between changes in estimates of gains or losses and changes in ground-water levels was apparent.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045115","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., and Vidmar, P., 2005, Surface-water/ground-water interaction along reaches of the Snake River and Henrys Fork, Idaho (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5115, 27 p. with 3 appendices online, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045115.","productDescription":"27 p. with 3 appendices online","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6885,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5456f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vidmar, Peter","contributorId":25242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidmar","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162,"text":"sir20055046 - 2005 - Reducing tensor magnetic gradiometer data for unexploded ordnance detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:45","indexId":"sir20055046","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5046","title":"Reducing tensor magnetic gradiometer data for unexploded ordnance detection","docAbstract":"We performed a survey to demonstrate the effectiveness of a prototype tensor magnetic gradiometer system (TMGS) for detection of buried unexploded ordnance (UXO). In order to achieve a useful result, we designed a data-reduction procedure that resulted in a realistic magnetic gradient tensor and devised a simple way of viewing complicated tensor data, not only to assess the validity of the final resulting tensor, but also to preview the data at interim stages of processing. The final processed map of the surveyed area clearly shows a sharp anomaly that peaks almost directly over the target UXO. This map agrees well with a modeled map derived from dipolar sources near the known target locations. From this agreement, it can be deduced that the reduction process is valid, making the prototype TMGS a foundation for development of future systems and processes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055046","usgsCitation":"Bracken, R.E., and Brown, P., 2005, Reducing tensor magnetic gradiometer data for unexploded ordnance detection (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5046, 1 p. online; 10 p. report, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055046.","productDescription":"1 p. online; 10 p. report","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6876,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bracken, Robert E. 0000-0001-7759-2743 rbracken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-2743","contributorId":2640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"Robert","email":"rbracken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Philip J.","contributorId":70483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Philip J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006528,"text":"70006528 - 2005 - Optically stimulated luminescence dating of late Holocene raised strandplain sequences adjacent to Lakes Michigan and Superior, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T14:25:44","indexId":"70006528","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-01T14:22:20","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optically stimulated luminescence dating of late Holocene raised strandplain sequences adjacent to Lakes Michigan and Superior, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA","docAbstract":"This study evaluates the accuracy of optically stimulated luminescence to date well-preserved strandline sequences at Manistique/Thompson bay (Lake Michigan), and Tahquamenon and Grand Traverse Bays (Lake Superior) that span the past ∼4500 yr. The single aliquot regeneration (SAR) method is applied to produce absolute ages for littoral and eolian sediments. SAR ages are compared against AMS and conventional 14C ages on swale organics. Modern littoral and eolian sediments yield SAR ages <100 yr indicating near, if not complete, solar resetting of luminescence prior to deposition. Beach ridges that yield SAR ages <2000 yr show general agreement with corresponding 14C ages on swale organics. Significant variability in 14C ages >2000 cal yr B.P. complicates comparison to SAR ages at all sites. However, a SAR age of 4280 ± 390 yr (UIC913) on ridge77 at Tahquamenon Bay is consistent with regional regression from the high lake level of the Nipissing II phase ca. 4500 cal yr B.P. SAR ages indicate a decrease in ridge formation rate after ∼1500 yr ago, likely reflecting separation of Lake Superior from lakes Huron and Michigan. This study shows that SAR is a credible alternative to 14C methods for dating littoral and eolian landforms in Great Lakes and other coastal strandplains where 14C methods prove problematic.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2004.12.001","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Argyilan, E.P., Forman, S., Johnston, J.W., and Wilcox, D.A., 2005, Optically stimulated luminescence dating of late Holocene raised strandplain sequences adjacent to Lakes Michigan and Superior, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 63, no. 2, p. 122-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.12.001.","productDescription":"p. 122-135","startPage":"122","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2291","text":"External Repository"},{"id":289244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289243,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.12.001"}],"volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f7e4b07b8813a554ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Argyilan, Erin P.","contributorId":104406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argyilan","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forman, Steven L.","contributorId":8184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forman","given":"Steven L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, John W.","contributorId":71141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70239108,"text":"70239108 - 2005 - Integrated provenance analysis of a complex orogenic terrane: Mesozoic uplift of the Bogda Shan and Inception of the Turpan-Hami Basin, NW