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Diller of the U.S. Geological Survey who, during his pioneer field studies a century ago, recognized significant similarities between these two important provinces. The report is based mainly on the numerous published reports of the field and laboratory studies by various geologists and students during the last century, and to a lesser extent on my own field work which has been substantial in the Klamath Mountains but minimal in the Sierra Nevada. For brevity, required by the format of this report, little of the extensive literature pertaining to these two provinces is referenced. This report is preliminary in nature and was prepared as an aid to further study of the tectonic relations between the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada. This report consists of two sheets: Sheet 1, Map showing accreted terranes and plutons of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and Sheet 2, Successive accretionary episodes of the Klamath mountains and northern part of Sierra Nevada, showing related plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic events. The map on Sheet 1 was compiled and modified from two Open-File maps (Irwin and Wooden, 1999 and 2001) which had been compiled and modified mainly from Jennings (1977), Harwood (1992), Irwin (1994), Jayko (1988), Graymer and Jones (1994), Edelman and Sharp (1989), Schweickert and others (1999), Saucedo and Wagner(1992), Saleeby and Sharp (1980), Wagner and others (1981), and various other sources. For detailed lists of the sources for the isotopic age data used in Sheets 1 and 2, see Irwin and Wooden (1999 and 2001). On Sheet 2, the accretionary episodes are shown sequentially from left to right in two tiers of figures. Episodes for the Klamath Mountains are in the upper tier; correlative episodes of the Sierra Nevada are directly below in the lower tier. The sequence shown for the Klamath Mountains is modified from Irwin and Mankinen (1998) and Irwin and Wooden (1999). The episodes are named for the accreting terranes of the Klamath Mountains, but those names may not be suitable for reference to the correlative episodes of the Sierra Nevada. In the figure for each episode, a heavy black line represents the active suture that separated oceanic crustal rocks on the left from the earlier accreted terranes on the right. Plutons are particularly useful for timing the accretionary episodes. The preaccretionary plutons, which commonly represent the roots of oceanic volcanic arcs, are shown in the accreting oceanic crustal rocks to the left of the heavy black line. The accretionary plutons consist of rock that has been subducted and remobilized as magma during the accretionary process and injected into an overlying earlier accreted terrane on the right of the heavy black line. Thus, isotopic dating of the accretionary plutons (preferably U/Pb dates measured on zircon extracted from the plutonic rock) provides a useful basis for assigning ages to the accretionary episodes. Many plutons are rootless at depth, as they tend to be truncated by the subduction zone sutures of younger accreting terranes. Volcanic deposits resulting from accretionary episodes apparently are uncommon except for those deposited on the backstop terranes. In the Klamath Mountains, the Eastern Klamath terrane, which consists of the Yreka, Trinity and Redding subterranes, was the backstop for the Central Metamorphic and younger accretionary episodes, and displays a remarkable record of sedimentation, volcanism and plutonism from Silurian-Devonian to Jurassic time. In the Sierra Nevada, the correlative backstop was the Northern Sierra terrane which shows a similar long record of volcanism in the Taylorsville, Permian, and Jurassic volcanic arc sequences. During some accretionary episodes the subducting oceanic rocks were dynamically metamorphosed to schist along the suture zone beneath the overriding accreted terranes. Examples of this in the Klamath Mountains are the Devonian Salmon and Abrams Schists of the Central Metamorphic terrane, the Triassic(?) schist of the Fort Jones terrane , and the Early Cretaceous South Fork Mountain Schist that structurally underlies Klamath Mountains terranes along much of the western edge of the province. The Fort Jones terrane and South Fork Mountains Schist were metamorphosed under blueschist-facies conditions. In the Sierra Nevada, schist that is correlative with the Central Metamorphic terrane is present in patches along the Feather River terrane (see Hacker and Peacock, 1990); the Triassic(?) Red Ant Schist is correlative with the Fort Jones terrane; but a correlative of the South Fork Mountain Schist is not present. In addition to the similarities in the sequences of accretion, plutonism, volcanism, and metamorphism, strong ties between the two provinces are also provided by paleontologic data. The Permian McCloud fusulinid fauna of the Redding subterrane also is present in the Northern Sierra terrane. Rare Tethyan fusulinids are found in Permian limestone of the Eastern Hayfork terrane of the Klamath Mountains and also in limestone blocks in the Central Belt of the Sierra Nevada. Ichthyosaur fossils have been collected from the Triassic of both the Redding subterrane and Northern Sierra terrane. Jurassic ammonites and the pelecypod Buchia concentrica occur in both the Galice Formation of the western Klamath Mountains and the Mariposa Formation of the western Sierra Nevada. Events that preceded the Central Metamorphic episode prior to Silurian-Devonian time are not clearly understood and are not shown in the succession of diagrams on Sheet 2. The oldest rocks of the Klamath Mountains are Neoproterozic and they predate the Central Metamorphic episode by possibly a hundred million years or more. They include ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity subterrane and the Antelope Mountain Quartzite of the Yreka subterrane (see Mankinen and others, 2002). In the Sierra Nevada, correlatives of the ancient ophiolitic rocks may be part of the Feather River terrane. Although Neoproterozoic fossils have not yet been found in the Sierra Nevada, petrologic study shows the quartzite of the Lang sequence is closely similar to the Antelope Mountain Quartzite (see Bond and Devay, 1980). Correlation of the two quartzite formations is also suggested by the similarity of their positions in the accretionary sequence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02490","usgsCitation":"Irwin, W., 2003, Correlation of the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-490, 2 Plates: 39.10 x 38.30 inches and 39.35 x 33.80 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02490.