No abstract available.
The aftershocks of the 24 August 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake generated prominent fault‐zone trapped waves (FZTWs) that were recorded on two 1.9‐km‐long seismic arrays deployed across the northern projection (array 1, A1) and the southern part (A2) of the surface rupture of the West Napa fault zone (WNFZ). We also observed FZTWs on an array (A3) deployed across the intersection of the Franklin and Southampton faults, which appear to be the southward continuations of the WNFZ. A1, A2, and A3 consisted of 20, 20, and 10 L28 (4.5 Hz) three‐component seismographs. We analyzed waveforms of FZTWs from 55 aftershocks in both time and frequency to characterize the fault damage zone associated with this Mw 6.0 earthquake. Post‐S coda durations of FZTWs increase with epicentral distances and focal depths from the recording arrays, suggesting a low‐velocity waveguide along the WNFZ to depths in excess of 5–7 km. Locations of the aftershocks showing FZTWs, combined with 3D finite‐difference simulations, suggest the subsurface rupture zone having an S‐wave speed reduction of ∼40%–50% between A1 and A2, coincident with the ∼14‐km‐long mapped surface rupture zone and at least an ∼500‐m‐wide deformation zone. The low‐velocity waveguide along the WNFZ extends further southward to at least A3, but with a more moderate‐velocity reduction of 30%–35% at ray depth. This last FZTW observation suggests continuity between the WNFZ and Franklin fault. The waveguide effect may have localized and amplified ground shaking along the WNFZ and the faults farther to the south (see a companion paper by Catchings et al., 2016).
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120160039","collaboration":"Yong-Gang Li, USC; Mark Goldman, USGS","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Catchings, R.D., and Goldman, M.R., 2016, Subsurface fault damage zone of the 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa, California, earthquake viewed from fault‐zone trapped waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 106, no. 6, p. 2747-2763, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160039.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2747","endPage":"2763","ipdsId":"IP-070806","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South Napa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-09-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef0e4b072a7ac0cad31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Yong-Gang","contributorId":178873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Yong-Gang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, Mark R. 0000-0002-0802-829X goldman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-829X","contributorId":1521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"Mark","email":"goldman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180309,"text":"70180309 - 2016 - Intra-community implications of implementing multiple tsunami-evacuation zones in Alameda, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T07:21:38","indexId":"70180309","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra-community implications of implementing multiple tsunami-evacuation zones in Alameda, California","docAbstract":"Tsunami-evacuation planning in coastal communities is typically based on maximum evacuation zones for a single scenario or a composite of sources; however, this approach may over-evacuate a community and overly disrupt the local economy and strain emergency-service resources. To minimize the potential for future over-evacuations, multiple evacuation zones based on arrival time and inundation extent are being developed for California coastal communities. We use the coastal city of Alameda, California (USA), as a case study to explore population and evacuation implications associated with multiple tsunami-evacuation zones. We use geospatial analyses to estimate the number and type of people in each tsunami-evacuation zone and anisotropic pedestrian evacuation models to estimate pedestrian travel time out of each zone. Results demonstrate that there are tens of thousands of individuals in tsunami-evacuation zones on the two main islands of Alameda, but they will likely have sufficient time to evacuate before wave arrival. Quality of life could be impacted by the high number of government offices, schools, day-care centers, and medical offices in certain evacuation zones and by potentially high population density at one identified safe area after an evacuation. Multi-jurisdictional evacuation planning may be warranted, given that many at-risk individuals may need to evacuate to neighboring jurisdictions. The use of maximum evacuation zones for local tsunami sources may be warranted given the limited amount of available time to confidently recommend smaller zones which would result in fewer evacuees; however, this approach may also result in over-evacuation and the incorrect perception that successful evacuations are unlikely.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-016-2469-8","usgsCitation":"Peters, J., Wood, N.J., Wilson, R., and Miller, K., 2016, Intra-community implications of implementing multiple tsunami-evacuation zones in Alameda, California: Natural Hazards, v. 84, no. 2, p. 975-995, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2469-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"995","ipdsId":"IP-074253","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2469-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.38632202148438,\n 37.924701076802094\n ],\n [\n -122.38494873046875,\n 37.84666368454913\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 37.68599392939966\n ],\n [\n -122.178955078125,\n 37.62075814551956\n ],\n [\n -122.06222534179688,\n 37.667516276171426\n ],\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -122.23251342773438,\n 37.92903406232562\n ],\n [\n -122.38632202148438,\n 37.924701076802094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6a8ee4b08c8121c90908","chorus":{"doi":"10.1007/s11069-016-2469-8","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2469-8","publisher":"Springer Nature","authors":"Peters Jeff, Wood Nathan, Wilson Rick, Miller Kevin","journalName":"Natural Hazards","publicationDate":"7/19/2016","auditedOn":"2/15/2017","publiclyAccessibleDate":"7/19/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Jeff 0000-0003-4312-0590 jpeters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4312-0590","contributorId":4711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Jeff","email":"jpeters@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Nathan J. 0000-0002-6060-9729 nwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-9729","contributorId":3347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Nathan","email":"nwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Rick","contributorId":12766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Rick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Kevin","contributorId":178815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180016,"text":"70180016 - 2016 - A new species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Suriname","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T13:22:49","indexId":"70180016","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5279,"text":"Special Publications","onlineIssn":"0149-1768","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Suriname","docAbstract":"We describe a new species of bat in the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae: Myotinae) from the district of Sipaliwini, Suriname. The new species (Myotis clydejonesi sp. nov.), known from a single specimen, is sister to a clade of M. nigricans (Schinz) from southern South America, but differs from all Neotropical species of Myotis in qualitative and quantitative morphological characters and in its cytochrome-b gene sequence. Our findings also indicate that M. nigricans remains composite and provide support for restricting M. nigricans (sensu stricto) to southern South America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Museum of Texas Tech University","publisherLocation":"Lubbock, TX","usgsCitation":"Moratelli, R., Wilson, D.E., Gardner, A., Fisher, R.D., and Gutierrez, E.E., 2016, A new species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Suriname: Special Publications, v. 65, p. 49-66.