China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T15:15:55.725334","indexId":"70239108","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-01T08:23:31","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated provenance analysis of a complex orogenic terrane: Mesozoic uplift of the Bogda Shan and Inception of the Turpan-Hami Basin, NW China","docAbstract":"We employ petrographic and advanced geochemical techniques to better document the evolution of the Turpan–Hami basin based on the unique geologic histories of the arc terranes that served as potential sources of Turpan–Hami deposits. First, a provenance study of Permian through Cretaceous sandstone of the Turpan–Hami basin reveals temporal and spatial changes in dominant source terranes that provided detritus to the basin. Volcanic-lithic-rich Upper Permian sandstone (mean Qm19F18Lt63; Qp7Lvm89Lsm4; Qm48P39K13) followed by more quartzose compositions in Triassic sandstone (mean Qm41F19Lt40; Qp20Lvm75Lsm5; Qm68P21K11) indicate progressive unroofing of the extinct northern and central Tian Shan arc terranes to the south of Turpan–Hami. A sharp change to sedimentary-lithic-rich Lower Jurassic sandstone (mean Qm47F16Lt37; Qp16Lvm42Lsm42; Qm75P12K13) overlain by a return to volcanic–lithic-rich Middle Jurassic sandstone (mean Qm39F21Lt40; Qp14Lvm51Lsm35; Qm65P21K14) points to the initial uplift and unroofing of the largely andesitic Bogda Shan to the north, which first shed its sedimentary cover as it emerged to become the partition between the Turpan–Hami and southern Junggar basins.
Second, geochronological, trace-element, and Sm-Nd isotopic variations among granitoids in the late Paleozoic Tian Shan orogenic belt provide a further test of Mesozoic uplift of the Bogda Shan. On the basis of previous models of crustal compositions throughout the South, Central, and North Tian Shan, Bogda Shan, and East and West Junggar terranes, we infer that isotopically enriched granitic cobbles (average εNdi = −0.50, n = 6) contained in Lower Triassic deposits in the north-central Turpan–Hami basin were derived from the continental crustal Central Tian Shan terrane, south of Turpan–Hami, and not from the more oceanic North Tian Shan, Bogda Shan, and East and West Junggar terranes, north of the Turpan–Hami basin. We therefore infer that the ancestral Bogda Shan had not been uplifted by the Early Triassic, and that prior to this time, a unified Junggar–Turpan–Hami basin existed during Late Permian deposition of extensive lacustrine deposits
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2005.019","usgsCitation":"Greene, T.J., Carroll, A.R., Wartes, M.A., Graham, S., and Wooden, J.L., 2005, Integrated provenance analysis of a complex orogenic terrane: Mesozoic uplift of the Bogda Shan and Inception of the Turpan-Hami Basin, NW China: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 75, no. 2, p. 251-267, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2005.019.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"267","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Turpan-Hami Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 85.6278426658343,\n 48.1035533004102\n ],\n [\n 85.6278426658343,\n 45.26259979791956\n ],\n [\n 92.37412591437476,\n 45.26259979791956\n ],\n [\n 92.37412591437476,\n 48.1035533004102\n ],\n [\n 85.6278426658343,\n 48.1035533004102\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Todd J.","contributorId":300357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greene","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carroll, Alan R.","contributorId":111442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":860068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wartes, Marwan A.","contributorId":213172,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wartes","given":"Marwan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16126,"text":"Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, Stephan A.","contributorId":293143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graham","given":"Stephan A.","affiliations":[{"id":63235,"text":"Stanford Univeristy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":193587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":860071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175022,"text":"70175022 - 2005 - From climate-change spaghetti to climate-change distributions for 21st Century California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:09:27","indexId":"70175022","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From climate-change spaghetti to climate-change distributions for 21st Century California","docAbstract":"The uncertainties associated with climate-change projections for California are unlikely to disappear any time soon, and yet important long-term decisions will be needed to accommodate those potential changes. Projection uncertainties have typically been addressed by analysis of a few scenarios, chosen based on availability or to capture the extreme cases among available projections. However, by focusing on more common projections rather than the most extreme projections (using a new resampling method), new insights into current projections emerge: (1) uncertainties associated with future greenhouse-gas emissions are comparable with the differences among climate models, so that neither source of uncertainties should be neglected or underrepresented; (2) twenty-first century temperature projections spread more, overall, than do precipitation scenarios; (3) projections of extremely wet futures for California are true outliers among current projections; and (4) current projections that are warmest tend, overall, to yield a moderately drier California, while the cooler projections yield a somewhat wetter future. The resampling approach applied in this paper also provides a natural opportunity to objectively incorporate measures of model skill and the likelihoods of various emission scenarios into future assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 2005, From climate-change spaghetti to climate-change distributions for 21st Century California: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 3, no. 1, p. 1-14.