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 39.10 x 38.30 inches and 39.35 x 33.80 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02490.jpg"},{"id":285188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/of02-490_s2.eps"},{"id":285187,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/of02-490_s1.eps"},{"id":3542,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110383,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"54412"},{"id":285185,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/pdf/of02-490_s1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285186,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0490/pdf/of02-490_s2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,34.75 ], [ -124.0,43.0 ], [ -117.0,43.0 ], [ -117.0,34.75 ], [ -124.0,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51503,"text":"ofr0325 - 2003 - A spatial database of bedding attitudes to accompany Geologic map of the greater Denver area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:30","indexId":"ofr0325","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-25","title":"A spatial database of bedding attitudes to accompany Geologic map of the greater Denver area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado","docAbstract":"This digital map shows bedding attitude symbols display over the geographic extent of surficial deposits and rock stratigraphic units (formations) as compiled by Trimble and Machette 1973-1977 and published in 1979 (U.S. Geological Survey Map I-856-H) under the Front Range Urban Corridor Geology Program.  Trimble and Machette compiled their geologic map from published geologic maps and unpublished geologic mapping having varied map unit schemes. A convenient feature of the compiled map is its uniform classification of geologic units that mostly matches those of companion maps to the north (USGS I-855-G) and to the south (USGS I-857-F).  Published as a color paper map, the Trimble and Machette map was intended for land-use planning in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This map recently (1997-1999), was digitized under the USGS Front Range Infrastructure Resources Project (see cross-reference).\r\n      In general, the mountainous areas in the west part of the map exhibit various igneous and metamorphic bedrock units of Precambrian age, major faults, and fault brecciation zones at the east margin (5-20 km wide) of the Front Range.  The eastern and central parts of the map (Colorado Piedmont) depict a mantle of unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age and interspersed outcroppings of Cretaceous or Tertiary-Cretaceous sedimentary bedrock.  The Quaternary mantle is comprised of eolian deposits (quartz sand and silt), alluvium (gravel, sand, and silt of variable composition), colluvium, and few landslides.  At the mountain front, north-trending, dipping Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstone, shale, and limestone bedrock formations form hogbacks and intervening valleys.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0325","usgsCitation":"Trimble, D.E., Machette, M., Brandt, T.R., Moore, D., and Murray, K., 2003, A spatial database of bedding attitudes to accompany Geologic map of the greater Denver area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-25, map, 27 by 34 inches and accompanying text (9 p.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0325.","productDescription":"map, 27 by 34 inches and accompanying text (9 p.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4499,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110384,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54457.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"54457"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trimble, Donald E.","contributorId":75910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, Theodore R. 0000-0002-7862-9082 tbrandt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7862-9082","contributorId":1267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Theodore","email":"tbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, David W.","contributorId":63835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"David W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, Kyle E.","contributorId":31825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Kyle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70006657,"text":"70006657 - 2003 - Movements by juvenile and immature Steller's Sea Eagles Haliaeetus pelagicus tracked by satellite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-07T01:01:55","indexId":"70006657","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T16:34:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements by juvenile and immature Steller's Sea Eagles Haliaeetus pelagicus tracked by satellite","docAbstract":"Twenty-four juvenile Steller's Sea Eagles Haliaeetus pelagicus were tracked via satellite from natal areas in Magadan, Kabarovsk, Amur, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. Nestling dispersal occurred between 9 September and 6 December (n = 24), mostly 14 September-21 October, and did not differ among regions or years. Most eagles made stopovers of 4-28 days during migration. Migration occurred 9 September-18 January, mostly along previously described routes, taking 4-116 days to complete (n = 18). Eagles averaged 47.8 km/day excluding stopovers; 22.9 km/day including stopovers. The mean degrees of latitude spanned during migration was: Kamchatka, 2.1; Magadan, 11.6; Amur, 7.3; and Sakhalin, 1.1. Eagle winter range sizes varied. Eagles concentrated in 1-3 subareas within overall winter ranges. The mean size of the first wintering subareas was 274 km<sup>2</sup>, the second 529 km<sup>2</sup>, and the third 1181 km2. Second wintering areas were south of first wintering areas. Spring migration started between 2 February and 31 March. Two eagles from Magadan were tracked onto summering grounds, well south of their natal areas. Both had early and late summering areas. One bird was followed for 25 months. It initiated its second autumn migration in the first half of October and arrived on its wintering grounds on 26 December. The second autumn migration covered 1839 km (20.9-22.4 km/day). Unlike its first winter when it used two subareas, this bird used only one subarea in 1998-99, but this was located near wintering areas used in 1997-98. It left its wintering ground between 13 April and 13 May, and arrived on its summering grounds between 7 June and 8 July. Unlike most satellite radiotracking studies, data are presented from a relatively large number of birds from across their breeding range, including new information on eagle movements on the wintering grounds and during the second year","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ibis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00153.x","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"McGrady, M., Ueta, M., Potapov, E., Utekhina, I., Marterov, V., Ladyguine, A., Zykov, V., Cibor, J., Fuller, M.R., and Seegar, J., 2003, Movements by juvenile and immature Steller's Sea Eagles Haliaeetus pelagicus tracked by satellite: Ibis, v. 145, no. 2, p. 318-328, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00153.x.","productDescription":"p. 318-328","startPage":"318","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260243,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00153.