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"66","ipdsId":"IP-073057","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Suriname","otherGeospatial":"Raleigh Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -56.25257492065429,\n 4.662490113737273\n ],\n [\n -56.25257492065429,\n 4.752821540264635\n ],\n [\n -56.14992141723633,\n 4.752821540264635\n ],\n [\n -56.14992141723633,\n 4.662490113737273\n ],\n [\n -56.25257492065429,\n 4.662490113737273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5889c79ae4b0ba3b075e05dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moratelli, Ricardo","contributorId":178554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moratelli","given":"Ricardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Don E.","contributorId":22254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Alfred 0000-0002-4945-1641 agardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-1641","contributorId":166760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Alfred","email":"agardner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Robert D. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rdfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":3913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rdfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gutierrez, Eliecer E.","contributorId":178556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Eliecer","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179989,"text":"70179989 - 2016 - Pseudotachylyte increases the post-slip strength of faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-23T09:23:18","indexId":"70179989","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pseudotachylyte increases the post-slip strength of faults","docAbstract":"Solidified frictional melts, or pseudotachylytes, are observed in exhumed faults from across the seismogenic zone. These unique fault rocks, and many experimental studies, suggest that frictional melting can be an important process during earthquakes. However, it remains unknown how melting affects the post-slip strength of the fault and why many exhumed faults do not contain pseudotachylyte. Analyses of triaxial stick-slip events on Westerly Granite (Rhode Island, USA) sawcuts at confining pressures from 50 to 400 MPa show evidence for frictional heating, including some events energetic enough to generate surface melt. Total and partial stress drops were observed with slip as high as 6.5 mm. We find that in dry samples following melt-producing stick slip, the shear failure strength increased as much as 50 MPa, while wet samples had <10 MPa strengthening. Microstructural analysis indicates that the strengthening is caused by welding of the slip surface during melt quenching, suggesting that natural pseudotachylytes may also strengthen faults after earthquakes. These results predict that natural pseudotachylyte will inhibit slip reactivation and possibly generate stress heterogeneities along faults. Wet samples do not exhibit melt welding, possibly because of thermal pressurization of water reducing frictional heating during slip.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/G38349.1","usgsCitation":"Proctor, B., and Lockner, D.A., 2016, Pseudotachylyte increases the post-slip strength of faults: Geology, v. 44, no. 12, p. 1003-1006, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38349.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1006","ipdsId":"IP-076629","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58863a10e4b0cad700058b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Proctor, Brooks P. 0000-0002-4878-8728 bproctor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-8728","contributorId":178527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proctor","given":"Brooks P.","email":"bproctor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":659529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, David A. 0000-0001-8630-6833 dlockner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"David","email":"dlockner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179977,"text":"70179977 - 2016 - Oak mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum) is linked to microhabitat availability and avian diversity in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T17:15:41","indexId":"70179977","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1071,"text":"Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oak mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum) is linked to microhabitat availability and avian diversity in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands","docAbstract":"Mistletoes are parasitic or hemi-parasitic flowering plants that parasitize woody plants around the globe. Important food and cover resources provided by mistletoes have been related to strong patterns of positive association between wildlife diversity and mistletoe density. Mistletoes also create microhabitat features known to be important to wildlife by causing deformations in their host trees. However, links between availability of mistletoe-formed microhabitat and wildlife diversity has not been well studied. We investigated this relationship by quantifying microhabitat features and avian abundance and diversity related to infection by Oak Mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum) in Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana). Q. garryana woodlands support several avian species of conservation concern, so an understanding of the influence of mistletoe on wildlife habitat is critical. Our results suggest that 1) structural heterogeneity within tree crowns; 2) avian species richness and abundance are positively associated with mistletoe load; and 3) P. villosum fruit, available is an important food for western bluebird (Sialia mexicana) and other wildlife in late autumn and early winter. If a goal of restoration is to maintain habitat for oak-associated bird species, managers should consider the retention of some oaks hosting mistletoe.","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ont.","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2016-0249","usgsCitation":"Pritchard, K.R., Hagar, J., and Shaw, D.C., 2016, Oak mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum) is linked to microhabitat availability and avian diversity in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands: Botany, v. 95, no. 3, p. 283-294, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0249.