Waterfowl management on breeding grounds focuses on improving nest success, but few studies have compared waterfowl nest success and factors affecting nest survival along a wetland gradient and simultaneously identified nest predators. We monitored nests (n = 195) of common pochards (Aythya ferina) in Trebon Basin Biosphere Reserve, Czech Republic, during 1999–2002. Daily nest survival rates (DSRs, logistic-exposure) declined from island (0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.978–0.991) to overwater (0.962, 0.950–0.971) and terrestrial (0.844, 0.759–0.904) nests. The most parsimonious model for DSRs included habitat class (DSRs: island > overwater > terrestrial) and nest visibility. Nest survival was improved by reduced nest visibility, increased water depth, and increased distance from the nest to habitat edge in littoral habitats. On islands, nest success increased with advancing date and increased distance to open water. A model of constant nest survival best explained the data for terrestrial nests. There were no observer effects on DSRs in any habitat. In 2003, artificial nests (n = 180; 120 contained a wax-filled egg) were deployed on study plots. The model that best explained variation in DSRs for artificial nests included only 1 variable: habitat class (DSRs: island ≥ overwater > terrestrial). Mammalian predation of artificial nests (by foxes [Vulpes vulpes] and martens [Martes spp.]) was more likely in terrestrial habitats than in littoral habitats or on islands. By contrast, corvids and marsh harriers (Circus aeruginosus) prevailed among predators of overwater and island nests. Our data indicate that artificial islands and wide strips of littoral vegetation may represent secure breeding habitats for waterfowl because those habitats allow nests to be placed in areas that are not accessible to, or that are avoided by, mammalian predators. Management actions should be aimed at preserving these habitats. This, along with creation of new artificial islands, could help to enhance breeding productivity of pochards and possibly other waterfowl species inhabiting man-made ponds.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[784:FDPNPA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Albrecht, T., Horak, D., Kreisinger, J., Weidinger, K., Klvana, P., and Michot, T., 2006, Factors determining Pochard nest predation along a wetland gradient: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 3, p. 784-791, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[784:FDPNPA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"784","endPage":"791","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Czech Republic","otherGeospatial":"Trebon Basin Biosphere Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 14.724340438842772,\n 48.980104320525676\n ],\n [\n 14.782533645629881,\n 48.980104320525676\n ],\n [\n 14.782533645629881,\n 49.00313898314858\n ],\n [\n 14.724340438842772,\n 49.00313898314858\n ],\n [\n 14.724340438842772,\n 48.980104320525676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e92e4b0c8380cd53511","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albrecht, T.","contributorId":68533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albrecht","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horak, D.","contributorId":50728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kreisinger, J.","contributorId":88556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreisinger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weidinger, K.","contributorId":15825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidinger","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klvana, P.","contributorId":22966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klvana","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michot, T.C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":43426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030407,"text":"70030407 - 2006 - Patterns of fish use and piscivore abundance within a reconnected saltmarsh impoundment in the northern Indian River Lagoon, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030407","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of fish use and piscivore abundance within a reconnected saltmarsh impoundment in the northern Indian River Lagoon, Florida","docAbstract":"Nearly all saltmarshes in east-central, Florida were impounded for mosquito control during the 1960s. The majority of these marshes have since been reconnected to the estuary by culverts, providing an opportunity to effectively measure exchange of aquatic organisms. A multi-gear approach was used monthly to simultaneously estimate fish standing stock (cast net), fish exchange with the estuary (culvert traps), and piscivore abundance (gill nets and bird counts) to document patterns of fish use in a reconnected saltmarsh impoundment. Changes in saltmarsh fish abundance, and exchange of fish with the estuary reflected the seasonal pattern of marsh flooding in the northern Indian River Lagoon system. During a 6-month period of marsh flooding, resident fish had continuous access to the marsh surface. Large piscivorous fish regularly entered the impoundment via creeks and ditches to prey upon small resident fish, and piscivorous birds aggregated following major fish movements to the marsh surface or to deep habitats. As water levels receded in winter, saltmarsh fish concentrated into deep habitats and emigration to the estuary ensued (200% greater biomass left the impoundment than entered). Fish abundance and community structure along the estuary shoreline (although fringed with marsh vegetation) were not analogous to marsh creeks and ditches. Perimeter ditches provided deep-water habitat for large estuarine predators, and shallow creeks served as an alternative habitat for resident fish when