{"pageNumber":"103","pageRowStart":"2550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16447,"records":[{"id":70174860,"text":"ofr20161113 - 2016 - Altered hydrologic and geomorphic processes and bottomland hardwood plant communities of the lower White River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T16:59:29","indexId":"ofr20161113","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-12T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1113","title":"Altered hydrologic and geomorphic processes and bottomland hardwood plant communities of the lower White River Basin","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1>\n<p>The work explained in this report was conducted to assess geomorphic adjustment of the lower White River, Arkansas, to hydrologic modifications and establish forest age and community structure within selected communities within the floodplain. Also, the HEC&ndash;GeoRAS model was evaluated for predicting flood depth and duration within the floodplain. Hydrologic modeling using HEC&ndash;GeoRAS is a common way to model flooding in a floodplain. A parameterized model exists for the White River, Arkansas, based on observed flows at gauges, but its ability to reproduce current and future hydrological conditions throughout the floodplain has not been quantified. The objectives of this work are to&mdash;</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Identify current and historical rates of bank erosion and channel migration. &nbsp;</li>\n<li>Determine bank heights and channel incision along the river from Norrell lock to DeValls Bluff.</li>\n<li>Determine sedimentation rates along three sections of the floodplain (as in the Clarendon area, near St. Charles, and near Jacks Bay).</li>\n<li>Evaluate the accuracy of the HEC&ndash;GeoRAS model in predicting water depths in the floodplain.</li>\n<li>Determine stand establishment patterns of bottomland hardwoods within selected plant communities along three sections of the floodplain.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>This study provides baseline information on the current geomorphic and hydrologic conditions of the river and can assist in the interpretation of forest responses to past hydrologic and geomorphic processes. Understanding the implications for floodplain forests of geomorphic adjustment in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley is key to managing the region&rsquo;s valuable resources for a sustainable future.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161113","usgsCitation":"King, S.L., Keim, R.F., Hupp, C.R., Edwards, B.L., Kroschel, W.A., Johnson, E.L., and Cochran, J.W., 2016, Altered hydrologic and geomorphic processes and bottomland hardwood plant communities of the lower White River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1113, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161113. ","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073365","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328275,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1113/ofr20161113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1113"},{"id":328274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1113/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Lower White River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.461181640625,\n              34.01851844336969\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.461181640625,\n              34.856636719051735\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9613037109375,\n              34.856636719051735\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9613037109375,\n              34.01851844336969\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.461181640625,\n              34.01851844336969\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_la@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_la@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Louisiana Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br>3535 South Sherwood Forest Blvd.<br> Suite 120<br> Baton Rouge, LA 70816<br> <a href=\"http://la.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://la.water.usgs.gov/\">http://la.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>1. Introduction&nbsp;</li>\n<li>2. Geomorphic Analyses</li>\n<li>3. Accuracy of the HEC-GeoRAS model in predicting water depths in the floodplain&nbsp;</li>\n<li>4. Stand establishment patterns of bottomland hardwoods within selected plant communities</li>\n<li>5. Project Summary and Management Recommendations&nbsp;</li>\n<li>6. References</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-09-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d7c399e4b090824ff8b8d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keim, Richard F.","contributorId":21858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keim","given":"Richard F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Brandon L.","contributorId":35231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brandon L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kroschel, Whitney A.","contributorId":174366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kroschel","given":"Whitney","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Erin L.","contributorId":174369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":648117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cochran, J. Wesley","contributorId":168410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cochran","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wesley","affiliations":[{"id":25282,"text":"School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":648114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70176345,"text":"70176345 - 2016 - Projected wetland densities under climate change: Habitat loss but little geographic shift in conservation strategy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-09T09:40:48","indexId":"70176345","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projected wetland densities under climate change: Habitat loss but little geographic shift in conservation strategy","docAbstract":"<p><span>Climate change poses major challenges for conservation and management because it alters the area, quality, and spatial distribution of habitat for natural populations. To assess species’ vulnerability to climate change and target ongoing conservation investments, researchers and managers often consider the effects of projected changes in climate and land use on future habitat availability and quality and the uncertainty associated with these projections. Here, we draw on tools from hydrology and climate science to project the impact of climate change on the density of wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the USA, a critical area for breeding waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species. We evaluate the potential for a trade-off in the value of conservation investments under current and future climatic conditions and consider the joint effects of climate and land use. We use an integrated set of hydrological and climatological projections that provide physically based measures of water balance under historical and projected future climatic conditions. In addition, we use historical projections derived from ten general circulation models (GCMs) as a baseline from which to assess climate change impacts, rather than historical climate data. This method isolates the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and ensures that modeling errors are incorporated into the baseline rather than attributed to climate change. Our work shows that, on average, densities of wetlands (here defined as wetland basins holding water) are projected to decline across the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region, but that GCMs differ in both the magnitude and the direction of projected impacts. However, we found little evidence for a shift in the locations expected to provide the highest wetland densities under current vs. projected climatic conditions. This result was robust to the inclusion of projected changes in land use under climate change. We suggest that targeting conservation towards wetland complexes containing both small and relatively large wetland basins, which is an ongoing conservation strategy, may also act to hedge against uncertainty in the effects of climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.1890/15-0750.1","usgsCitation":"Sofaer, H., Skagen, S., Barsugli, J.J., Rashford, B.S., Reese, G., Hoeting, J.A., Wood, A.W., and Noon, B.R., 2016, Projected wetland densities under climate change: Habitat loss but little geographic shift in conservation strategy: Ecological Applications, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1677-1692, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0750.1.","startPage":"1677","endPage":"1692","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-068693","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0750.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7VX0DMQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data used to estimate and project the effects of climate and land use change on wetland densities in the Prairie Pothole Region"},{"id":328429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole 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,{"id":70176126,"text":"fs20163064 - 2016 - Science center capabilities to monitor and investigate Michigan’s water resources, 2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T11:23:46","indexId":"fs20163064","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-06T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3064","title":"Science center capabilities to monitor and investigate Michigan’s water resources, 2016","docAbstract":"<p>Michigan faces many challenges related to water resources, including flooding, drought, water-quality degradation and impairment, varying water availability, watershed-management issues, stormwater management, aquatic-ecosystem impairment, and invasive species. Michigan’s water resources include approximately 36,000 miles of streams, over 11,000 inland lakes, 3,000 miles of shoreline along the Great Lakes (MDEQ, 2016), and groundwater aquifers throughout the State.</p><p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) works in cooperation with local, State, and other Federal agencies, as well as tribes and universities, to provide scientific information used to manage the water resources of Michigan. To effectively assess water resources, the USGS uses standardized methods to operate streamgages, water-quality stations, and groundwater stations. The USGS also monitors water quality in lakes and reservoirs, makes periodic measurements along rivers and streams, and maintains all monitoring data in a national, quality-assured, hydrologic database.</p><p>The USGS in Michigan investigates the occurrence, distribution, quantity, movement, and chemical and biological quality of surface water and groundwater statewide. Water-resource monitoring and scientific investigations are conducted statewide by USGS hydrologists, hydrologic technicians, biologists, and microbiologists who have expertise in data collection as well as various scientific specialties. A support staff consisting of computer-operations and administrative personnel provides the USGS the functionality to move science forward. Funding for USGS activities in Michigan comes from local and State agencies, other Federal agencies, direct Federal appropriations, and through the USGS Cooperative Matching Funds, which allows the USGS to partially match funding provided by local and State partners.</p><p>This fact sheet provides an overview of the USGS current (2016) capabilities to monitor and study Michigan’s vast water resources. More information regarding projects by the Michigan Water Science Center (MI WSC) is available at <a href=\"http://mi.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://mi.water.usgs.gov/\">http://mi.water.usgs.gov/</a>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163064","usgsCitation":"Giesen, J.A., and Givens, C.E., 2016, Science center capabilities to monitor and investigate  Michigan's Water Resources, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016-3064, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163064.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-070531","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3064/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":328223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3064/fs20163064.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_mi@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_mi@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Michigan-Ohio Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 6520 Mercantile Way<br> Suite 5<br> Lansing, MI 48911<br> <a href=\"http://mi.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://mi.water.usgs.gov/\">http://mi.water.usgs.gov/</a></p><p>Or<br> <a href=\"mailto:dc_oh@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_oh@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Ohio Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 6480 Doubletree Ave<br> Columbus, OH 43229<br> <a href=\"http://oh.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://oh.water.usgs.gov/\">http://oh.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-09-06","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfdaa8e4b048364169820c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesen, Julia A. jgiesen@usgs.gov","contributorId":174104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesen","given":"Julia","email":"jgiesen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Givens, Carrie E. cgivens@usgs.gov","contributorId":5711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Givens","given":"Carrie","email":"cgivens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176071,"text":"70176071 - 2016 - Holocene paleoclimate inferred from salinity histories of adjacent lakes in southwestern Sicily (Italy)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T12:40:52","indexId":"70176071","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene paleoclimate inferred from salinity histories of adjacent lakes in southwestern Sicily (Italy)","docAbstract":"<p>Marked uncertainties persist regarding the climatic evolution of the Mediterranean region during the Holocene. For instance, whether moisture availability gradually decreased, remained relatively constant, or increased during the last 7000 years remains a matter of debate. To assess Holocene limnology, hydrology and moisture dynamics, the coastal lakes Lago Preola and Gorgo Basso, located in southwestern Sicily, were investigated through several stratigraphic analyses of ostracodes, including multivariate analyses of assemblages, transfer functions of salinity, and biochemical analyses of valves (Sr/Ca, δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C). During the early Holocene, the Gorgo Basso and Lago Preola ostracode records are similar. After an initial period of moderate salinity (1690–6100&nbsp;mg/l from ca. 10,000–8190&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP), syndepositional or diagenetic dissolution of ostracode valves suggests that salinity declined to &lt;250&nbsp;mg/L from ca. 8190 to 7000&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP at both sites. After ca. 6250&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP, the ostracode records are strikingly different. Lago Preola became much more saline, with paleosalinity values that ranged from 2270 to about 24,420&nbsp;mg/L. We suggest that Lago Preola's change from a freshwater to mesosaline lake at about 6250&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP was related to sea level rise and resulting intrusion of seawater-influenced groundwater. In contrast, Gorgo Basso remained a freshwater lake. The salinity of Gorgo Basso declined somewhat after 6250&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP, in comparison to the early Holocene, ranging from about 550 to 1680&nbsp;mg/L. <i>Cypria ophtalmica</i>, a species capable of rapid swimming and flourishing in waters with low dissolved oxygen levels, became dominant at approximately the time when Greek civilization took root in Sicily (2600&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP), and it completely dominates the record during Roman occupation (roughly 2100 to 1700&nbsp;cal&nbsp;yr BP). These freshwater conditions at Gorgo Basso suggest high effective moisture when evergreen olive-oak forests collapsed in response to increased Greco-Roman land use and fire. Ostracode valve geochemistry (Sr/Ca, δ<sup>18</sup>O) suggests significant changes in early vs. late Holocene hydrochemistry, either as changes in salinity or in the seasonality of precipitation. Harmonizing the autecological and geochemical data from Gorgo Basso suggests the latter was more likely, with relatively more late Holocene precipitation falling during the spring, summer, and fall, than winter compared to the early Holocene. Our ostracode-inferred paleosalinity data indicate that moisture availability did not decline during the late Holocene in the central Mediterranean region. Instead, moisture availability was lowest during the early Holocene, and most abundant during the late Holocene.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.013","usgsCitation":"Curry, B., Henne, P., Mezquita-Joanes, F., Marrone, F., Pieri, V., La Mantia, T., Calo, C., and Tinner, W., 2016, Holocene paleoclimate inferred from salinity histories of adjacent lakes in southwestern Sicily (Italy): Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 150, p. 67-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.013.