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"145","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f5de4b0c8380cd70eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrady, M.J.","contributorId":23735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrady","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ueta, M.","contributorId":106359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ueta","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potapov, E.R.","contributorId":101132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potapov","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Utekhina, I.","contributorId":23004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Utekhina","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marterov, V.","contributorId":56084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marterov","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ladyguine, A.","contributorId":104325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladyguine","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zykov, V.","contributorId":7545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zykov","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cibor, J.","contributorId":26179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cibor","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Seegar, J.K.","contributorId":97364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70200407,"text":"70200407 - 2003 - A summary of the San Francisco tidal wetlands restoration series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-16T17:23:38.696934","indexId":"70200407","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T16:01:45","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A summary of the San Francisco tidal wetlands restoration series","docAbstract":"<p><span>The four topical articles of the Tidal Wetlands Restoration Series summarized and synthesized much of what is known about tidal wetlands and tidal wetland restoration in the San Francisco Estuary (hereafter “Estuary”). Despite a substantial amount of available information, major uncertainties remain. A major uncertainty with regard to fishes is the net benefit of restored tidal wetlands relative to other habitats for native fishes in different regions of the Estuary given the presence of numerous invasive alien species. With regard to organic carbon, a major uncertainty is the net benefit of land use change given uncertainty about the quantity and quality of different forms of organic carbon resulting from different land uses. A major challenge is determining the flux of organic carbon from open systems like tidal wetlands. Converting present land uses to tidal wetlands will almost certainly result in increased methylation of mercury at the local scale with associated accumulation of mercury within local food webs. However, it is unclear if such local accumulation is of concern for fish, wildlife or humans at the local scale or if cumulative effects at the regional scale will emerge. Based on available information it is expected that restored tidal wetlands will remain stable once constructed; however, there is uncertainty associated with the available data regarding the balance of sediment accretion, sea-level rise, and sediment erosion. There is also uncertainty regarding the cumulative effect of many tidal restoration projects on sediment supply. The conclusions of the articles highlight the need to adopt a regional and multidisciplinary approach to tidal wetland restoration in the Estuary. The Science Program of the CALFED effort provides an appropriate venue for addressing these issues.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art6","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., 2003, A summary of the San Francisco tidal wetlands restoration series: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 1, no. 1, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art6.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2003v1iss1art6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.01391601562499,\n              38.06106741381201\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              37.95719224376526\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.62939453125001,\n              37.714244967649265\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4920654296875,\n              37.17344871200958\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.23388671874999,\n              36.954281585675965\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2615966796875,\n              37.783740105227224\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.48681640624999,\n              38.591113776147445\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.01391601562499,\n              38.06106741381201\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed10e4b034bf6a803a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70046984,"text":"70046984 - 2003 - The challenge of archiving and preserving remotely sensed data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T14:05:41","indexId":"70046984","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T14:05:42","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1368,"text":"Data Science Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The challenge of archiving and preserving remotely sensed data","docAbstract":"Few would question the need to archive the scientific and technical (S&T) data generated by researchers. At a minimum, the data are needed for change analysis. Likewise, most people would value efforts to ensure the preservation of the archived S&T data. Future generations will use analysis techniques not even considered today. Until