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"294","ipdsId":"IP-079631","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H41PMC","text":"Avian abundance and oak mistletoe survey data from the Willamette Valley, Oregon, 2013-2015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.533333,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.533333,\n 44.37\n ],\n [\n -122.866667,\n 44.37\n ],\n [\n -122.866667,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.533333,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58863a11e4b0cad700058b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pritchard, Kyle R.","contributorId":178519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pritchard","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hagar, Joan 0000-0002-3044-6607 joan_hagar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-6607","contributorId":3369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagar","given":"Joan","email":"joan_hagar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaw, David C.","contributorId":178520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaw","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180020,"text":"70180020 - 2016 - Widespread episodic thiamine deficiency in Northern Hemisphere wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-23T12:54:08","indexId":"70180020","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3358,"text":"Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Widespread episodic thiamine deficiency in Northern Hemisphere wildlife","docAbstract":"Many wildlife populations are declining at rates higher than can be explained by known threats to biodiversity. Recently, thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency has emerged as a possible contributing cause. Here, thiamine status was systematically investigated in three animal classes: bivalves, ray-finned fishes, and birds. Thiamine diphosphate is required as a cofactor in at least five life-sustaining enzymes that are required for basic cellular metabolism. Analysis of different phosphorylated forms of thiamine, as well as of activities and amount of holoenzyme and apoenzyme forms of thiamine-dependent enzymes, revealed episodically occurring thiamine deficiency in all three animal classes. These biochemical effects were also linked to secondary effects on growth, condition, liver size, blood chemistry and composition, histopathology, swimming behaviour and endurance, parasite infestation, and reproduction. It is unlikely that the thiamine deficiency is caused by impaired phosphorylation within the cells. Rather, the results point towards insufficient amounts of thiamine in the food. By investigating a large geographic area, by extending the focus from lethal to sublethal thiamine deficiency, and by linking biochemical alterations to secondary effects, we demonstrate that the problem of thiamine deficiency is considerably more widespread and severe than previously reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/srep38821","usgsCitation":"Balk, L., Hagerroth, P., Gustavsson, H., Sigg, L., Akerman, G., Ruiz Munoz, Y., Honeyfield, D.C., Tjarnlund, U., Oliveira, K., Strom, K., McCormick, S., Karlsson, S., Strom, M., van Manen, M., Berg, A., Halldórsson, H., Stromquist, J., Collier, T.K., Borjeson, H., Morner, T., and Hansson, T., 2016, Widespread episodic thiamine deficiency in Northern Hemisphere wildlife: Scientific Reports, v. 6, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38821.","productDescription":"Article 38821; 13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","ipdsId":"IP-081436","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38821","text":"Publisher Index 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Hanna","contributorId":178577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gustavsson","given":"Hanna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sigg, Lisa","contributorId":178578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigg","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Akerman, Gun","contributorId":178579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akerman","given":"Gun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruiz Munoz, Yolanda","contributorId":178580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz Munoz","given":"Yolanda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Honeyfield, Dale C. 0000-0003-3034-2047 honeyfie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":2774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"Dale","email":"honeyfie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tjarnlund, Ulla","contributorId":178581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tjarnlund","given":"Ulla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Oliveira, Kenneth","contributorId":178582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliveira","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Strom, Karin","contributorId":178583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strom","given":"Karin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":39666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":659828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Karlsson, Simon","contributorId":178584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karlsson","given":"Simon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Strom, Marika","contributorId":178585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strom","given":"Marika","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"van Manen, Mathijs","contributorId":178586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Manen","given":"Mathijs","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Berg, Anna-Lena","contributorId":178587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berg","given":"Anna-Lena","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Halldórsson, Halldór P.","contributorId":178588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halldórsson","given":"Halldór P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Stromquist, Jennie","contributorId":178589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stromquist","given":"Jennie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Collier, Tracy K.","contributorId":178590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Borjeson, Hans","contributorId":178591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borjeson","given":"Hans","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Morner, Torsten","contributorId":178592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morner","given":"Torsten","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Hansson, Tomas","contributorId":178593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansson","given":"Tomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70179990,"text":"70179990 - 2016 - Juvenile magma recognition and eruptive dynamics inferred from the analysis of ash time series: The 2015 reawakening of Cotopaxi volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-23T09:28:42","indexId":"70179990","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Juvenile magma recognition and eruptive dynamics inferred from the analysis of ash time series: The 2015 reawakening of Cotopaxi volcano","docAbstract":"Forecasting future activity and performing hazard assessments during the reactivation of volcanoes remain great challenges for the volcanological community. On August 14, 2015 Cotopaxi volcano erupted for the first time in 73 years after approximately four months of precursory activity, which included an increase in seismicity, gas emissions, and minor ground deformation. Here we discuss the use of near real-time petrological monitoring of ash samples as a complementary aid to geophysical monitoring, in order to infer eruption dynamics and evaluate possible future eruptive activity at Cotopaxi. Twenty ash samples were collected between August 14 and November 23, 2015 from a monitoring site on the west flank of the volcano. These samples contain a range of grain types that we classified as: hydrothermal/altered, lithic, juvenile, and free crystals. The relative proportions of theses grains evolved as the eruption progressed, with increasing amounts of juvenile material and a decrease in hydrothermally altered material. In samples from the initial explosion, juvenile grains are glassy, microlite-poor and contain hydrothermal minerals (opal and alunite). The rising magma came in contact with the hydrothermal system under confinement, causing hydro-magmatic explosions that cleared the upper part of the plumbing system. Subsequently, the magmatic column produced a thermal aureole in the conduit and dried out the hydrothermal system, allowing for dry eruptions. Magma ascent rates were low enough to allow for efficient outgassing and microlite growth. Constant supply of magma from below caused quasi-continuous disruption of the uppermost magma volume through a combination of shear-deformation and gas expansion. The combination of increasing crystallinity of juvenile grains, and high measured SO2 flux indicate decreasing integrated magma ascent rates and clearing of the hydrothermal system along transport pathways in a system open to gas loss. The near real-time monitoring of ash samples combined with traditional geophysical monitoring techniques during the reawakening of Cotopaxi allowed us to gain a much clearer understanding of events than when using traditional geophysical monitoring alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.10.013","usgsCitation":"Gaunt, H.E., Bernard, B., Hidalgo, S., Proano, A., Wright, H.M., Mothes, P., Criollo, E., and Kueppers, U., 2016, Juvenile magma recognition and eruptive dynamics inferred from the analysis of ash time series: The 2015 reawakening of Cotopaxi volcano: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 328, p. 134-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.10.013.