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"83","ipdsId":"IP-070996","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328313,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","state":"Trapani Province","otherGeospatial":"Riserva Naturale Integrale Lago Preola e Gorghi Tondi, Sicily","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              12.6,\n              37.6\n            ],\n            [\n              12.6,\n              37.64\n            ],\n            [\n              12.66,\n              37.64\n            ],\n            [\n              12.66,\n              37.6\n            ],\n            [\n              12.6,\n              37.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"150","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d13a3de4b0571647cf8ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curry, B Brandon","contributorId":174032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curry","given":"B Brandon","affiliations":[{"id":27342,"text":"Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henne, Paul D. 0000-0003-1211-5545 phenne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1211-5545","contributorId":169166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henne","given":"Paul D.","email":"phenne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mezquita-Joanes, Francesc","contributorId":174033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mezquita-Joanes","given":"Francesc","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27343,"text":"Department of Microbiology and Ecology/ICBiBE, University of Valencia, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marrone, Federico","contributorId":174034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marrone","given":"Federico","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27344,"text":"Universita' degli Studi di Palermo, Sicily, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieri, Valentina","contributorId":174035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pieri","given":"Valentina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27345,"text":"Royal Belgian Institure of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"La Mantia, Tommaso","contributorId":169175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"La Mantia","given":"Tommaso","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25431,"text":"University of Palermo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Calo, Camilla","contributorId":174036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calo","given":"Camilla","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27346,"text":"Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tinner, Willy 0000-0001-7352-0144","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-0144","contributorId":169167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinner","given":"Willy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25430,"text":"University of Bern","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70169032,"text":"sir20165027 - 2016 - Tropical storm Irene flood of August 2011 in northwestern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-03T20:49:21","indexId":"sir20165027","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5027","title":"Tropical storm Irene flood of August 2011 in northwestern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>A Presidential disaster was declared in northwestern Massachusetts, following flooding from tropical storm Irene on August 28, 2011. During the storm, 3 to 10 inches of rain fell on soils that were susceptible to flash flooding because of wet antecedent conditions. The gage height at one U.S. Geological Survey streamgage rose nearly 20 feet in less than 4 hours because of the combination of saturated soils and intense rainfall. On August 28, 2011, in the Deerfield and Hoosic River Basins in northwestern Massachusetts, new peaks of record were set at six of eight U.S. Geological Survey long-term streamgages with 46 to 100 years of record. Additionally, high-water marks were surveyed and indirect measurements of peak discharge were calculated at two discontinued streamgages in the Deerfield and Hoosic River Basins with 24 and 61 years of record, respectively. This data resulted in new historic peaks of record at the two discontinued streamgages from tropical storm Irene.</p>\n<p>Peak flows that resulted from tropical storm Irene (August 28, 2011) were determined at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgages by using stage-discharge rating curves and indirect computation methods. For six streamgages, indirect computation methods were used to compute the peak flows. Peak flows from tropical storm Irene had annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) that ranged from 5.4 percent to less than 0.2 percent at 10 streamgages in northwestern Massachusetts.</p>\n<p>Discharges calculated for select AEPs as a part of this study were compared with discharges published for the same AEPs in the effective Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance studies (FISs) for communities in the study area. Discharges estimated for the 10-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent AEPs at two streamgages on the main stem of the Deerfield River ranged from about 3 percent lower to 14 percent higher than discharges in the FISs. AEP discharges calculated for two streamgages on tributaries to the Deerfield River were 27 to 89 percent higher than the FISs. For the four streamgages in the Hoosic River Basin, the 10-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent AEP discharges calculated ranged from about 33 percent lower to 5 percent higher than the FISs.</p>\n<p>The simulated 1-percent AEP discharge water-surface elevations (nonregulatory) from recent (2015&ndash;16) hydraulic models for river reaches in the study area, which include the Deerfield, Green, and North Rivers in the Deerfield River Basin and the Hoosic River in the Hoosic River Basin, were compared with water-surface profiles in the FISs. The water-surface elevation comparisons were generally done downstream and upstream from bridges, dams, and major tributaries. The simulated 1-percent AEP discharge water-surface elevations of the recent hydraulic studies averaged 2.2, 2.3, 0.3, and 0.7 ft higher than water-surface elevations in the FISs for the Deerfield, Green, North, and Hoosic Rivers, respectively. The differences in water-surface elevations between the recent (2015&ndash;16) hydraulic studies and the FISs likely are because of (1) improved land elevation data from light detection and ranging (lidar) data collected in 2012, (2) detailed surveying of hydraulic structures and cross sections throughout the river reaches in 2012&ndash;13 (reflecting structure and cross section changes during the last 30&ndash;35 years), (3) updated hydrology analyses (30&ndash;35 water years of additional peak flow data at streamgages), and (4) high-water marks from the 2011 tropical storm Irene flood being used for model calibration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165027","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Bent, G.C., Olson, S.A., and Massey, A.J., 2016, Tropical storm Irene flood of August 2011 in northwestern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5027, 28 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165027.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067697","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5027/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":327912,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5027/sir20165027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5027"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.61688232421875,\n              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<br /> 10 Bearfoot Road <br /> Northborough, MA 01532</p>\n<p>Or visit our Web site at:<br /> <a href=\"http://newengland.water.usgs.gov\">http://newengland.water.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Tropical Storm Irene</li><li>Description of Flood</li><li>Comparison of 2011 Flood Data</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-09-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ca94ade4b0f2f0cec194ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bent, Gardner C. 0000-0002-5085-3146 gbent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-3146","contributorId":1864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"Gardner","email":"gbent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Massey, Andrew J. 0000-0003-3995-8657 ajmassey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-8657","contributorId":1862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"Andrew","email":"ajmassey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70175152,"text":"ofr20161126 - 2016 - Evaluating integration of inland bathymetry in the U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-01T15:31:00","indexId":"ofr20161126","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1126","title":"Evaluating integration of inland bathymetry in the U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program, 2014","docAbstract":"<p>Inland bathymetry survey collections, survey data types, features, sources, availability, and the effort required to integrate inland bathymetric data into the U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program are assessed to help determine the feasibility of integrating three-dimensional water feature elevation data into The National Map. Available data from wading, acoustic, light detection and ranging, and combined technique surveys are provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and other sources. Inland bathymetric data accessed through Web-hosted resources or contacts provide useful baseline parameters for evaluating survey types and techniques used for collection and processing, and serve as a basis for comparing survey methods and the quality of results. Historically, boat-mounted acoustic surveys have provided most inland bathymetry data. Light detection and ranging techniques that are beneficial in areas hard to reach by boat, that can collect dense data in shallow water to provide comprehensive coverage, and that can be cost effective for surveying large areas with good water clarity are becoming more common; however, optimal conditions and techniques for collecting and processing light detection and ranging inland bathymetry surveys are not yet well defined.</p><p>Assessment of site condition parameters important for understanding inland bathymetry survey issues and results, and an evaluation of existing inland bathymetry survey coverage are proposed as steps to develop criteria for implementing a useful and successful inland bathymetry survey plan in the 3D Elevation Program. These survey parameters would also serve as input for an inland bathymetry survey data baseline. Integration and interpolation techniques are important factors to consider in developing a robust plan; however, available survey data are usually in a triangulated irregular network format or other format compatible with the 3D Elevation Program so that data can be integrated with a minimal level of effort. Geomorphic site conditions are known to affect the success and accuracy of light detection and ranging and other bathymetric surveys, and a baseline that includes geomorphic data is recommended to help in evaluation of limitations imposed by geomorphology for surveys completed in the variable physiographic provinces across the United States. The geographic distribution for existing surveys identifies regions where inland bathymetry data have been collected and, conversely, where little or no survey data seem to be available to provide hydrologic and hydraulic information. This distribution, in conjunction with local to regional data needs to characterize and monitor river and lake resources, provides another important set of criteria to propose and guide acquisition of new bathymetry data for the 3D Elevation Program. An initial evaluation of needs can be based on the importance of water resources that provide primary water supplies for communities, agriculture, energy, and ecological systems; the importance of flood plain analyses; and projected population growth across the United States.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161126","usgsCitation":"Miller-Corbett, Cynthia, 2016, Evaluating integration of inland bathymetry in the U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1126, 44 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161126.\n","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065698","costCenters":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1126/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":328149,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1126/ofr20161126.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016–1126"}],"contact":"<p>Director, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center <br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1400 Independence Road <br>Rolla, MO 65401</p><p><a href=\"http://ngtoc.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://ngtoc.usgs.gov/\">http://ngtoc.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Bathymetry Survey Techniques</li><li>Importance of Geomorphic and Hydraulic Site Conditions</li><li>Integration and Interpolation Techniques for Topographic and Bathymetric Digital Elevation&nbsp;Models</li><li>Distribution and Coverage of Existing Inland Bathymetry Surveys</li><li>Framework for a Baseline Inland Bathymetry Program</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. National Geospatial Program Lidar Base Specification Requirements for&nbsp;Hydro-flattening and Breaklines</li><li>Appendix 2. Inland Bathymetry Surveys for Rivers and Lakes</li><li>Appendix 3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Bathymetry</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-09-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c9431ee4b0f2f0cec13579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller-Corbett, Cynthia cmcorbet@usgs.gov","contributorId":4443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller-Corbett","given":"Cynthia","email":"cmcorbet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70176195,"text":"70176195 - 2016 - Pleistocene Lake Bonneville as an analog for extraterrestrial lakes and oceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-25T17:14:10.348966","indexId":"70176195","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"21","title":"Pleistocene Lake Bonneville as an analog for extraterrestrial lakes and oceans","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geomorphic confirmation for a putative ancient Mars ocean relies on analog comparisons of coastal-like features such as shoreline feature attributes and temporal scales of process formation. Pleistocene Lake Bonneville is one of the few large, geologically young, terrestrial lake systems that exemplify well-preserved shoreline characteristics that formed quickly, on the order of a thousand years or less. Studies of Lake Bonneville provide two essential analog considerations for interpreting shorelines on Mars: (1) morphological variations in expression depend on constructional vs erosional processes, and (2) shorelines are not always correlative at an equipotential elevation across a basin due to isostasy, heat flow, wave setup, fetch, and other factors. Although other large terrestrial lake systems display supporting evidence for geomorphic comparisons, Lake Bonneville encompasses the most integrated examples of preserved coastal features related to basin history, sediment supply, climate, and fetch, all within the context of a detailed hydrograph. These collective terrestrial lessons provide a framework to evaluate possible boundary conditions for ancient Mars hydrology and large water body environmental feedbacks. This knowledge of shoreline characteristics, processes, and environments can support explorations of habitable environments and guide future mission explorations.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developments in earth surface processes, Volume 20","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-63590-7.00021-4","usgsCitation":"Chan, M., Jewell, P., Parker, T.J., Ormo, J., Okubo, C., and Komatsu, G., 2016, Pleistocene Lake Bonneville as an analog for extraterrestrial lakes and oceans, chap. 21 <i>of</i> Developments in earth surface processes, Volume 20, v. 20, p. 570-597, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63590-7.00021-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"570","endPage":"597","ipdsId":"IP-068865","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328157,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c94321e4b0f2f0cec135a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chan, M.A.","contributorId":52340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jewell, P.","contributorId":77843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ormo, J.","contributorId":55626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ormo","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Komatsu, G.","contributorId":35913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komatsu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70180252,"text":"70180252 - 2016 - Yosemite Hydroclimate Network: Distributed stream and atmospheric data for the Tuolumne River watershed and surroundings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T13:29:58","indexId":"70180252","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Yosemite Hydroclimate Network: Distributed stream and atmospheric data for the Tuolumne River watershed and surroundings","docAbstract":"<p><span>Regions of complex topography and remote wilderness terrain have spatially varying patterns of temperature and streamflow, but due to inherent difficulties of access, are often very poorly sampled. Here we present a data set of distributed stream stage, streamflow, stream temperature, barometric pressure, and air temperature from the Tuolumne River Watershed in Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, California, USA, for water years 2002–2015, as well as a quality-controlled hourly meteorological forcing time series for use in hydrologic modeling. We also provide snow data and daily inflow to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir for 1970–2015. This paper describes data collected using low-visibility and low-impact installations for wilderness locations and can be used alone or as a critical supplement to ancillary data sets collected by cooperating agencies, referenced herein. This data set provides a unique opportunity to understand spatial patterns and scaling of hydroclimatic processes in complex terrain and can be used to evaluate downscaling techniques or distributed modeling. The paper also provides an example methodology and lessons learned in conducting hydroclimatic monitoring in remote wilderness.