We report the results of two soil CO2 efflux surveys by the closed chamber circulation method at the Puhimau thermal area in the upper East Rift Zone (ERZ) of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. The surveys were undertaken in 1996 and 1998 to constrain how much CO2 might be reaching the ERZ after degassing beneath the summit caldera and whether the Puhimau thermal area might be a significant contributor to the overall CO2 budget of Kilauea. The area was revisited in 2001 to determine the effects of surface disturbance on efflux values by the collar emplacement technique utilized in the earlier surveys. Utilizing a cutoff value of 50 g m−2 d−1 for the surrounding forest background efflux, the CO2 emission rates for the anomaly at Puhimau thermal area were 27 t d−1 in 1996 and 17 t d−1 in 1998. Water vapor was removed before analysis in all cases in order to obtain CO2 values on a dry air basis and mitigate the effect of water vapor dilution on the measurements. It is clear that Puhimau thermal area is not a significant contributor to Kilauea's CO2 output and that most of Kilauea's CO2 (8500 t d−1) is degassed at the summit, leaving only magma with its remaining stored volatiles, such as SO2, for injection down the ERZ. Because of the low CO2 emission rate and the presence of a shallow water table in the upper ERZ that effectively scrubs SO2 and other acid gases, Puhimau thermal area currently does not appear to be generally well suited for observing temporal changes in degassing at Kilauea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00024-006-0036-z","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"McGee, K., Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., Doukas, M., and Gerlach, T., 2006, Puhimau thermal area: a window into the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii?: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 163, no. 4, p. 837-851, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-006-0036-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"837","endPage":"851","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.34530639648438,\n 19.24632927300332\n ],\n [\n -155.34530639648438,\n 19.449759112405612\n ],\n [\n -154.85504150390625,\n 19.449759112405612\n ],\n [\n -154.85504150390625,\n 19.24632927300332\n ],\n [\n -155.34530639648438,\n 19.24632927300332\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"163","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9022e4b0c8380cd7fb5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030652,"text":"70030652 - 2006 - The vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquitard at two spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030652","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquitard at two spatial scales","docAbstract":"Aquitards protect underlying aquifers from contaminants and limit recharge to those aquifers. Understanding the mechanisms and quantity of ground water flow across aquitards to underlying aquifers is essential for ground water planning and assessment. We present results of laboratory testing for shale hydraulic conductivities, a methodology for determining the vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) of aquitards at regional scales and demonstrate the importance of discrete flow pathways across aquitards. A regional shale aquitard in southeastern Wisconsin, the Maquoketa Formation, was studied to define the role that an aquitard plays in a regional ground water flow system. Calibration of a regional ground water flow model for southeastern Wisconsin using both predevelopment steady-state and transient targets suggested that the regional Kv of the Maquoketa Formation is 1.8 ?? 10 -11 m/s. The core-scale measurements of the Kv of the Maquoketa Formation range from 1.8 ?? 10-14 to 4.1 ?? 10-12 m/s. Flow through some additional pathways in the shale, potential fractures or open boreholes, can explain the apparent increase of the regional-scale Kv. Based on well logs, erosional windows or high-conductivity zones seem unlikely pathways. Fractures cutting through the entire thickness of the shale spaced 5 km apart with an aperture of 50 microns could provide enough flow across the aquitard to match that provided by an equivalent bulk Kv of 1.8 ?? 10-11 m/s. In a similar fashion, only 50 wells of 0.1 m radius open to aquifers above and below the shale and evenly spaced 10 km apart across southeastern Wisconsin can match the model Kv. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00125.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hart, D., Bradbury, K.R., and Feinstein, D.T., 2006, The vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquitard at two spatial scales: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 2, p. 201-211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00125.x.","startPage":"201","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00125.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1bae4b08c986b3253c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, D.J.","contributorId":92492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030651,"text":"70030651 - 2006 - Changes in late-winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030651","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Changes in late-winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926-2004","docAbstract":"Twenty-three snow-course sites in and near Maine, USA, with records spanning at least 50 years through to 2004 were tested for changes over time in snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in March and April. Of the 23 sites, 18 had a significant decrease (Mann-Kendall test, p < 0??1) in snowpack depth or a significant increase in snowpack density over time. Data from four sites in the mountains of western Maine-northern New Hampshire with mostly complete records from 1926 to 2004 indicate that average snowpack depths have decreased by about 16% and densities have increased by about 11%. Average snowpack depths and water equivalents in western Maine-northern New Hampshire peaked in the 1950s and 1960s, and densities peaked in the most recent decade. Previous studies in western North America also found a water-equivalent peak in the third quarter of the 20th century. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6111","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G., and Dudley, R.W., 2006, Changes in late-winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926-2004, in Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 4, p. 741-751, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6111.","startPage":"741","endPage":"751","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212160,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6111"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f41ae4b0c8380cd4bb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, G.A.","contributorId":14022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, R. W.","contributorId":90780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031004,"text":"70031004 - 2006 - Effects of heavy metals on the litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in field soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031004","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3024,"text":"Pedobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of heavy metals on the litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in field soils","docAbstract":"Aim of this study was to determine effects of heavy metals on litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in National Park the \"Brabantsche Biesbosch\", the Netherlands. Adult L. rubellus were collected from 12 polluted and from one unpolluted field site. Earthworms collected at the unpolluted site were kept in their native soil and in soil from each of the 12 Biesbosch sites. Earthworms collected in the Biesbosch were kept in their native soils. Non-polluted poplar (Populus sp.) litter was offered as a food source and litter consumption and earthworm biomass were determined after 54 days. Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations were determined in soil, pore water and 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts of the soil and in earthworms. In spite of low available metal concentrations in the polluted soils, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in L. rubellus were increased. The litter consumption rate per biomass was positively related to internal Cd and Zn concentrations of earthworms collected from the Biesbosch and kept in native soil. A possible explanation is an increased demand for energy, needed for the regulation and detoxification of heavy metals. Litter consumption per biomass of earthworms from the reference site and kept in the polluted Biesbosch soils, was not related to any of the determined soil characteristics and metal concentrations. ?? 