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"148","ipdsId":"IP-077211","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.10.013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Cotopaxi volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.43826293945312,\n -0.6351340866498045\n ],\n [\n -78.40255737304688,\n -0.6426867176331666\n ],\n [\n -78.39500427246094,\n -0.6564187452630884\n ],\n [\n -78.387451171875,\n -0.6763301181391345\n ],\n [\n -78.39019775390625,\n -0.7051671334034612\n ],\n [\n -78.40736389160156,\n -0.7243917114554929\n ],\n [\n -78.41972351074217,\n -0.7415564444349226\n ],\n [\n -78.4430694580078,\n -0.7532284249372523\n ],\n [\n -78.46229553222656,\n -0.7546015970681939\n ],\n [\n -78.48289489746094,\n -0.7566613544516054\n ],\n [\n -78.49800109863281,\n -0.7436162079501638\n ],\n [\n -78.50006103515625,\n -0.7319442020676312\n ],\n [\n -78.51173400878906,\n -0.7127196557979029\n ],\n [\n -78.49937438964844,\n -0.6941816244460747\n ],\n [\n -78.49044799804688,\n -0.6763301181391345\n ],\n [\n -78.48701477050781,\n -0.6632847449871807\n ],\n [\n -78.48289489746094,\n -0.6440599220704907\n ],\n [\n -78.47465515136719,\n -0.6330742762788482\n ],\n [\n -78.46641540527342,\n -0.6296412571769079\n ],\n [\n -78.43826293945312,\n -0.6351340866498045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"328","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58863a10e4b0cad700058b55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaunt, H. Elizabeth","contributorId":178528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaunt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernard, Benjamin","contributorId":178529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernard","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hidalgo, Silvana","contributorId":178530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hidalgo","given":"Silvana","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Proano, Antonio","contributorId":178531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Proano","given":"Antonio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, Heather M. 0000-0001-9013-507X hwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-507X","contributorId":3949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Heather","email":"hwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mothes, Patricia","contributorId":178532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mothes","given":"Patricia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Criollo, Evelyn","contributorId":178533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Criollo","given":"Evelyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kueppers, Ulrich","contributorId":178534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kueppers","given":"Ulrich","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70180021,"text":"70180021 - 2016 - Reconstructing surface ocean circulation with 129I time series records from corals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-23T12:38:00","indexId":"70180021","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2263,"text":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing surface ocean circulation with 129I time series records from corals","docAbstract":"The long-lived radionuclide 129I (half-life: 15.7 × 106 yr) is well-known as a useful environmental tracer. At present, the global 129I in surface water is about 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than pre-1960 levels. Since the 1990s, anthropogenic 129I produced from industrial nuclear fuels reprocessing plants has been the primary source of 129I in marine surface waters of the Atlantic and around the globe. Here we present four coral 129I time series records from: 1) Con Dao and 2) Xisha Islands, the South China Sea, 3) Rabaul, Papua New Guinea and 4) Guam. The Con Dao coral 129I record features a sudden increase in 129I in 1959. The Xisha coral shows similar peak values for 129I as the Con Dao coral, punctuated by distinct low values, likely due to the upwelling in the central South China Sea. The Rabaul coral features much more gradual 129I increases in the 1970s, similar to a published record from the Solomon Islands. The Guam coral 129I record contains the largest measured values for any site, with two large peaks, in 1955 and 1959. Nuclear weapons testing was the primary 129I source in the Western Pacific in the latter part of the 20th Century, notably from testing in the Marshall Islands. The Guam 1955 peak and Con Dao 1959 increases are likely from the 1954 Castle Bravo test, and the Operation Hardtack I test is the most likely source of the 1959 peak observed at Guam. Radiogenic iodine found in coral was carried primarily through surface ocean currents. The coral 129I time series data provide a broad picture of the surface distribution and depth penetration of 129I in the Pacific Ocean over the past 60 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.09.016","usgsCitation":"Chang, C., Burr, G.S., Jull, A.J., Russell, J.L., Biddulph, D., White, L., Prouty, N.G., Chen, Y., Chuan-Chou Shen, Zhou, W., and Lam, D.D., 2016, Reconstructing surface ocean circulation with 129I time series records from corals: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, v. 165, p. 144-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.09.016.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"150","ipdsId":"IP-075265","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.09.016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58872485e4b08aa8f945abbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Ching-Chih","contributorId":178566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"Ching-Chih","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burr, George S.","contributorId":178567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burr","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jull, A. J. Timothy","contributorId":178568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jull","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Russell, Joellen L.","contributorId":178569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Joellen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Biddulph, Dana","contributorId":178570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biddulph","given":"Dana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Lara","contributorId":178571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Lara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chen, Yue-Gau","contributorId":178572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Yue-Gau","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chuan-Chou Shen","contributorId":178573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuan-Chou Shen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zhou, Weijian","contributorId":178574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Weijian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lam, Doan Dinh","contributorId":178575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lam","given":"Doan","email":"","middleInitial":"Dinh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70178566,"text":"fs20163078 - 2016 - Groundwater