the marsh surface was dry. Use of the impoundment as nursery by transients was limited to Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, but large juvenile and adult piscivorous fish used the impoundment for feeding. In conclusion, the saltmarsh impoundment was a feeding site for piscivorous fish and birds, and functioned as a net exporter of forage fish to adjacent estuarine waters. ?? Springer 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11273-005-5827-y","issn":"09234861","usgsCitation":"Stevens, P.W., Montague, C., and Sulak, K., 2006, Patterns of fish use and piscivore abundance within a reconnected saltmarsh impoundment in the northern Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 147-166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-005-5827-y.","startPage":"147","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211748,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-005-5827-y"},{"id":239098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75cfe4b0c8380cd77d5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Philip W.","contributorId":36092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montague, C.L.","contributorId":22130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montague","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sulak, K. J. 0000-0002-4795-9310","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":76690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030404,"text":"70030404 - 2006 - Basic concepts for the linear model of ground water level recession","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70030404","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basic concepts for the linear model of ground water level recession","docAbstract":"Basic concepts are illustrated for the display of ground water level recession as a linear plot on a semilog graph, as first described by Rorabaugh. This exponential decay function can be achieved if there is a definable outflow boundary such as a lake or river and if water levels are expressed relative to the altitude of the boundary. The model can be used to estimate aquifer hydraulic diffusivity. Concepts are illustrated using three finite-difference simulations. One represents the ideal case as described by Rorabaugh, in which the altitude of the outflow boundary is uniform along its length. Another simulation includes a sloping boundary with simple geometry and demonstrates that the model can be used accurately. Based on this simulation, it appears that the ground water level must be expressed relative to the closest point on the outflow boundary. The third simulation includes a sloping boundary and complex boundary shape, and demonstrates departures from the linear model of recession and errors in the estimate of hydraulic diffusivity. Another cause of nonlinearity is the instability of the ground water head profile soon after a recharge event. The nature of these early-time departures will vary depending on the location of the water level observation site relative to the outflow boundary and the hydrologic divide of the ground water flow system. ?? 2006 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00157.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., 2006, Basic concepts for the linear model of ground water level recession: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 3, p. 483-487, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00157.x.","startPage":"483","endPage":"487","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00157.x"},{"id":239587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efe1e4b0c8380cd4a4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030402,"text":"70030402 - 2006 - Prolactin and growth hormone in fish osmoregulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70030402","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prolactin and growth hormone in fish osmoregulation","docAbstract":"Prolactin is an important regulator of multiple biological functions in vertebrates, and has been viewed as essential to ion uptake as well as reduction in ion and water permeability of osmoregulatory surfaces in freshwater and euryhaline fish. Prolactin-releasing peptide seems to stimulate prolactin expression in the pituitary and peripheral organs during freshwater adaptation. Growth hormone, a member of the same family of hormones as prolactin, promotes acclimation to seawater in several teleost fish, at least in part through the action of insulin-like growth factor I. In branchial epithelia, development and differentiation of the seawater-type chloride cell (and their underlying biochemistry) is regulated by GH, IGF-I, and cortisol, whereas the freshwater-type chloride cell is regulated by prolactin and cortisol. In the epithelia of gastrointestinal tract, prolactin induces cell proliferation during freshwater adaptation, whereas cortisol stimulates both cell proliferation and apoptosis. We propose that control of salinity acclimation in teleosts by prolactin and growth hormone primarily involves regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation (the latter including upregulation of specific ion transporters), and that there is an important interaction of these hormones with corticosteroids. ?? 