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2016WR019261","usgsCitation":"Lundquist, J., Roche, J.W., Forrester, H., Moore, C., Keenan, E., Perry, G., Cristea, N., Henn, B., Lapo, K., McGurk, B., Cayan, D.R., and Dettinger, M., 2016, Yosemite Hydroclimate Network: Distributed stream and atmospheric data for the Tuolumne River watershed and surroundings: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 9, p. 7478-7489, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019261.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"7478","endPage":"7489","ipdsId":"IP-077662","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tuolumne River Watershed, Yosemite National Park","volume":"52","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1977e4b0ad67323f97e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lundquist, Jessica D.","contributorId":12792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundquist","given":"Jessica D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roche, James W.","contributorId":178800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roche","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forrester, Harrison","contributorId":178773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forrester","given":"Harrison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Courtney","contributorId":178775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Courtney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keenan, Eric","contributorId":178776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keenan","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, Gwyneth","contributorId":178777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perry","given":"Gwyneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cristea, Nicoleta","contributorId":178778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cristea","given":"Nicoleta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Henn, Brian","contributorId":139777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henn","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":660944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lapo, Karl","contributorId":178779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapo","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McGurk, Bruce","contributorId":178780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGurk","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":146383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70182821,"text":"70182821 - 2016 - Elucidating the role of vegetation in the initiation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides: Insights from an extreme rainfall event in the Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-01T10:59:41","indexId":"70182821","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elucidating the role of vegetation in the initiation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides: Insights from an extreme rainfall event in the Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"<p><span>More than 1100 debris flows were mobilized from shallow landslides during a rainstorm from 9 to 13 September 2013 in the Colorado Front Range, with the vast majority initiating on sparsely vegetated, south facing terrain. To investigate the physical processes responsible for the observed aspect control, we made measurements of soil properties on a densely forested north facing hillslope and a grassland-dominated south facing hillslope in the Colorado Front Range and performed numerical modeling of transient changes in soil pore water pressure throughout the rainstorm. Using the numerical model, we quantitatively assessed interactions among vegetation, rainfall interception, subsurface hydrology, and slope stability. Results suggest that apparent cohesion supplied by roots was responsible for the observed connection between debris flow initiation and slope aspect. Results suggest that future climate-driven modifications to forest structure could substantially influence landslide hazards throughout the Front Range and similar water-limited environments where vegetation communities may be more susceptible to small variations in climate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2016GL070741","usgsCitation":"McGuire, L., Rengers, F.K., Kean, J.W., Coe, J.A., Mirus, B.B., Baum, R.L., and Godt, J.W., 2016, Elucidating the role of vegetation in the initiation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides: Insights from an extreme rainfall event in the Colorado Front Range: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 43, no. 17, p. 9084-9092, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070741.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"9084","endPage":"9092","ipdsId":"IP-078401","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070741","text":"External Repository"},{"id":336728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b7eba7e4b01ccd5500bb09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Luke lmcguire@usgs.gov","contributorId":167018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Luke","email":"lmcguire@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rengers, Francis K. 0000-0002-1825-0943 frengers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0943","contributorId":150422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rengers","given":"Francis","email":"frengers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mirus, Benjamin B. 0000-0001-5550-014X bbmirus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-014X","contributorId":4064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbmirus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5077,"text":"Northwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70192987,"text":"70192987 - 2016 - Hydrology of flooded and wetland forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-30T12:53:09","indexId":"70192987","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology of flooded and wetland forests","docAbstract":"In this chapter we will examine the hydrology of forested areas that are subject to soil saturation by rain, groundwater, or surface flooding. They include mangroves and other tidal forests, the forested  portions of  peatlands, and tree dominated wetlands defined by  the Ramsar Convention (Mathews 1993).   They also include estuarine tidal forests, palustrine forested wetlands, and   the portion of  palustrine scrub-shrub which are made up of immature tree species of the Cowardin et al. (1985) classification.  A broad outline of ecology of all wetlands are described in Mitsch and Gosselink (2015), wetlands specifically with tidal influence are described by Tiner (2013), while descriptions of  northern and southern forested wetlands can be found in  Trettin et al. (1996) and Messina and Conner (1998) respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest hydrology: Processes, management and assessment","language":"English","publisher":"CABI","isbn":"9781780646602","usgsCitation":"Williams, T.M., Krauss, K.W., and Okruszko, T., 2016, Hydrology of flooded and wetland forests, chap. <i>of</i> Forest hydrology: Processes, management and assessment, p. 103-123.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"123","ipdsId":"IP-069822","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347662,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781780646602"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fcd4e4b06e28e9c2438d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Amatya, D.","contributorId":201030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amatya","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724137,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, T. M.","contributorId":76689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724138,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bren, L.","contributorId":201031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bren","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724139,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"de Jong, C.","contributorId":201032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Jong","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724140,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Williams, T. M.","contributorId":76689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okruszko, T.","contributorId":201029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Okruszko","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182776,"text":"70182776 - 2016 - Associations of stream health to altered flow and water temperature in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T14:52:47","indexId":"70182776","displayToPublicDate":"2016-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Associations of stream health to altered flow and water temperature in the Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alteration of streamflow and thermal conditions may adversely affect lotic invertebrate communities, but few studies have assessed these phenomena using indicators that control for the potentially confounding influence of natural variability. We designed a study to assess how flow and thermal alteration influence stream health – as indicated by the condition of invertebrate communities. We studied thirty streams in the Sierra Nevada, California, that span a wide range of hydrologic modification due to storage reservoirs and hydroelectric diversions. Daily water temperature and streamflows were monitored, and basic chemistry and habitat conditions were characterized when invertebrate communities were sampled. Streamflow alteration, thermal alteration, and invertebrate condition were quantified by predicting site-specific natural expectations using statistical models developed using data from regional reference sites. Monthly flows were typically depleted (relative to natural expectations) during fall, winter, and spring. Most hydrologically altered sites experienced cooled thermal conditions in summer, with mean daily temperatures as much 12 °C below natural expectations. The most influential predictor of invertebrate community condition was the degree of alteration of March flows, which suggests that there are key interactions between hydrological and biological processes during this month in Sierra Nevada streams. Thermal alteration was also an important predictor – particularly at sites with the most severe hydrological alteration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.1703","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D.M., Nelson, S.M., and May, J., 2016, Associations of stream health to altered flow and water temperature in the Sierra Nevada, California: Ecohydrology, v. 9, no. 6, p. 930-941, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1703.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"930","endPage":"941","ipdsId":"IP-068697","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b7eba7e4b01ccd5500bb0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, Daren M. 0000-0002-7367-348X dcarlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-348X","contributorId":513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Daren","email":"dcarlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, S. Mark","contributorId":139081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":12646,"text":"BOR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112 jasonmay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":184174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","email":"jasonmay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70173720,"text":"pp1829 - 2016 - Assessment of groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system From Long Island, New York, to North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T13:15:40","indexId":"pp1829","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-31T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1829","title":"Assessment of groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system From Long Island, New York, to North Carolina","docAbstract":"<h1>Executive Summary</h1><p>The U.S. Geological Survey began a multiyear regional assessment of groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain (NACP) aquifer system in 2010 as part of its ongoing regional assessments of groundwater availability of the principal aquifers of the Nation. The goals of this national assessment are to document effects of human activities on water levels and groundwater storage, explore climate variability effects on the regional water budget, and provide consistent and integrated information that is useful to those who use and manage the groundwater resource. As part of this nationwide assessment, the USGS evaluated available groundwater resources within the NACP aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to northeastern North Carolina.</p><p>The northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province depends heavily on groundwater to meet agricultural, industrial, and municipal needs. The groundwater assessment of the NACP aquifer system included an evaluation of how water use has changed over time; this evaluation primarily used groundwater budgets and development of a numerical modeling tool to assess system responses to stresses from future human uses and climate trends.</p><p>This assessment focused on multiple spatial and temporal scales to examine changes in groundwater pumping, storage, and water levels. The regional scale provides a broad view of the sources and demands on the system with time. The sub-regional scale provides an evaluation of the differing response of the aquifer system across geographic areas allowing for closer examination of the interaction between different aquifers and confining units and the changes in these interactions under pumping and recharge conditions in 2013 and hydrologic stresses as much as 45 years in the future. By focusing on multiple scales, water-resource managers may utilize this study to understand system response to changes as they affect the system as a whole.</p><p>The NACP aquifer system extends from Long Island to northeastern North Carolina, and includes aquifers primarily within New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The seaward-dipping sedimentary wedge that underlies the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province forms a complex groundwater system. Although the NACP aquifer system is recognized by the U.S. Geological Survey as one of the smallest of the 66 principal aquifer systems in the Nation, it ranks 13th overall in terms of total groundwater withdrawals and is 7th in population served. Despite abundant precipitation [about 45 inches per year (in/yr)], the supply of fresh surface water in this region is limited because many of the surface waters in this area are brackish estuaries, contributing to why many communities in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province rely heavily on groundwater to meet their water needs.</p><p>Increases in population and changes in land use during the past 100 years have resulted in diverse increased demands for freshwater throughout the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province with groundwater serving as a vital source of drinking water for the nearly 20 million people who live in the region. Total groundwater withdrawal in 2013 was estimated to be about 1,300 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) and accounts for about 40 percent of the drinking water supply with the densely populated areas tending to have the highest rates of withdrawals and, therefore, being most susceptible to effects from these withdrawals over time.</p><p>Water levels in many of the confined aquifers are decreasing by as much as 2 feet per year (ft/yr) in response to extensive development and subsequent increased withdrawals throughout the region. Total water-level decreases (drawdowns) are more than 100 feet (ft) in some aquifers from their predevelopment (before 1900) levels. These drawdowns extend across state lines and under the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, creating the potential for interstate aquifer management issues. Regional water-resources managers in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province face challenges beyond competing local domestic, industrial, agricultural, and environmental demands for water. Large changes in regional water use have made the State-level management of aquifer resources more difficult because of hydrologic effects that extend beyond State boundaries.