{"pageNumber":"1042","pageRowStart":"26025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40837,"records":[{"id":70029129,"text":"70029129 - 2005 - Observations of plan-view sand ripple behavior and spectral wave climate on the inner shelf of San Pedro Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029129","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of plan-view sand ripple behavior and spectral wave climate on the inner shelf of San Pedro Bay, California","docAbstract":"Concurrent video images of sand ripples and current meter measurements of directional wave spectra are analyzed to study the relations between waves and wave-generated sand ripples. The data were collected on the inner shelf off Huntington Beach, California, at 15 m water depth, where the sea floor is comprised of well-sorted very fine sands (D50=92 ??m), during the winter of 2002. The wave climate, which was controlled by southerly swells (12-18 s period) and westerly wind waves (5-10 s period), included three wave types: (A) uni-modal, swells only; (B) bi-modal, swells dominant; and (C) bi-modal, wind-wave dominant. Each wave type has distinct relations with the plan-view shapes of ripples that are classified into five types: (1) sharp-crested, two-dimensional (2-D) ripples; (2) sharp-crested, brick-pattern, 3-D ripples; (3) bifurcated, 3-D ripples; (4) round-crested, shallow, 3-D ripples; and (5) flat bed. The ripple spacing is very small and varies between 4.5 and 7.5 cm. These ripples are anorbital as ripples in many field studies. Ripple orientation is only correlated with wave directions during strong storms (wave type C). In a poly-modal, multi-directional spectral wave environment, the use of the peak parameters (frequency, direction), a common practice when spectral wave measurements are unavailable, may lead to significant errors in boundary layer and sediment transport calculations. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.10.004","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Xu, J.P., 2005, Observations of plan-view sand ripple behavior and spectral wave climate on the inner shelf of San Pedro Bay, California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 25, no. 3, p. 373-396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.10.004.","startPage":"373","endPage":"396","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210660,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.10.004"},{"id":237653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a9ae4b0c8380cd74282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029127,"text":"70029127 - 2005 - Old groundwater influence on stream hydrochemistry and catchment response times in a small Sierra Nevada catchment: Sagehen Creek, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T11:19:09","indexId":"70029127","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Old groundwater influence on stream hydrochemistry and catchment response times in a small Sierra Nevada catchment: Sagehen Creek, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationship between the chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater and residence times was used to understand the temporal variability in stream hydrochemistry in Sagehen basin, California. On the basis of the relationship between groundwater age and [Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>], the mean residence time of groundwater feeding Sagehen Creek during base flow is approximately 28 years. [Cl</span><sup>−</sup><span>]:[Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>] ratios in Sagehen Creek can be used to distinguish between two important processes: changes in the apparent age of groundwater discharging into the creek and dilution with snowmelt. The mean residence time of groundwater discharging into the creek is approximately 15 years during snowmelt periods. The results from this study have implications for hydrograph separation studies as groundwater is not a single, well‐mixed chemical component but rather is a variable parameter that predictably depends on groundwater residence time. Most current models of catchment hydrochemistry do not account for chemical and isotopic variability found within the groundwater reservoir. In addition, this study provides valuable insight into the long‐term hydrochemical response of a catchment to perturbations as catchment‐flushing times are related to the mean residence time of water in a basin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002805","usgsCitation":"Rademacher, L.K., Clark, J.F., Clow, D.W., and Bryant, H.G., 2005, Old groundwater influence on stream hydrochemistry and catchment response times in a small Sierra Nevada catchment: Sagehen Creek, California: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 2, Article W02004; 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002805.","productDescription":"Article W02004; 10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477712,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002805","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sagehen Creek, Sierra Nevada mountains","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d57e4b0c8380cd750a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rademacher, Laura K.","contributorId":81691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rademacher","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Jordan F.","contributorId":202013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Jordan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36321,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryant, Hudson G.","contributorId":7889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Hudson","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029123,"text":"70029123 - 2005 - Acute toxicity of six freshwater mussel species (Glochidia) to six chemicals: Implications for daphnids and Utterbackia imbecillis as surrogates for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029123","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of six freshwater mussel species (Glochidia) to six chemicals: Implications for daphnids and Utterbackia imbecillis as surrogates for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae)","docAbstract":"Acute (24-h) toxicity tests were used in this study to compare lethality responses in early life stages (glochidia) of six freshwater mussel species, Leptodea fragilis, U. imbecillis, Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Megalonaias nervosa, and Ligumia subrostrata, and two standard test organisms, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. Concentrations of carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol, permethrin, and 2,4-D were used in acute exposures to represent different chemical classes and modes of action. The relative sensitivities of species were evaluated by ranking their LC 50 values for each chemical. We used these ranks to determine the extent to which U. imbecillis (one of the most commonly used unionids in toxicity tests) was representative of the tolerances of other mussels. We also calculated geometric mean LC50s for the families Unionidae and Daphnidae. Rankings of these data were used to assess the extent to which Daphnidae can be used as surrogates for freshwater mussels relative to chemical sensitivity. While no single chemical elicited consistently high or low toxicity estimates, carbaryl and 2,4-D were generally the least toxic to all species tested. No species was always the most sensitive, and Daphnidae were generally protective of Unionidae. Utterbackia imbecillis, while often proposed as a standard unionid mussel test species, did not always qualify as a sufficient surrogate (i.e., a substitute organism that often elicits similar sensitivity responses to the same contaminant exposure) for other species of mussels, since it was usually one of the more tolerant species in our rankings. U. imbecillis should be used as a surrogate species only with this caution on its relative insensitivity. ?? 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00244-003-3125-3","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Milam, C., Farris, J., Dwyer, F., and Hardesty, D., 2005, Acute toxicity of six freshwater mussel species (Glochidia) to six chemicals: Implications for daphnids and Utterbackia imbecillis as surrogates for protection of freshwater mussels (Unionidae): Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 48, no. 2, p. 166-173, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-3125-3.","startPage":"166","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210606,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-3125-3"},{"id":237580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6dee4b0c8380cd476ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milam, C.D.","contributorId":65197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milam","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, J.L.","contributorId":88849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardesty, D.K.","contributorId":43935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardesty","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029120,"text":"70029120 - 2005 - Disturbance of eelgrass Zostera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T16:49:06.736759","indexId":"70029120","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Disturbance of eelgrass <i>Zostera marina</i> by commercial mussel <i>Mytilus edulis</i> harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery","title":"Disturbance of eelgrass Zostera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied the effects of commercial harvest of blue mussels&nbsp;</span><i>Mytilus edulis</i><span>&nbsp;on eelgrass&nbsp;</span><i>Zostera marina<span>&nbsp;</span></i><span>L. in Maquoit Bay, Maine, USA, at a hierarchy of scales. We used aerial photography, underwater video, and eelgrass population- and shoot-based measurements to quantify dragging impacts within 4 sites that had been disturbed at different times over an approximate 7 yr interval, and to project eelgrass meadow recovery rates. Dragging had disturbed 10% of the eelgrass cover in Maquoit Bay, with dragged sites ranging from 3.4 to 31.8 ha in size. Dragging removed above- and belowground plant material from the majority of the bottom in the disturbed sites. One year