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pg6c039"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889b5e4b0589fa1c6ba55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170958,"text":"70170958 - 2005 - Balancing the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T15:15:13","indexId":"70170958","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Balancing the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species","docAbstract":"Fossil records suggest that bacteria developed the ability to photosynthesize ≈3,500 million years ago (mya), initiating a very slow accumulation of atmospheric oxygen (1). Recent geochemical models suggest that atmospheric oxygen did not accumulate to levels conducive for aerobic life until 500–1,000 mya (2, 3). The oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere resulted in the emergence of aerobic organisms followed by a great diversification of biological species and the eventual evolution of humans.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0500367102","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, R., and Redman, R., 2005, Balancing the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species: PNAS, v. 102, no. 9, p. 3175-3176, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500367102.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3175","endPage":"3176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/552941","text":"External Repository"},{"id":321180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5735a92fe4b0dae0d5df50d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Rusty","contributorId":89423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Rusty","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redman, Regina","contributorId":169295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Redman","given":"Regina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184417,"text":"70184417 - 2005 - The future of hydrogeology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T14:07:04","indexId":"70184417","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The future of hydrogeology","docAbstract":"“The Future of Hydrogeology” would seem to be an overly ambitious topic for a theme issue of Hydrogeology Journal or for any other journal. Only a modicum of common sense and experience provides the insight that predicting the future of a science is a task fraught with uncertainty that should be approached with caution and humility. Please be assured that the intent of this issue of the journal is not to predict the future but rather to instigate discussion and to inspire creative thinking about hydrogeology. In their articles, authors have presented personal opinions concerning the future evolution of their subjects based on their experience. This is an acceptable approach, considering that any view of the future can be no more than an educated guess. Most authors have given their opinion after an expert and insightful review of the evolution of their subject to the present time or after reviewing the current state of knowledge or practice of their subject. Consequently, this issue of the Hydrogeology Journal provides an exciting view of potential developments in crucial aspects of hydrogeology founded upon developments to date.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10040-005-0435-8","usgsCitation":"Voss, C.I., 2005, The future of hydrogeology: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0435-8.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0435-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263fe4b014cc3a3d34c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184390,"text":"70184390 - 2005 - Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:05:45","indexId":"70184390","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems","docAbstract":"Geochemistry has contributed significantly to the understanding of ground-water systems over the last 50 years. Historic advances include development of the hydrochemical facies concept, application of equilibrium theory, investigation of redox processes, and radiocarbon dating. Other hydrochemical concepts, tools, and techniques have helped elucidate mechanisms of flow and transport in ground-water systems, and have helped unlock an archive of paleoenvironmental information. Hydrochemical and isotopic information can be used to interpret the origin and mode of ground-water recharge, refine estimates of time scales of recharge and ground-water flow, decipher reactive processes, provide paleohydrological information, and calibrate ground-water flow models. Progress needs to be made in obtaining representative samples. Improvements are needed in the interpretation of the information obtained, and in the construction and interpretation of numerical models utilizing hydrochemical data. The best approach will ensure an optimized iterative process between field data collection and analysis, interpretation, and the application of forward, inverse, and statistical modeling tools. Advances are anticipated from microbiological investigations, the characterization of natural organics, isotopic fingerprinting, applications of dissolved gas measurements, and the fields of reaction kinetics and coupled processes. A thermodynamic perspective is offered that could facilitate the comparison and understanding of the multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes affecting ground-water systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10040-004-0429-y","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., and Plummer, N., 2005, Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 13, no. 1, p. 263-287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0429-y.","productDescription":"26 p. ","startPage":"263","endPage":"287","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12640e4b014cc3a3d34ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122,"text":"sir20055037 - 2005 - Mercury accumulation by lower trophic-level organisms in lentic systems within the Guadalupe River watershed, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T19:52:42","indexId":"sir20055037","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5037","title":"Mercury accumulation by lower trophic-level organisms in lentic systems within the Guadalupe River watershed, California","docAbstract":"The water columns of four reservoirs (Almaden, Calero, Guadalupe and Lexington Reservoirs) and an abandoned quarry pit filled by Alamitos Creek drainage for recreational