recently, archiving and preserving these data were usually accomplished within existing infrastructures and budgets. As the volume of archived data increases, however, organizations charged with archiving S&T data will be increasingly challenged (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002). The U.S. Geological Survey has had experience in this area and has developed strategies to deal with the mountain of land remote sensing data currently being managed and the tidal wave of expected new data. The Agency has dealt with archiving issues, such as selection criteria, purging, advisory panels, and data access, and has met with preservation challenges involving photographic and digital media. That experience has allowed the USGS to develop management approaches, which this paper outlines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Data Science Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology","doi":"10.2481/dsj.2.159","usgsCitation":"Faundeen, J., 2003, The challenge of archiving and preserving remotely sensed data: Data Science Journal, v. 2, p. 159-163, https://doi.org/10.2481/dsj.2.159.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2481/dsj.2.159","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":274887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274886,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.2.159"}],"country":"United States","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e6e4b0d332bf22f3b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70006850,"text":"70006850 - 2003 - Safety of aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type a medicated article), administered in feed to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70006850","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T10:10:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3607,"text":"Toxicologic Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Safety of aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type a medicated article), administered in feed to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus","docAbstract":"Aquaflor, a feed premix containing the broad spectrum antibacterial agent florfenicol (50% w/w), is being developed for use to control enteric septicemia (ESC) in channel catfish <i>Ictalurus punctatus</i> caused by the gram-negative enterobacterium <i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i>. The recommended dose of Aquaflor to control ESC is 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day for 10 days. The study objective was to determine the safety of Aquaflor administered in feed to channel catfish at doses of 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg BW/day for 20 consecutive days. Parameters evaluated included daily mortality, behavioral (appetite, distribution, flight/fright response), and water chemistry observations, initial and terminal weight measurements, and gross and microscopic pathology. Medicated feed consumption was 67-86% of target with group mean doses of 8.5 mg/kg BW/day, 24.6 mg/kg BW/day, and 34.9 mg/kg BW/day. There were no mortalities or clinically observable changes noted at any of the dose levels tested. Aquaflor-related changes were limited to the food consumption and histopathology data. Although Aquaflor-related decreased feed consumption was noted in the 30 and 50 mg/kg BW/day groups, there were no differences in fish growth among the treatment groups. Aquaflor-related histopathology findings were limited to a histomorphologically evident dose-dependent decrease in hematopoietic/lymphopoietic tissue in the anterior kidneys, posterior kidneys, and spleens of channel catfish.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicologic Pathology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publisherLocation":"Thousand Oaks, CA","doi":"10.1080/01926230390241828","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Gaikowski, M.P., Wolf, J.C., Endris, R.G., and Gingerich, W.H., 2003, Safety of aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type a medicated article), administered in feed to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: Toxicologic Pathology, v. 31, no. 6, p. 689-697, https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230390241828.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"697","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478378,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230390241828","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":262481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262467,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390241828"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4b3cce4b0e8fec6cde39b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaikowski, Mark P. 0000-0002-6507-9341 mgaikowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"Mark","email":"mgaikowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, Jeffery C.","contributorId":50770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Endris, Richard G.","contributorId":44784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endris","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gingerich, William H.","contributorId":36086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70199466,"text":"70199466 - 2003 - Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:10:29","indexId":"70199466","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T09:07:23","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chemical data from more than 400 ground-water sites in the Middle Rio Grande Basin of central New Mexico indicate that arsenic concentrations exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter across broad areas of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, which is currently the almost exclusive source of drinking-water supply for residents of the basin. Identification of sources of arsenic to ground water of the basin is complicated by multiple sources of ground-water recharge that differ substantially in chemical composition. Establishment of a clear hydrologic framework for the basin was useful in interpreting the significance of patterns in arsenic concentration. This investigation indicates that there are two main sources of high-arsenic water to the Middle Rio Grande Basin. One primary source is related to silicic volcanism in the Jemez Mountains to the north, where dilute recharge water likely flows through rocks that have been altered by contact with geothermal fluids. The other primary source is mineralized water of deep origin that mixes with shallower ground water in several locations around the basin, particularly along major structural features. Ground water that has not been affected by either of these two high-arsenic sources generally has low arsenic concentrations. In some areas of the basin, values of pH exceeding about 8.5 appear to contribute to elevated arsenic concentrations through desorption of arsenic from metal oxides.