following dragging, eelgrass shoot density, shoot height and total biomass of disturbed sites averaged respectively 2 to 3%, 46 to 61% and &lt;1% that of the reference sites. Substantial differences in eelgrass biomass persisted between disturbed and reference sites up to 7 yr after dragging. Dragging did not affect physical characteristics of the sediment. The pattern and rate of eelgrass bed recovery depended strongly on initial dragging intensity; areas of relatively light dragging with many remnant eelgrass patches (i.e. patches that were missed by the mussel dredge) showed considerable revegetation in 1 yr. However, by developing recovery trajectories from measurements at sites disturbed in different years, we projected that it would require a mean of 10.6 yr for recovery of eelgrass shoot density within the areas of intense dragging characterizing most of the disturbed sites. A spatial simulation model based on measured rates of lateral patch-expansion (mean 12.5 cm yr</span><sup>-1</sup><span>) and new-patch recruitment (mean 0.19 patches m</span><sup>-2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>-1</sup><span>) yielded a mean bed recovery time of 9 to 11 yr following dragging, depending on initial degree of plant removal. Model simulations suggested that with favorable environmental conditions, eelgrass beds might recover from dragging disturbance in 6 yr; conversely, recovery under conditions less conducive to eelgrass growth could require 20 yr or longer. This study shows that mussel dragging poses a severe threat to eelgrass in this region and that regulations to protect eelgrass from dragging impacts would maintain the integrity of a substantial amount of habitat.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps285057","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Short, F.T., Barker, S., and Kopp, B.S., 2005, Disturbance of eelgrass Zostera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 285, p. 57-73, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps285057.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps285057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Maquoit Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.05260467529297,\n              43.79042818348387\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.01346588134766,\n              43.837498549851624\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.98634338378906,\n              43.866713048323184\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.99698638916016,\n              43.86696056766485\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.00865936279297,\n              43.85978208946686\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.01930236816406,\n              43.859039438939455\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.04505157470703,\n              43.841955923776396\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05706787109375,\n              43.82412443010574\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.07080078125,\n              43.80727868289013\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.07354736328125,\n              43.793402146335886\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05260467529297,\n              43.79042818348387\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"285","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a032ee4b0c8380cd5039b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neckles, Hilary A. 0000-0002-5662-2314 hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, Frederick T.","contributorId":72078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, Seth","contributorId":41536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Seth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kopp, Blaine S.","contributorId":99648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kopp","given":"Blaine","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029118,"text":"70029118 - 2005 - Interferometric synthetic aperture radar study of Okmok volcano, Alaska, 1992-2003: Magma supply dynamics and postemplacement lava flow deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-06T11:20:58","indexId":"70029118","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar study of Okmok volcano, Alaska, 1992-2003: Magma supply dynamics and postemplacement lava flow deformation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Okmok volcano, located in the central Aleutian arc, Alaska, is a dominantly basaltic complex topped with a 10-km-wide caldera that formed circa 2.05 ka. Okmok erupted several times during the 20th century, most recently in 1997; eruptions in 1945, 1958, and 1997 produced lava flows within the caldera. We used 80 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images (interferograms) to study transient deformation of the volcano before, during, and after the 1997 eruption. Point source models suggest that a magma reservoir at a depth of 3.2 km below sea level, located beneath the center of the caldera and about 5 km northeast of the 1997 vent, is responsible for observed volcano-wide deformation. The preeruption uplift rate decreased from about 10 cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span> during 1992–1993 to 2 ∼ 3 cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span> during 1993–1995 and then to about −1 ∼ −2 cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span> during 1995–1996. The posteruption inflation rate generally decreased with time during 1997–2001, but increased significantly during 2001–2003. By the summer of 2003, 30 ∼ 60% of the magma volume lost from the reservoir in the 1997 eruption had been replenished. Interferograms for periods before the 1997 eruption indicate consistent subsidence of the surface of the 1958 lava flows, most likely due to thermal contraction. Interferograms for periods after the eruption suggest at least four distinct deformation processes: (1) volcano-wide inflation due to replenishment of the shallow magma reservoir, (2) subsidence of the 1997 lava flows, most likely due to thermal contraction, (3) deformation of the 1958 lava flows due to loading by the 1997 flows, and (4) continuing subsidence of 1958 lava flows buried beneath 1997 flows. Our results provide insights into the postemplacement behavior of lava flows and have cautionary implications for the interpretation of inflation patterns at active volcanoes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003148","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Masterlark, T., and Dzurisin, D., 2005, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar study of Okmok volcano, Alaska, 1992-2003: Magma supply dynamics and postemplacement lava flow deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. B2, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003148.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477915,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003148","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003148"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168.2281494140625,\n              53.34399288223422\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.9754638671875,\n              53.34399288223422\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.9754638671875,\n              53.48477702972815\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.2281494140625,\n              53.48477702972815\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.2281494140625,\n              53.34399288223422\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d00e4b0c8380cd63206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029117,"text":"70029117 - 2005 - Forearc structure beneath southwestern British Columbia: A three-dimensional tomographic velocity model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029117","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forearc structure beneath southwestern British Columbia: A three-dimensional tomographic velocity model","docAbstract":"This paper presents a three-dimensional compressional wave velocity model of the forearc crust and upper mantle and the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath southwestern British Columbia and the adjoining straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca. The velocity model was constructed through joint tomographic inversion of 50,000 first-arrival times from earthquakes and active seismic sources. Wrangellia rocks of the accreted Paleozoic and Mesozoic island arc assemblage underlying southern Vancouver Island in the Cascadia forearc are imaged at some locations with higher than average lower crustal velocities of 6.5-7.2 km/s, similar to observations at other island arc terranes. The mafic Eocene Crescent terrane, thrust landward beneath southern Vancouver Island, exhibits crustal velocities in the range of 6.0-6.7 km/s and is inferred to extend to a depth of more than 20 km. The Cenozoic Olympic Subduction Complex, an accretionary prism thrust beneath the Crescent terrane in the Olympic Peninsula, is imaged as a low-velocity wedge to depths of at least 20 km. Three zones with velocities of 7.0-7.5 km/s, inferred to be mafic and/or ultramafic units, lie above the subducting Juan de Fuca plate at depths of 25-35 km. The forearc upper mantle wedge beneath southeastern Vancouver Island and the Strait of Georgia exhibits low velocities of 7.2-7.5 km/s, inferred to correspond to ???20% serpentinization of mantle peridotites, and consistent with similar observations in other warm subduction zones. Estimated dip of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath southern Vancouver Island is ???11??, 16??, and 27?? at depths of 30, 40, and 50 km, respectively. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003258","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ramachandran, K., Dosso, S., Spence, G., Hyndman, R., and Brocher, T., 2005, Forearc structure beneath southwestern British Columbia: A three-dimensional tomographic velocity model: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 2, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003258.