purposes (Lake Almaden) were sampled on September 14 and 15, 2004 to provide the first measurements of mercury accumulation by phytoplankton and zooplankton in lentic systems (bodies of standing water, as in lakes and reservoirs) within the Guadalupe River watershed, California. Because of widespread interest in ecosystem effects associated with historic mercury mining within and downgradient of the Guadalupe Riverwatershed, transfer of mercury to lower trophic-level organisms was examined. The propensity of mercury to bioaccumulate, particularly in phytoplankton and zooplankton at the base of the food web, motivated this attempt to provide information in support of developing trophic-transfer and solute-transport models for the watershed, and hence in support of subsequent evaluation of load-allocation strategies. Both total mercury and methylmercury were examined in these organisms. \r\n\r\nDuring a single sampling event, replicate samples from the reservoir water column were collected and processed for dissolved-total mercury, dissolved-methylmercury, phytoplankton mercury speciation, phytoplankton taxonomy and biomass, zooplankton mercury speciation, and zooplankton taxonomy and biomass. The timing of this sampling event was coordinated with sampling and analysis of fish from these five water bodies, during a period of the year when vertical stratification in the reservoirs generates a primary source of methylmercury to the watershed. Ancillary data, including dissolved organic carbon and trace-metal concentrations as well as vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance and pH, were gathered to provide a water-quality framework from which to compare the results for mercury. This work, in support of the Guadalupe River Mercury Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Study, provides the first measurements of mercury trophic transfer through planktonic communities in this watershed. It is worth reemphasizing that this data set represents a single ?snap shot? of conditions in water bodies within the Guadalupe River watershed to: (1) fill gaps in trophic transfer information, and (2) provide a scientific basis for future process-based studies with enhanced temporal and spatial coverage. This electronic document was unconventionally formatted to enhance the accessibility of information to a wide range of interest groups.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055037","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J.S., Topping, B.R., Moon, G.E., Husby, P., Lincoff, A., Carter, J.L., and Croteau, M., 2005, Mercury accumulation by lower trophic-level organisms in lentic systems within the Guadalupe River watershed, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5037, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055037.","productDescription":"59 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Guadalupe River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.18170166015625,\n 37.801103690609615\n ],\n [\n -121.35498046875,\n 37.801103690609615\n ],\n [\n -121.35498046875,\n 38.24249456800328\n ],\n [\n -122.18170166015625,\n 38.24249456800328\n ],\n [\n -122.18170166015625,\n 37.801103690609615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624622","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, Brent R. 0000-0002-7887-4221 btopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-4221","contributorId":1484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"Brent","email":"btopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moon, Gerald E.","contributorId":11288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Husby, Peter","contributorId":35405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Husby","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lincoff, Andrew","contributorId":29076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lincoff","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Croteau, Marie-Noële","contributorId":22863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"Marie-Noële","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70117,"text":"sir20045132 - 2005 - Simulation of ground-water flow to assess geohydrologic factors and their effect on source-water areas for bedrock wells in Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"sir20045132","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5132","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow to assess geohydrologic factors and their effect on source-water areas for bedrock wells in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Generic ground-water-flow simulation models show that geohydrologic factors?fracture types, fracture geometry, and surficial materials?affect the size, shape, and location of source-water areas for bedrock wells. In this study, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Public Health, ground-water flow was simulated to bedrock wells in three settings?on hilltops and hillsides with no surficial aquifer, in a narrow valley with a surficial aquifer, and in a broad valley with a surficial aquifer?to show how different combinations of geohydrologic factors in different topographic settings affect the dimensions and locations of source-water areas in Connecticut. \r\n\r\nThree principal types of fractures are present in bedrock in Connecticut?(1) Layer-parallel fractures, which developed as partings along bedding in sedimentary rock and compositional layering or foliation in metamorphic rock (dips of these fractures can be gentle or steep); (2) unroofing joints, which developed as strain-release fractures parallel to the land surface as overlying rock was removed by erosion through geologic time; and (3) cross fractures and joints, which developed as a result of tectonically generated stresses that produced typically near-vertical or steeply dipping fractures.