</p><p>The northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province is underlain by a wedge of unconsolidated to partially consolidated sediments that are typically thousands of feet thick along the coastline with a maximum thickness of about 10,000 ft near the edge of the continental shelf. The NACP aquifer system consists of nine confined aquifers and nine confining units capped by an unconfined surficial aquifer that is bounded laterally from the west by the contact between Coastal Plain sediments and the upland Piedmont bedrock. This aquifer system extends to the east to the limit of the Continental Shelf, however, the boundary between fresh and saline groundwater is considered to be much closer to the shoreline and varies vertically by aquifer.</p><p>Precipitation over the region for average conditions from 2005 to 2009 is about 61,800 Mgal/d, but about 70 percent of it is lost to evapotranspiration resulting in an inflow of about 19,600 Mgal/d entering the groundwater system as aquifer recharge. Most of this recharge enters the aquifer system and flows through the shallow unconfined aquifer and either discharges to streams or directly to coastal waters without reaching the deep, confined aquifer system. In addition to recharge from precipitation, other sources of water include the return of wastewater from domestic septic systems of about 240 Mgal/d, about 60 Mgal/d of water released from storage in the confined system, and about 30 Mgal/d of lateral inflow at the boundary between freshwater and saltwater in response to pumping for conditions in 2013.</p><p>The outflow needed to balance the inflows was subdivided between streamflow, discharge to tidal portions of streams, and coastal discharge. The hydrologic budget developed for current [2013] conditions determined that 93 percent of the total outflow was to surface waters with about 70 percent divided evenly between streamflow and shallow coastal discharge and 23 percent as discharge to tidal waters. The remaining 7 percent of the total outflow components include withdrawals from both the surficial and confined aquifers of the groundwater system.</p><p>The groundwater availability assessment of the NACP aquifer system highlights the importance of analyses at both the regional and local scales to understand how changes in land use, water use, and climate have affected groundwater resources and how these resources may change in the future. The investigation included assessments of the regional changes in water levels and budgets across State lines, the importance of considering storage change in the confining units, the response of the aquifer system to a continuation of current [2013] hydrologic stresses into the future, and the potential effects of climate change and sea-level rise on the aquifer system.</p><p>The Potomac aquifer group includes two of the most widely used aquifers in the NACP aquifer system, the Potomac-Patapsco and Potomac-Patuxent regional aquifers, providing about 24 percent of the total groundwater used in the region. Withdrawals from large pumping centers in this deep, confined aquifer group have resulted in substantial decreases in water-levels across state lines, particularly between southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina as well as between southern New Jersey and northern Delaware where water levels in the Potomac-Patapsco aquifer have decreased by as much as 200 ft and 50 ft, respectively from predevelopment to current [2013] conditions. This response in water levels also is reflected in changes in water budgets where, for example, about 20 percent of the total response to pumping in Virginia is met by inducing flow from adjacent States. Understanding and quantifying these hydrologic effects that extend beyond State boundaries is critical for the State- and regional-level management of aquifer resources.</p><p>The cumulative storage loss from the intervening confining units throughout the entire NACP aquifer system was about 35 percent of the total storage loss from predevelopment to current [2013] conditions. In geographic areas such as Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland, and New Jersey, the water released from storage in the confining units makes up the majority of the total storage release from the groundwater system and is becoming proportionally more important over time as the surficial aquifer approaches equilibrium with respect to pumping and recharge stresses as of 2013.</p><p>Storage loss from the confining units is of particular concern because, unlike in the sands that comprise the confined aquifers, water removed from the clayey confining unit sediments cannot be replenished as these units gradually compress. This non-recoverable storage loss, if great enough, can result in land subsidence where these units are thick and the release from storage is relatively large and contributes to increased concerns for sea-level rise in areas such as the lower portion of the Chesapeake Bay.</p><p>Groundwater usage increased dramatically in the NACP aquifer system during post-World War II era from the mid-1940s to early the 1980s, with withdrawals increasing from about 400 Mgal/d to more than 1,300 Mgal/d. Although groundwater withdrawals have been relatively constant since the early 1980s, about half of the total groundwater withdrawn from the NACP aquifer system since 1900 was withdrawn in the past 30 years. An analysis of the response of the groundwater system to a continuation of the current [2013] pumping for an additional 30 years into the future shows that the flow system continues to adjust in terms of changes in water budget components, water levels, and the boundary between freshwater and saltwater as it approaches equilibrium. The largest change in water budget components is the reduction in the amount of water released from storage.</p><p>Across the entire NACP aquifer system, the reduction of storage release from 7 to 4 percent of the total water budget change is accounted for by reductions in groundwater discharge to streams and coastal waters. Locally, a similar response is calculated for each of the geographic areas except for Virginia where the amount of water released from storage accounts for about 25 percent of the total change in water budget. This finding suggests that the groundwater flow system in Virginia is not approaching equilibrium under the current [2013] stresses and, therefore, water levels will continue to decrease even if the pumping remains constant.</p><p>An analysis of the change in water levels in the Potomac-Patapsco aquifer as pumping is continued 30 years into the future reveals that the largest decreases in water levels throughout the NACP aquifer system will occur in the southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina parts of the study area. It is these areas that also see the greatest potential for increased lateral movement of saline groundwater in the deep, confined portion of the groundwater flow system in response to a continuation of the current [2013] pumping rates.</p><p>The potential effects of long-term climate change and variability on the hydrologic system and availability of water resources in the NACP aquifer system continue to be of serious societal concern. These concerns include the effects of changes in aquifer recharge and in sea-level rise on the groundwater flow system. An assessment of the potential effects of a prolonged drought during current [2013] pumping conditions indicated that the reductions in recharge associated with droughts, including additional irrigation withdrawals required to meet increased crop water demand, have the greatest effects on water levels and streamflows in the surficial aquifer, and changes in water levels in the confined aquifers primarily resulted from the increased withdrawals associated with increased irrigation pumping; this response was most apparent in the Delmarva Peninsula. These results suggest that water levels may not be susceptible to the effects of droughts in the confined aquifers of the NACP aquifer system not used for irrigation, unlike in the unconfined surficial aquifer.</p><p>A second analysis also was conducted to assess the effects of sea-level rise on the groundwater system throughout the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province because recent analyses of the relative rates of sea-level rise along the Atlantic coast indicate that the Mid-Atlantic region represents a hot spot with anomalously higher rates of sea-level rise than observed elsewhere in the United States. Groundwater levels rose from 0 to 3 ft in response to a 3-ft simulated change in sea-level position, with the largest response occurring along the shoreline and away from non-tidal streams. About 37 percent (or 10,000 square miles) of the area of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province may experience about a 0.5-ft or more increase in water levels with the 3-ft increase in sea-level position, whereas about 18 percent (almost 5,000 square miles) of land of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province may experience a 2-ft or more increase in water levels with the 3-ft increase in sea-level position.</p><p>These increases in the water table are of particular concern in low-lying areas where the unsaturated (vadose) zone is already thin, thus creating concerns for groundwater inundation of subsurface infrastructure, such as basements, septic systems, and subway systems. This increase in the water table also will likely alter the distribution of groundwater discharge to surface-water bodies thus increasing groundwater flow to streams that would have otherwise discharged directly to coastal waters. Throughout the NACP aquifer system, this redistribution of groundwater discharge results in an additional 2 percent of base flow in streams. Although the increases in groundwater discharge to streams (and corresponding decreases in discharge to coastal waters) calculated for the entire NACP aquifer system and its geographic areas represent only a small increase compared with current [2013] conditions, this redistribution of groundwater discharge from the coast to streams locally can alter the delivery of freshwater input to coastal receiving waters and have ecohydrological implications on the sensitive ecosystems which rely on a balance of groundwater discharge and surface-water flow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1829","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J.P., Pope, J.P., Fienen, M.N., Monti, Jack, Jr., Nardi, M.R., and Finkelstein, J.S., 2016, Assessment of groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1829, 76 p., 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,{"id":70173721,"text":"sir20165076 - 2016 - Documentation of a groundwater flow model developed to assess groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:29:05","indexId":"sir20165076","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-31T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5076","title":"Documentation of a groundwater flow model developed to assess groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey developed a groundwater flow model for the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to northeastern North Carolina as part of a detailed assessment of the groundwater availability of the area and included an evaluation of how these resources have changed over time from stresses related to human uses and climate trends. The assessment was necessary because of the substantial dependency on groundwater for agricultural, industrial, and municipal needs in this area.</p><p>The three-dimensional, groundwater flow model developed for this investigation used the numerical code MODFLOW–NWT to represent changes in groundwater pumping and aquifer recharge from predevelopment (before 1900) to future conditions, from 1900 to 2058. The model was constructed using existing hydrogeologic and geospatial information to represent the aquifer system geometry, boundaries, and hydraulic properties of the 19 separate regional aquifers and confining units within the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system and was calibrated using an inverse modeling parameter-estimation (PEST) technique.</p><p>The parameter estimation process was achieved through history matching, using observations of heads and flows for both steady-state and transient conditions. A total of 8,868 annual water-level observations from 644 wells from 1986 to 2008 were combined into 29 water-level observation groups that were chosen to focus the history matching on specific hydrogeologic units in geographic areas in which distinct geologic and hydrologic conditions were observed. In addition to absolute water-level elevations, the water-level differences between individual measurements were also included in the parameter estimation process to remove the systematic bias caused by missing hydrologic stresses prior to 1986. The total average residual of –1.7 feet was normally distributed for all head groups, indicating minimal bias. The average absolute residual value of 12.3 feet is about 3 percent of the total observed water-level range throughout the aquifer system.</p><p>Streamflow observation data of base flow conditions were derived for 153 sites from the U.S. Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset Plus and National Water Information System. An average residual of about –8 cubic feet per second and an average absolute residual of about 21 cubic feet per second for a range of computed base flows of about 417 cubic feet per second were calculated for the 122 sites from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus. An average residual of about 10 cubic feet per second and an average absolute residual of about 34 cubic feet per second were calculated for the 568 flow measurements in the 31 sites obtained from the National Water Information System for a range in computed base flows of about 1,141 cubic feet per second.</p><p>The numerical representation of the hydrogeologic information used in the development of this regional flow model was dependent upon how the aquifer system and simulated hydrologic stresses were discretized in space and time. Lumping hydraulic parameters in space and hydrologic stresses and time-varying observational data in time can limit the capabilities of this tool to simulate how the groundwater flow system responds to changes in hydrologic stresses, particularly at the local scale.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165076","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J.P., Pope, J.P., Fienen, M.N., Monti, Jack Jr., Nardi, M.R., and Finkelstein, J.S., 2016, Documentation of a groundwater flow model developed to assess groundwater availability in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system from Long Island, New York, to North Carolina (ver. 1.1, December 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5076, 70 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165076.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 70 p.; Data 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,{"id":70176157,"text":"70176157 - 2016 - Model calibration criteria for estimating ecological flow characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:27:59","indexId":"70176157","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-31T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Model calibration criteria for estimating ecological flow characteristics","docAbstract":"<p>Quantification of streamflow characteristics in ungauged catchments remains a challenge. Hydrological modeling is often used to derive flow time series and to calculate streamflow characteristics for subsequent applications that may differ from those envisioned by the modelers. While the estimation of model parameters for ungauged catchments is a challenging research task in itself, it is important to evaluate whether simulated time series preserve critical aspects of the streamflow hydrograph. To address this question, seven calibration objective functions were evaluated for their ability to preserve ecologically relevant streamflow characteristics of the average annual hydrograph using a runoff model, HBV-light, at 27 catchments in the southeastern United States. Calibration trials were repeated 100 times to reduce parameter uncertainty effects on the results, and 12 ecological flow characteristics were computed for comparison. Our results showed that the most suitable calibration strategy varied according to streamflow characteristic. Combined objective functions generally gave the best results, though a clear underprediction bias was observed. The occurrence of low prediction errors for certain combinations of objective function and flow characteristic suggests that (1) incorporating multiple ecological flow characteristics into a single objective function would increase model accuracy, potentially benefitting decision-making processes; and (2) there may be a need to have different objective functions available to address specific applications of the predicted time series.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydro-ecological modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","isbn":"978-3-03842-212-9","usgsCitation":"Vis, M., Knight, R., Poole, S., Wolfe, W.J., and Seibert, J., 2016, Model calibration criteria for estimating ecological flow characteristics, chap. <i>of</i> Hydro-ecological modeling, p. 256-281.