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pedobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.004","issn":"00314056","usgsCitation":"Hobbelen, P., Koolhaas, J., and van Gestel, C., 2006, Effects of heavy metals on the litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in field soils: Pedobiologia, v. 50, no. 1, p. 51-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.004.","startPage":"51","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502645,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/effects-of-heavy-metals-on-the-litter-consumption-by-the-earthwor","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.004"},{"id":238740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a070ee4b0c8380cd51535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobbelen, P.H.F.","contributorId":94493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbelen","given":"P.H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koolhaas, J.E.","contributorId":56439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koolhaas","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Gestel, C.A.M.","contributorId":60013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Gestel","given":"C.A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028977,"text":"70028977 - 2006 - River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028977","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management","docAbstract":"Low river flows are commonly controlled by river-aquifer exchange, the magnitude of which is governed by hydraulic properties of both aquifer and aquitard materials beneath the river. Low flows are often important ecologically. Numerical simulations were used to assess how textural heterogeneity of an alluvial system influences river seepage and low flows. The Cosumnes River in California was used as a test case. Declining fall flows in the Cosumnes River have threatened Chinook salmon runs. A ground water-surface water model for the lower river basin was developed, which incorporates detailed geostatistical simulations of aquifer heterogeneity. Six different realizations of heterogeneity and a homogenous model were run for a 3-year period. Net annual seepage from the river was found to be similar among the models. However, spatial distribution of seepage along the channel, water table configuration and the level of local connection, and disconnection between the river and aquifer showed strong variations among the different heterogeneous models. Most importantly, the heterogeneous models suggest that river seepage losses can be reduced by local reconnections, even when the regional water table remains well below the riverbed. The percentage of river channel responsible for 50% of total river seepage ranged from 10% to 26% in the heterogeneous models as opposed to 23% in the homogeneous model. Differences in seepage between the models resulted in up to 13 d difference in the number of days the river was open for salmon migration during the critical fall months in one given year. Copyright ?? 2006 The Author(s).","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Fleckenstein, J., Niswonger, R., and Fogg, G., 2006, River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management, in Ground Water, v. 44, no. 6, p. 837-852, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x.","startPage":"837","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209858,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadbbe4b0c8380cd86f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleckenstein, J.H.","contributorId":67273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleckenstein","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, R.G.","contributorId":103393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fogg, G.E.","contributorId":58379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogg","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030317,"text":"70030317 - 2006 - Expert forecasts and the emergence of water scarcity on public agendas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030317","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3405,"text":"Society and Natural Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expert forecasts and the emergence of water scarcity on public agendas","docAbstract":"Expert forecasts of worldwide water scarcity depict conditions that call for proactive, preventive, coordinated water governance, but they have not been matched by public agendas of commensurate scope and urgency in the United States. This disconnect can not be adequately explained without some attention to attributes of forecasts themselves. I propose that the institutional fragmentation of water expertise and prevailing patterns of communication about water scarcity militate against the formulation of a common public definition of the problem and encourage reliance on unambiguous crises to stimulate social and policy agenda setting. I do not argue that expert forecasts should drive public agendas deterministically, but if their purpose is to help prevent water crises (not just predict them), then a greater effort is needed to overcome the barriers to meaningful public scrutiny of expert claims and evaluation of water strategies presently in place. Copyright ?? 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Society and Natural Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/08941920600561173","issn":"08941920","usgsCitation":"Graffy, E., 2006, Expert forecasts and the emergence of water scarcity on public agendas: Society and Natural Resources, v. 19, no. 5, p. 465-472, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920600561173.","startPage":"465","endPage":"472","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211947,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920600561173"},{"id":239335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e02e4b0c8380cd5327a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graffy, E.A.","contributorId":84984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graffy","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030423,"text":"70030423 - 2006 - Aquifer composition and the tendency toward scale-deposit formation during reverse osmosis desalination - Examples from saline ground water in New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030423","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1378,"text":"Desalination","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer composition and the tendency toward scale-deposit formation during reverse osmosis desalination - Examples from saline ground water in New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"Desalination is expected to make a substantial contribution to water supply in the United States by 2020. Currently, reverse osmosis is one of the most cost effective and widely used desalination technologies. The tendency to form scale deposits during reverse osmosis is an important factor in determining the suitability of input waters for use in desalination. The tendency toward scale formation of samples of saline ground water from selected geologic units in New Mexico was assessed using simulated evaporation. All saline water samples showed a strong tendency to form CaCO3 scale deposits. Saline ground water samples from the Yeso Formation and the San Andres Limestone showed relatively stronger tendencies to form CaSO4 2H2O scale deposits and relatively weaker tendencies to form SiO2(a) scale deposits than saline ground water samples from the Rio Grande alluvium. Tendencies toward scale formation in saline ground water samples from the Dockum Group were highly variable. The tendencies toward scale formation of saline waters from the Yeso Formation, San Andres Limestone, and Rio Grande alluvium appear to correlate with the mineralogical composition of the geologic units, suggesting that scale-forming tendencies are governed by aquifer composition and water-rock interaction. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Desalination","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2005.09.005","issn":"00119164","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., 2006, Aquifer composition and the tendency toward scale-deposit formation during reverse osmosis desalination - Examples from saline ground water in New Mexico, USA: Desalination, v. 190, no. 1-3, p. 235-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.09.005.","startPage":"235","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211979,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.09.005"},{"id":239375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"190","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1de4b0c8380cd4962e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030650,"text":"70030650 - 2006 - Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: A Field observation and analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030650","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: A Field observation and analysis","docAbstract":"The effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge were studied with water level measurements collected from two monitoring wells over a period of 122 days. The two wells were installed under similar conditions except that one was drilled on the east side of a creek which was covered with grass, and the other on the west side of the creek which was burned into a bare ground. Substantial differences in water level fluctuations were observed at these two wells. The water level in the east grass (EG) well was generally lower and had much less response to rainfall events than the west no-grass (WNG) well. Grass cover lowered the water table, reduced soil moisture through ET losses, and thus reduced groundwater recharge. The amount of ET by the grass estimated with a water table recession model decreased exponentially from 7.6 mm/day to zero as the water table declined from near the ground surface to 1.42 m below the ground surface in 33 days. More groundwater recharge was received on the WNG side than on the EG side following large rainfall events and by significant slow internal downward drainage which may last many days after rainfall. Because of the decreased ET and increased R, significantly more baseflow and chemical loads may be generated from a bare ground watershed compared to a vegetated watershed. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., and Schilling, K.E., 2006, Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: A Field observation and analysis: Journal of Hydrology, v. 319, no. 1-4, p. 328-338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044.","startPage":"328","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212159,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044"}],"volume":"319","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0733e4b0c8380cd515dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031151,"text":"70031151 - 2006 - Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70031151","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3032,"text":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"We characterize the seasonal variation in the geochemical and isotopic content of the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier (RG5), located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Between June and August, the geochemical content of rock glacier outflow does not appear to differ substantially from that of other surface waters in the Green Lakes Valley. Thus, for this alpine ecosystem at this time of year there does not appear to be large differences in water quality among rock glacier outflow, glacier and blockslope discharge, and discharge from small alpine catchments. However, in September concentrations of Mg2+ in the outflow of the rock glacier increased to more than 900 ??eq L-1 compared to values of less than 40 ??eq L-1 at all the other sites, concentrations of Ca2+ were greater than 4,000 ??eq L-1 compared to maximum values of less than 200 ??eq L-1 at all other sites, and concentrations of SO42- reached 7,000 ??eq L-1, compared to maximum concentrations below 120 ??eq L-1 at the other sites. Inverse geochemical modelling suggests that dissolution of pyrite, epidote, chlorite and minor calcite as well as the precipitation of silica and goethite best explain these elevated concentrations of solutes in the outflow of the rock glacier. Three component hydrograph separation using end-member mixing analysis shows that melted snow comprised an average of 30% of RG5 outflow, soil water 32%, and base flow 38%. Snow was the dominant source water in June, soil water was the dominant water source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Enrichment of ?? 18O from - 10??? in the outflow of the rock glacier compared to -20??? in snow and enrichment of deuterium excess from +17.5??? in rock glacier outflow compared to +11??? in snow, suggests that melt of internal ice that had undergone multiple melt/freeze episodes was the dominant source of base flow. Copyright ?? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/ppp.535","issn":"10456740","usgsCitation":"Williams, M., Knauf, M., Caine, N., Liu, F., and Verplanck, P., 2006, Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 17, no. 1, p. 13-33, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.535.","startPage":"13","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211652,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.535"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e0e4b0c8380cd552c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, M.W.","contributorId":15565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knauf, M.","contributorId":77360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knauf","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caine, N.","contributorId":34881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, F.","contributorId":14150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031167,"text":"70031167 - 2006 - An improved model for the calculation of CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions containing Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42-","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70031167","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An improved model for the calculation of CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions containing Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42-","docAbstract":"An improved model is presented for the calculation of the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions containing Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42- in a wide temperature-pressure-ionic strength range (from 273 to 533 K, from 0 to 2000 bar, and from 0 to 4.5 molality of salts) with experimental accuracy. The improvements over the previous model [Duan, Z. and Sun, R., 2003. An improved model calculating CO2 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533K and from 0 to 2000 bar. Chemical Geology, 193: 257-271] include: (1) By developing a non-iterative equation to replace the original equation of state in the calculation of CO 2 fugacity coefficients, the new model is at least twenty times computationally faster and can be easily adapted to numerical reaction-flow simulator for such applications as CO2 sequestration and (2) By fitting to the new solubility data, the new model improved the accuracy below 288 K from 6% to about 3% of uncertainty but still retains the high accuracy of the original model above 288 K. We comprehensively evaluate all experimental CO2 solubility data. Compared with these data, this model not only reproduces all the reliable data used for the parameterization but also predicts the data that were not used in the parameterization. In order to facilitate the application to CO2 sequestration, we also predicted CO2 solubility in seawater at two-phase coexistence (vapor-liquid or liquid-liquid) and at three-phase coexistence (CO2 hydrate-liquid water-vapor CO2 [or liquid CO2]). The improved model is programmed and can be downloaded from the website http://www.geochem-model.org/programs.htm. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.001","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Duan, Z., Sun, R., Zhu, C., and Chou, I., 2006, An improved model for the calculation of CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions containing Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42-: Marine Chemistry, v. 98, no. 2-4, p. 131-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.001.","startPage":"131","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211407,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.001"},{"id":238690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea72e4b0c8380cd4887b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duan, Zhenhao","contributorId":71302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duan","given":"Zhenhao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sun, R.","contributorId":10137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Chen","contributorId":6244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Chen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":430338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030310,"text":"70030310 - 2006 - Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030310","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"Bear Lake (Utah-Idaho, USA) has been producing large quantities of carbonate minerals of varying mineralogy for the past 17,000 years. The history of sedimentation in Bear Lake is documented through the study of isotopic ratios of oxygen, carbon, and strontium, percent organic carbon, percent CaCO3, X-ray diffraction mineralogy, HCl-leach inorganic geochemistry, and magnetic properties on samples from three piston cores. Historically, the Bear River, the main source of water for Great Salt Lake, did not enter Bear Lake until it was artificially diverted into the lake at the beginning of the 20th century. However, during the last glacial interval, the Bear River did enter Bear Lake depositing red, calcareous, silty clay. About 18,000 years ago, the Bear River became disconnected from Bear Lake. A combination of warmer water, increased evaporation, and increased organic productivity triggered the precipitation of calcium carbonate, first as calcite. As the salinity of the lake increased due to evaporation, aragonite began to precipitate about 11,000 years ago. Aragonite is the dominant mineral that accumulated in bottom sediments of the lake during the Holocene, comprising an average of about 70 wt.