\r\n\r\nFracture geometry is defined primarily by the presence or absence of layering in the rock unit, and, if layered, by the angle of dip in the layering. Where layered rocks dip steeply, layer-parallel fracturing generally is dominant; unroofing joints also are typically well developed. Where layered rocks dip gently, layer-parallel fracturing also is dominant, and connections among these fractures are provided only by the cross fractures. In gently dipping rocks, unroofing joints generally do not form as a separate fracture set; instead, strain release from unroofing has occurred along gently dipping layer-parallel fractures, enhancing their aperture. In nonlayered and variably layered rocks, layer-parallel fracturing is absent or poorly developed; fracturing is dominated by well-developed subhorizontal unroofing joints and steeply dipping, tectonically generated fractures and (or) cooling joints. Cross fractures (or cooling joints) in nonlayered and variably layered rocks have more random orientations than in layered rocks. Overall, nonlayered or variably layered rocks do not have a strongly developed fracture direction.\r\n\r\nGeneric ground-water-flow simulation models showed that fracture geometry and other geohydrologic factors affect the dimensions and locations of source-water areas for bedrock wells. In general, source-water areas to wells reflect the direction of ground-water flow, which mimics the land-surface topography. Source-water areas to wells in a hilltop setting were not affected greatly by simulated fracture zones, except for an extensive vertical fracture zone. Source-water areas to wells in a hillside setting were not affected greatly by simulated fracture zones, except for the combination of a subhorizontal fracture zone and low bedrock vertical hydraulic conductivity, as might be the case where an extensive subhorizontal fracture zone is not connected or is poorly connected to the surface through vertical fractures. \r\n\r\nSource-water areas to wells in a narrow valley setting reflect complex ground-water-flow paths. The typical flow path originates in the uplands and passes through either till or bedrock into the surficial aquifer, although only a small area of the surficial aquifer actually contributes water to the well. Source-water areas in uplands can include substantial areas on both sides of a river. Source-water areas for wells in this setting are affected mainly by the rate of ground-water recharge and by the degree of anisotropy. Source-water areas to wells in a broad valley setting (bedrock with a low angle of dip) are affected greatly by fracture properties. The effect of a given fracture is to channel the ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045132","usgsCitation":"Starn, J.J., and Stone, J., 2005, Simulation of ground-water flow to assess geohydrologic factors and their effect on source-water areas for bedrock wells in Connecticut (Version 1.0, online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5132, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045132.","productDescription":"86 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6829,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","edition":"Version 1.0, online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starn, J. Jeffrey","contributorId":101617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway","contributorId":72793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet Radway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70105,"text":"sir20045296 - 2005 - Geological, hydrological, and biological issues related to the proposed development of a park at the confluence of the Los Angeles River and the Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:04","indexId":"sir20045296","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5296","title":"Geological, hydrological, and biological issues related to the proposed development of a park at the confluence of the Los Angeles River and the Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"A new park is being considered for the confluence of the Los Angeles River and the Arroyo Seco in Los Angeles County, California. Components of the park development may include creation of a temporary lake on the Los Angeles River, removal of channel lining along part of the Arroyo Seco, restoration of native plants, creation of walking paths, and building of facilities such as a boat ramp and a visitor center. This report, prepared in cooperation with the Mountains Recreation and Conservancy Authority, delineates the geological, hydrological, and biological issues that may have an impact on the park development or result from development at the confluence, and identifies a set a tasks to help address these science issues.\r\n\r\nGeologic issues of concern relate to surface faulting, earthquake ground motions, liquefaction, landsliding, and induced seismicity. Hydrologic issues of concern relate to the hydraulics and water quality of both surface water and ground water. Biological issues of concern include colonization-extinction dynamics, wildlife corridors, wildlife reintroduction, non-native species, ecotoxicology, and restoration of local habitat and ecology. Potential tasks include (1) basic data collection and follow-up monitoring, and (2) statistical and probabilistic analyses and simulation modeling of the seismic, hydraulic, and ecological processes that may have the greatest impact on the park. The science issues and associated tasks delineated for the proposed confluence park will also have transfer value for river restoration in other urban settings.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045296","usgsCitation":"Land, M., Trenham, P.C., Ponti, D.J., Reichard, E.G., Tinsley, J., Warrick, J., and Meyer, R.W., 2005, Geological, hydrological, and biological issues related to the proposed development of a park at the confluence of the Los Angeles River and the Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles County, California (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5296, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045296.","productDescription":"56 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6791,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5296/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68744f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trenham, Peter C.","contributorId":11710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trenham","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tinsley, John C. III jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":3266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John C.","suffix":"III","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. jwarrick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","email":"jwarrick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meyer, Robert