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.008","issn":"00166480","usgsCitation":"Sakamoto, T., and McCormick, S., 2006, Prolactin and growth hormone in fish osmoregulation: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 147, no. 1, p. 24-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.008.","startPage":"24","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.008"},{"id":239551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"147","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8efde4b0c8380cd7f4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakamoto, T.","contributorId":31573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakamoto","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":427018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030401,"text":"70030401 - 2006 - Effect of diet processing method and ingredient substitution on feed characteristics and survival of larval walleye, Sander vitreus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70030401","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2574,"text":"Journal of the World Aquaculture Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of diet processing method and ingredient substitution on feed characteristics and survival of larval walleye, Sander vitreus","docAbstract":"Two methods were developed for the production of larval fish diets. The first method, microextrusion marumerization (MEM), has been tested in laboratory feeding trials for many years and produces particles that are palatable and water stable. The second method, particle-assisted rotational agglomeration (PARA), produced diets that have lower density than diets produced by MEM. Each method was used to produce diets in the 250- to 400- and 400- to 700-??m range and compared with a reference diet (Fry Feed Kyowa* [FFK]) for feeding larval walleye in two experiments. The effect of substituting 4% of the fish meal with freeze-dried artemia fines was also investigated. In the first experiment, 30-d survival was greater (P < 0.05) for fish fed a diet produced by PARA without Artemia (49.1.0%) than for fish fed the same diet produced by MEM (27.6%). The addition of Artemia to a diet produced by MEM did not increase survival of larval walleye. Fish fed the reference diet had 24.4% survival. In the second experiment, there was an effect of both processing method and Artemia supplementation, and an interaction of these effects, on survival. Fish fed a diet produced by PARA without Artemia supplementation had 48.4% survival, and fish fed the same diet produced by MEM had only 19.6% survival. Inclusion of 4% freeze-dried Artemia improved (P < 0.04) survival of fish fed MEM particles but not those fed PARA particles. Fish fed FFK had greater weight gain than fish fed other diets in both experiments. Data indicate that the PARA method of diet processing produces smaller, lower density particles than the MEM process and that diets produced by the PARA process support higher survival of larval walleye with low capital and operating costs. ?? Copyright by the World Aquaculture Society 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the World Aquaculture Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00021.x","issn":"08938849","usgsCitation":"Barrows, F., and Lellis, W., 2006, Effect of diet processing method and ingredient substitution on feed characteristics and survival of larval walleye, Sander vitreus: Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 37, no. 2, p. 154-160, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00021.x.","startPage":"154","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212124,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00021.x"},{"id":239550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05d1e4b0c8380cd50f96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrows, F.T.","contributorId":94998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lellis, W.A.","contributorId":67441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030387,"text":"70030387 - 2006 - Effects of ascorbic acid enrichment by immersion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) eggs and embryos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030387","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":857,"text":"Aquaculture Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of ascorbic acid enrichment by immersion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) eggs and embryos","docAbstract":"This study was conducted to examine the effects of different forms and concentrations of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and different enrichment times (24 and 48 h post ovulation) on egg, embryo and alevin ascorbate concentrations and survival of rainbow trout (enrichment was at the ova stage). In experiments 1 and 2, fertilized eggs were immersed in water containing ascorbate at 0 (control), 100, 1000 mg L-1 l-ascorbic acid (AA) and 2000 mg L -1 l-ascorbyl monophosphate (AP). In experiment 3, 0 (control), 500 and 1000 mg L-1 AA neutralized (N) with NaOH, 1000 mg L-1 AA non-neutralized (NN), 1000 and 2000 mg L-1 AP immersions were used. The mean total ascorbic acid (TAA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) concentrations were measured before fertilization, at 3 and 24 h after fertilization, at the eyed stage, and in hatched alevins. We observed significant differences in TAA concentration at different immersion levels at 3 and 24 h after fertilization. Survival decreased significantly depending on the level of vitamin C, pH of the solutions and immersion time. We suggest that when broodstock rainbow trout do not have enough vitamin C in their ovaries, immersion of eggs in 1000 mg L-1 of neutralized AA may be useful. ?? 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01504.x","issn":"1355557X","usgsCitation":"Falahatkar, B., Dabrowski, K., Arslan, M., and Rinchard, J., 2006, Effects of ascorbic acid enrichment by immersion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) eggs and embryos: Aquaculture Research, v. 37, no. 8, p. 834-841, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01504.x.","startPage":"834","endPage":"841","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477422,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01504.