% of the sediments. Aragonite formation in a large, cold, oligotrophic, high latitude lake is highly unusual. Lacustrine aragonite usually is found in small, saline lakes in which the salinity varies considerably over time. However, Bear Lake contains endemic ostracodes and fish, which indicate that the chemistry of the lake has remained fairly constant for a long time. Stable isotope data from Holocene aragonite show that the salinity of Bear Lake increased throughout the Holocene, but never reached highly evolved values of ??18O in spite of an evaporation-dominated water balance. Bear Lake hydrology combined with evaporation created an unusual situation that produced large amounts of aragonite, but no evaporite minerals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.016","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Rosenbaum, J., Skipp, G., Colman, S., Forester, R., Liu, A., Simmons, K., and Bischoff, J., 2006, Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA: Sedimentary Geology, v. 185, no. 1-2, p. 93-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.016.","startPage":"93","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211857,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.016"},{"id":239228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf7e4b08c986b328e76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.","contributorId":24076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbaum, J.","contributorId":102989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skipp, G.","contributorId":49899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colman, S.","contributorId":63553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Forester, R.","contributorId":91301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, A.","contributorId":90110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simmons, K.","contributorId":75333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bischoff, J.","contributorId":32730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70031178,"text":"70031178 - 2006 - Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70031178","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system","docAbstract":"Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr data from primary and secondary minerals, soil waters, and stream waters in a tropical granitoid catchment quantitatively reflect mineral alteration reactions that occur at different levels within the bedrock-saprolite-soil zone. Near the bedrock-saprolite interface, plagioclase to kaolinite reaction yields low Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr. Higher in the regolith column, biotite weathering and kaolinite dissolution drive Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr to high values. Data from streams at base flow sample the bedrock-saprolite interface zone, while at high discharge solutes are derived from upper saprolite-soil zone. Coupled Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr can be effective tools for quantifying the importance of specific weathering reactions, and for geochemical hydrograph separation. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.054","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Derry, L., Pett-Ridge, J.C., Kurtz, A., and Troester, J., 2006, Ge/Si and 87Sr/86Sr tracers of weathering reactions and hydrologic pathways in a tropical granitoid system: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 88, no. 1-3 SPEC. ISS., p. 271-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.054.","startPage":"271","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211463,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.054"},{"id":238756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1-3 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14f0e4b0c8380cd54c27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Derry, L.A.","contributorId":47162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derry","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, J. C.","contributorId":18574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurtz, A.C.","contributorId":89341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Troester, J.W.","contributorId":90750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troester","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030640,"text":"70030640 - 2006 - D/H ratios and hydrogen exchangeability of type-II kerogens with increasing thermal maturity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030640","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"D/H ratios and hydrogen exchangeability of type-II kerogens with increasing thermal maturity","docAbstract":"Stable isotope ratios of non-exchangeable hydrogen (??Dn) and of carbon were measured in type-II kerogens from two suites of Late Devonian to Early Mississippian black shale, one from the New Albany Shale (Illinois Basin) and the other from the Exshaw Formation (Alberta Basin). The largely marine-derived organic matter had similar original stable isotope ratios, but today the suites of kerogens express gradients in thermal maturity that have altered their chemical and isotopic compositions. In both suites, ??D n values increase with maturation up to a vitrinite reflectance of Ro 1.5%, then level out. Increasing ??Dn values suggest isotopic exchange of organic hydrogen with water-derived deuterium and/or preferential loss of 1H-enriched chemical moieties from kerogen during maturation. The resulting changes in ??Dn values are altering the original hydrogen isotopic paleoenvironmental signal in kerogen, albeit in a systematic fashion. The specific D/H response of each kerogen suite through maturation correlates with H/C elemental ratio and can therefore be corrected to yield paleoenvironmentally relevant information for a calibrated system. With increasing thermal maturity, the abundance of hydrogen in the kerogen that is isotopically exchangeable with water hydrogen (expressed as Hex, in % of total hydrogen) first decreases to reach a minimum at Ro ??? 0.8-1.1%, followed by a substantial increase at higher thermal maturity. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.006","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Lis, G., Schimmelmann, A., and Mastalerz, M., 2006, D/H ratios and hydrogen exchangeability of type-II kerogens with increasing thermal maturity: Organic Geochemistry, v. 37, no. 3, p. 342-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.006.","startPage":"342","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212052,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.006"},{"id":239461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd2fe4b0c8380cd4e6ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lis, G.P.","contributorId":94851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lis","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030306,"text":"70030306 - 2006 - Status of soil acidification in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-27T10:05:37","indexId":"70030306","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2296,"text":"Journal of Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of soil acidification in North America","docAbstract":"Forest soil acidification and depletion of nutrient cations have been reported for several forested regions in North America, predominantly in the eastern United States, including the northeast and in the central Appalachians, but also in parts of southeastern Canada and the southern U.S. Continuing regional inputs of nitrogen and sulfur are of concern because of leaching of base cations, increased availability of soil Al, and the accumulation and ultimate transmission of acidity from forest soils to streams. Losses of calcium from forest soils and forested watersheds have now been documented as a sensitive early indicator and a functionally significant response to acid deposition for a wide range of forest soils in North America. For red spruce, a clear link has been established between acidic deposition, alterations in calcium and aluminum supplies and increased sensitivity to winter injury. Cation depletion appears to contribute to sugar maple decline on some soils, specifically the high mortality rates observed in northern Pennsylvania over the last decade. While responses to liming have not been systematically examined in North America, in a study in Pennsylvania, restoring basic cations through liming increased basal area growth of sugar maple and levels of calcium and magnesium in soil and foliage. In the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California near the west coast, the pH of the A horizon has declined by at least 2 pH units (to pH 4.0-4.3) over the past 30 years, with no detrimental effects on bole growth; presumably, because of the Mediterranean climate, base cation pools are still high and not limiting for plant growth.
","language":"English, Slovak","issn":"12124834","usgsCitation":"Fenn, M., Huntington, T., Mclaughlin, S., Eagar, C., Gomez, A., and Cook, R., 2006, Status of soil acidification in North America: Journal of Forest Science, v. 52, no. Special Issue, p. 3-13.