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477908,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003258","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210521,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003258"},{"id":237464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a130ee4b0c8380cd544de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramachandran, K.","contributorId":71735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dosso, S.E.","contributorId":45085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dosso","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hyndman, R.D.","contributorId":45831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029115,"text":"70029115 - 2005 - Earthquakes: Predicting the unpredictable?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T12:53:24","indexId":"70029115","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes: Predicting the unpredictable?","docAbstract":"The earthquake prediction pendulum has swung from optimism in the 1970s to rather extreme pessimism in the 1990s. Earlier work revealed evidence of possible earthquake precursors: physical changes in the planet that signal that a large earthquake is on the way. Some respected earthquake scientists argued that earthquakes are likewise fundamentally unpredictable. The fate of the Parkfield prediction experiment appeared to support their arguments: A moderate earthquake had been predicted along a specified segment of the central San Andreas fault within five years of 1988, but had failed to materialize on schedule. At some point, however, the pendulum began to swing back. Reputable scientists began using the \"P-word\" in not only polite company, but also at meetings and even in print. If the optimism regarding earthquake prediction can be attributed to any single cause, it might be scientists' burgeoning understanding of the earthquake cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","issn":"00168556","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., 2005, Earthquakes: Predicting the unpredictable?: Geotimes, v. 50, no. 3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/mar05/feature_eqprediction.html"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a052be4b0c8380cd50cb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029114,"text":"70029114 - 2005 - The inverse problem of refraction travel times, part II: Quantifying refraction nonuniqueness using a three-layer model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029114","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The inverse problem of refraction travel times, part II: Quantifying refraction nonuniqueness using a three-layer model","docAbstract":"This paper is the second of a set of two papers in which we study the inverse refraction problem. The first paper, \"Types of Geophysical Nonuniqueness through Minimization,\" studies and classifies the types of nonuniqueness that exist when solving inverse problems depending on the participation of a priori information required to obtain reliable solutions of inverse geophysical problems. In view of the classification developed, in this paper we study the type of nonuniqueness associated with the inverse refraction problem. An approach for obtaining a realistic solution to the inverse refraction problem is offered in a third paper that is in preparation. The nonuniqueness of the inverse refraction problem is examined by using a simple three-layer model. Like many other inverse geophysical problems, the inverse refraction problem does not have a unique solution. Conventionally, nonuniqueness is considered to be a result of insufficient data and/or error in the data, for any fixed number of model parameters. This study illustrates that even for overdetermined and error free data, nonlinear inverse refraction problems exhibit exact-data nonuniqueness, which further complicates the problem of nonuniqueness. By evaluating the nonuniqueness of the inverse refraction problem, this paper targets the improvement of refraction inversion algorithms, and as a result, the achievement of more realistic solutions. The nonuniqueness of the inverse refraction problem is examined initially by using a simple three-layer model. The observations and conclusions of the three-layer model nonuniqueness study are used to evaluate the nonuniqueness of more complicated n-layer models and multi-parameter cell models such as in refraction tomography. For any fixed number of model parameters, the inverse refraction problem exhibits continuous ranges of exact-data nonuniqueness. Such an unfavorable type of nonuniqueness can be uniquely solved only by providing abundant a priori information. Insufficient a priori information during the inversion is the reason why refraction methods often may not produce desired results or even fail. This work also demonstrates that the application of the smoothing constraints, typical when solving ill-posed inverse problems, has a dual and contradictory role when applied to the ill-posed inverse problem of refraction travel times. This observation indicates that smoothing constraints may play such a two-fold role when applied to other inverse problems. Other factors that contribute to inverse-refraction-problem nonuniqueness are also considered, including indeterminacy, statistical data-error distribution, numerical error and instability, finite data, and model parameters. ?? Birkha??user Verlag, Basel, 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00024-004-2616-0","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Ivanov, J., Miller, R., Xia, J., and Steeples, D., 2005, The inverse problem of refraction travel times, part II: Quantifying refraction nonuniqueness using a three-layer model: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 162, no. 3, p. 461-477, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2616-0.","startPage":"461","endPage":"477","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210494,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2616-0"},{"id":237430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad5fe4b08c986b323b92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanov, J.","contributorId":107068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanov","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steeples, D.","contributorId":30422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeples","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029111,"text":"70029111 - 2005 - Complex channel responses to changes in stream flow and sediment supply on the lower Duchesne River, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70029111","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complex channel responses to changes in stream flow and sediment supply on the lower Duchesne River, Utah","docAbstract":"Channel responses to flow depletions in the lower Duchesne River over the past 100 years have been highly complex and variable in space and time. In general, sand-bed reaches adjusted to all perturbations with bed-level changes, whereas the gravel-bed reaches adjusted primarily through width changes. Gravel-bed reaches aggraded only when gravel was supplied to the channel through local bank erosion and degraded only during extreme flood events. A 50% reduction in stream flow and an increase in fine sediment supply to the study area occurred in the first third of the 20th century. The gravel-bed reach responded primarily with channel narrowing, whereas bed aggradation and four large-scale avulsions occurred in the sand-bed reaches. These avulsions almost completely replaced a section of sinuous channel about 14 km long with a straighter section about 7 km long. The most upstream avulsion, located near a break in valley slope and the transition from a gravel bed upstream and a sand bed downstream, transformed a sinuous sand-bed reach into a braided gravel-bed reach and eventually into a meandering gravel-bed reach over a 30-year period. Later, an increase in flood magnitudes and durations caused widening and secondary bed aggradation in the gravel-bed reaches, whereas the sand-bed reaches incised and narrowed. Water diversions since the 1950s have progressively eliminated moderate flood events, whereas larger floods have been less affected. The loss of frequent flooding has increased the duration and severity of drought periods during which riparian vegetation can establish along the channel margins. As a result, the channel has gradually narrowed throughout the study area since the late 1960s, despite the occasional occurrence of large floods. No tributaries enter the Duchesne River within the study area, so all reaches have experienced identical changes in stream flow and upstream sediment supply. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.007","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Gaeuman, D., Schmidt, J.C., and Wilcock, P., 2005, Complex channel responses to changes in stream flow and sediment supply on the lower Duchesne River, Utah: Geomorphology, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.007.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210443,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.007"},{"id":237360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f90de4b0c8380cd4d3d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaeuman, D.","contributorId":73807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaeuman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, J. C.","contributorId":60245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilcock, P.R.","contributorId":36709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029108,"text":"70029108 - 2005 - Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T14:38:10.051314","indexId":"70029108","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians","docAbstract":"<p><span>A long-term study of tree mortality, canopy turnover, and coarse woody detritus inputs was conducted in cove forests of the Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, USA. Seven old-growth stands were studied over a 10-yr period using 0.6–1.0 ha plots. Annual mortality of trees &gt;10 cm dbh was 0.5–1.4% among stands (mean 0.7%). The highest mortality rate among canopy trees was exhibited by trees &gt;80 cm dbh. An increase in mortality rate with canopy tree size was evident for two (Tsuga canadensis and Acer saccharum) of the three most abundant species in the forest. The increase in mortality with tree size had implications for canopy turnover and detritus input. Gap disturbance frequency was estimated at 0.008–0.019 forest area/yr, giving a return interval of ∼130 yr or less. Standing death was the most common mode of mortality (59%). Annual rates of snag formation were 1.4 snags/ha for trees &gt;10 cm dbh and 0.4 snags/ha for trees &gt;50 cm dbh. The density of large snags (&gt;50 cm dbh) was 5 snags/ha. Snags accounted for 8% of the total standing tree basal area and 23% of the coarse woody detritus mass (total of 48 Mg/ ha). The mean annual rate of coarse woody detritus input was 3.0 Mg/ha. A decay rate constant was estimated at 0.07, yielding a detritus half-life of 10 yr. Although mean mortality rates and canopy turnover in old cove forests were moderate in comparison with other old forests of eastern North America, input and accumulation of coarse woody detritus were high for the region. This resulted, in part, from the relatively large sizes attained by canopy trees and the fact that larger trees tended to suffer higher mortality. In comparison to forests worldwide, rates of mortality, canopy gap formation, and decay of coarse woody detritus were intermediate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/04-0410","usgsCitation":"Busing, R.T., 2005, Tree mortality, canopy turnover, and woody detritus in old cove forests of the southern Appalachians: Ecology, v. 86, no. 1, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0410.