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211951,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01504.x"},{"id":239339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0692e4b0c8380cd512f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falahatkar, B.","contributorId":62019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falahatkar","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dabrowski, K.","contributorId":55208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dabrowski","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arslan, M.","contributorId":90935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arslan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rinchard, J.","contributorId":79290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinchard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030380,"text":"70030380 - 2006 - Source apportionment modeling of volatile organic compounds in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030380","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source apportionment modeling of volatile organic compounds in streams","docAbstract":"It often is of interest to understand the relative importance of the different sources contributing to the concentration cw of a contaminant in a stream; the portions related to sources 1, 2, 3, etc. are denoted cw,1, cw,2, cw,3, etc. Like c w, 'he fractions ??1, = cw,1/c w, ??2 = cw,2/cw, ??3 = cw,3/cw, etc. depend on location and time. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can undergo absorption from the atmosphere into stream water or loss from stream water to the atmosphere, causing complexities affecting the source apportionment (SA) of VOCs in streams. Two SA rules are elaborated. Rule 1: VOC entering a stream across the air/water interface exclusively is assigned to the atmospheric portion of cw. Rule 2: VOC loss by volatilization, flow loss to groundwater, in-stream degradation, etc. is distributed over cw,1 cw,2, c w,3, etc. in proportion to their corresponding ?? values. How the two SA rules are applied, as well as the nature of the SA output for a given case, will depend on whether transport across the air/water interface is handled using the net flux F convention or using the individual fluxes J convention. Four hypothetical stream cases involving acetone, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), benzene, chloroform, and perchloroethylene (PCE) are considered. Acetone and MTBE are sufficiently water soluble from air for a domestic atmospheric source to be capable of yielding cw values approaching the common water quality guideline range of 1 to 10 ??g/L. For most other VOCs, such levels cause net outgassing (F > 0). When F > 0 in a given section of stream, in the net flux convention, all of the ??j, for the compound remain unchanged over that section while cw decreases. A characteristic time ??d can be calculated to predict when there will be differences between SA results obtained by the net flux convention versus the individual fluxes convention. Source apportionment modeling provides the framework necessary for comparing different strategies for mitigating contamination at points of interest along a stream. ?? 2006 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/05-205R1.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Pankow, J.F., Asher, W., and Zogorski, J., 2006, Source apportionment modeling of volatile organic compounds in streams: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 25, no. 4, p. 921-932, https://doi.org/10.1897/05-205R1.1.","startPage":"921","endPage":"932","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211832,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/05-205R1.1"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9323e4b08c986b31a2fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pankow, J. F.","contributorId":20917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asher, W.E.","contributorId":99339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asher","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030377,"text":"70030377 - 2006 - Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels: 2. Partitioning between grain, spill, and woody debris resistance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T16:56:27","indexId":"70030377","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels: 2. Partitioning between grain, spill, and woody debris resistance","docAbstract":"In step‐pool stream channels, flow resistance is created primarily by bed sediments, spill over step‐pool bed forms, and large woody debris (LWD). In order to measure resistance partitioning between grains, steps, and LWD in step‐pool channels we completed laboratory flume runs in which total resistance was measured with and without grains and steps, with various LWD configurations, and at multiple slopes and discharges. Tests of additive approaches to resistance partitioning found that partitioning estimates are highly sensitive to the order in which components are calculated and that such approaches inflate the values of difficult‐to‐measure components that are calculated by subtraction from measured components. This effect is especially significant where interactions between roughness features create synergistic increases in resistance such that total resistance measured for combinations of resistance components greatly exceeds the sum of those components measured separately. LWD contributes large proportions of total resistance by creating form drag on individual pieces and by increasing the spill resistance effect of steps. The combined effect of LWD and spill over steps was found to dominate total resistance, whereas grain roughness on step treads was a small component of total resistance. The relative contributions of grain, spill, and woody debris resistance were strongly influenced by discharge and to a lesser extent by LWD density. Grain resistance values based on published formulas and debris resistance values calculated using a cylinder drag approach typically underestimated analogous flume‐derived values, further illustrating sources of error in partitioning methods and the importance of accounting for interaction effects between resistance components.