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.859375,\n 15.453680224345835\n ],\n [\n -125.859375,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -66.62109375,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -66.62109375,\n 15.453680224345835\n ],\n [\n -125.859375,\n 15.453680224345835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"Special Issue","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b97e5e4b08c986b31bcfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenn, M.E.","contributorId":68686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenn","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":426597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mclaughlin, S.B.","contributorId":92051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mclaughlin","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eagar, C.","contributorId":99493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eagar","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gomez, A.","contributorId":62017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cook, R.B.","contributorId":8480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030302,"text":"70030302 - 2006 - Widespread presence of naturally occurring perchlorate in high plains of Texas and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030302","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Widespread presence of naturally occurring perchlorate in high plains of Texas and New Mexico","docAbstract":"Perchlorate (ClO4-) occurrence in groundwater has previously been linked to industrial releases and the historic use of Chilean nitrate fertilizers. However, recently a number of occurrences have been identified for which there is no obvious anthropogenic source. Groundwater from an area of 155 000 km2 in 56 counties in northwest Texas and eastern New Mexico is impacted by the presence of ClO4-. Concentrations were generally low (<4 ppb), although some areas are impacted by concentrations up to 200 ppb. ClO4- distribution is not related to well type (public water system, domestic, agricultural, or water-table monitoring) or aquifer (Ogallala, Edward Trinity High Plains, Edwards Trinity Plateau, Seymour, or Cenozoic). Results from vertically nested wells strongly indicate a surface source. The source of ClO4- appears to most likely be atmospheric deposition. Evidence supporting this hypothesis primarily relates to the presence of ClO 4- in tritium-free older water, the lack of relation between land use and concentration distribution, the inability of potential anthropogenic sources to account for the estimated mass of ClO4-, and the positive relationship between conserved anions (e.g., IO3-, Cl-, SO4-2) and ClO4-. The ClO4- distribution appears to be mainly related to evaporative concentration and unsaturated transport. This process has led to higher ClO4- and other ion concentrations in groundwater where the water table is relatively shallow, and in areas with lower saturated thickness. Irrigation may have accelerated this process in some areas by increasing the transport of accumulated salts and by increasing the number of evaporative cycles. Results from this study highlight the potential for ClO4- to impact groundwater in arid and semiarid areas through long-term atmospheric deposition. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es052155i","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rajagopalan, S., Anderson, T., Fahlquist, L., Rainwater, K.A., Ridley, M., and Jackson, W., 2006, Widespread presence of naturally occurring perchlorate in high plains of Texas and New Mexico: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 10, p. 3156-3162, https://doi.org/10.1021/es052155i.","startPage":"3156","endPage":"3162","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211743,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052155i"},{"id":239092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0b8e4b08c986b32f00f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rajagopalan, S.","contributorId":80077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajagopalan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, T.A.","contributorId":77344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fahlquist, L.","contributorId":68889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rainwater, Ken A.","contributorId":61188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rainwater","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ridley, M.","contributorId":81694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jackson, W.A.","contributorId":15549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028937,"text":"70028937 - 2006 - Evaluation of energy expenditure in adult spring Chinook salmon migrating upstream in the Columbia River Basin: an assessment based on sequential proximate analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T15:22:18","indexId":"70028937","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of energy expenditure in adult spring Chinook salmon migrating upstream in the Columbia River Basin: an assessment based on sequential proximate analysis","docAbstract":"The upstream migration of adult anadromous salmonids in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) has been dramatically altered and fish may be experiencing energetically costly delays at dams. To explore this notion, we estimated the energetic costs of migration and reproduction of Yakima River-bound spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha using a sequential analysis of their proximate composition (i.e., percent water, fat, protein, and ash). Tissues (muscle, viscera, and gonad) were sampled from fish near the start of their migration (Bonneville Dam), at a mid point (Roza Dam, 510 km upstream from Bonneville Dam) and from fresh carcasses on the spawning grounds (about 100 km above Roza Dam). At Bonneville Dam, the energy reserves of these fish were remarkably high, primarily due to the high percentage of fat in the muscle (18-20%; energy content over 11 kJ g-1). The median travel time for fish from Bonneville to Roza Dam was 27 d and ranged from 18 to 42 d. Fish lost from 6 to 17% of their energy density in muscle, depending on travel time. On average, fish taking a relatively long time for migration between dams used from 5 to 8% more energy from the muscle than faster fish. From the time they passed Bonneville Dam to death, these fish, depending on gender, used 95-99% of their muscle and 73-86% of their viscera lipid stores. Also, both sexes used about 32% of their muscular and very little of their visceral protein stores. However, we were unable to relate energy use and reproductive success to migration history. Our results suggest a possible influence of the CRB hydroelectric system on adult salmonid energetics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.955","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., and Magie, C., 2006, Evaluation of energy expenditure in adult spring Chinook salmon migrating upstream in the Columbia River Basin: an assessment based on sequential proximate analysis: River Research and Applications, v. 22, no. 10, p. 1085-1095, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.955.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1085","endPage":"1095","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209962,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.955"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washginton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.91493988037108,\n 45.67332315111957\n ],\n [\n -121.88095092773439,\n 45.65988734941217\n ],\n [\n -121.98154449462889,\n 45.61547829428427\n ],\n [\n -122.02102661132814,\n 45.60635207711834\n ],\n [\n -122.0364761352539,\n 45.61932046777893\n ],\n [\n -122.01656341552734,\n 45.628444574718564\n ],\n [\n -121.97158813476561,\n 45.63588682527794\n ],\n [\n -121.95785522460936,\n 45.65028837377915\n ],\n [\n -121.93656921386719,\n 45.65292825609942\n ],\n [\n -121.92317962646484,\n 45.65412816147472\n ],\n [\n -121.91322326660156,\n 45.66828510339253\n ],\n [\n -121.91493988037108,\n 45.67332315111957\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.46405792236327,\n 46.75750394913751\n ],\n [\n -120.46843528747559,\n 46.75191751332088\n ],\n [\n -120.46920776367188,\n 46.74621287079468\n ],\n [\n -120.46740531921385,\n 46.74274274137551\n ],\n [\n -120.46113967895508,\n 46.74386026506431\n ],\n [\n -120.46088218688963,\n 46.74715388433906\n ],\n [\n -120.46457290649414,\n 46.75044730238025\n ],\n [\n -120.46457290649414,\n 46.75321126577366\n ],\n [\n -120.46062469482422,\n 46.75532824825045\n ],\n [\n -120.4625129699707,\n 46.75726874246586\n ],\n [\n -120.46405792236327,\n 46.75750394913751\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.36528015136717,\n 47.39788440990287\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 47.38440370312246\n ],\n [\n -121.38450622558594,\n 47.308568669980225\n ],\n [\n -121.12564086914062,\n 47.190645707823435\n ],\n [\n -120.86334228515624,\n 47.143496408200456\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 47.19531167837447\n ],\n [\n -121.08924865722656,\n 47.327653995607115\n ],\n [\n -121.11534118652342,\n 47.36115300722623\n ],\n [\n -121.2238311767578,\n 47.41136166853917\n ],\n [\n -121.35360717773438,\n 47.4016026187529\n ],\n [\n -121.36528015136717,\n 47.39788440990287\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c6ee4b0c8380cd52b43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magie, C.D.","contributorId":23743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magie","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031203,"text":"70031203 - 2006 - Observations in the Saturn system during approach and orbital insertion, with Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70031203","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":915,"text":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations in the Saturn system during approach and orbital insertion, with Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS)","docAbstract":"The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer observed Phoebe, Iapetus, Titan and Saturn's rings during Cassini's approach and orbital insertion. Phoebe's surface contains water ice, CO2, and ferrous iron. lapetus contains CO2 and organic materials. Titan's atmosphere shows methane fluorescence, and night-side atmospheric emission that may be CO2 and CH3D. As determined from cloud motions, the winds at altitude 25-30 km in the south polar region of Titan appear to be moving in a prograde direction at velocity ???1 m s-1. Circular albedo features on Titan's surface, seen at 2.02 ??m, may be palimpsests remaining from the rheological adjustment of ancient impact craters. As