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"281","ipdsId":"IP-079269","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328058,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/215"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c7f1aae4b0f2f0cebf11ab","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Breuer, Lutz","contributorId":174162,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breuer","given":"Lutz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647594,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraft, Philipp","contributorId":174163,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraft","given":"Philipp","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647595,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Vis, Marc","contributorId":174146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vis","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27368,"text":"University of Zurich","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Rodney 0000-0001-9588-0167 rrknight@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-0167","contributorId":152422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Rodney","email":"rrknight@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poole, Sandra","contributorId":174147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poole","given":"Sandra","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27368,"text":"University of Zurich","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolfe, William J. wjwolfe@usgs.gov","contributorId":174054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"William","email":"wjwolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seibert, Jan","contributorId":176322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seibert","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70175900,"text":"ofr20161139 - 2016 - Water-surface elevation and discharge measurement data for the Red River of the North and its tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, water years 2014–15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T19:55:27","indexId":"ofr20161139","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1139","title":"Water-surface elevation and discharge measurement data for the Red River of the North and its tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, water years 2014–15","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fargo Diversion Board of Authority, collected water-surface elevations during a range of discharges needed for calibration of hydrologic and hydraulic models for specific reaches of interest in water years 2014–15. These water-surface elevation and discharge measurement data were collected for design planning of diversion structures on the Red River of the North and Wild Rice River and the aqueduct/diversion structures on the Sheyenne and Maple Rivers. The Red River of the North and Sheyenne River reaches were surveyed six times, and discharges ranged from 276 to 6,540 cubic feet per second and from 166 to 2,040 cubic feet per second, respectively. The Wild Rice River reach also was surveyed six times during 2014 and 2015, and discharges ranged from 13 to 1,550 cubic feet per second. The Maple River reach was surveyed four times, and discharges ranged from 16.4 to 633 cubic feet per second. Water-surface elevation differences from upstream to downstream in the reaches ranged from 0.33 feet in the Red River of the North reach to 9.4 feet in the Maple River reach.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fargo Diversion Board of Authority","usgsCitation":"Damschen, W.C., and Galloway, J.M., 2016, Water-surface elevation and discharge measurement data for the Red River of the North and its tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, water years 2014–15: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1139, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161139.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074364","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1139/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":327823,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1139/ofr20161139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016–1139"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Fargo","otherGeospatial":"Maple River,  Red River of the North, Sheyenne River, Wild Rice River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97,\n              46.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -97,\n              47.10378387099161\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6667,\n              47.10378387099161\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6667,\n              46.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -97,\n              46.6667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, North Dakota Water Science Center<br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>821 E Interstate Ave<br>Bismarck, ND 58503<br></p><p><a href=\"http://nd.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://nd.water.usgs.gov/\">http://nd.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Purpose and Scope</li><li>Methods</li><li>Water-Surface Elevations and Discharge Measurements</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c0089be4b0f2f0ceb85662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Damschen, William C. wcdamsch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damschen","given":"William C.","email":"wcdamsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176073,"text":"70176073 - 2016 - Patchiness in a large floodplain river: Associations among hydrology, nutrients, and fish communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-09T09:55:29","indexId":"70176073","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-24T17:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patchiness in a large floodplain river: Associations among hydrology, nutrients, and fish communities","docAbstract":"<p>Large floodplain rivers have internal structures shaped by directions and rates of water movement. In a previous study, we showed that spatial variation in local current velocities and degrees of hydrological exchange creates a patch-work mosaic of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and ratios in the Upper Mississippi River. Here, we used long-term fish and limnological data sets to test the hypothesis that fish communities differ between the previously identified patches defined by high or low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (TN:TP) and to determine the extent to which select limnological covariates might explain those differences. Species considered as habitat generalists were common in both patch types but were at least 2 times as abundant in low TN:TP patches. Dominance by these species resulted in lower diversity in low TN:TP patches, whereas an increased relative abundance of a number of rheophilic (flow-dependent) species resulted in higher diversity and a more even species distribution in high TN:TP patches. Of the limnological variables considered, the strongest predictor of fish species assemblage and diversity was water flow velocity, indicating that spatial patterns in water-mediated connectivity may act as the main driver of both local nutrient concentrations and fish community composition in these reaches. The coupling among hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biodiversity in these river reaches suggests that landscape-scale restoration projects that manipulate hydrogeomorphic patterns may also modify the spatial mosaic of nutrients and fish communities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.3026","usgsCitation":"De Jager, N.R., and Houser, J.N., 2016, Patchiness in a large floodplain river: Associations among hydrology, nutrients, and fish communities: River Research and Applications, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1915-1926, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3026.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1915","endPage":"1926","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062928","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6a086e4b0f2f0cebdb037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Jager, Nathan R. 0000-0002-6649-4125 ndejager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-4125","contributorId":3717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Jager","given":"Nathan","email":"ndejager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houser, Jeffrey N. 0000-0003-3295-3132 jhouser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3295-3132","contributorId":2769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jhouser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70174858,"text":"sir20165091 - 2016 -  Simulation of climate change effects on streamflow, groundwater, and stream temperature using GSFLOW and SNTEMP in the Black Earth Creek Watershed, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T09:36:42","indexId":"sir20165091","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-23T13:20:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5091","title":" Simulation of climate change effects on streamflow, groundwater, and stream temperature using GSFLOW and SNTEMP in the Black Earth Creek Watershed, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>A groundwater/surface-water model was constructed and calibrated for the Black Earth Creek watershed in south-central Wisconsin. The model was then run to simulate scenarios representing common societal concerns in the basin, focusing on maintaining a cold-water resource in an urbanizing fringe near its upper stream reaches and minimizing downstream flooding. Although groundwater and surface water are considered a single resource, many hydrologic models simplistically simulate feedback loops between the groundwater system and other hydrologic processes. These feedbacks include timing and rates of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, soil-zone flow, and interactions with the groundwater system; however, computer models can now routinely and iteratively couple the surface-water and groundwater systems&mdash;albeit with longer model run times. In this study, preliminary calibrations of uncoupled transient surface-water and steady-state groundwater models were used to form the starting point for final calibration of one transient computer simulation that iteratively couples groundwater and surface water. The computer code GSFLOW (Groundwater/Surface-water FLOW) was used to simulate the coupled hydrologic system; a surface-water model represented hydrologic processes in the atmosphere, at land surface, and within the soil zone, and a groundwater-flow model represented the unsaturated zone, saturated zone, and streams. The coupled GSFLOW model was run on a daily time step during water years 1985&ndash;2007. Early simulation times (1985&ndash;2000) were used for spin-up to make the simulation results less sensitive to initial conditions specified; the spin-up period was not included in the model calibration. Model calibration used observed heads, streamflows, solar radiation, and snowpack measurements from 2000 to 2007 for history matching. Calibration was performed by using the PEST parameter estimation software suite.</p>\n<p>Simulated streamflows from the calibrated GSFLOW model and other basin characteristics were used as input to the one-dimensional SNTEMP (Stream-Network TEMPerature) model. SNTEMP was used to simulate daily stream temperature in selected stream reaches in the watershed. The temperature model was calibrated to high-resolution stream temperature time-series data measured in 2005. The calibrated GSFLOW and SNTEMP models were then used to simulate effects of potential climate change for the years 2010 through 2100. An ensemble of climate models and emission scenarios was evaluated. Downscaled climate drivers for the simulation period showed increases in maximum and minimum air&nbsp;temperature. Scenarios of future precipitation, however, did not show a monotonic trend like temperature. Uncertainty in the climate drivers increased with time for both temperature and precipitation.</p>\n<p>Forecasts of potential climate change scenarios showed growing season length increasing by weeks, and both potential and actual evapotranspiration rates increasing appreciably, in response to increasing air temperature. Simulated actual evapotranspiration rates increased less than simulated potential evapotranspiration rates as a result of water limitation in the root zone during the summer high-evapotranspiration period. The hydrologic-system response to climate change was characterized by a reduction in the importance of the snowmelt pulse and an increase in the importance of fall and winter groundwater recharge. The less dynamic hydrologic regime is likely to result in drier soil conditions, with relatively less drying expected in groundwater-fed systems. Groundwater discharge in the current upper cold-water reaches of Black Earth Creek is expected to decrease; flooding in downstream reaches may appreciably increase. The magnitude of changes in forecasted flow and associated groundwater/surface-water interaction is dependent on the General Circulation Model and emission scenario chosen.</p>\n<p>Potential future changes in air temperature drivers were consistently upward regardless of General Circulation Model and emission scenario selected; thus, simulated stream temperatures are forecast to increase appreciably with future climate. However, the amount of temperature increase was variable. Such uncertainty is reflected in temperature model results, along with uncertainty in the groundwater/surface-water interaction itself. The estimated increase in annual average temperature ranged from approximately 3 to 6 degrees Celsius by 2100 in the upper reaches of Black Earth Creek and 2 to&nbsp;4 degrees Celsius in reaches farther downstream. As with all forecasts that rely on projections of an unknowable future, the results are best considered to approximate potential outcomes of climate change given the underlying uncertainty.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165091","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Village of Cross Plains, Village of Black Earth, Town of Black Earth, Town of Vermont, Village of Mazomanie, and City of Middleton","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Westenbroek, S.M., Walker, J.F., Selbig, W.R., Regan, R.S., Leaf, A.T., and Saad, D.A., 2016, Simulation of climate change effects on streamflow, groundwater, and stream temperature using GSFLOW and SNTEMP in the Black Earth Creek Watershed, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5091, 117 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165091.","productDescription":"Report: x, 49 p.; Appendixes: 1–6","startPage":"1","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"132","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072633","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327327,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5091/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":327328,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5091/sir20165091.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5091"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Black Earth Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.73333333333333,43.06666666666667 ], [ -89.73333333333333,43.18333333333333 ], [ -89.55,43.18333333333333 ], [ -89.55,43.06666666666667 ], [ -89.73333333333333,43.06666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"<p>Director, Wisconsin Water Science Center<br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>8505 Research Way<br>Middleton, Wisconsin 53562<br></p><p><a href=\"http://wi.water.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"http://wi.water.usgs.gov\">http://wi.water.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Acknowledgments</li>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Site Description and Hydrologic Setting</li>\n<li>GSFLOW Groundwater/Surface-Water Modeling Approach</li>\n<li>SNTEMP Temperature Model Description, Construction, and Calibration</li>\n<li>Climate-Change Scenario Construction</li>\n<li>Results and Discussion</li>\n<li>GSFLOW and SNTEMP Limitations and Assumptions</li>\n<li>Summary</li>\n<li>Selected References</li>\n<li>Appendix 1. Black Earth Creek Groundwater Model Construction and Calibration</li>\n<li>Appendix 2. Surface-Water Model Construction</li>\n<li>Appendix 3. Model Calibration</li>\n<li>Appendix 4. Temperature Model Construction and Calibration</li>\n<li>Appendix 5. Field Data Collection (2004&ndash;2005)</li>\n<li>Appendix 6. Calibration</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd6598e4b03fd6b7de724c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westenbroek, Stephen M. 0000-0002-6284-8643 smwesten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6284-8643","contributorId":2210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westenbroek","given":"Stephen","email":"smwesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Selbig, William R. 0000-0003-1403-8280 wrselbig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8280","contributorId":877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","email":"wrselbig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Regan, R. Steven 0000-0003-4803-8596","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-8596","contributorId":87237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leaf, Andrew T. 0000-0001-8784-4924 aleaf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-4924","contributorId":5156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leaf","given":"Andrew","email":"aleaf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70174178,"text":"sir20165095 - 2016 - Geology, hydrology, water quality, and potential for interbasin invasive-species spread by way of the groundwater pathway near Lemont, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T09:41:39","indexId":"sir20165095","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-23T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5095","title":"Geology, hydrology, water quality, and potential for interbasin invasive-species spread by way of the groundwater pathway near Lemont, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>Invasive species such as Asian carps have the potential to travel in the egg, larval, or fry stages from the Des Plaines River (DPR) to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) by way of the network of secondary-permeability features in the dolomite aquifer between these water bodies. Such movement would circumvent the electric fish barrier on the canal and allow Asian carps to travel unimpeded into Lake Michigan. This potential pathway for the spread of Asian carps and other invasive species was evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey.</p><p>The bed of the DPR appears to be in at least partial contact with the exposed bedrock in most of the area from about 1 mile west of Kingery Highway to Romeo Road (the study area). Areas of exposed bedrock are the most likely places for Asian carps to enter the groundwater system from the DPR. Water levels in the DPR typically are about 7–16 feet higher than those in the CSSC in most of the study area. This difference in water level provides the driving force for the potential spread of Asian carps from the DPR to the CSSC by way of groundwater.</p><p>Groundwater flow (and potentially invasive-species movement) is through an interconnected network of permeable vertical and horizontal fractures within the Silurian dolomite bedrock. At least some of the fractures are associated with paleo-karst features. Several investigative techniques identified horizontal permeable fractures at about 546–552 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 within about 55 feet of the CSSC in the focus area between Lemont Road and Interstate 355. The elevation of the bottom of the CSSC in this area is about 551 feet, indicating that a direct conduit for flow of groundwater to the CSSC may be present. Wells further away from the CSSC in this area do not intercept fractures, so the fracture network may not be continuous between the DPR and the CSSC. These data are consistent with field observations of the secondary-permeability network along the CSSC walls, which indicate that the secondary-permeability features are completely filled with Pennsylvanian sediments within a few feet of the canal wall.</p><p>Water-level data indicate the potential for flow from the DPR into the Silurian aquifer in the focus area, then from the aquifer to the CSSC. Water-level data also indicate that the fractures within the aquifer in the focus area are hydraulically well connected to the CSSC but not to the DPR, indicating that flow from the DPR to the groundwater system may not be substantial or rapid.</p><p>Water-quality data in the CSSC and the DPR show similar values and trends and are affected by diel and longer term variations in climate and precipitation. However, the values and trends in water quality in the groundwater system tended to be substantially different from those in the DPR and the CSSC, indicating that the DPR and the CSSC do not appreciably recharge the groundwater system. Water-quality and flow data do indicate that groundwater discharges to the CSSC in part of the focus area. The absence of substantial hydraulic interaction between the groundwater and the DPR is supported by the absence of detectable concentrations of the dye tracer added to the DPR in groundwater in the focus area, which indicates that water from the DPR requires more than 2 weeks to move into the monitored parts of the groundwater system under approximately typical hydraulic conditions. The totality of the data indicates that there is minimal potential for the inter-basin spread of Asian carps by way of the groundwater pathway between Romeo Road and Stickney, Illinois.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165095","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as part of the  Great Lakes Restoration Initiative ","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Mills, P.C., and Jackson, P.R., 2016, Geology, hydrology, water quality, and potential for interbasin invasive-species spread by way of the groundwater pathway near Lemont, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5095, 91 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165095.","productDescription":"ix, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036386","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438562,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HH6H55","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Spatial distribution of Rhodamine WT dye concentration measured in the Des Plaines River and the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago, IL in November 2011"},{"id":438561,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7S180KR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Doppler current profiler velocity data collected in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 2010 and 2011 in support of the interbasin transport study for invasive Asian carp"},{"id":438560,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7N877WG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water-quality distribution in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, USGS towed multiparameter sonde, Daily tow data files (Feb. 25-27, 2010 and March 2-3, 2010)"},{"id":327111,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5095/sir20165095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5095"},{"id":327110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5095/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Lemont","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River, Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, Illinois Canal and Michigan Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.53082275390625,\n              41.43860847395724\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.37677001953125,\n              41.46125371076149\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.37127685546875,\n              42.3179394544685\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.84393310546875,\n              42.309815415686664\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.64068603515625,\n              42.05948945192712\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.53082275390625,\n              41.75287318430239\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.53082275390625,\n              41.43860847395724\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, Illinois Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 405 N Goodwin<br> Urbana, IL 61801</p><p>Or visit our Web site at:<br> <a href=\"http://il.water.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"http://il.water.usgs.gov\">http://il.water.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Geology</li>\n<li>Hydrology</li>\n<li>Water Quality</li>\n<li>Potential for Interbasin Spread of Asian Carps by Way of the Groundwater Pathway</li>\n<li>Summary and Conclusions</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Appendix 1. Asian Carps in the United States</li>\n<li>Appendix 2. Map, Profiles, and Cross Sections of the Main Drainage Channel of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, from Chicago to Joliet, Illinois</li>\n<li>Appendix 3.&nbsp;Methods of Data Collection and Analysis</li>\n<li>Appendix 4.&nbsp;Detailed Geologic Assessment of the Bedrock Deposits</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd6599e4b03fd6b7de725b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, P. Ryan pjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":169284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"P. Ryan","email":"pjackson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":641066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70169908,"text":"70169908 - 2016 - Spatial differences in hydrologic characteristics and water chemistry of a temperate coastal plain peatland: The Great Dismal Swamp, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T06:26:41","indexId":"70169908","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Spatial differences in hydrologic characteristics and water chemistry of a temperate coastal plain peatland: The Great Dismal Swamp, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Spatial differences in hydrologic processes and geochemistry across forested peatlands control the response of the wetland-community species and resiliency to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Knowing these controls is essential to effectively managing peatlands as resilient wetland habitats. The Great Dismal Swamp is a 45,325 hectare peatland in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina, USA, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The existing forest-species distribution is a product of timber harvesting, hydrologic alteration by canal and road construction, and wildfires. Since 2009, studies of hydrologic and geochemical controls have expanded knowledge of groundwater flow paths, water chemistry, response to precipitation events, and characteristics of the peat. Dominant hydrologic and geochemical controls include (1) the gradual slope in land surface, (2) vertical differences in the hydraulic characteristics of the peat, (3) the proximity of lateral groundwater and small stream inflows from uplands, (4) the presence of an extensive canal and road network, and (5) small, adjustable-height dams on the canals. Although upland sources provide some surface water and lateral groundwater inflow to western parts of the swamp, direct groundwater recharge by precipitation is the major source of water throughout the swamp and the only source in many areas. Additionally, the proximity and type of upland water sources affect water levels and nutrient concentrations in canal water and groundwater. Where streams are a dominant upland source, variations in groundwater levels and nutrient concentrations are greater than where recharge by precipitation is the primary water source. Where upland groundwater is a dominant source, water levels are more stable. Because the species distribution of forest communities in the Swamp is strongly influenced by these controls, swamp managers are beginning to incorporate this knowledge into forest, water, and fire management plans. <br></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 15th International Peat Congress 2016","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"15th International Peat Congress 2016: Peatlands in harmony - Agriculture, industry, and nature","conferenceDate":"August 15-19, 2016","conferenceLocation":"Sarawak, Malaysia","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Speiran, G.K., and Wurster, F.C., 2016, Spatial differences in hydrologic characteristics and water chemistry of a temperate coastal plain peatland: The Great Dismal Swamp, USA, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 15th International Peat Congress 2016, Sarawak, Malaysia, August 15-19, 2016.","ipdsId":"IP-074135","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Great Dismal 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58fb1a4ce4b0c3010a8087bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Speiran, Gary K. 0000-0002-6505-1170 gspeiran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-1170","contributorId":3233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speiran","given":"Gary","email":"gspeiran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wurster, Frederick C.","contributorId":173926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wurster","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175255,"text":"sir20165114 - 2016 - Hydrological conditions and evaluation of sustainable groundwater use in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T10:35:54","indexId":"sir20165114","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-18T18:40:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5114","title":"Hydrological conditions and evaluation of sustainable groundwater use in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>This study assessed progress toward achieving sustainable groundwater use in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed of the Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona, through evaluation of 14 indicators of sustainable use. Sustainable use of groundwater in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed requires, at a minimum, a stable rate of groundwater discharge to, and thus base flow in, the San Pedro River. Many of the 14 indicators are therefore related to long-term or short-term effects on base flow and provide us with a means to evaluate groundwater discharge to and base flow in the San Pedro River. The indicators were based primarily on 10 to 20 years of data monitoring in the subwatershed, ending in 2012, and included subwatershedwide indicators, riparian-system indicators, San Pedro River indicators, and springs indicators.</p>\n<p>Groundwater management actions including voluntary retirement of irrigation pumping in the subwatershed resulted in about a 5,100 acre-feet (acre-ft) reduction in net human use from 2002 to 2012. Subwatershed population increased more than 10,000 during the same period. Most of the reduction occurred during 2002&ndash;07 and included reductions in groundwater pumping and increases in managed recharge; net human use varied annually by a few hundred acre-ft during 2007&ndash;12. The groundwater budget for 2012 showed a deficit of about 5,000 acre-ft, although the total water-budget uncertainty was about 5,500 acre-ft.</p>\n<p>In the vicinity of the U.S. Army&rsquo;s Fort Huachuca, regional-aquifer water levels were in steady decline beginning in at least the mid-1990s (in older wells since at least the early-1970s), as the cone of depression centered on the Sierra Vista and Fort Huachuca pumping centers continued to deepen. This was evident in the individual water levels on Fort Huachuca, as well as from the horizontal hydraulic gradients that extend from the pumping centers toward the San Pedro and Babocomari Rivers. Basin water levels in wells southeast of Sierra Vista, away from the river, were also experiencing declines, while some water levels closer to the river were rising.</p>\n<p>Near-stream vertical gradients along the San Pedro River showed no clear increasing or decreasing trends that would indicate a shift in the direction of subsurface flow between the riverbed and the alluvial aquifer, or a trend in the magnitude of groundwater/surface-water exchange. Annual streamflow permanence data showed no clear change in streamflow permanence trends in any of the river reaches, other than those related to precipitation trends. Similarly, the single-day, dry-season, wet-dry streamflow analysis of all subwatershed river reaches indicated no change in condition over the past 14 years, with the exception of the Hereford reach, which has seen a statistically significant increase in wetted length. Dry-season, alluvial-aquifer water levels in the Hereford reach also showed a statistically significant increase. These improvements are attributed to the end of irrigation pumping in the area. Although data indicate that the length of the Fairbank North wetted reach may be in decline, it is not yet statistically significant.</p>\n<p>Stable-isotope data indicated reduced groundwater discharge to the Babocomari River in the vicinity of the Babocomari River near Tombstone gaging station and to the San Pedro River near the San Pedro River at Palominas gaging station and near the Lewis Springs DCP stage recorder. The Babocomari River near Tombstone gaging station is downgradient of the major pumping centers. The change in isotopic signature at the Lewis Springs stage recorder could have been the result of alterations in groundwater/surface-water interactions there caused by beaver damming of the river. Base flow in the San Pedro River declined over the periods of record at the three San Pedro River gaging stations in the subwatershed (Palominas, Charleston, and Tombstone), as well as at the Babocomari River near Tombstone gaging station. Precipitation declined slightly from the 1990s to the 2000s, although there is no statistically significant trend in subwatershed precipitation from 1991 to 2012. The occurrence of large winter discharge events appeared to decline and that of large summer discharge events appeared to increase over this same period.</p>\n<p>Data for physical parameters, general chemistry, nutrient species, select trace elements, and suspended sediment were collected at San Pedro River at Charleston stream-gaging station. These data were summarized over time and analyzed in relation to discharge and season as a means to assess trends over the period of analysis. Federal and State of Arizona drinking-water and human-contact standards were all met and few exceedances occurred for the ecological thresholds investigated. Several constituents showed a significant trend over the period of analysis, but only concentration and flux data for total phosphate, orthophosphate,&nbsp;<span>total nitrogen, suspended sediment, and sulfate were suitable to be used in a weighted regression analysis that statistically accounted for time, discharge, and season. Sulfate concentrations and flux showed a significant downward trend over the period of analysis, whereas total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate showed a relatively small magnitude upward trend relative to standards. Suspended sediment concentrations and flux both showed a significant downward trend in the 1980s, an effect attributed to reduction of cattle in the subwatershed at about this time, and (or) increased cottonwood (</span><i>Populus fremontii</i><span>) and willow (</span><i>Salix goodingii</i><span>) recruitment, and (or) the curtailment of sand and gravel mining adjacent to the San Pedro River with the designation of the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area in 1988. A spike in sediment flux in 2006 may be attributable to the more than 100 debris flows in the Huachuca Mountains during the summer monsoon of that year.