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arsenic in ground water","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1007/0-306-47956-7_11","isbn":"978-1-4020-7317-5","usgsCitation":"Plummer, L., 2003, Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico, chap. <i>of</i> Arsenic in ground water, p. 295-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47956-7_11.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,34.25 ], [ -107.5,35.75 ], [ -106.0,35.75 ], [ -106.0,34.25 ], [ -107.5,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ed2be4b034bf6a803b2d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745487,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":745488,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, L.N.","contributorId":206803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plummer","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53006,"text":"cir1258 - 2003 - Monitoring amphibians in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-09T12:49:36","indexId":"cir1258","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1258","title":"Monitoring amphibians in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","docAbstract":"<p>Amphibian species have inexplicably declined or disappeared in many regions of the world, and in some instances, serious malformations have been observed. In the United States, amphibian declines frequently have occurred even in protected areas. Causes for the declines and malformations probably are varied and may not even be related. The seemingly sudden declines in widely separated areas, however, suggests a need to monitor amphibian populations as well as identify the causes when declines or malformations are discovered.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>In 2000, the President of the United States and Congress directed Department of the Interior (DOI) agencies to develop a plan to monitor the trends in amphibian populations on DOI lands and to conduct causes of declines. The DOI has stewardship responsibilities over vast land holdings in the United States, much of it occupied by, or potential habitat for, amphibians. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was given lead responsibility for planning and organizing this program, named the Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI). Authorization carried the mandate to set up a national amphibian monitoring program on Federal lands, to develop the sampling techniques and biometrical analyses necessary to determine status and trends, and to identify possible causes of amphibian declines and malformations.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The biological importance of Great Smoky Mountains National Park has been recognized by its designation as an International Biosphere Reserve. As such, it is clearly the leading region of significance for amphibian research. Although no other region shares the wealth of amphibians as found in the Great Smokies (31 species of salamanders, and 13 of frogs), the entire southern and mid-section of the Appalachian Mountain chain is characterized by a high diversity of amphibians, and inventories and monitoring protocols developed in the Smokies likely will be applicable to other Appalachian National Park Service properties.</p>\n<p><br />From 1998 to 2001, USGS biologists carried out a pilot inventory and monitoring research project in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A variety of inventory, sampling, and monitoring techniques were employed and tested. These included wide-scale visual encounter surveys of amphibians at terrestrial and aquatic sites, intensive monitoring of selected plots, randomly placed small-grid plot sampling, litterbag sampling in streams, monitoring nesting females of selected species, call surveys, and monitoring specialized habitats, such as caves. Coupled with information derived from amphibian surveys on Federal lands using various other techniques (automated frog call data loggers, PVC pipes, drift fences, terrestrial and aquatic traps), an amphibian monitoring program was designed to best meet the needs of biologists and natural resource managers after taking into consideration the logistics, terrain, and life histories of the species found within Great Smoky Mountains National Park.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>This report provides an overview of the Park&rsquo;s amphibians, the factors affecting their distribution, a review of important areas of biodiversity, and a summary of amphibian life history in the Southern Appalachians. In addition, survey techniques are described as well as examples of how the techniques are set up, a critique of what the results tell the observer, and a discussion of the limitations of the techniques and the data. The report reviews considerations for site selection, outlines steps for biosecurity and for processing diseased or dying animals, and provides resource managers with a decision tree on how to monitor the Park&rsquo;s amphibians based on different levels of available resources. It concludes with an extensive list of references for inventorying and monitoring amphibians. USGS and Great Smoky Mountains National Park biologists need to establish cooperative efforts and training to ensure that congressionally mandated amphibian surveys are performed in a statistically rigorous and biologically meaningful manner, and that amphibian populations on Federal lands are monitored to ensure their long-term survival. The research detailed in this report will aid these cooperative efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1258","isbn":"0607934484","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C.K., 2003, Monitoring amphibians in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1258, vi, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1258.","productDescription":"vi, 118 p.","numberOfPages":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1258.JPG"},{"id":296532,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2003/circ1258/pdf/c1258_dodd.pdf","size":"21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91983,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2003/circ1258/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.94653320312499,\n              