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.61669921875,\n              35.18278813800229\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.584228515625,\n              35.99578538642032\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.067626953125,\n              36.25313319699069\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.70458984375,\n              35.594785665487244\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.61669921875,\n              35.18278813800229\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb79ce4b08c986b32739a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busing, Richard T.","contributorId":13303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busing","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029105,"text":"70029105 - 2005 - Twentieth century demographic changes in cirio and cardón in Baja California, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T13:29:33","indexId":"70029105","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twentieth century demographic changes in cirio and cardón in Baja California, Mexico","docAbstract":"<div class=\"para\">\n<p><strong>Aim&ensp;</strong>&nbsp;Our purpose was to discern long-term large-scale patterns of survivorship and recruitment of two dominant, charismatic and useful desert plants, cirio [Fouquieriaceae;&nbsp;<i>Fouquieria columnaris</i>&nbsp;(Kell.) Kell. ex Curran] and card&oacute;n [Cactaceae;&nbsp;<i>Pachycereus pringlei</i>(S.Watson) Britton &amp; Rose], and to evaluate the effects of physical and human factors.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"para\">\n<p><strong>Location&ensp;</strong>&nbsp;The study included 77 sites distributed over&nbsp;<i>c.</i>&nbsp;13,200&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;in the northern Vizca&iacute;no Region of the Sonoran Desert, state of Baja California, M&eacute;xico.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"para\">\n<p><strong>Method&ensp;</strong>&nbsp;Censuses used identified individuals (<i>n</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;3780 cirio and 2246 card&oacute;n) and were based on repeat photography. Time intervals between censuses ranged from 29 to 96&nbsp;years, ending in 1996&ndash;2002. Earlier repetition (1963) of old photographs at 14 sites allowed analysis of temporal variation. The effect of elapsed time was modelled with Weibull functions for survivorship and linear functions for recruitment. To explain the residual variations, we tested categorical and continuous variables related to substrate, geomorphology, climate and geography. Human impacts were weighed with historical and quantitative analysis.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"para\">\n<p><strong>Results&ensp;</strong>&nbsp;Elapsed time accounted for 45% of the variation of survivorship in cirio but only 35% in card&oacute;n. The fitted Weibull curves were used to estimate longevity: all-size cohorts of 1000 individuals would die out in 388 (cirio) and 723&nbsp;years (card&oacute;n). Recruitment in cirio was linearly related to time (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.71) and averaged &lt;&nbsp;0.003&nbsp;year<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;but was less than mortality at 90% of the sites. For card&oacute;n, recruitment averaged &gt;&nbsp;0.005&nbsp;year<sup>&minus;1</sup>, was linearly related to time (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.66) and was less than mortality at only 33% of the sites. Vital rates were not strongly correlated between mid- and late-century but were mostly similar to the long-term regional rates. Removing the factor of elapsed time, the residual variations showed that survivorship was greater on sites protected from winds for cirio and was less on very coarse soils for card&oacute;n. Recruitment increased with latitude in cirio and was greater on southern exposures for both species. The residual variations were not clearly affected, at a regional scale, by other factors thought to be important, including elevation, distance to the Pacific Ocean, geology, slope gradient, soil stability, older vs. young alluvial soils, and soil Ca&nbsp;:&nbsp;Mg and Na&nbsp;:&nbsp;K ratios. Human impacts have been sporadic and heterogeneous but locally strong; our quantitative indices of accessibility did not show regionally significant effects. Blowdown by hurricanes is a sporadic cause of major mortality for cirio but not necessarily for card&oacute;n.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"para\">\n<p><strong>Main conclusions&ensp;</strong>&nbsp;At our scales, effects of time outweigh those of substrate, and human impact was scant. Large patterns were pronounced: cirio experienced a prolonged, widespread decline in the 1900s, while card&oacute;n fluctuated in different directions and degree among local populations. Cirio was found to be inherently much shorter-lived than card&oacute;n. We also suggest that recruitment in cirio was low due to long periods with relatively dry winters that affected the entire region, while spatial heterogeneity of card&oacute;n recruitment seemed more related to the variation in summer rains.</p>\n</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01152.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Bullock, S.H., Martijena, N.E., Webb, R., and Turner, R., 2005, Twentieth century demographic changes in cirio and cardón in Baja California, Mexico: Journal of Biogeography, v. 32, no. 1, p. 127-143, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01152.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01152.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb908e4b08c986b327b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullock, Stephen H.","contributorId":34217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martijena, Nora E.","contributorId":45504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martijena","given":"Nora","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, Raymond M.","contributorId":7383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029104,"text":"70029104 - 2005 - A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T13:04:38","indexId":"70029104","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets","docAbstract":"<p><span>Accurate and up-to-date global land cover data sets are necessary for various global change research studies including climate change, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment, and environmental modeling. In recent years, substantial advancement has been achieved in generating such data products. Yet, we are far from producing geospatially consistent high-quality data at an operational level. We compared the recently available Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC-2000) and MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) global land cover data to evaluate the similarities and differences in methodologies and results, and to identify areas of spatial agreement and disagreement. These two global land cover data sets were prepared using different data sources, classification systems, and methodologies, but using the same spatial resolution (i.e., 1 km) satellite data. Our analysis shows a general agreement at the class aggregate level except for savannas/shrublands, and wetlands. The disagreement, however, increases when comparing detailed land cover classes. Similarly, percent agreement between the two data sets was found to be highly variable among biomes. The identified areas of spatial agreement and disagreement will be useful for both data producers and users. Data producers may use the areas of spatial agreement for training area selection and pay special attention to areas of disagreement for further improvement in future land cover characterization and mapping. Users can conveniently use the findings in the areas of agreement, whereas users might need to verify the informaiton in the areas of disagreement with the help of secondary information. Learning from past experience and building on the existing infrastructure (e.g., regional networks), further research is necessary to (1) reduce ambiguity in land cover definitions, (2) increase availability of improved spatial, spectral, radiometric, and geometric resolution satellite data, and (3) develop advanced classification algorithms.