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004278","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, A.C., Nelson, J.M., and Wohl, E.E., 2006, Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels: 2. Partitioning between grain, spill, and woody debris resistance: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 5, Article W05419; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004278.","productDescription":"Article W05419; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004278","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124fe4b0c8380cd54265","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Andrew C. 0000-0002-6241-8977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-8977","contributorId":195613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030376,"text":"70030376 - 2006 - Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030376","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples","docAbstract":"Perchlorate ion (ClO4-) is an environmental contaminant of growing concern due to its potential human health effects, impact on aquatic and land animals, and widespread occurrence throughout the United States. The determination of perchlorate cannot normally be carried out in the field. As such, water samples for perchlorate analysis are often shipped to a central laboratory, where they may be stored for a significant period before analysis. The stability of perchlorate ion in various types of commonly encountered water samples has not been generally examined-the effect of such storage is thus not known. In the present study, the long-term stability of perchlorate ion in deionized water, tap water, ground water, and surface water was examined. Sample sets containing approximately 1000, 100, 1.0, and 0.5 ??g l-1 perchlorate ion in deionized water and also in local tap water were formulated. These samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for perchlorate ion concentration against freshly prepared standards every 24 h for the first 7 days, biweekly for the next 4 weeks, and periodically after that for a total of 400 or 610 days for the two lowest concentrations and a total of 428 or 638 days for the high concentrations. Ground and surface water samples containing perchlorate were collected, held and analyzed for perchlorate concentration periodically over at least 360 days. All samples except for the surface water samples were found to be stable for the duration of the study, allowing for holding times of at least 300 days for ground water samples and at least 90 days for surface water samples. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytica Chimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Stetson, S., Wanty, R., Helsel, D., Kalkhoff, S., and Macalady, D., 2006, Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 567, no. 1 SPEC. ISS., p. 108-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030.","startPage":"108","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211779,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030"},{"id":239132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"567","issue":"1 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9657e4b08c986b31b455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stetson, S.J.","contributorId":6650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stetson","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":426909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Macalady, D.L.","contributorId":76468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030375,"text":"70030375 - 2006 - Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T08:55:32","indexId":"70030375","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"Samples from several wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin were screened for the presence of 21 antibiotic compounds. These facilities spanned a range of community size served (average daily flow from 0.0212 to 23.6 million gallons/day), secondary treatment processes, geographic locations across the state, and they discharged the treated effluents to both surface and ground waters (for ground water after a soil passage). A total of six antibiotic compounds were detected (1–5 compounds per site), including two sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), one tetracycline (tetracycline), fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin), macrolide (erythromycin-H2O) and trimethoprim. The frequency of detection of antibiotics was in the following order: tetracycline and trimethoprim (80%) > sulfamethoxazole (70%) > erythromycin-H2O (45%) > ciprofloxacin (40%) > sulfamethazine (10%). However, the soluble concentrations were in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range (≤ 1.3 μg/L), and importantly were unaffected by the size of the wastewater treatment facility. The concentrations detected were within an order of magnitude of those reported for similar systems in Europe and Canada: they were within a factor of two in comparison to those reported for Canada but generally lower relative to those measured in wastewater systems in Europe. Only sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were detected in groundwater monitoring wells adjacent to the treatment systems. Future intensive wastewater monitoring programs in Wisconsin may be limited to the six antibiotic compounds detected in this study.