35.383451974194934\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.94653320312499,\n              35.68853320738875\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.11431884765625,\n              35.68853320738875\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.11431884765625,\n              35.383451974194934\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.94653320312499,\n              35.383451974194934\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr.","contributorId":89215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025184,"text":"70025184 - 2003 - Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-14T17:06:00.655547","indexId":"70025184","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3766,"text":"Wildlife Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk <i>Cervus elaphus</i> and mule deer <i>Odocoileus hemionus</i> population composition","title":"Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition","docAbstract":"<p>Both ground and helicopter surveys are commonly used to collect sex and age composition data for ungulates. Little attention has been paid, however, to whether data collected by each technique are similar. We compared helicopter and ground composition data for both elk<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cervus elaphus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and mule deer<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Odocoileus hemionus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>across a variety of habitats in the state of Washington, USA. We found that ground and helicopter counts differed (P's &lt; 0.002) consistently in male age structure estimates for elk, and that the two survey methods differed in estimates of adult sex ratios for mule deer (P = 0.023). Counts from helicopters provided larger sample sizes, tended to be more consistent annually in their results, and were corroborated by other demographic studies of the test populations. We conclude that helicopter and ground surveys differ for male age structure and perhaps male:female ratios, but are similar for young:female ratios. Managers should maintain a standardized technique using the same survey vehicle for trend analysis of composition data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2981/wlb.2003.051","issn":"09096396","usgsCitation":"Bender, L.C., Myers, W.L., and Gould, W., 2003, Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition: Wildlife Biology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 199-205, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2003.051.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f868e4b0c8380cd4d0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, Louis C.","contributorId":72509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Woodrow L.","contributorId":200876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Woodrow","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gould, William R.","contributorId":244516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gould","given":"William R.","affiliations":[{"id":27575,"text":"NMSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186906,"text":"70186906 - 2003 - Two-dimensional inverse and three-dimensional forward modeling of MT (magnetotelluric) data to evaluate the mineral potential of the Amphitheater Mountains, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T14:44:32","indexId":"70186906","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Two-dimensional inverse and three-dimensional forward modeling of MT (magnetotelluric) data to evaluate the mineral potential of the Amphitheater Mountains, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of an integrated geological and geophysical study to assess the mineral potential in the Amphitheater Mountains of south-central Alaska, USA, two magnetotelluric (MT) profiles were acquired during the summer of 2002. The two parallel MT lines, along with helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) and magnetic data acquired by the State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and new detailed U.S. Geological Survey gravity data, are being used to investigate a feeder system to a Late Triassic flood basalt, the Nikolai Greenstone. The platinum-group-element-bearing, layered, and mafic-ultramafic sills of the Fish Lake and Tangle complexes and the geophysical responses suggest the presence of a substantial root of ultramafic material below the Amphitheater synform and several conductive, dense, magnetic, and possibly sulfide-bearing lenses within the surrounding Tangle Formation. The Amphitheater synform was defined by a prominent magnetic anomaly and the repetition of geologic units. Data from the HEM survey were used to assess and correct static shifts in the MT data. A striking conductivity anomaly was observable in the MT apparent resistivity data at sites on each line. Two-dimensional (2-D) inversion was used to model the geometry of the synform structure, electrical properties related to possible mineralization in the top few kilometers, and a feeder root to the magmatic system substantiated with potential field and geological models. The synform plunges to the west with the highly conductive zone ranging from depths of roughly 1.5 to 3.5 km where sampled. Two sensitivity analyses were performed to aid in assessment decisions. First, 2-D models were evaluated from several algorithms, including the rapid-relaxation inversion, the conjugate-gradient method, and Occam?s inversion with the use of different combinations of the apparent resistivity and phase for the transverse electric and magnetic modes. Second, a three-dimensional forward model, developed from the 2-D MT models and other geophysical and geological information, was constructed to further understand the response that could not be fit with the 2-D models.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 3DEM-3 symposium: Three dimensional electromagnetics III: ASEG Special Publications 2003(1)","conferenceTitle":"3DEM-3 Symposium: Three Dimensional Electromagnetics III","conferenceDate":"February 20-21, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Adelaide, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1071/ASEG2003_3DEMab012","usgsCitation":"Pellerin, L., Schmidt, J.M., and Hoversten, G., 2003, Two-dimensional inverse and three-dimensional forward modeling of MT (magnetotelluric) data to evaluate the mineral potential of the Amphitheater Mountains, Alaska, USA, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 3DEM-3 symposium: Three dimensional electromagnetics III: ASEG Special Publications 2003(1), Adelaide, Australia, February 20-21, 2003, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1071/ASEG2003_3DEMab012.