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2004.09.005","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Giri, S., Zhu, Z., and Reed, B., 2005, A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 94, no. 1, p. 123-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.09.005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210803,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.09.005"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e34fe4b0c8380cd45f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giri, S.","contributorId":102621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Z.","contributorId":10898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, B.","contributorId":62352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029100,"text":"70029100 - 2005 - Effects of pressure on aqueous chemical equilibria at subzero temperatures with applications to Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029100","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of pressure on aqueous chemical equilibria at subzero temperatures with applications to Europa","docAbstract":"Pressure plays a critical role in controlling aqueous geochemical processes in deep oceans and deep ice. The putative ocean of Europa could have pressures of 1200 bars or higher on the seafloor, a pressure not dissimilar to the deepest ocean basin on Earth (the Mariana Trench at 1100 bars of pressure). At such high pressures, chemical thermodynamic relations need to explicitly consider pressure. A number of papers have addressed the role of pressure on equilibrium constants, activity coefficients, and the activity of water. None of these models deal, however, with processes at subzero temperatures, which may be important in cold environments on Earth and other planetary bodies. The objectives of this work were to (1) incorporate a pressure dependence into an existing geochemical model parameterized for subzero temperatures (FREZCHEM), (2) validate the model, and (3) simulate pressure-dependent processes on Europa. As part of objective 1, we examined two models for quantifying the volumetric properties of liquid water at subzero temperatures: one model is based on the measured properties of supercooled water, and the other model is based on the properties of liquid water in equilibrium with ice. The relative effect of pressure on solution properties falls in the order: equilibrium constants(K) > activity coefficients (??) > activity of water (aw). The errors (%) in our model associated with these properties, however, fall in the order: ?? > K > aw. The transposition between K and ?? is due to a more accurate model for estimating K than for estimating ??. Only activity coefficients are likely to be significantly in error. However, even in this case, the errors are likely to be only in the range of 2 to 5% up to 1000 bars of pressure. Evidence based on the pressure/temperature melting of ice and salt solution densities argue in favor of the equilibrium water model, which depends on extrapolations, for characterizing the properties of liquid water in electrolyte solutions at subzero temperatures, rather than the supercooled water model. Model-derived estimates of mixed salt solution densities and chemical equilibria as a function of pressure are in reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements. To demonstrate the usefulness of this low-temperature, high-pressure model, we examined two hypothetical cases for Europa. Case 1 dealt with the ice cover of Europa, where we asked the question: How far above the putative ocean in the ice layer could we expect to find thermodynamically stable brine pockets that could serve as habitats for life? For a hypothetical nonconvecting 20 km icy shell, this potential life zone only extends 2.8 km into the icy shell before the eutectic is reached. For the case of a nonconvecting icy shell, the cold surface of Europa precludes stable aqueous phases (habitats for life) anywhere near the surface. Case 2 compared chemical equilibria at 1 bar (based on previous work) with a more realistic 1460 bars of pressure at the base of a 100 km Europan ocean. A pressure of 1460 bars, compared to 1 bar, caused a 12 K decrease in the temperature at which ice first formed and a 11 K increase in the temperature at which MgSO4. 12H2O first formed. Remarkably, there was only a 1.2 K decrease in the eutectic temperatures between 1 and 1460 bars of pressure. Chemical systems and their response to pressure depend, ultimately, on the volumetric properties of individual constituents, which makes every system response highly individualistic. Copyright ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.024","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Marion, G., Kargel, J., Catling, D., and Jakubowski, S., 2005, Effects of pressure on aqueous chemical equilibria at subzero temperatures with applications to Europa: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 2, p. 259-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.024.","startPage":"259","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210739,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.024"},{"id":237756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a078de4b0c8380cd51757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, G.M.","contributorId":44691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Catling, D.C.","contributorId":78135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catling","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jakubowski, S.D.","contributorId":87743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakubowski","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029095,"text":"70029095 - 2005 - Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T10:50:53","indexId":"70029095","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions","docAbstract":"<p><span>The amount and spatial distribution of deep drainage (downward movement of water across the bottom of the root zone) and groundwater recharge affect the quantity and quality of increasingly limited groundwater in arid and semiarid regions. We synthesize research from the fields of ecology and hydrology to address the issue of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions. We start with a recently developed hydrological model that accurately simulates soil water potential and geochemical profiles measured in thick (&gt;50 m), unconsolidated vadose zones. Model results indicate that, since the climate change that marked the onset of the Holocene period 10 000–15 000 years ago, there has been no deep drainage in vegetated interdrainage areas and that continuous, relatively low (&lt;−1 MPa) soil water potentials have been maintained at depths of 2–3 m. A conceptual model consistent with these results proposes that the native, xeric‐shrub‐dominated, plant communities that gained dominance during the Holocene generated and maintained these conditions. We present three lines of ecological evidence that support the conceptual model. First, xeric shrubs have sufficiently deep rooting systems with low extraction limits to generate the modeled conditions. Second, the characteristic deep‐rooted soil–plant systems store sufficient water to effectively buffer deep soil from climatic fluctuations in these dry environments, allowing stable conditions to persist for long periods of time. And third, adaptations resulting in deep, low‐extraction‐limit rooting systems confer significant advantages to xeric shrubs in arid and semiarid environments. We then consider conditions in arid and semiarid regions in which the conceptual model may not apply, leading to the expectation that portions of many arid and semiarid watersheds supply some deep drainage. Further ecohydrologic research is required to elucidate critical climatic and edaphic thresholds, evaluate the role of important physiological processes (such as hydraulic redistribution), and evaluate the role of deep roots in terms of carbon costs, nutrient uptake, and whole‐plant development.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/03-0568","usgsCitation":"Seyfried, M., Schwinning, S., Walvoord, M.A., Pockman, W., Newman, B., Jackson, R., and Phillips, F.M., 2005, Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions: Ecology, v. 86, no. 2, p. 277-287, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0568.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"287","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a053de4b0c8380cd50d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seyfried, M.S.","contributorId":100603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seyfried","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwinning, S.","contributorId":41207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwinning","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pockman, W. T.","contributorId":57260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pockman","given":"W. T.","affiliations":[{"id":7164,"text":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newman, B.D.","contributorId":37115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jackson, R.B.","contributorId":42174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Phillips, F. M.","contributorId":24493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70029094,"text":"70029094 - 2005 - Rupture dynamics with energy loss outside the slip zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029094","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture dynamics with energy loss outside the slip zone","docAbstract":"Energy loss in a fault damage zone, outside the slip zone, contributes to the fracture energy that determines rupture velocity of an earthquake. A nonelastic two-dimensional dynamic calculation is done in which the slip zone is modeled as a fault plane and material off the fault is subject to a Coulomb yield condition. In a mode 2 crack-like solution in which an abrupt uniform drop of shear traction on the fault spreads from a point, Coulomb yielding occurs on the extensional side of the fault. Plastic strain is distributed with uniform magnitude along the fault, and it has a thickness normal to the fault proportional to propagation distance. Energy loss off the fault is also proportional to propagation distance, and it can become much larger than energy loss on the fault specified by the fault constitutive relation. The slip velocity function could be produced in an equivalent elastic problem by a slip-weakening friction law with breakdown slip Dc increasing with distance. Fracture energy G and equivalent Dc will be different in ruptures with different initiation points and stress drops, so they are not constitutive properties; they are determined by the dynamic solution that arrives at a particular point. Peak slip velocity is, however, a property of a fault location. Nonelastic response can be mimicked by imposing a limit on slip velocity on a fault in an elastic medium.