W.","contributorId":69601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70094,"text":"sir20045282 - 2005 - Geology and preliminary hydrogeologic characterization of the cell-house site, Berlin, New Hampshire, 2003-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"sir20045282","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5282","title":"Geology and preliminary hydrogeologic characterization of the cell-house site, Berlin, New Hampshire, 2003-04","docAbstract":"At the cell-house site, thin, generally less than 20-foot thick overburden, consisting of till and demolition materials, overlies fractured crystalline bedrock. Bedrock at the site consists of gneiss with thin discontinuous lenses of chlorite schist and discontinuous tabular pegmatite. Two distinct fracture domains, with principal trends to the west and northwest, and to the north, overlap near the site. The cell-house site shows principal trends common to both domains. \r\n\r\nGneiss is the most abundant rock at the site. Steeply dipping fractures within the gneiss terminate on subhorizontal contacts with pegmatite and on moderately dipping contacts with chlorite schist. Steeply northwest-dipping en Echelon fracture zones, parallel joint zones, and silicified brittle faults show consistent strikes to the northeast. Gently east-dipping to subhorizontal fractures, sub-parallel to gneissosity, strike northeast. \r\n\r\nThe impermeable cap, barrier wall, and bedrock surface topography affect ground-water flow in the overburden. There is relatively little ground-water flow in the overburden in the capped area and a poor hydraulic connection between the overburden and the underlying bedrock over most of the site. The overburden beneath the cap may receive inflow through or beneath the barrier wall, or by flow through vertical fractures in the underlying bedrock beneath the barrier wall. \r\n\r\nThe bedrock aquifer near the river is well connected to the river and head difference in the bedrock across the site are large (greater than 13 ft). Horizontal hydraulic conductivities of 0.2 to 20 ft/d were estimated for the bedrock. Individual fractures or fracture zones likely have hydraulic conductivities greater than the bulk rock. Subhorizontal fractures occur at pegmatite contacts or along chlorite schist lenses and may serve as ground-water conduits to the steeply dipping fractures in gneiss. The effective hydraulic conductivity across the site is likely to be in the low range of the estimated values (0.2 ft/d). Ground water discharges to the river from the bedrock aquifer and is greatest during periods of large river stage fluctuations.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045282","usgsCitation":"Degnan, J.R., Clark, S.F., Harte, P.T., and Mack, T.J., 2005, Geology and preliminary hydrogeologic characterization of the cell-house site, Berlin, New Hampshire, 2003-04 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5282, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045282.","productDescription":"65 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6788,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5282/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ea1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Stewart F. 0000-0001-8841-2728 sclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8841-2728","contributorId":3658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Stewart","email":"sclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074,"text":"sir20055022 - 2005 - Initial-phase investigation of multi-dimensional streamflow simulations in the Colorado River, Moab Valley, Grand County, Utah, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T15:41:03","indexId":"sir20055022","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5022","title":"Initial-phase investigation of multi-dimensional streamflow simulations in the Colorado River, Moab Valley, Grand County, Utah, 2004","docAbstract":"A multi-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to aid in the assessment of the potential hazard posed to the uranium mill tailings near Moab, Utah, by flooding in the Colorado River as it flows through Moab Valley. Discharge estimates for the 100- and 500-year recurrence interval and for the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) were evaluated with the model for the existing channel geometry. These discharges also were modeled for three other channel-deepening configurations representing hypothetical scour of the channel at the downstream portal of Moab Valley. Water-surface elevation, velocity distribution, and shear-stress distribution were predicted for each simulation.
The hydrodynamic model was developed from measured channel topography and over-bank topographic data acquired from several sources. A limited calibration of the hydrodynamic model was conducted. The extensive presence of tamarisk or salt cedar in the over-bank regions of the study reach presented challenges for determining roughness coefficients.
Predicted water-surface elevations for the current channel geometry indicated that the toe of the tailings pile would be inundated by about 4 feet by the 100-year discharge and 25 feet by the PMF discharge. A small area at the toe of the tailings pile was characterized by velocities of about 1 to 2 feet per second for the 100-year discharge. Predicted velocities near the toe for the PMF discharge increased to between 2 and 4 feet per second over a somewhat larger area. The manner to which velocities progress from the 100-year discharge to the PMF discharge in the area of the tailings pile indicates that the tailings pile obstructs the over-bank flow of flood discharges. The predicted path of flow for all simulations along the existing Colorado River channel indicates that the current distribution of tamarisk in the over-bank region affects how flood-flow velocities are spatially distributed. Shear-stress distributions were predicted throughout the study reach for each discharge and channel geometry examined. Material transport was evaluated by applying these shear-stress values to empirically determined critical shear-stress values for grain sizes ranging from very fine sands to very coarse gravels.