such, their long-term persistence is of special interest in view of the expected precipitation of liquids and solids from the atmosphere. Saturn's rings have changed little in their radial structure since the Voyager flybys in the early 1980s. Spectral absorption bands tentatively attributed to Fe2+ suggest that iron-bearing silicates are a source of contamination of the C ring and the Cassini Division. ?? ESO 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361:20053054","issn":"00046361","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.H., Baines, K.H., Bellucci, G., Buratti, B.J., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Clark, R.N., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Jaumann, R., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., McCord, T.B., Mennella, V., Nelson, R., Nicholson, P.D., Sicardy, B., Sotin, C., Baugh, N., Griffith, C., Hansen, G.B., Hibbitts, C.A., Momary, T., and Showalter, M., 2006, Observations in the Saturn system during approach and orbital insertion, with Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS): Astronomy and Astrophysics, v. 446, no. 2, p. 707-716, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053054.","startPage":"707","endPage":"716","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477721,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053054","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211627,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053054"},{"id":238948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"446","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a7de4b0c8380cd741c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellucci, G.","contributorId":46256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellucci","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Capaccioni, F.","contributorId":90900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capaccioni","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cerroni, P.","contributorId":7869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerroni","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Coradini, A.","contributorId":34679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coradini","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cruikshank, D. P.","contributorId":51434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Drossart, P.","contributorId":29574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drossart","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Formisano, V.","contributorId":44694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Formisano","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Langevin, Y.","contributorId":24900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Mennella, V.","contributorId":88522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mennella","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Baugh, N.","contributorId":38360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baugh","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Griffith, C.A.","contributorId":10141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Hansen, G. B.","contributorId":98478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Hibbitts, C. A.","contributorId":21703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hibbitts","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Momary, T.W.","contributorId":40405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Momary","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Showalter, M.R.","contributorId":24992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Showalter","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26}]}} ,{"id":70030289,"text":"70030289 - 2006 - Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030289","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia","docAbstract":"The Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system in the South Gobi desert, Mongolia, comprises five deposits that extend over 6 km in a north-northeast-oriented zone. They occur in a middle to late Paleozoic are terrane and are related to Late Devonian quartz monzodiorite intrusions. The Hugo Dummett deposits are the northernmost and deepest, with up to 1,000 m of premineral sedimentary and volcanic cover rock remaining. They are the largest deposits discovered to date and characterized by high-grade copper (>2.5% Cu) and gold (0.5-2 g/t) mineralization associated with intense quartz veining and several phases of quartz monzodiorite intruded into basaltic volcanic host rocks. Sulfide minerals in these deposits are zoned outward from a bornite-dominated core to chalcopyrite, upward to pyrite ?? enargite and covellite at shallower depth. The latter high-sulfidation-state sulfides are hosted by advanced argillic alteration mineral associations. This alteration is restricted mainly to dacitic ash-flow tuff that overlies the basaltic volcanic rock and includes ubiquitous quartz and pyrophyllite, kaolinite, plus late dickite veins, as well as K alunite, Al phosphate-sulfate minerals, zunyite, diaspore, topaz, corundum, and andalusite. A reconnaissance oxygen-hydrogen and sulfur isotope study was undertaken to investigate the origin of several characteristic alteration minerals in the Oyu Tolgoi system, with particular emphasis on the Hugo Dummett deposits. Based on the isotopic composition of O, H, and S (??18O(SO4) = 8.8-20.1???, ??D = -73 to -43???, ??34S = 9.8-17.9???), the alunite formed from condensation of magmatic vapor that ascended to the upper parts of the porphyry hydrothermal system, without involvement of significant amounts of meteoric water. The isotopic data indicate that pyrophyllite (??18O = 6.5-10.9???, ??D = -90 to -106???) formed from a magmatic fluid with a component of meteoric water. Muscovite associated with quartz monzodiorite intrusions occurs in the core of the Hugo Dummett deposits, and isotopic data (??18O = 3.0-9.0???, ??D = -101 to -116%o) show it formed from a magmatic fluid with water similar in composition to that which formed the pyrophyllite. Mg chlorite (??18O = 5.5???, ??D = -126???) is a widespread mineral retrograde after hydrothermal biotite and may have formed from fluids similar to those related to the muscovite during cooling of the porphyry system. By contrast, paragenetically later and postmineralization alteration fluid, which produced dickite (??18O = -4.1 to +3.3???, ??D = -130 to -140???), shows clear evidence for mixing with substantial amounts of meteoric water. Relatively low ??D values (-140???) for this meteoric water component may indicate that its source was at high elevations. The geologic structure, nature of alteration, styles of mineralization, and stable isotope data indicate that the Oyu Tolgoi deposits constitute a typical porphyry system formed in an island-arc setting. The outward zonation of sulfide minerals for the Hugo Dummett deposits, from a bornite-dominated core to chalcopyrite and pyrite-enargite, can be interpreted to be related to a cooling magmatic hydrothermal system which transgressed outward over enclosing advanced argillic alteration. This resulted in some unusual alteration and sulfide parageneses, such as topaz, or pyrite, enargite, and tennantite, entrained by high-grade bornite. ?? 2006 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.503","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Khashgerel, B., Rye, R.O., Hedenquist, J., and Kavalieris, I., 2006, Geology and reconnaissance stable isotope study of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au system, South Gobi, Mongolia: Economic Geology, v. 101, no. 3, p. 503-522, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.503.","startPage":"503","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212035,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.503"},{"id":239439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a242de4b0c8380cd57e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khashgerel, B.-E.","contributorId":33918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khashgerel","given":"B.-E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hedenquist, J.W.","contributorId":88093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedenquist","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kavalieris, I.","contributorId":9458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kavalieris","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030638,"text":"70030638 - 2006 - Radiolaria and pollen records from 0 to 50 ka at ODP Site 1233: Continental and marine climate records from the Southeast Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030638","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiolaria and pollen records from 0 to 50 ka at ODP Site 1233: Continental and marine climate records from the Southeast Pacific","docAbstract":"Site 1233 drilled during Leg 202 of the Ocean Drilling Program provides a detailed record of marine and continental climate change in the Southeast Pacific and South American continent. Splits from over 500 samples taken at 20 cm intervals for quantitative analysis of radiolarian and pollen populations yield a temporal resolution of 200-400 years. In each sample, 39 pollen taxa and 40 radiolarian species and genera were evaluated. Age control is provided by 25 AMS 14C dates [Lamy, F., Kaiser, J., Ninnemann, U., Hebbeln, D., Arz, H.W., Stoner, J., 2004. Science 304, 1959-1962]. Multivariate statistical analyses of these data allow us to conclude the following: (1) During the past 50 ka, the region of the central Chile coast is not directly influenced by polar water from the Antarctic region. (2) Changes in ocean conditions off central Chile during this time interval primarily reflect north-south shifts in the position of the South Pacific transition zone. (3) Changes in Chilean vegetation reflect comparable latitudinal shifts in precipitation and the position of the southern westerlies. (4) The first canonical variate of radiolarian and pollen records extracted from Site 1233 are remarkably similar to each other as well as to temperature records from the Antarctic, which suggests that marine and continental climate variability in the region is tightly coupled at periods longer than 3000 years. (5) The phase coupling of these climate records, which lead variations of continental erosion based on iron abundance at the same site, are consistent with a hypothesis that erosion is linked to relatively long (i.e, few thousand years) response times of the Patagonian ice sheet, and thus is not a direct indicator of regional climate. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.06.009","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Pisias, N.G., Heusser, L., Heusser, C., Hostetler, S.W., Mix, A., and Weber, M., 2006, Radiolaria and pollen records from 0 to 50 ka at ODP Site 1233: Continental and marine climate records from the Southeast Pacific: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 25, no. 5-6, p. 455-473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.06.009.","startPage":"455","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212022,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.06.009"},{"id":239425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93ffe4b0c8380cd81141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pisias, N. G.","contributorId":93640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pisias","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heusser, L.","contributorId":106888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heusser","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heusser, C.","contributorId":107495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heusser","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mix, A.C.","contributorId":31139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mix","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weber, M.","contributorId":93231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030636,"text":"70030636 - 2006 - Characterization and identification of Na-Cl sources in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030636","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization and identification of Na-Cl sources in ground water","docAbstract":"Elevated concentrations of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl -) in surface and ground water are common in the United States and other countries, and can serve as indicators of, or may constitute, a water quality problem. We have characterized the most prevalent natural and anthropogenic sources of Na+ and Cl- in ground water, primarily in Illinois, and explored techniques that could be used to identify their source. We considered seven potential sources that included agricultural chemicals, septic effluent, animal waste, municipal landfill leachate, sea water, basin brines, and road deicers. The halides Cl-, bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-) were useful indicators of the sources of Na+-Cl- contamination. Iodide enrichment (relative to Cl-) was greatest in precipitation, followed by uncontaminated soil water and ground water, and landfill leachate. The mass ratios of the halides among themselves, with total nitrogen (N), and with Na+ provided diagnostic methods for graphically distinguishing among sources of Na+ and Cl- in contaminated water. Cl/Br ratios relative to Cl- revealed a clear, although overlapping, separation of sample groups. Samples of landfill leachate and ground water known to be contaminated by leachate were enriched in I- and Br-; this provided an excellent fingerprint for identifying leachate contamination. In addition, total N, when plotted against Cl/Br ratios, successfully separated water contaminated by road salt from water contaminated by other sources. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00127.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Panno, S., Hackley, K.C., Hwang, H., Greenberg, S., Krapac, I., Landsberger, S., and O’Kelly, D.J., 2006, Characterization and identification of Na-Cl sources in ground water: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 2, p. 176-187, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00127.x.","startPage":"176","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211990,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00127.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4aee4b0c8380cd4be61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hwang, H.-H.","contributorId":6981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hwang","given":"H.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greenberg, S.E.","contributorId":56441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Landsberger, S.","contributorId":105900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landsberger","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Kelly, D. J.","contributorId":81686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Kelly","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70030632,"text":"70030632 - 2006 - Cross-shelf subtidal variability in San Pedro Bay during summer, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030632","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross-shelf subtidal variability in San Pedro Bay during summer, 2001","docAbstract":"A total of 16 moorings were deployed across the San Pedro shelf, one of the two wider embayments in the Southern California Bight, from near the surfzone to the upper-slope. On the middle and outer shelf in the summer of 2001, the currents flowed strongly equatorward at the surface and had large vertical shears through the well-stratified water column. This equatorward flow differs from predominantly poleward flow found in previous studies of the coastal margin further west. In deeper water, near the shelf break, the shears were such that near-bottom flows were poleward and incorporated into the upper parts of the Southern California Undercurrent over the slope. Mid-shelf current fluctuations, with periods of 10-25 days, along with upwelling over the shelf, were not related to local winds, but were significantly correlated with the large-scale alongshore pressure gradient. Shorter period (???7-10 days) inner shelf alongshore currents, however, were significantly correlated with the alongshore wind at the shelf break. A CEOF analysis gives two significant modes, with the first mode dominant over the outer and middle shelf. The wind-forced second mode connects the inner shelf to the poleward undercurrent over the slope such that increases in the poleward flow over the slope are correlated with increases in the equatorward current inshore of the 15 m isobath.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.009","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, P., Noble, M., Largier, J., Rosenfeld, L., and Robertson, G., 2006, Cross-shelf subtidal variability in San Pedro Bay during summer, 2001: Continental Shelf Research, v. 26, no. 6, p. 681-702, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.009.","startPage":"681","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211934,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.009"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc5e4b0c8380cd4e414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, P.","contributorId":42034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Largier, J.","contributorId":12690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Largier","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenfeld, L.K.","contributorId":24957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, G.","contributorId":100585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030285,"text":"70030285 - 2006 - Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030285","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum","docAbstract":"The Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum, ???55 million years ago, was a brief period of widespread, extreme climatic warming, that was associated with massive atmospheric greenhouse gas input. Although aspects of the resulting environmental changes are well documented at low latitudes, no data were available to quantify simultaneous changes in the Arctic region. Here we identify the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum in a marine sedimentary sequence obtained during the Arctic Coring Expedition. We show that sea surface temperatures near the North Pole increased from ???18??C to over 23??C during this event. Such warm values imply the absence of ice and thus exclude the influence of ice-albedo feedbacks on this Arctic warming. At the same time, sea level rose while anoxic and euxinic conditions developed in the ocean's bottom waters and photic zone, respectively. Increasing temperature and sea level match expectations based on palaeoclimate model simulations, but the absolute polar temperatures that we derive before, during and after the event are more than 10??C warmer than those model-predicted. This suggests that higher-than-modern greenhouse gas concentrations must have operated in conjunction with other feedback mechanisms-perhaps polar stratospheric clouds or hurricane-induced ocean mixing-to amplify early Palaeogene polar temperatures. ?? 