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003191","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., 2005, Rupture dynamics with energy loss outside the slip zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003191.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478009,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003191","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210658,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003191"},{"id":237650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaecee4b0c8380cd87225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029093,"text":"70029093 - 2005 - Evolution of melt-vapor surface tension in silicic volcanic systems: Experiments with hydrous melts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-07T09:58:37","indexId":"70029093","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of melt-vapor surface tension in silicic volcanic systems: Experiments with hydrous melts","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"paraNumber\"><span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>We evaluate the melt‐vapor surface tension (σ) of natural, water‐saturated dacite melt at 200 MPa, 950–1055°C, and 4.8–5.7 wt % H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O. We experimentally determine the critical supersaturation pressure for bubble nucleation as a function of dissolved water and then solve for σ at those conditions using classical nucleation theory. The solutions obtained give dacite melt‐vapor surface tensions that vary inversely with dissolved water from 0.042 (±0.003) J m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;at 5.7 wt % H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O to 0.060 (±0.007) J m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;at 5.2 wt % H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O to 0.073 (±0.003) J m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;at 4.8 wt % H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O. Combining our dacite results with data from published hydrous haplogranite and high‐silica rhyolite experiments reveals that melt‐vapor surface tension also varies inversely with the concentration of mafic melt components (e.g., CaO, FeO</span><sub>total</sub><span>, MgO). We develop a thermodynamic context for these observations in which melt‐vapor surface tension is represented by a balance of work terms controlled by melt structure. Overall, our results suggest that cooling, crystallization, and vapor exsolution cause systematic changes in σ that should be considered in dynamic modeling of magmatic processes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003215","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M., and Sisson, T., 2005, Evolution of melt-vapor surface tension in silicic volcanic systems: Experiments with hydrous melts: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003215.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477827,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003215","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210657,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003215"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d84e4b0c8380cd53075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M.","contributorId":20091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, T.","contributorId":80846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029092,"text":"70029092 - 2005 - Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:52:38","indexId":"70029092","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1012,"text":"Biogeosciences Discussions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model","docAbstract":"<p><span>Submarine groundwater discharge was quantified by a variety of methods for a 4-day period during the early summer of 2004, in Salt Pond, adjacent to Nauset Marsh, on Cape Cod, USA. Discharge estimates based on radon and salinity took advantage of the presence of the narrow channel connecting Salt Pond to Nauset Marsh, which allowed constructing whole-pond mass balances as water flowed in and out due to tidal fluctuations. The data suggest that less than one quarter of the discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond happened within the pond itself, while three quarters or more of the discharge occurred immediately seaward of the pond, either in the channel or in adjacent regions of Nauset Marsh. Much of this discharge, which maintains high radon activities and low salinity, is carried into the pond during each incoming tide. A box model was used as an aid to understand both the rates and the locations of discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond. The model achieves a reasonable fit to both the salinity and radon data assuming submarine groundwater discharge is fresh and that most of it occurs either in the channel or in adjacent regions of Nauset Marsh. Salinity and radon data, together with seepage meter results, do not rule out discharge of saline groundwater, but suggest either that the saline discharge is at most comparable in volume to the fresh discharge or that it is depleted in radon. The estimated rate of fresh groundwater discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond is 3000-7000 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;d</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. This groundwater flux estimated from the radon and salinity data is comparable to a value of 3200-4500 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;d</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;predicted by a recent hydrologic model (Masterson, 2004; Colman and Masterson, 2004), although the model predicts this rate of discharge to the pond whereas our data suggest most of the groundwater bypasses the pond prior to discharge. Additional work is needed to determine if the measured rate of discharge is representative of the long-term average, and to better constrain the rate of groundwater discharge seaward of Salt Pond.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"EGU","doi":"10.5194/bg-2-141-2005","issn":"18106277","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., Koopmans, D., Bratton, J.F., Charette, M., Kroeger, K., Henderson, P., Ryckman, L., Halloran, K., and Colman, J.A., 2005, Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model: Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 2, no. 1, p. 141-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-141-2005.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-141-2005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d28e4b08c986b31d693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koopmans, D.","contributorId":33914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopmans","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bratton, John F. 0000-0003-0376-4981 jbratton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-4981","contributorId":92757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"John","email":"jbratton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charette, M.A.","contributorId":62014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charette","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kroeger, K.D.","contributorId":26060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henderson, P.","contributorId":83735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ryckman, L.","contributorId":100184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryckman","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Halloran, K.","contributorId":59616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halloran","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70029084,"text":"70029084 - 2005 - Recent water temperature trends in the lower Klamath River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029084","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent water temperature trends in the lower Klamath River, California","docAbstract":"Elevated water temperatures have been implicated as a factor limiting the recovery of anadromous salmonids in the Klamath River basin. This article reviews evidence of a multi-decade trend of increasing temperatures in the lower main-stem Klamath River above the ocean and, based on model simulations, finds a high probability that water temperature has been increasing by approximately 0.5??C/decade (95% confidence interval [Cl] = 0.42-0.60??C/decade) since the early 1960s. The season of high temperatures that are potentially stressful to salmonids has lengthened by about 1 month over the period studied, and the average length of main-stem river with cool summer temperatures has declined by about 8.2 km/decade. Water temperature trends seem unrelated to any change in main-stem water availability but are consistent with measured basinwide air temperature increases. Main-stem warming may be related to the cyclic Pacific Decadal Oscillation, but if this trend continues it might jeopardize the recovery of anadromous salmonids in the Klamath River basin. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M04-007.