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478383,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071/aseg2003_3demab012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aseg.org.au/proceedings-3dem-3-symposium-three-dimensional-electromagnetics-iii","text":"CD of Conference Proceedings from publisher"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Amphitheater Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e63e4b06911a29fa866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pellerin, Louise","contributorId":20824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Jeanine M. jschmidt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Jeanine","email":"jschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoversten, G. Michael","contributorId":190873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoversten","given":"G. Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":53273,"text":"ofr2003222 - 2003 - Reconnaissance-level application of physical habitat simulation in the evaluation of physical habitat limits in the Animas Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:17:50","indexId":"ofr2003222","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-222","title":"Reconnaissance-level application of physical habitat simulation in the evaluation of physical habitat limits in the Animas Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The Animas River is in southwestern Colorado and flows mostly to the south to join the San Juan River at Farmington, New Mexico (Figure 1). The Upper Animas River watershed is in San Juan County, Colorado and is located in the San Juan Mountains. The lower river is in the Colorado Plateau country. The winters are cold with considerable snowfall and little snowmelt in the mountains in the upper part of the basin. The lower basin has less snow but the winters are still cold. The streamflows during the winter are low and reasonably stable.</p>\n<p>The native trout in the Animas Basin is the cutthroat trout. Few native trout remain and the trout found in the upper watershed are brook trout with rainbow and brown trout in the lower river. There is considerable metal contamination in the upper basin near Silverton but a brook trout fishery does exist in the Animas River from just above Howardsville to where the Animas joins Cement Creek in Silverton.</p>\n<p>There are two principle objectives of the habitat studies in the Animas Basin: (1) to improve understanding of the fate of sediment from mining operations from the view point of physical habitat impacts, and (2) to determine if reconnaissance level physical habitat studies can be useful in understanding the impacts of mining on the aquatic ecosystem.</p>\n<p>Part of the project was to apply the Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) to selected locations in the Upper Animas River Basin, Colorado in order to demonstrate the importance of physical habitat in evaluating the efficacy of mined land remediation activities. Physical habitat analysis included the use of sedimentation variables in physical habitat simulations. A map of the Upper Animas Basin is presented in Figure 2.</p>\n<p>The project involves collecting data for the following locations: Animas River above Magee Creek; Animas River above Howardsville; Animas River below Howardsville; Animas River above Silverton at Hillsdale Cemetery; Animas River at Silverton; Cement Creek above Silverton; Cement Creek at Silverton; Mineral Creek at Powerline above Silverton; Mineral Creek at Campground; South Mineral Creek at Overflow Campground; Mineral Creek above Bear Creek; Mineral Creek at Silverton; Animas River below Silverton; and Animas River at Elk Park.</p>\n<p>Bed material samples were collected at each site. These included samples of the armour, the substrate, and sand and fines deposited on the surface. At selected sites the stream morphology was measured. These measurements included one to three cross sections, stream discharge, and water surface elevations. The data are located in the files of the Fort Collins Science Center.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003222","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 2003, Reconnaissance-level application of physical habitat simulation in the evaluation of physical habitat limits in the Animas Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-222, v, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003222.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003222.PNG"},{"id":320296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.21807861328125,\n              36.697053200100335\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.940673828125,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.74566650390625,\n              37.2587521486561\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.53692626953125,\n              37.861844098370945\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.611083984375,\n              37.93553306183642\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82257080078125,\n              37.85750715625203\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.99835205078124,\n              37.54022177661216\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.03131103515625,\n              37.24782120155428\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.0670166015625,\n              37.00035919622158\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21807861328125,\n              36.697053200100335\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024661,"text":"70024661 - 2003 - Environmental fate and effects of the lampricide TFM: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024661","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental fate and effects of the lampricide TFM: A review","docAbstract":"Use of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is limited geographically to the Great Lakes basin where it is the principal agent used in control of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). It is clear from available data that TFM has effects on the environment, but the effects reported are transient. Individual organisms and aquatic communities return to pretreatment conditions after lampricide treatments have concluded. TFM is not persistent, is detoxified, and presents minimal long-term toxicological risk. TFM is relatively nontoxic to mammals. Treatment levels do not pose a threat to wildlife. However, TFM is an estrogen agonist and additional testing to define the nature and magnitude of this effect will likely be required. Because stream treatments are done on 3 to 5 year cycles, and exposures are limited to approximately 12 h, minimal risk to aquatic organisms is expected.