quality in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system, eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T11:51:25","indexId":"fs20163078","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-19T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3078","title":"Groundwater quality in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system constitutes one of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 15 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 17 percent. Organic constituents were not detected at high concentrations in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163078","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system constitutes one of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 6 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 13 percent. One or more organic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at moderate concentrations in about 3 percent of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163076","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers constitute one of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 20 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 49 percent. Organic constituents were not detected at high concentrations in the study area. One or more organic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at moderate concentrations in about 3 percent of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163080","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Coastal Lowlands aquifer system constitutes one of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 12 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 18 percent. Organic constituents were not detected at high or moderate concentrations in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163077","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Valley and Ridge and Piedmont and Blue Ridge carbonate-rock aquifers constitute two of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 15 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 17 percent. Organic constituents were not detected at high concentrations in the study area. One or more organic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at moderate concentrations in about 2 percent of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163079","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
This report, based on a symposium held on October 13, 2011, at the National Wildlife Visitor Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge in Laurel, MD, documents the history of the Patuxent Research Refuge and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, collectively known as Patuxent. The symposium was one of the many activities occurring at that time to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the creation of the Patuxent Research Refuge in 1936. The Patuxent Wildlife Research Center is located at the refuge, and the research center director, Dr. Gregory J. Smith, with great enthusiasm, personally supervised all aspects of the celebration. The symposium was coordinated by Dr. Matthew C. Perry, the editor of this report, with Dr. Smith’s strong support. The refuge and the research center have been essentially synonymous for the almost 80 years of their history.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1422","isbn":"978-1-4113-4099-2","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Perry, M.C., ed., 2016, The history of Patuxent—America’s wildlife research story: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1422, 255 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1422.","productDescription":"xii, 255 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-077170","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333304,"rank":7,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/circ1422_5-programs.pdf","text":"Topic 5 -","size":"3.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1422","linkHelpText":"Other Programs at Patuxent"},{"id":333303,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/circ1422_4-endangeredspecies.pdf","text":"Topic 4 -","size":"8.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1422","linkHelpText":"Endangered Species Research Program"},{"id":333302,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/circ1422_3-environment.pdf","text":"Topic 3 -","size":"6.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1422","linkHelpText":"Environmental Contaminant Research Program"},{"id":333301,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/circ1422_2-migratory-bird.pdf","text":"Topic 2 -","size":"5.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1422","linkHelpText":"Migratory Bird Research, Monitoring, and Management"},{"id":333300,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/circ1422_1-earlyyears.pdf","text":"Topic 1 -","size":"4.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1422","linkHelpText":"The Early Years of Patuxent Research"},{"id":333299,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/circ1422.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1422"},{"id":333298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1422/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708
Wind energy generation holds the potential to adversely affect wildlife populations. Species-wide effects are difficult to study and few, if any, studies examine effects of wind energy generation on any species across its entire range. One species that may be affected by wind energy generation is the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), which is found in the eastern and midwestern United States. In addition to mortality from wind energy generation, the species also faces range-wide threats from the emerging infectious fungal disease, white-nose syndrome (WNS). White-nose syndrome, caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, disturbs hibernating bats leading to high levels of mortality. We used a spatially explicit full-annual-cycle model to investigate how wind turbine mortality and WNS may singly and then together affect population dynamics of this species. In the simulation, wind turbine mortality impacted the metapopulation dynamics of the species by causing extirpation of some of the smaller winter colonies. In general, effects of wind turbines were localized and focused on specific spatial subpopulations. Conversely, WNS had a depressive effect on the species across its range. Wind turbine mortality interacted with WNS and together these stressors had a larger impact than would be expected from either alone, principally because these stressors together act to reduce species abundance across the spectrum of population sizes. Our findings illustrate the importance of not only prioritizing the protection of large winter colonies as is currently done, but also of protecting metapopulation dynamics and migratory connectivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"PeerJ","doi":"10.7717/peerj.2830","usgsCitation":"Erickson, R.A., Thogmartin, W.E., Diffendorfer, J., Russell, R.E., and Szymanski, J.A., 2016, Effects of wind energy generation and white-nose syndrome on the viability of the Indiana bat: PeerJ, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2830.","productDescription":"e2830; 19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","ipdsId":"IP-066589","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470274,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2830","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F75M63TN","text":"Indiana Bat 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42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -70.6640625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d3ee4b01dfadfff1531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, Richard A. 0000-0003-4649-482X rerickson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-482X","contributorId":5455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Richard","email":"rerickson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diffendorfer, James