</span></p>\n<p>Spring discharge along the San Pedro River generally increased at three sites proximate to the Sierra Vista treated effluent recharge facility and varied somewhat with climate at two other sites. Median annual discharge at the recharge facility peaked in 2006, and at Murray Springs and Horsethief Spring, downgradient of the recharge facility, in 2009. Sampling for trace organic compounds in flow from springs was carried out using both discrete sampling and passive sampling methods. Spring samples thus collected showed the presence of trace-organic compounds. Lewis Springs (background site) had the least number of detections, whereas Murray Springs, located directly downgradient of the City of Sierra Vista&rsquo;s treated effluent recharge facility, had the greatest number of detections of all the springs. Discrete samples from the recharge facility had more than twice the detections found in discrete samples from Murray Spring and at much higher concentrations. Few similar trace-organic compounds were detected at both the springs and the treated effluent recharge facility, and the number of detections did not increase during the collection period. Limitations of the study prevented the determination of trace-organic concentration in passive samplers and also prevented linking trace organic compounds detected at the treated effluent recharge facility with compounds detected from the springs. In particular, trace organic compounds could also derive from other sources such as septic systems.</p>\n<p>Looking at the subwatershed as a whole, base flow was in decline along the entire river reach, but determination of the specific cause of the decline was beyond the scope of this report. Conditions in the area from the municipal pumping center of Sierra Vista and Fort Huachuca northeast to the river (from about the Charleston to Tombstone gaging stations) were more commonly in decline than in regions further south. Both long-term indicators, such as regional aquifer groundwater levels and horizontal gradients, and the isotope analysis indicated that groundwater discharge to the river and thus base flow may continue to decline in that area. South of Charleston, indicators were more mixed. Some indicators in the Hereford reach suggest groundwater discharge to the San Pedro River may be increasing there, whereas some indicators in the Palominas reach suggest groundwater discharge to the river there may be declining.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165114","usgsCitation":"Gungle, Bruce, Callegary, J.B., Paretti, N.V., Kennedy, J.R., Eastoe, C.J., Turner, D.S., Dickinson, J.E., Levick, L.R., and Sugg, Z.P., 2016, Hydrological conditions and evaluation of sustainable groundwater use in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, southeastern Arizona (ver. 1.3, April 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5114, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165114.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 90 p.; 1 Table;  Appendixes: Tables A1-A4","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-077429","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335906,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5114/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":326184,"rank":2,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5114/sir20165114_table_4.xlsx","text":"Table 4","size":"24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5114 Table 4 spreadsheet"},{"id":326183,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5114/sir20165114_v1.3.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5114 Report PDF"},{"id":329328,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5114/versionHist_.txt","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2016-5114 Version History"},{"id":326185,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5114/sir20165114_appendix-tablesA1-4.xlsx","text":"Appendix Tables A1-A4","size":"33 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5114 Appendix Tables"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.59,\n              31.335\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.59,\n              31.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              31.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              31.335\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.59,\n              31.335\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted August 18, 2016; Version 1.1: October 2016; Version 1.2: February 21, 2017; Version 1.3: April 15, 2019","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_az@usgs.gov\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_az@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Arizona Water Science Center<br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>520 N. Park Avenue<br>Tucson, AZ 85719<br><a href=\"http://az.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://az.water.usgs.gov/\">http://az.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Group 1. Subwatershedwide Indicators</li>\n<li>Group 2. Riparian-System Indicators</li>\n<li>Group 3. San Pedro River Indicators</li>\n<li>Group 4. Springs Indicators</li>\n<li>Discussion</li>\n<li>Summary and Conclusions</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Appendix&mdash;Trace Organic-Compound Concentrations and Well Names and Locations</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-18","revisedDate":"2019-04-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6ce29e4b03fd6b7d919de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gungle, Bruce 0000-0001-6406-1206 bgungle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-1206","contributorId":107628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gungle","given":"Bruce","email":"bgungle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":644560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callegary, James B. 0000-0003-3604-0517 jcallega@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-0517","contributorId":2171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callegary","given":"James","email":"jcallega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paretti, Nicholas V. nparetti@usgs.gov","contributorId":802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paretti","given":"Nicholas V.","email":"nparetti@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":644562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eastoe, Christopher J.","contributorId":173510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eastoe","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turner, Dale S.","contributorId":34052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Levick, Lainie R.","contributorId":23229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levick","given":"Lainie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sugg, Zachary P.","contributorId":173511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sugg","given":"Zachary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70174975,"text":"sir20165106 - 2016 - Sediment load and distribution in the lower Skagit River, Skagit County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T10:25:47","indexId":"sir20165106","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5106","title":"Sediment load and distribution in the lower Skagit River, Skagit County, Washington","docAbstract":"<p class=\"p1\">The Skagit River delivers about 40 percent of all fluvial sediment that enters Puget Sound, influencing flood hazards in the Skagit lowlands, critically important estuarine habitat in the delta, and some of the most diverse and productive agriculture in western Washington. A total of 175 measurements of suspended-sediment load, made routinely from 1974 to 1993, and sporadically from 2006 to 2009, were used to develop and evaluate regression models of sediment transport (also known as “sediment-rating curves”) for estimating suspended-sediment load as a function of river discharge. Using a flow-range model and 75 years of daily discharge record (acquired from 1941 to 2015), the mean annual suspended-sediment load for the Skagit River near Mount Vernon, Washington, was estimated to be 2.5 teragrams (Tg, where 1 Tg = 1 million metric tons). The seasonal model indicates that 74 percent of the total annual suspended‑sediment load is delivered to Puget Sound during the winter storm season (from October through March), but also indicates that discharge is a poor surrogate for suspended‑sediment concentration (SSC) during the summer low-flow season. Sediment-rating curves developed for different time periods revealed that the regression model slope of the SSC-discharge relation increased 66 percent between the periods of 1974–76 and 2006–09 when suspended-sediment samples were collected, implying that changes in sediment supply, channel hydraulics, and (or) basin hydrology occurred between the two time intervals. In the relatively wet water year 2007 (October 1, 2006, through September 30, 2007), an automated sampler was used to collect daily samples of suspended sediment from which an annual load of 4.5 Tg was calculated, dominated by a single large flood event that contributed 1.8 Tg, or 40 percent of the total. In comparison, the annual load calculated for water year 2007 using the preferred flow-range model was 4.8 Tg (+6.7 percent), in close agreement with the measured value.</p><p class=\"p1\">Particle size affects sediment transport, fate and distribution across watersheds, and therefore is important for predicting how coastal environments, particularly deltas and beaches, will respond to changes in climate and sea-level. Particle-size analysis of winter storm samples indicated that about one-half of the suspended-sediment load consisted of fines (that is, silt- and clay-sized particles smaller than 0.0625 mm in diameter), and the remainder consisted of mostly fine- to medium-sized sand (0.0625–0.5 mm), whereas bedload during winter storm flows (about 1–3 percent of total sediment load) was predominantly composed of medium to coarse sand (0.25–1 mm). A continuous turbidity record from the Anacortes Water Treatment Plant (water years 1999–2013), used as a surrogate for the concentration of fines (<i>R</i><sup>2 </sup>= 0.93, <i>p </i>= 4.2E-10, <i>n </i>= 17), confirms that about one-half of the mean annual suspended-sediment load is composed of fines.</p><p class=\"p2\">The distribution of flow through the delta distributaries (that is, the channels into which the main stem splits as it approaches the delta) is dynamic, with twice as much flow through the North Fork of the Skagit River relative to the South Fork during low-flow conditions, and close to equal flows in the two channels during high-flow conditions. Turbidity, monitored at several locations in the lower river in spring 2009, was essentially uniform among sites, indicating that fines are well mixed in the lower Skagit River system (defined as the Skagit River and all its distributaries downstream of the Mount Vernon streamgage). A strong relation (<i>R</i><sup>2 </sup>= 0.95, <i>p </i>= 3.2E-14, <i>n </i>= 21; linear regression) between the concentration of fines and turbidity measured at various locations in summer 2009 indicates that turbidity is an effective surrogate for the concentration of fines, independent of location in the river, under naturally well-mixed fluvial conditions. This relation is especially useful for monitoring suspended sediment in western Washington rivers that are seasonally dominated by glacier meltwater because glacial melting typically produces suspended-sediment concentrations that are not well correlated with discharge. These results provide a comprehensive set of tools to estimate sediment delivery and delta responses of interest to scientists and resource managers including decision-makers examining options for flood hazard mitigation, estuary restoration, and climate change adaptation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165106","collaboration":"A Study by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound (CHIPS) Project","usgsCitation":"Curran, C.A., Grossman, E.E., Mastin, M.C., and Huffman, R.L., 2016, Sediment load and distribution in the lower Skagit River, Skagit County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5106, 24 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165106.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059558","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5106/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":326608,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5106/sir20165106.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5106"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Skagit County","otherGeospatial":"Lower Skagit River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.541667,\n              48.466667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.541667,\n              48.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.283333,\n              48.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.283333,\n              48.466667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.541667,\n              48.466667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_wa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Washington Water Science Center<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br />934 Broadway, Suite 300<br /> Tacoma, Washington 98402<br /> <a href=\"http://wa.water.usgs.gov\" target=\"blank\">http://wa.water.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Data-Collection and Data-Processing Methods</li>\n<li>Sediment Load in the Skagit River near Mount Vernon</li>\n<li>Water and Sediment Distribution Downstream of Mount Vernon</li>\n<li>Turbidity as a Surrogate for Suspended-Sediment Concentration</li>\n<li>Summary and Conclusions</li>\n<li>Acknowledgments</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b57ca5e4b03bcb0104bb44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Christopher A. 0000-0001-8933-416X ccurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-416X","contributorId":1650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Christopher","email":"ccurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, Eric E. 0000-0003-0269-6307 egrossman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6307","contributorId":2334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Eric E.","email":"egrossman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastin, Mark C. 0000-0003-4018-7861 mcmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-7861","contributorId":1652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Mark","email":"mcmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huffman, Raegan L. 0000-0001-8523-5439 rhuffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-5439","contributorId":1638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Raegan","email":"rhuffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70175479,"text":"70175479 - 2016 - Geomorphological control on variably saturated hillslope hydrology and slope instability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:54:10","indexId":"70175479","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-12T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphological control on variably saturated hillslope hydrology and slope instability","docAbstract":"<p><span>In steep topography, the processes governing variably saturated subsurface hydrologic response and the interparticle stresses leading to shallow landslide initiation are physically linked. However, these processes are usually analyzed separately. Here, we take a combined approach, simultaneously analyzing the influence of topography on both hillslope hydrology and the effective stress fields within the hillslope itself. Clearly, runoff and saturated groundwater flow are dominated by gravity and, ultimately, by topography. Less clear is how landscape morphology influences flows in the vadose zone, where transient fluxes are usually taken to be vertical. We aim to assess and quantify the impact of topography on both saturated and unsaturated hillslope hydrology and its effects on shallow slope stability. Three real hillslope morphologies (concave, convex, and planar) are analyzed using a 3-D, physically based, distributed model coupled with a module for computation of the probability of failure, based on the infinite slope assumption. The results of the analyses, which included parameter uncertainty analysis of the results themselves, show that convex and planar slopes are more stable than concave slopes. Specifically, under the same initial, boundary, and infiltration conditions, the percentage of unstable areas ranges from 1.3% for the planar hillslope, 21% for convex, to a maximum value of 33% for the concave morphology. The results are supported by a sensitivity analysis carried out to examine the effect of initial conditions and rainfall intensity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017626","usgsCitation":"Giuseppe, F., Simoni, S., Godt, J.W., Lu, N., and Rigon, R., 2016, Geomorphological control on variably saturated hillslope hydrology and slope instability: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 6, p. 4590-4607, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017626.