Ground water is the primary source of water for domestic, municipal, and industrial use within the northwest section of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Because of the importance of this resource, numerous communities including the city of Cadillac in Wexford County, Michigan, have begun local well-head protection programs. In these programs, communities protect their ground-water resources by identifying the areas that contribute water to production wells, identifying potential sources of contamination, and developing methods to cooperatively manage and minimize threats to the water supply.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Cadillac, simulated regional ground-water flow and estimated areas contributing recharge and zones of transport to the production well field. Ground-water flow models for the Clam River watershed, in Wexford and Missaukee Counties, were developed using the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW 2000). Ground-water flow models were calibrated using the observation, sensitivity, and parameter estimation packages of MODFLOW 2000. Ground-water-head solutions from calibrated flow models were used in conjunction with MODPATH, a particle-tracking program, to simulate regional ground-water flow and estimate areas contributing recharge and zones of transport to the Cadillac production-well field for a 10-year period.
Model simulations match the conceptual model in that regional ground-water flow in the deep ground-water system is from southeast to northwest across the watershed. Areas contributing water were determined for the optimized parameter set and an alternate parameter set that included increased recharge and hydraulic conductivity values. Although substantially different hydrologic parameters (assumed to represent end-member ranges of realistic hydrologic parameters) were used in alternate numerical simulations, simulation results differ little in predictions of the size of the contributing area to the city well field. However, increasing recharge and hydraulic conductivity values appreciably affected the shape of the contributing area and zone of contribution of reacharge. Simulation results indicate that the region immediately to the south and southeast of the well field is contributing water to the production wells. Detailed aquifer characterization would be needed to describe and simulate
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051012","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Cadillac, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Hoard, C.J., and Westjohn, D., 2005, Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing ground water to production wells, Cadillac, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1012, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051012.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1012/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Cadillac","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.53972619961374,\n 44.307248039247895\n ],\n [\n -85.53972619961374,\n 44.18815560084593\n ],\n [\n -85.29494633065546,\n 44.18815560084593\n ],\n [\n -85.29494633065546,\n 44.307248039247895\n ],\n [\n -85.53972619961374,\n 44.307248039247895\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2d28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoard, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2337-506X cjhoard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-506X","contributorId":191767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoard","given":"Christopher","email":"cjhoard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, D.B.","contributorId":68411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69981,"text":"sir20045181 - 2005 - Simulated water sources and effects of pumping on surface and ground water, Sagamore and Monomoy flow lenses, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T20:15:42.309421","indexId":"sir20045181","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5181","title":"Simulated water sources and effects of pumping on surface and ground water, Sagamore and Monomoy flow lenses, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The sandy sediments underlying Cape Cod, Massachusetts, compose an important aquifer that is the sole source of water for a region undergoing rapid development. Population increases and urbanization on Cape Cod lead to two primary environmental effects that relate directly to water supply: (1) adverse effects of land use on the quality of water in the aquifer and (2) increases in pumping that can adversely affect environmentally sensitive surface waters, such as ponds and streams. These considerations are particularly important on the Sagamore and Monomoy flow lenses, which underlie the largest and most populous areas on Cape Cod.
Numerical models of the two flow lenses were developed to simulate ground-water-flow conditions in the aquifer and to (1) delineate areas at the water table contributing water to wells and (2) estimate the effects of pumping and natural changes in recharge on surface waters. About 350 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water recharges the aquifer at the water table in this area; most water (about 65 percent) discharges at the coast and most of the remaining water (about 28 percent) discharges into streams. A total of about 24.9 Mgal/d, or about 7 percent, of water in the aquifer is withdrawn for water supply; most pumped water is returned to the hydrologic system as return flow creating a state of near mass balance in the aquifer. Areas at the water table that contribute water directly to production wells total about 17 square miles; some water (about 10 percent) pumped from the wells flows through ponds prior to reaching the wells. Current (2003) steady-state pumping reduces simulated ground-water levels in some areas by more than 4 feet; projected (2020) pumping may reduce water levels by an additional 3 feet or more in these same areas. Current (2003) and future (2020) pumping reduces total streamflow by about 4 and 9 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), corresponding to about 5 percent and 9 percent, respectively, of total streamflow.