The scientific community has not established an adequate understanding of the uncertainty inherent in measured water quality data, which is introduced by four procedural categories: streamflow measurement, sample collection, sample preservation/storage, and laboratory analysis. Although previous research has produced valuable information on relative differences in procedures within these categories, little information is available that compares the procedural categories or presents the cumulative uncertainty in resulting water quality data. As a result, quality control emphasis is often misdirected, and data uncertainty is typically either ignored or accounted for with an arbitrary margin of safety. Faced with the need for scientifically defensible estimates of data uncertainty to support water resource management, the objectives of this research were to: (1) compile selected published information on uncertainty related to measured streamflow and water quality data for small watersheds, (2) use a root mean square error propagation method to compare the uncertainty introduced by each procedural category, and (3) use the error propagation method to determine the cumulative probable uncertainty in measured streamflow, sediment, and nutrient data. Best case, typical, and worst case data quality scenarios were examined. Averaged across all constituents, the calculated cumulative probable uncertainty (%) contributed under typical scenarios ranged from 6% to 19% for streamflow measurement, from 4% to 48% for sample collection, from 2% to 16% for sample preservation/storage, and from 5% to 21% for laboratory analysis. Under typical conditions, errors in storm loads ranged from 8% to 104% for dissolved nutrients, from 8% to 110% for total N and P, and from 7% to 53% for TSS. Results indicated that uncertainty can increase substantially under poor measurement conditions and limited quality control effort. This research provides introductory scientific estimates of uncertainty in measured water quality data. The results and procedures presented should also assist modelers in quantifying the quality of calibration and evaluation data sets, determining model accuracy goals, and evaluating model performance.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.20488","issn":"00012351","usgsCitation":"Harmel, R., Cooper, R., Slade, R., Haney, R., and Arnold, J., 2006, Cumulative uncertainty in measured streamflow and water quality data for small watersheds: Transactions of the ASABE, v. 49, no. 3, p. 689-701, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20488.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"701","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd0ce4b0c8380cd4e5df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmel, R. D.","contributorId":20155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmel","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slade, R.M.","contributorId":84364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haney, R.L.","contributorId":58461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arnold, J.G.","contributorId":15830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030363,"text":"70030363 - 2006 - An evaluation of a reagentless method for the determination of total mercury in aquatic life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T10:56:46","indexId":"70030363","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of a reagentless method for the determination of total mercury in aquatic life","docAbstract":"Multiple treatment (i.e., drying, chemical digestion, and oxidation) steps are often required during preparation of biological matrices for quantitative analysis of mercury; these multiple steps could potentially lead to systematic errors and poor recovery of the analyte. In this study, the Direct Mercury Analyzer (Milestone Inc., Monroe, CT) was utilized to measure total mercury in fish tissue by integrating steps of drying, sample combustion and gold sequestration with successive identification using atomic absorption spectrometry. We also evaluated the differences between the mercury concentrations found in samples that were homogenized and samples with no preparation. These results were confirmed with cold vapor atomic absorbance and fluorescence spectrometric methods of analysis. Finally, total mercury in wild captured largemouth bass (n = 20) were assessed using the Direct Mercury Analyzer to examine internal variability between mercury concentrations in muscle, liver and brain organs. Direct analysis of total mercury measured in muscle tissue was strongly correlated with muscle tissue that was homogenized before analysis (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Additionally, results using this integrated method compared favorably (p < 0.05) with conventional cold vapor spectrometry with atomic absorbance and fluorescence detection methods. Mercury concentrations in brain were significantly lower than concentrations in muscle (p < 0.001) and liver (p < 0.05) tissues. This integrated method can measure a wide range of mercury concentrations (0-500 ??g) using small sample sizes. Total mercury measurements in this study are comparative to the methods (cold vapor) commonly used for total mercury analysis and are devoid of laborious sample preparation and expensive hazardous waste. ?? Springer 2006.