E. 0000-0003-1093-6948 jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-6948","contributorId":3208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffendorfer","given":"James E.","email":"jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Russell, Robin E. 0000-0001-8726-7303 rerussell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-7303","contributorId":3998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Robin","email":"rerussell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Szymanski, Jennifer A.","contributorId":51593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szymanski","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179719,"text":"70179719 - 2016 - Recent advances in understanding flow dynamics and transport of water-quality constituents in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T09:39:55","indexId":"70179719","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in understanding flow dynamics and transport of water-quality constituents in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","docAbstract":"This paper, part of the collection of research\ncomprising the State of Bay–Delta Science 2016,\ndescribes advances during the past decade in\nunderstanding flow dynamics and how water-quality\nconstituents move within California’s Sacramento–\nSan Joaquin River Delta (Delta). Water-quality\nconstituents include salinity, heat, oxygen, nutrients,\ncontaminants, organic particles, and inorganic\nparticles. These constituents are affected by water\ndiversions and other human manipulations of flow,\nand they greatly affect the quantity and quality of\nbenthic, pelagic, and intertidal habitat in the Delta.\nThe Pacific Ocean, the Central Valley watershed,\nhuman intervention, the atmosphere, and internal\nbiogeochemical processes are all drivers of flow\nand transport in the Delta. These drivers provide a\nconceptual framework for presenting recent findings.\nThe tremendous expansion of acoustic and optical\ninstruments deployed in the Delta over the past\ndecade has greatly improved our understanding\nof how tidal variability affects flow and transport.\nSediment is increasingly viewed as a diminishing\nresource needed to sustain pelagic habitat and tidal\nmarsh, especially as sea level rises. Connections\namong the watershed, Delta, and San Francisco Bay\nthat have been quantified recently highlight that a\nlandscape view of this system is needed, rather than\nconsideration of each region in isolation. We discuss\ninteractions of multiple drivers and information gaps.","language":"English","publisher":"John Muir Institute of the Environment","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss4art1","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., Wright, S., Monismith, S., and Bergamaschi, B.A., 2016, Recent advances in understanding flow dynamics and transport of water-quality constituents in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 14, no. 4, Article 1: 25 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss4art1.","productDescription":"Article 1: 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-066747","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":461982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss4art1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","volume":"14","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5879f5aae4b0847d353f44bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":140776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179702,"text":"70179702 - 2016 - Investigating dynamic sources of pharmaceuticals: Demographic and seasonal use are more important than down-the-drain disposal in wastewater effluent in a University City setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:08:44","indexId":"70179702","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating dynamic sources of pharmaceuticals: Demographic and seasonal use are more important than down-the-drain disposal in wastewater effluent in a University City setting","docAbstract":"Pharmaceutical pollution in surface waters poses risks to human and ecosystem health. Wastewater treatment facilities are primary sources of pharmaceutical pollutants, but little is known about the factors that affect drugs entering the wastewater stream. This paper investigates the effects of student pharmaceutical use and disposal behaviors and an annual demographic shift on pharmaceutical pollution in a university town. We sampled wastewater effluent during a ten-day annual spring student move-out period at the University of Vermont. We then interpreted these data in light of survey results that investigated pharmaceutical purchasing, use, and disposal practices among the university student population. Surveys indicated that the majority of student respondents purchased pharmaceuticals in the previous year. Many students reported having leftover drugs, though only a small portion disposed of them, mainly in the trash.
We detected 51 pharmaceuticals in 80% or more of the wastewater effluent samples collected over the ten-day sampling period. Several increased in concentration after students left the area. Concentrations of caffeine and nicotine decreased weakly. Drug disposal among this university student population does not appear to be a major source of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Increases in pharmaceutical concentration after the students left campus can be tied to an increase in the seasonal use of allergy medications directly related to pollen, as well as a demographic shift to a year-round older population, which supports national data that older people use larger volumes and different types of pharmaceuticals than the younger student population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.199","usgsCitation":"Vatovec, C., Phillips, P.J., Van Wagoner, E., Scott, T., and Furlong, E.T., 2016, Investigating dynamic sources of pharmaceuticals: Demographic and seasonal use are more important than down-the-drain disposal in wastewater effluent in a University City setting: Science of the Total Environment, v. 572, p. 906-914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.199.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"906","endPage":"914","ipdsId":"IP-074658","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Burlington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.25958251953125,\n 44.42765069807356\n ],\n [\n -73.25958251953125,\n 44.5058104003897\n ],\n [\n -73.16070556640625,\n 44.5058104003897\n ],\n [\n -73.16070556640625,\n 44.42765069807356\n ],\n [\n -73.25958251953125,\n 44.42765069807356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"572","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5878a48ae4b04df303d95800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vatovec, Christine","contributorId":178267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vatovec","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. 0000-0001-5915-2015 pjphilli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5915-2015","contributorId":172757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Wagoner, Emily","contributorId":178268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, Tia-Marie 0000-0002-5677-0544 tia-mariescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5677-0544","contributorId":5122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Tia-Marie","email":"tia-mariescott@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179688,"text":"70179688 - 2016 - Methods of soil resampling to monitor changes in the chemical concentrations of forest soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T13:01:26","indexId":"70179688","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2498,"text":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods of soil resampling to monitor changes in the chemical concentrations of forest soils","docAbstract":"Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.