Natural recharge varies with time, over both monthly and multiyear time scales. Monthly changes in recharge cause pond levels to vary between 1 and 2 feet in an average year; annual changes in recharge, which can be much larger than monthly variations, can cause pond levels to vary by more than 10 feet in some areas over a period of years. Streamflow, which also changes in response to changes in recharge, varies by a factor of two over an average year and can vary more over multiyear periods. On average, monthly pumping ranges from 15.8 Mgal/d in March to 45.3 Mgal/d in August. Pumping and the distribution of return flow can seasonally affect the hydrologic system by lowering ground-water and pond levels and by depleting streamflows, particularly in the summer months. Maximum drawdowns in March and August exceed 3 feet and 6 feet, respectively, for current (2003) pumping. Simulated drawdowns from projected (2020) pumping, relative to water levels representing 2003 pumping conditions, exceed 2 feet in March and 5 feet in August. Current (2003) and future (2020) pumping can decrease pond levels in some areas by more than 3 feet; drawdown generally is largest during the month of August of an average year. Over multiyear periods, seasonal pumping can lower pond levels in some areas by more than 4 feet; the effects of seasonal pumping are largest during periods of reduced recharge. Monthly streamflow depletion varies in individual streams but can exceed 2 ft3/s in some streams.
The combined effects of seasonal pumping and drought can reduce pond levels by more than 10 feet below average levels. Water levels in Mary Dunn Pond, which is in an area of large current and projected pumping, are predicted (2020) to decline during drought conditions by about 10.6 feet: about 6.9 feet from lower recharge, about 2.3 feet from current (2003) pumping, and about 1.4 feet from additional future (2020) pumping. The results indicate that pumping generally does not cause substantial streamflow depletion and that the primary effect of pumping is on water levels in ponds. Natural changes in recharge account for most of the variation in pond levels; however, pumping can cause substantial declines in the levels of ponds near pumping wells. Also, the effects of pumping and recharge can combine to cause drawdowns of more than 10 feet in some areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045181","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., and Whealan, A.T., 2005, Simulated water sources and effects of pumping on surface and ground water, Sagamore and Monomoy flow lenses, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5181, vi, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045181.","productDescription":"vi, 85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6233,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5181.jpg"},{"id":407993,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70790.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Sagamore and Monomoy flow lenses","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.6978,\n 41.5031\n ],\n [\n -69.9169,\n 41.5031\n ],\n [\n -69.9169,\n 41.8192\n ],\n [\n -70.6978,\n 41.8192\n ],\n [\n -70.6978,\n 41.5031\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3267","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whealan, Ann T.","contributorId":72074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whealan","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70248054,"text":"70248054 - 2005 - A Cenozoic diffuse alkaline magmatic province (DAMP) in the southwest Pacific without rift or plume origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T15:21:55.402125","indexId":"70248054","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-01T10:11:24","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Cenozoic diffuse alkaline magmatic province (DAMP) in the southwest Pacific without rift or plume origin","docAbstract":"Common geological, geochemical, and geophysical characteristics of continental fragments of East Gondwana and adjacent oceanic lithosphere define a long-lived, low-volume, diffuse alkaline magmatic province (DAMP) encompassing the easternmost part of the Indo-Australian Plate, West Antarctica, and the southwest portion of the Pacific Plate. A key to generating the Cenozoic magmatism is the combination of metasomatized lithosphere underlain by mantle at only slightly elevated temperatures, in contrast to large igneous provinces where mantle temperatures are presumed to be high. The SW Pacific DAMP magmatism has been conjecturally linked to rifting, strike-slip faulting, mantle plumes, or hundreds of hot spots, but all of these associations have flaws. We suggest instead that sudden detachment and sinking of subducted slabs in the late Cretaceous induced Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities along the former Gondwana margin that in turn triggered lateral and vertical flow of warm Pacific mantle. The interaction of the warm mantle with metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere that characterizes much of the SW Pacific DAMP concentrates magmatism along zones of weakness. The model may also provide a mechanism for warming south Pacific mantle and resulting Cenozoic alkaline magmatism, where the oceanic areas are characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by short-lived hot spot tracks not readily explained by conventional mantle plume theory. This proposed south Pacific DAMP is much larger and longer-lived than previously considered.
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