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-006-9101-6","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Haynes, S., Gragg, R.D., Johnson, E., Robinson, L., and Orazio, C.E., 2006, An evaluation of a reagentless method for the determination of total mercury in aquatic life: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 172, no. 1, p. 359-374, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9101-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"374","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212093,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9101-6"}],"volume":"172","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea46e4b0c8380cd48753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haynes, Sekeenia","contributorId":56442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Sekeenia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gragg, Richard D.","contributorId":175336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gragg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Elijah","contributorId":175337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Elijah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Larry","contributorId":57374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Larry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orazio, Carl E. 0000-0002-2532-9668 corazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-9668","contributorId":1366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orazio","given":"Carl","email":"corazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030361,"text":"70030361 - 2006 - Distribution and sources of surfzone bacteria at Huntington Beach before and after disinfection on an ocean outfall - A frequency-domain analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70030361","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and sources of surfzone bacteria at Huntington Beach before and after disinfection on an ocean outfall - A frequency-domain analysis","docAbstract":"Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were measured approximately 5 days a week in ankle-depth water at 19 surfzone stations along Huntington Beach and Newport Beach, California, from 1998 to the end of 2003. These sampling periods span the time before and after treated sewage effluent, discharged into the coastal ocean from the local outfall, was disinfected. Bacterial samples were also taken in the vicinity of the outfall during the pre- and post-disinfection periods. Our analysis of the results from both data sets suggest that land-based sources, rather than the local outfall, were the source of the FIB responsible for the frequent closures and postings of local beaches in the summers of 2001 and 2002. Because the annual cycle is the dominant frequency in the fecal and total coliform data sets at most sampling stations, we infer that sources associated with local runoff were responsible for the majority of coliform contamination along wide stretches of the beach. The dominant fortnightly cycle in enterococci at many surfzone sampling stations suggests that the source for these relatively frequent bacteria contamination events in summer is related to the wetting and draining of the land due to the large tidal excursions found during spring tides. Along the most frequently closed section of the beach at stations 3N-15N, the fortnightly cycle is dominant in all FIBs. The strikingly different spatial and spectral patterns found in coliform and in enterococci suggest the presence of different sources, at least for large sections of beach. The presence of a relatively large enterococci fortnightly cycle along the beaches near Newport Harbor indicates that contamination sources similar to those found off Huntington Beach are present, though not at high enough levels to close the Newport beaches. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.02.006","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., Xu, J.P., Robertson, G., and Rosenfeld, L., 2006, Distribution and sources of surfzone bacteria at Huntington Beach before and after disinfection on an ocean outfall - A frequency-domain analysis: Marine Environmental Research, v. 61, no. 5, p. 494-510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.02.006.","startPage":"494","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212063,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.02.006"},{"id":239478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd5013b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, G.L.","contributorId":25734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenfeld, L.K.","contributorId":24957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028990,"text":"70028990 - 2006 - Impacts of aircraft deicer and anti-icer runoff on receiving waters from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028990","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of aircraft deicer and anti-icer runoff on receiving waters from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"From October 2002 to April 2004, data were collected from Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport (TX, USA) outfalls and receiving waters (Trigg Lake and Big Bear Creek) to document the magnitude and potential effects of aircraft deicer and anti-icer fluid (ADAF) runoff on water quality. Glycol concentrations at outfalls ranged from less than 18 to 23,800 mg/L, whereas concentrations in Big Bear Creek were less because of dilution, dispersion, and degradation, ranging from less than 18 to 230 mg/L. Annual loading results indicate that 10 and 35% of what was applied to aircraft was discharged to Big Bear Creek in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Glycol that entered Trigg Lake was diluted and degraded before reaching the lake outlet. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations at airport outfalls sometimes were low (<2.0 mg/L) but typical of what was measured in an urban reference stream. In comparison, the DO concentration at Trigg Lake monitoring sites was consistently greater than 5.5 mg/L during the monitoring period, probably because of the installation of aerators in the lake by DFW personnel. The DO concentration in Big Bear Creek was very similar at sites upstream and downstream of airport influence (>5.0 mg/L). Results of toxicity tests indicate that effects on Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, and Selanastrum capricornutum are influenced by type IV ADAF (anti-icer), not just type I ADAF (deicer) as is more commonly assumed. ?? 