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J., 2005, Recent water temperature trends in the lower Klamath River, California: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 25, no. 1, p. 152-162, https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-007.1.","startPage":"152","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210546,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M04-007.1"},{"id":237501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a965be4b0c8380cd81f4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J.M.","contributorId":54530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029079,"text":"70029079 - 2005 - Three decades of Martian surface changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029079","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three decades of Martian surface changes","docAbstract":"The surface of Mars has changed dramatically during the three decades spanned by spacecraft exploration. Comparisons of Mars Global Surveyor images with Viking and Mariner 9 pictures suggest that more than one third of Mars' surface area has brightened or darkened by at least 10%. Such albedo changes could produce significant effects on solar heating and the global circulation of winds across the planet. All of the major changes took place in areas of moderate to high thermal inertia and rock abundance, consistent with burial of rocky surfaces by thin dust layers deposited during dust storms and subsequent exposure of the rocky surfaces by aeolian erosion. Several distinct mechanisms contribute to aeolian erosion on Mars. Prevailing winds dominate erosion at low latitudes, producing diffuse albedo boundaries and elongated wind streaks generally oriented in the direction of southern summer winds. Dust devils darken the mid to high latitudes from 45 to 70 degrees during the summer seasons, forming irregular albedo patterns consisting of dark linear tracks. Dust storms produce regional albedo variations with distinct but irregular margins. Dark sand duties in southern high latitudes appear to be associated with regional darkening that displays diffuse albedo boundaries. No surface changes were observed to repeat regularly on an annual basis, but many of the changes took place in areas that alternate episodically between high- and low-albedo states as thin mantles of dust are deposited and later stripped off. Hence the face of Mars remains recognizable after a century of telescopic observations, in spite of the enormous extent of alteration that has taken place during the era of spacecraft exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JE002345","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., 2005, Three decades of Martian surface changes: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 110, no. 2, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002345.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002345"},{"id":237393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb306e4b08c986b325b2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.E.","contributorId":67636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029078,"text":"70029078 - 2005 - An approach toward a combined scheme for the petrographic classification of fly ash: Revision and clarification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029078","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1513,"text":"Energy and Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An approach toward a combined scheme for the petrographic classification of fly ash: Revision and clarification","docAbstract":"Hower and Mastalerz's classification scheme for fly ash is modified to make more widely acceptable. First, proper consideration is given to the potential role of anthracite in the development of isotropic and anisotropic chars. Second, the role of low-reflectance inertinite in producing vesicular chars is noted. It is shown that noncoal chars in the fuel can potentially produce chars that have the potential to stretch the limits of the classification. With care, it is possible to classify certain biomass chars as being distinct from coal-derived chars.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy and Fuels","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ef0498061","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Suarez-Ruiz, I., and Mastalerz, M., 2005, An approach toward a combined scheme for the petrographic classification of fly ash: Revision and clarification: Energy and Fuels, v. 19, no. 2, p. 653-655, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0498061.","startPage":"653","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210467,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef0498061"},{"id":237392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0de4b0c8380cd485e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suarez-Ruiz, I.","contributorId":10598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez-Ruiz","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029076,"text":"70029076 - 2005 - Human land use influences chronic wasting disease prevalence in mule deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70029076","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human land use influences chronic wasting disease prevalence in mule deer","docAbstract":"Human alteration of landscapes can affect the distribution, abundance, and behavior of wildlife. We explored the effects of human land use on the prevalence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations residing in north-central Colorado. We chose best approximating models estimating CWD prevalence in relation to differences in human land use, sex, and geographic location. Prevalence was higher in developed areas and among male deer, suggesting anthropogenic influences on the occurrence of disease. We also found a relatively high degree of variation in prevalence across the three study sites, suggesting that spatial patterns in disease may be influenced by other factors operating at a broader, landscape scale. Our results suggest that multiple factors, including changes in land use, differences in exposure risk between sexes, and landscape-scaled heterogeneity, are associated with CWD prevalence in north-central Colorado.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Farnsworth, M.L., Wolfe, L., Hobbs, N., Burnham, K., Williams, E., Theobald, D., Conner, M., and Miller, M., 2005, Human land use influences chronic wasting disease prevalence in mule deer: Ecological Applications, v. 15, no. 1, p. 119-126.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3282e4b0c8380cd5e86e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farnsworth, Matthew L.","contributorId":56473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12434,"text":"USDA, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, L.L.","contributorId":39654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobbs, N.T.","contributorId":9498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, E.S.","contributorId":80970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Theobald, D.M.","contributorId":15157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Conner, M.M.","contributorId":51136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conner","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Miller, M.W.","contributorId":57012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70029073,"text":"70029073 - 2005 - Short human occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic level i of the Abric Romani rock-shelter (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T13:22:47","indexId":"70029073","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2337,"text":"Journal of Human Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short human occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic level i of the Abric Romani rock-shelter (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain)","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">This paper presents a multidisciplinary study on the size of the occupied surfaces, provisioning strategies and behaviour planning at the Romani rock-shelter, using the Middle Palaeolithic record of the level i. This level is dated around 46.000 BP through U/Th ages. A behavioural interpretation is proposed, which emphasises the activities and the systemic value of the archaeological artefacts and structures.</p>\n<p id=\"\">Occupation patterns are identified on the basis of the accumulations formed by human activities. These archaeological accumulations, consisting of artefacts and hearths, are easily defined visually as spatial units. The relationships between these accumulations, established by means of refitted remains, indicate that differences can be established between: 1) small and medium-sized occupation surfaces; 2) restricted and diversified provisioning strategies. This variability suggests that different modes of occupation are represented in the same archaeological level.</p>\n<p id=\"\">The human activities reveal the generalization of fire technology. In almost all sizes of the occupation surfaces, the exploitation of vegetal resources near the Abric Romani marks the threshold of the restricted provisioning strategy. Limited use and fragmented knapping activities are recorded in the lithic assemblage. Faunal remains show differential transport. The exploitation of lithic, faunal and vegetal resources characterizes the diversified provisioning strategy.</p>\n<p id=\"\">The small occupation surfaces and restricted provisioning strategies suggest short settlements in the Abric Romani. This shorter occupation model complements the longer diversified provisioning strategy recorded in both small and medium-sized occupied surfaces. The selection of precise elements for transport and the possible deferred consumption in the diversified provision strategy suggest an individual supply. In this respect, Neanderthal occupations in the Romani rock-shelter show a direct relation to: 1) hunting strategic resources; 2) high, linear mobility.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.004","issn":"00472484","usgsCitation":"Vallerdu, J., Allue, E., Bischoff, J.L., Caceres, I., Carbonell, E., Cebria, A., Garcia-Anton, D., Huguet, R., Ibanez, N., Martinez, K., Pasto, I., Rosell, J., Saladie, P., and Vaquero, M., 2005, Short human occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic level i of the Abric Romani rock-shelter (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain): Journal of Human Evolution, v. 48, no. 2, p. 157-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.004.