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"4590","endPage":"4607","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070797","costCenters":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57aee525e4b0fc09faadbd3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giuseppe, Formetta","contributorId":173665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giuseppe","given":"Formetta","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simoni, Silvia","contributorId":173666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simoni","given":"Silvia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27269,"text":"Mountain-eering Srl, Bolzano, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rigon, Riccardo","contributorId":152464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rigon","given":"Riccardo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18929,"text":"Unversita di Trento","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70171489,"text":"ofr20161073 - 2016 - Assessing climate-sensitive ecosystems in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T10:02:44","indexId":"ofr20161073","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-11T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1073","title":"Assessing climate-sensitive ecosystems in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"<p>Climate change impacts ecosystems in many ways, from effects on species to phenology to wildfire dynamics. Assessing the potential vulnerability of ecosystems to future changes in climate is an important first step in prioritizing and planning for conservation. Although assessments of climate change vulnerability commonly are done for species, fewer have been done for ecosystems. To aid regional conservation planning efforts, we assessed climate change vulnerability for ecosystems in the Southeastern United States and Caribbean.</p><p>First, we solicited input from experts to create a list of candidate ecosystems for assessment. From that list, 12 ecosystems were selected for a vulnerability assessment that was based on a synthesis of available geographic information system (GIS) data and literature related to 3 components of vulnerability—sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity. This literature and data synthesis comprised “Phase I” of the assessment. Sensitivity is the degree to which the species or processes in the ecosystem are affected by climate. Exposure is the likely future change in important climate and sea level variables. Adaptive capacity is the degree to which ecosystems can adjust to changing conditions. Where available, GIS data relevant to each of these components were used. For example, we summarized observed and projected climate, protected areas existing in 2011, projected sea-level rise, and projected urbanization across each ecosystem’s distribution. These summaries were supplemented with information in the literature, and a short narrative assessment was compiled for each ecosystem. We also summarized all information into a qualitative vulnerability rating for each ecosystem.</p><p>Next, for 2 of the 12 ecosystems (East Gulf Coastal Plain Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods and Nashville Basin Limestone Glade and Woodland), the NatureServe Habitat Climate Change Vulnerability Index (HCCVI) framework was used as an alternative approach for assessing vulnerability. Use of the HCCVI approach comprised “Phase II” of the assessment. This approach uses summaries of GIS data and models to develop a series of numeric indices for components of vulnerability. We incorporated many of the data sources used in Phase I, but added the results of several other data sources, including climate envelope modeling and vegetation dynamics modeling. The results of Phase II were high and low numeric vulnerability ratings for mid-century and the end of century for each ecosystem. The high and low ratings represented the potential range of vulnerability scores owing to uncertainties in future climate conditions and ecosystem effects.</p><p>Of the 12 ecosystems assessed in the first approach, five were rated as having high vulnerability (Caribbean Coastal Mangrove, Caribbean Montane Wet Elfin Forest, East Gulf Coastal Plain Southern Loess Bluff Forest, Edwards Plateau Limestone Shrubland, and Nashville Basin Limestone Glade and Woodland). Six ecosystems had medium vulnerability, and one ecosystem had low vulnerability. For the two ecosystems assessed with both approaches, vulnerability ratings generally agreed. The assessment concluded by comparing the two approaches, identifying critical research needs, and making suggestions for future ecosystem vulnerability assessments in the Southeast and beyond. Research needs include reducing uncertainty in the degree of climate exposure likely in the future, as well as acquiring more information on how climate might affect biotic interactions and hydrologic processes. Ideally, a comprehensive vulnerability assessment would include both the narrative summaries that resulted from the synthesis in Phase I, as well as a numeric index that incorporates uncertainty as in Phase II.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161073","usgsCitation":"Costanza, Jennifer, Beck, Scott, Pyne, Milo, Terando, Adam, Rubino, Matthew, White, Rickie, and Collazo, Jaime, 2016, Assessing climate-sensitive ecosystems in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1073, 278 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161073.","productDescription":"v, 278 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-064978","costCenters":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325860,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163052","text":"Fact Sheet 2016–3052 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br /> 3916 Sunset Ridge Rd<br /> Raleigh, N.C. 27607<br /> <a href=\"http://nc.water.usgs.gov/\">http://nc.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Executive Summary</li>\n<li>1. Project Report</li>\n<li>2. Caribbean Montane Wet Elfin Forest&nbsp;</li>\n<li>3. Central Atlantic Coastal Plain Wet Longleaf Pine Savanna and Flatwoods</li>\n<li>4. Central Florida Wet Prairie and Herbaceous Seep</li>\n<li>5. East Gulf Coastal Plain Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods</li>\n<li>6. East Gulf Coastal Plain Southern Loess Bluff Forest</li>\n<li>7. Edwards Plateau Limestone Shrubland</li>\n<li>8. Edwards Plateau Mesic Canyon</li>\n<li>9. Manglar Costero del Caribe (Caribbean Coastal Mangrove)</li>\n<li>10. Nashville Basin Limestone Glade and Woodland</li>\n<li>11. South-Central Interior Mesophytic Forest</li>\n<li>12. Southern Coastal Plain Nonriverine Cypress Dome</li>\n<li>13. Southern Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall</li>\n<li>Appendix A. Phase 1 Climate and Environmental Data Summaries</li>\n<li>Appendix B. Climate Sensitivity Graphs</li>\n<li>Appendix C. Projected Change in Standard Deviation of Climate Variables</li>\n<li>Appendix D. MaxEnt&trade;&mdash;Data Preparation and Processing for the East Gulf Coastal Plain Near-Coast Pine Flatwoods Ecological System&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ad93a0e4b0d183567650e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costanza, Jennifer","contributorId":74689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costanza","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, Scott","contributorId":146484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beck","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pyne, Milo","contributorId":26378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyne","given":"Milo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Terando, Adam aterando@usgs.gov","contributorId":4792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terando","given":"Adam","email":"aterando@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":631290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubino, Matthew J. 0000-0003-0651-3053","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-3053","contributorId":141234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rubino","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":39327,"text":"North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Rickie","contributorId":100921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Rickie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collazo, Jaime jaime_collazo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collazo","given":"Jaime","email":"jaime_collazo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":631296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70174298,"text":"fs20163052 - 2016 - Ecosystem vulnerability to climate change in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T10:01:46","indexId":"fs20163052","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-11T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3052","title":"Ecosystem vulnerability to climate change in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"<p>Two recent investigations of climate-change vulnerability for 19 terrestrial, aquatic, riparian, and coastal ecosystems of the southeastern United States have identified a number of important considerations, including potential for changes in hydrology, disturbance regimes, and interspecies interactions. Complementary approaches using geospatial analysis and literature synthesis integrated information on ecosystem biogeography and biodiversity, climate projections, vegetation dynamics, soil and water characteristics, anthropogenic threats, conservation status, sea-level rise, and coastal flooding impacts. Across a diverse set of ecosystems—ranging in size from dozens of square meters to thousands of square kilometers—quantitative and qualitative assessments identified types of climate-change exposure, evaluated sensitivity, and explored potential adaptive capacity. These analyses highlighted key gaps in scientific understanding and suggested priorities for future research. Together, these studies help create a foundation for ecosystem-level analysis of climate-change vulnerability to support effective biodiversity conservation in the southeastern United States.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163052","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, J.M., and Costanza, Jennifer, 2016, Ecosystem vulnerability to climate change in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3052, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163052.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-076648","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326101,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1828","text":"Professional Paper 1828 - ","description":"FS 2016-3052","linkHelpText":"Insular Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States: A Regional Synthesis to Support Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate"},{"id":326100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20161073","text":"Open-File Report 2016–1073 - ","description":"FS 2016-3052","linkHelpText":"Assessing Climate-Sensitive Ecosystems in the Southeastern United States"},{"id":326096,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3052/fs20163052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"823 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3052"},{"id":326095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3052/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, South Carolina, West 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costanza, Jennifer","contributorId":74689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costanza","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70171543,"text":"pp1828 - 2016 - Insular ecosystems of the southeastern United States—A regional synthesis to support biodiversity conservation in a changing climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T17:00:38","indexId":"pp1828","displayToPublicDate":"2016-08-11T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1828","title":"Insular ecosystems of the southeastern United States—A regional synthesis to support biodiversity conservation in a changing climate","docAbstract":"<p>In the southeastern United States, insular ecosystems&mdash;such as rock outcrops, depression wetlands, high-elevation balds, flood-scoured riparian corridors, and insular prairies and barrens&mdash;occupy a small fraction of land area but constitute an important source of regional and global biodiversity, including concentrations of rare and endemic plant taxa. Maintenance of this biodiversity depends upon regimes of abiotic stress and disturbance, incorporating factors such as soil surface temperature, widely fluctuating hydrologic conditions, fires, flood scouring, and episodic droughts that may be subject to alteration by climate change. Over several decades, numerous localized, site-level investigations have yielded important information about the floristics, physical environments, and ecological dynamics of these insular ecosystems; however, the literature from these investigations has generally remained fragmented. This report consists of literature syntheses for eight categories of insular ecosystems of the southeastern United States, concerning (1) physical geography, (2) ecological determinants of community structures including vegetation dynamics and regimes of abiotic stress and disturbance, (3) contributions to regional and global biodiversity, (4) historical and current anthropogenic threats and conservation approaches, and (5) key knowledge gaps relevant to conservation, particularly in terms of climate-change effects on biodiversity. This regional synthesis was undertaken to discern patterns across ecosystems, identify knowledge gaps, and lay the groundwork for future analyses of climate-change vulnerability. Findings from this synthesis indicate that, despite their importance to regional and global biodiversity, insular ecosystems of the southeastern United States have been subjected to a variety of direct and indirect human alterations. In many cases, important questions remain concerning key determinants of ecosystem function. In particular, few empirical investigations in these ecosystems have focused on possible climate-change effects, despite the well-documented ecological effects of climate change at a global level. Long-term management of these ecosystems could benefit from increased scientific effort to characterize and quantify the linkages between changing environmental conditions and the ecological processes that sustain biodiversity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1828","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, J.M., and Wolfe, W.J., 2016, Insular ecosystems of the southeastern United States—A regional synthesis to support biodiversity conservation in a changing climate: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1828, 162 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/pp1828.","productDescription":"viii, 162 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055844","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163052","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3052 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a\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br /> 640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100<br /> Nashville, TN 37211<br /> <a href=\"http://tn.water.usgs.gov/\">http://tn.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Acknowledgments&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Chapter A. Introduction</li>\n<li>Chapter B. Granite Outcrops of the Piedmont&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Chapter C. Limestone Cedar Glades</li>\n<li>Chapter D. Xeric Limestone Prairies</li>\n<li>Chapter E. Mid-Appalachian Shale Barrens</li>\n<li>Chapter F. High-Elevation Outcrops and Balds of the Southern Appalachians&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Chapter G. Carolina Bays&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Chapter H. Karst-Depression Wetlands</li>\n<li>Chapter I. Riverscour Ecosystems&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Chapter J. Conclusions and Implications</li>\n<li>Glossary&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Appendix 1. Ecological System Names According to the International Terrestrial Ecological Systems Classification</li>\n<li>Appendix 2. Component Associations According to the International Terrestrial Ecological Systems Classification</li>\n<li>Appendix 3. Selected Plant Taxa of Conservation Concern in Insular Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States</li>\n<li>References Cited in Appendixes</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-08-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ad93a1e4b0d183567650f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, Jennifer M. 0000-0003-0851-8456 jmcart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-8456","contributorId":5386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Jennifer","email":"jmcart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, William J. 0000-0002-3292-051X wjwolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-051X","contributorId":140060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"William","email":"wjwolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":631723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}