","language":"English","publisher":"JoVE","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, MA","doi":"10.3791/54815","collaboration":"New York State Energy Research and Development Authority; USGS","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G.B., Fernandez, I.J., Hazlett, P.W., Bailey, S.W., Ross, D., Villars, T.R., Quintana, A., , O., McHale, M., Johnson, C.E., Briggs, R.D., Colter, R.A., Siemion, J., Bartlett, O.L., Vargas, O., Antidormi, M.R., and Koppers, M.M., 2016, Methods of soil resampling to monitor changes in the chemical concentrations of forest soils: Journal of Visualized Experiments, v. 117, e54815: 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3791/54815.","productDescription":"e54815: 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-074862","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/54815","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333057,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58772078e4b0315b4c11fe2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fernandez, Ivan J.","contributorId":80174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Ivan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazlett, Paul W.","contributorId":101177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazlett","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Scott W. 0000-0002-9160-156X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-156X","contributorId":36840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ross, Donald S.","contributorId":9565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Villars, Thomas R.","contributorId":178219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villars","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Quintana, Angelica","contributorId":178220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quintana","given":"Angelica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":" Ouimet","contributorId":140810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Ouimet","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13582,"text":"Director of Forestry Research, Dept of Natural Resources & Wildlife, Quebec, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":658237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McHale, Michael 0000-0003-3780-1816 mmchale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-1816","contributorId":177292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","email":"mmchale@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Johnson, Chris E.","contributorId":17539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Briggs, Russell D.","contributorId":149663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6650,"text":"SUNY - 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2016 - Evaluating within-population variability in behavior and demography for the adaptive potential of a dispersal-limited species to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T13:08:24","indexId":"70179686","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating within-population variability in behavior and demography for the adaptive potential of a dispersal-limited species to climate change","docAbstract":"Multiple pathways exist for species to respond to changing climates. However, responses of dispersal-limited species will be more strongly tied to ability to adapt within existing populations as rates of environmental change will likely exceed movement rates. Here, we assess adaptive capacity in Plethodon cinereus, a dispersal-limited woodland salamander. We quantify plasticity in behavior and variation in demography to observed variation in environmental variables over a 5-year period. We found strong evidence that temperature and rainfall influence P. cinereus surface presence, indicating changes in climate are likely to affect seasonal activity patterns. We also found that warmer summer temperatures reduced individual growth rates into the autumn, which is likely to have negative demographic consequences. Reduced growth rates may delay reproductive maturity and lead to reductions in size-specific fecundity, potentially reducing population-level persistence. To better understand within-population variability in responses, we examined differences between two common color morphs. Previous evidence suggests that the color polymorphism may be linked to physiological differences in heat and moisture tolerance. We found only moderate support for morph-specific differences for the relationship between individual growth and temperature. Measuring environmental sensitivity to climatic variability is the first step in predicting species' responses to climate change. Our results suggest phenological shifts and changes in growth rates are likely responses under scenarios where further warming occurs, and we discuss possible adaptive strategies for resulting selective pressures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Pub. Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1002/ece3.2573","usgsCitation":"Munoz, D.J., Miller Hesed, K., Grant, E., and Miller, D.A., 2016, Evaluating within-population variability in behavior and demography for the adaptive potential of a dispersal-limited species to climate change: Ecology and Evolution, v. 6, no. 24, p. 8740-8755, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2573.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"8740","endPage":"8755","ipdsId":"IP-075389","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2573","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"24","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58772078e4b0315b4c11fe2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munoz, David J.","contributorId":178213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munoz","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller Hesed, Kyle","contributorId":178214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller Hesed","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, Evan H. Campbell ehgrant@usgs.gov","contributorId":3696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"Evan H. Campbell","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, David A.W. davidmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"davidmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":658224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179687,"text":"70179687 - 2016 - Using spatial capture–recapture to elucidate population processes and space-use in herpetological studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T12:44:15","indexId":"70179687","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using spatial capture–recapture to elucidate population processes and space-use in herpetological studies","docAbstract":"The cryptic behavior and ecology of herpetofauna make estimating the impacts of environmental change on demography difficult; yet, the ability to measure demographic relationships is essential for elucidating mechanisms leading to the population declines reported for herpetofauna worldwide. Recently developed spatial capture–recapture (SCR) methods are well suited to standard herpetofauna monitoring approaches. Individually identifying animals and their locations allows accurate estimates of population densities and survival. Spatial capture–recapture methods also allow estimation of parameters describing space-use and movement, which generally are expensive or difficult to obtain using other methods. In this paper, we discuss the basic components of SCR models, the available software for conducting analyses, and the experimental designs based on common herpetological survey methods. We then apply SCR models to Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), to determine differences in density, survival, dispersal, and space-use between adult male and female salamanders. By highlighting the capabilities of SCR, and its advantages compared to traditional methods, we hope to give herpetologists the resource they need to apply SCR in their own systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","publisherLocation":"Riverside, CA","doi":"10.1670/15-166","usgsCitation":"Munoz, D.J., Miller, D.A., Sutherland, C., and Grant, E., 2016, Using spatial capture–recapture to elucidate population processes and space-use in herpetological studies: Journal of Herpetology, v. 50, no. 4, p. 570-581, https://doi.org/10.1670/15-166.