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"174","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210853,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.004"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e9ae4b08c986b318a32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallerdu, J.","contributorId":56847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallerdu","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allue, E.","contributorId":20116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allue","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caceres, I.","contributorId":58082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caceres","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carbonell, E.","contributorId":88107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbonell","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cebria, A.","contributorId":52392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cebria","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Garcia-Anton, D.","contributorId":94088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia-Anton","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Huguet, R.","contributorId":102686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huguet","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ibanez, N.","contributorId":92041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ibanez","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Martinez, K.","contributorId":18568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pasto, I.","contributorId":101443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pasto","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rosell, J.","contributorId":86163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Saladie, P.","contributorId":104696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saladie","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Vaquero, Manola","contributorId":86131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaquero","given":"Manola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70029072,"text":"70029072 - 2005 - Kinematics, mechanics, and potential earthquake hazards for faults in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70029072","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematics, mechanics, and potential earthquake hazards for faults in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"Many stable continental regions have subregions with poorly defined earthquake hazards. Analysis of minor structures (folds and faults) in these subregions can improve our understanding of the tectonics and earthquake hazards. Detailed structural mapping in Pottawatomie County has revealed a suite consisting of two uplifted blocks aligned along a northeast trend and surrounded by faults. The first uplift is located southwest of the second. The northwest and southeast sides of these uplifts are bounded by northeast-trending right-lateral faults. To the east, both uplifts are bounded by north-trending reverse faults, and the first uplift is bounded by a north-trending high-angle fault to the west. The structural suite occurs above a basement fault that is part of a series of north-northeast-trending faults that delineate the Humboldt Fault Zone of eastern Kansas, an integral part of the Midcontinent Rift System. The favored kinematic model is a contractional stepover (push-up) between echelon strike-slip faults. Mechanical modeling using the boundary element method supports the interpretation of the uplifts as contractional stepovers and indicates that an approximately east-northeast maximum compressive stress trajectory is responsible for the formation of the structural suite. This stress trajectory suggests potential activity during the Laramide Orogeny, which agrees with the age of kimberlite emplacement in adjacent Riley County. The current stress field in Kansas has a N85??W maximum compressive stress trajectory that could potentially produce earthquakes along the basement faults. Several epicenters of seismic events (<M2.0) are located within 10 km of the structural suite. One epicenter is coincident with the northwest boundary of the uplift. This structural suite, a contractional stepover between echelon northeast-trending right-lateral faults, is similar to that mapped in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, and both areas currently feature roughly east-west maximum compressive stress trajectory. Based on these similarities, the faults in Pottawatomie County have the potential for seismicity. The results demonstrate that mechanical analysis of minor structural features can improve our knowledge of local earthquake hazards. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.002","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Ohlmacher, G., and Berendsen, P., 2005, Kinematics, mechanics, and potential earthquake hazards for faults in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, USA: Tectonophysics, v. 396, no. 3-4, p. 227-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.002.","startPage":"227","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.002"},{"id":237863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"396","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a2e4b0c8380cd64f01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohlmacher, G.C.","contributorId":63064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlmacher","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029067,"text":"70029067 - 2005 - Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70029067","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage","docAbstract":"This study investigated the role of fire-killed woody debris as a source of soil carbon in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in Manitoba, Canada. We measured the amount of standing dead and downed woody debris along an upland chronosequence, including wood partially and completely covered by moss growth. Such woody debris is rarely included in measurement protocols and composed up to 26% of the total amount of woody debris in older stands, suggesting that it is important to measure all types of woody debris in ecosystems where burial by organic matter is possible. Based on these data and existing net primary production (NPP) values, we used a mass-balance model to assess the potential impact of fire-killed wood on long-term carbon storage at this site. The amount of carbon stored in deeper soil organic layers, which persists over millennia, was used to represent this long-term carbon. We estimate that between 10% and 60% of the deep-soil carbon is derived from wood biomass. Sensitivity analyses suggest that this estimate is most affected by the fire return interval, decay rate of wood, amount of NPP, and decay rate of the char (postfire) carbon pool. Landscape variations in these terms could account for large differences in deep-soil carbon. The model was less sensitive to fire consumption rates and to rates at which standing dead becomes woody debris. All model runs, however, suggest that woody debris plays an important role in long-term carbon storage for this area. ?? 2005 NRC Canada.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/x04-179","issn":"00455067","usgsCitation":"Manies, K., Harden, J., Bond-Lamberty, B., and O’Neill, K.P., 2005, Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 472-482, https://doi.org/10.1139/x04-179.","startPage":"472","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210768,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-179"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd1b1e4b08c986b32f556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bond-Lamberty, B. P.","contributorId":82917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond-Lamberty","given":"B. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neill, K. P.","contributorId":104935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029058,"text":"70029058 - 2005 - Ion microprobe measurement of strontium isotopes in calcium carbonate with application to salmon otoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T10:12:13","indexId":"70029058","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ion microprobe measurement of strontium isotopes in calcium carbonate with application to salmon otoliths","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id13\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id14\"><p>The ion microprobe has the capability to generate high resolution, high precision isotopic measurements, but analysis of the isotopic composition of strontium, as measured by the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratio, has been hindered by isobaric interferences. Here we report the first high precision measurements of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr by ion microprobe in calcium carbonate samples with moderate Sr concentrations. We use the high mass resolving power (7000 to 9000 M.R.P.) of the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe in combination with its high transmission to reduce the number of interfering species while maintaining sufficiently high count rates for precise isotopic measurements. The isobaric interferences are characterized by peak modeling and repeated analyses of standards. We demonstrate that by sample-standard bracketing,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios can be measured in inorganic and biogenic carbonates with Sr concentrations between 400 and 1500 ppm with ∼2‰ external precision (2σ) for a single analysis, and subpermil external precision with repeated analyses. Explicit correction for isobaric interferences (peak-stripping) is found to be less accurate and precise than sample-standard bracketing. Spatial resolution is ∼25 μm laterally and 2 μm deep for a single analysis, consuming on the order of 2 ng of material. The method is tested on otoliths from salmon to demonstrate its accuracy and utility. In these growth-banded aragonitic structures, one-week temporal resolution can be achieved. The analytical method should be applicable to other calcium carbonate samples with similar Sr concentrations.</p></div></div></div>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.051","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Weber, P., Bacon, C., Hutcheon, I., Ingram, B., and Wooden, J., 2005, Ion microprobe measurement of strontium isotopes in calcium carbonate with application to salmon otoliths: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 5, p. 1225-1239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.051.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1225","endPage":"1239","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210655,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.051"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed6e4b0c8380cd6409c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, P.K.","contributorId":53574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":421165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutcheon, I.D.","contributorId":90921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutcheon","given":"I.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingram, B.L.","contributorId":51731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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