2006 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/nature04668","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Pagani, M., Woltering, M., Brinkhuis, H., Damste, J., Dickens, G., Huber, M., Reichart, G., Stein, R., Matthiessen, J., Lourens, L., Pedentchouk, N., Backman, J., Moran, K., Clemens, S., Cronin, T., Eynaud, F., Gattacceca, J., Jakobsson, M., Jordan, R., Kaminski, M., King, J., Koc, N., Martinez, N., McInroy, D., Moore, T., O’Regan, M., Onodera, J., Palike, H., Rea, B., Rio, D., Sakamoto, T., Smith, D.C., St John, K., Suto, I., Suzuki, N., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, M.E., and Yamamoto, M., 2006, Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum: Nature, v. 441, no. 7093, p. 610-613, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04668.","startPage":"610","endPage":"613","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477380,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04668","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211973,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04668"},{"id":239367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"441","issue":"7093","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d9de4b08c986b31d953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sluijs, A.","contributorId":42035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sluijs","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schouten, S.","contributorId":7064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pagani, M.","contributorId":27185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagani","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woltering, M.","contributorId":17043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woltering","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brinkhuis, H.","contributorId":89719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinkhuis","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Damste, J.S.S.","contributorId":47117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damste","given":"J.S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dickens, G.R.","contributorId":88101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickens","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Huber, M.","contributorId":79703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Reichart, G.-J.","contributorId":103081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichart","given":"G.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stein, R.","contributorId":18507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Matthiessen, J.","contributorId":37531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthiessen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lourens, L.J.","contributorId":43980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lourens","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Pedentchouk, N.","contributorId":26429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedentchouk","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Backman, J.","contributorId":49596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Moran, K.","contributorId":96479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Clemens, S.","contributorId":104285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clemens","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Cronin, 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One influence on these circulation patterns is the longitudinal density gradient. In most estuaries the longitudinal density gradient typically maintains a constant direction. However, a junction of tidal channels can create a local reversal (change in sign) of the density gradient. This can occur due to a difference in the phase of tidal currents in each channel. In San Francisco Bay, the phasing of the currents at the junction of Mare Island Strait and Carquinez Strait produces a local salinity minimum in Mare Island Strait. At the location of a local salinity minimum the longitudinal density gradient reverses direction. This paper presents four numerical models that were used to investigate the circulation caused by the salinity minimum: (1) A simple one-dimensional (1D) finite difference model demonstrates that a local salinity minimum is advected into Mare Island Strait from the junction with Carquinez Strait during flood tide. (2) A three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic finite element model is used to compute the tidally averaged circulation in a channel that contains a salinity minimum (a change in the sign of the longitudinal density gradient) and compares that to a channel that contains a longitudinal density gradient in a constant direction. The tidally averaged circulation produced by the salinity minimum is characterized by converging flow at the bed and diverging flow at the surface, whereas the circulation produced by the constant direction gradient is characterized by converging flow at the bed and downstream surface currents. These velocity fields are used to drive both a particle tracking and a sediment transport model. (3) A particle tracking model demonstrates a 30 percent increase in the residence time of neutrally buoyant particles transported through the salinity minimum, as compared to transport through a constant direction density gradient. (4) A sediment transport model demonstrates increased deposition at the near-bed null point of the salinity minimum, as compared to the constant direction gradient null point. These results are corroborated by historically noted large sedimentation rates and a local maximum of selenium accumulation in clams at the null point in Mare Island Strait.
","language":"English","publisher":"eScholarship University of California","usgsCitation":"Warner, J., Schoellhamer, D., Burau, J.R., and Schladow, S.G., 2006, Flow convergence caused by a salinity minimum in a tidal channel: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 4, no. 3, p. 91-102.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324906,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2m6367vc"},{"id":324907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52777099609375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -122.52777099609375,\n 38.212288054388175\n ],\n [\n -121.76971435546874,\n 38.212288054388175\n ],\n [\n -121.76971435546874,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -122.52777099609375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780ceb6e4b0811616822338","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schladow, S. 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We measured concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and assessed macroinvertebrate assemblage and aquatic habitat with the objective of monitoring planned remediation efforts. Concentrations of metals were generally higher in downstream sites compared with upstream or reference sites, and two sites contained metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates greater than values reported to reduce health and survival of resident trout. Macroinvertebrate assemblage was correlated with metal concentrations in biofilm and macroinvertebrates. However, macroinvertebrate metrics were significantly correlated with a greater number of biofilm metals (8) than metals in invertebrates (4). Lead concentrations in biofilm appeared to have the most significant impact on macroinvertebrate assemblage. Metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates were directly proportional to concentrations in biofilm, indicating biofilm as a potential surrogate for monitoring metal impacts in aquatic systems.
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The number of data points for the Kootenai River cross sections ranged from about 500 to more than 2,500. The GA was applied to reduce the number of data points to a manageable dataset because most models and other software require fewer than 100 data points for management, manipulation, and analysis. Results indicated that the program successfully reduced the data. Fitness values from the genetic algorithm were lower (better) than those in a previous study that used standard procedures of reducing the cross section data. On average, fitnesses were 29 percent lower, and several were about 50 percent lower. Results also showed that cross sections produced by the genetic algorithm were representative of the original section and that near-optimal results could be obtained in a single run, even for large problems. Other data also can be reduced in a method similar to that for cross section data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03845.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 2006, A genetic algorithm to reduce stream channel cross section data: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 42, no. 2, p. 387-394, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03845.x.","startPage":"387","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03845.x"},{"id":239410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f1e4b0c8380cd462ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, C.","contributorId":33435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}