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"570","endPage":"581","ipdsId":"IP-069319","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58772078e4b0315b4c11fe2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munoz, David J.","contributorId":178213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munoz","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, David A.W. davidmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"davidmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":658227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutherland, Chris","contributorId":150670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sutherland","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grant, Evan H. Campbell ehgrant@usgs.gov","contributorId":146545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"Evan H. Campbell","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179639,"text":"70179639 - 2016 - Climatic drivers for multidecadal shifts in solute transport and methane production zones within a large peat basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T09:12:30","indexId":"70179639","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic drivers for multidecadal shifts in solute transport and methane production zones within a large peat basin","docAbstract":"Northern peatlands are an important source for greenhouse gases, but their capacity to produce methane remains uncertain under changing climatic conditions. We therefore analyzed a 43 year time series of the pore-water chemistry to determine if long-term shifts in precipitation altered the vertical transport of solutes within a large peat basin in northern Minnesota. These data suggest that rates of methane production can be finely tuned to multidecadal shifts in precipitation that drive the vertical penetration of labile carbon substrates within the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands. Tritium and cation profiles demonstrate that only the upper meter of these peat deposits was flushed by downwardly moving recharge from 1965 to 1983 during a Transitional Dry-to-Moist Period. However, a shift to a moister climate after 1984 drove surface waters much deeper, largely flushing the pore waters of all bogs and fens to depths of 2 m. Labile carbon compounds were transported downward from the rhizosphere to the basal peat at this time producing a substantial enrichment of methane in Δ14C with respect to the solid-phase peat from 1991 to 2008. These data indicate that labile carbon substrates can fuel deep production zones of methanogenesis that more than doubled in thickness across this large peat basin after 1984. Moreover, the entire peat profile apparently has the capacity to produce methane from labile carbon substrates depending on climate-driven modes of solute transport. Future changes in precipitation may therefore play a central role in determining the source strength of peatlands in the global methane cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2016GB005397","usgsCitation":"Glaser, P.H., Siegel, D.I., Chanton, J.P., Reeve, A.S., Rosenberry, D.O., Corbett, J.E., Dasgupta, S., and Levy, Z., 2016, Climatic drivers for multidecadal shifts in solute transport and methane production zones within a large peat basin: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 30, no. 11, p. 1578-1598, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005397.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1598","ipdsId":"IP-078603","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005397","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.6667,\n 48.065232067568\n ],\n [\n -95.6667,\n 48.73083222613515\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 48.73083222613515\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 48.065232067568\n ],\n [\n -95.6667,\n 48.065232067568\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5874b0ace4b0a829a320bb61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glaser, Paul H.","contributorId":178129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glaser","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":178130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chanton, Jeffrey P.","contributorId":178131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chanton","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reeve, Andrew S.","contributorId":178132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeve","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Corbett, J. Elizabeth","contributorId":178133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corbett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dasgupta, Soumitri","contributorId":178134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dasgupta","given":"Soumitri","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Levy, Zeno","contributorId":178135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levy","given":"Zeno","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187328,"text":"70187328 - 2016 - Saltwater intrusion monitoring in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-07T16:24:25","indexId":"70187328","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1672,"text":"Florida Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Saltwater intrusion monitoring in Florida","docAbstract":"Florida's communities are largely dependent on freshwater from groundwater aquifers. Existing saltwater in the aquifers, or seawater that intrudes parts of the aquifers that were fresh, can make the water unusable without additional processing. The quality of Florida's saltwater intrusion monitoring networks varies. In Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, for example, there is a well-designed network with recently constructed short open-interval monitoring wells that bracket the saltwater interface in the Biscayne aquifer. Geochemical analyses of water samples from the network help scientists evaluate pathways of saltwater intrusion and movement of the saltwater interface. Geophysical measurements, collected in these counties, aid the mapping of the saltwater interface and the design of monitoring networks. In comparison, deficiencies in the Collier County monitoring network include the positioning of monitoring wells, reliance on wells with long open intervals that when sampled might provide questionable results, and the inability of existing analyses to differentiate between multiple pathways of saltwater intrusion. A state-wide saltwater intrusion monitoring network is being planned; the planned network could improve saltwater intrusion monitoring by adopting the applicable strategies of the networks of Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, and by addressing deficiencies such as those described for the Collier County network.
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Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178873,"text":"ofr20161202 - 2016 - Sharing our data—An overview of current (2016) USGS policies and practices for publishing data on ScienceBase and an example interactive mapping application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T10:50:24","indexId":"ofr20161202","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-05T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1202","title":" Sharing our data—An overview of current (2016) USGS policies and practices for publishing data on ScienceBase and an example interactive mapping application","docAbstract":"This report provides an overview of current (2016) U.S. Geological Survey policies and practices related to publishing data on ScienceBase, and an example interactive mapping application to display those data. ScienceBase is an integrated data sharing platform managed by the U.S. Geological Survey. This report describes resources that U.S. Geological Survey Scientists can use for writing data management plans, formatting data, and creating metadata, as well as for data and metadata review, uploading data and metadata to ScienceBase, and sharing metadata through the U.S. Geological Survey Science Data Catalog. Because data publishing policies and practices are evolving, scientists should consult the resources cited in this paper for definitive policy information.
An example is provided where, using the content of a published ScienceBase data release that is associated with an interpretive product, a simple user interface is constructed to demonstrate how the open source capabilities of the R programming language and environment can interact with the properties and objects of the ScienceBase item and be used to generate interactive maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161202","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Community for Data Integration","usgsCitation":"Chase, K.J., Bock, A.R., and Sando, Roy, 2017, Sharing our data—An overview of current (2016) USGS policies and practices for publishing data on ScienceBase and an example interactive mapping application: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1202, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161202.","productDescription":"Report: v, 10 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-076724","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1202/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332691,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1202/ofr20161202.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.69 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1202 Report PDF"}],"contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
http://wy-mt.water.usgs.gov/