2006 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/06-100R.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Corsi, S., Harwell, G., Geis, S., and Bergman, D., 2006, Impacts of aircraft deicer and anti-icer runoff on receiving waters from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 25, no. 11, p. 2890-2900, https://doi.org/10.1897/06-100R.1.","startPage":"2890","endPage":"2900","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209911,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-100R.1"},{"id":236663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38e2e4b0c8380cd6170c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corsi, S.R.","contributorId":76346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harwell, G.R.","contributorId":56845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwell","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geis, S.W.","contributorId":86538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergman, D.","contributorId":35932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030349,"text":"70030349 - 2006 - Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T14:51:59","indexId":"70030349","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes","docAbstract":"Source parameters affecting tsunami generation and propagation for the Mw > 9.0 December 26, 2004 and the Mw = 8.6 March 28, 2005 earthquakes are examined to explain the dramatic difference in tsunami observations. We evaluate both scalar measures (seismic moment, maximum slip, potential energy) and finite-source repre-sentations (distributed slip and far-field beaming from finite source dimensions) of tsunami generation potential. There exists significant variability in local tsunami runup with respect to the most readily available measure, seismic moment. The local tsunami intensity for the December 2004 earthquake is similar to other tsunamigenic earthquakes of comparable magnitude. In contrast, the March 2005 local tsunami was deficient relative to its earthquake magnitude. Tsunami potential energy calculations more accurately reflect the difference in tsunami severity, although these calculations are dependent on knowledge of the slip distribution and therefore difficult to implement in a real-time system. A significant factor affecting tsunami generation unaccounted for in these scalar measures is the location of regions of seafloor displacement relative to the overlying water depth. The deficiency of the March 2005 tsunami seems to be related to concentration of slip in the down-dip part of the rupture zone and the fact that a substantial portion of the vertical displacement field occurred in shallow water or on land. The comparison of the December 2004 and March 2005 Sumatra earthquakes presented in this study is analogous to previous studies comparing the 1952 and 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquakes and tsunamis, in terms of the effect slip distribution has on local tsunamis. Results from these studies indicate the difficulty in rapidly assessing local tsunami runup from magnitude and epicentral location information alone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Planets and Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Terra Scientific","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., Bilek, S., Arcas, D., and Titov, V., 2006, Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 58, no. 2, p. 185-193.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265851,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/abstract/5802/58020185.html"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Bay of Bengal, Sumatra","volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f3e4b0c8380cd4f9e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilek, S.L.","contributorId":89169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilek","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arcas, D.","contributorId":82240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arcas","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Titov, V.V.","contributorId":48752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titov","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030337,"text":"70030337 - 2006 - Grain size-sensitive creep in ice II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030337","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grain size-sensitive creep in ice II","docAbstract":"Rheological experiments on fine-grained water ice II at low strain rates reveal a creep mechanism that dominates at conditions of low stress. Using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, we observed that a change in stress exponent from 5 to 2.5 correlates strongly with a decrease in grain size from about 40 to 6 micrometers. The grain size-sensitive creep of ice II demonstrated here plausibly dominates plastic strain at the low-stress conditions in the interior of medium- to large-sized icy moons of the outer solar system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1121296","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Kubo, T., Durham, W., Stern, L., and Kirby, S.H., 2006, Grain size-sensitive creep in ice II: Science, v. 311, no. 5765, p. 1267-1269, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121296.","startPage":"1267","endPage":"1269","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211716,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121296"},{"id":239060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"311","issue":"5765","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29bce4b0c8380cd5abc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kubo, T.","contributorId":42020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubo","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}