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","language":"English","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Hubert, T., 2003, Environmental fate and effects of the lampricide TFM: A review, <i>in</i> Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 456-474.","startPage":"456","endPage":"474","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09bfe4b0c8380cd52049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubert, T.D.","contributorId":108066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70179880,"text":"70179880 - 2003 - Identification of larval Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata), river lampreys (L. ayresi), and western brook lampreys (L. richardsoni) and thermal requirements of early life history stages of lampreys. Annual report 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T13:49:13","indexId":"70179880","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Identification of larval Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata), river lampreys (L. ayresi), and western brook lampreys (L. richardsoni) and thermal requirements of early life history stages of lampreys. Annual report 2002-2003","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two fundamental aspects of lamprey biology were examined to provide tools for population assessment and determination of critical habitat needs of Columbia River Basin (CRB) lampreys (the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, and the western brook lamprey, L. richardsoni). We evaluated the usefulness of current diagnostic characteristics for identification of larval lampreys (i.e., pigment patterns) and collected material for development of meristic and morphometric descriptions of early life stage CRB lampreys, and we determined the effects of temperature on survival and development of early life stage CRB lampreys. Thirty-one larval lampreys were collected from locations throughout the CRB and transported to the Columbia River Research Laboratory. Lampreys were sampled at six-week intervals at which time they were identified to the species level based on current diagnostic characteristics. Sampling was repeated until lampreys metamorphosed, at which time species identification was validated based on dentition, or until they died, at which time they were preserved for genetic examination. These lampreys were sampled 30 times with two individuals metamorphosing, both of which were consistently identified, and subsequently validated, as Pacific lampreys. Of the remaining lampreys, only one was inconsistently identified (Pacific lamprey in 83% of the sampling events and western brook lamprey in 17%</span><span> of the sampling events). These data suggest that pigmentation patterns do not change appreciably through time. In 2001 and 2002 we artificially spawned Pacific and western brook lampreys in the laboratory to provide material for meristic and morphometric descriptions. We collected, digitized, preserved, and measured the mean chorion diameter of Pacific and western brook lamprey embryos. Embryos ranged in development from 1 d post fertilization to just prior to hatch, and were incubated at 14 C. Mean chorion diameter was greater and more variable for Pacific lampreys (mean {+-} SD; 1.468 {+-} 0.107 mm, N = 320) than for western brook lampreys (1.237 {+-} 0.064 mm, N = 280). An unpaired t-test showed that the difference in mean chorion diameter between species was highly significant (t = 32.788, df = 528.62, P &lt; 0.0001). For larvae, we collected, digitized, and preserved 156 individuals from each species. Eight homologous landmarks defining a two-cell truss network with two appended triangles were selected for morphometric analyses and species discrimination. A full model discriminant analysis correctly classified 92% of the Pacific lampreys and 93% of the western brook lampreys in a classification data set. When applied to a test data set, the classification functions correctly classified 91% of the Pacific lampreys and 85% of the western brook lampreys. A backward elimination discriminant analysis removed four variables from the full model, and the reduced model correctly classified 91% of the Pacific lampreys and 93% of the western brook lampreys in a classification data set. The reduced model classification functions correctly classified 91% of the Pacific lampreys and 85% of the western brook lampreys in a test data set. In 2001 and 2002 Pacific and western brook lampreys were artificially spawned and resulting progeny were reared in the laboratory at 10 C, 14 C, 18 C, and 22 C. The estimated temperature for zero development was 4.85 C for Pacific and 4.97 C for western brook lampreys. Survival was greatest at 18 C followed by 14 C, 10 C, and 22 C, with significant differences observed between 22 C and other temperatures. Overall survival was significantly greater for western brook than for Pacific lampreys, although the difference in proportion of individuals surviving was only 0.02. Survival to hatch was significantly greater than survival to the larval stage with a difference of only 0.03. The proportion of individuals exhibiting abnormalities at the larval stage was greatest at 22 C followed by 18 C, 10 C, and 14 C, with significant differences observed between 22 C and other temperatures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","doi":"10.2172/963076","usgsCitation":"Meeuwig, M., Bayer, J., Seelye, J., and Reiche, R., 2003, Identification of larval Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata), river lampreys (L. ayresi), and western brook lampreys (L. richardsoni) and thermal requirements of early life history stages of lampreys. Annual report 2002-2003, https://doi.org/10.2172/963076.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/963076","text":"External Repository"},{"id":333470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5881dedee4b01192927d9fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meeuwig, M.H.","contributorId":24741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeuwig","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayer, J.M.","contributorId":47945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seelye, J.G.","contributorId":32861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelye","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reiche, R.A.","contributorId":68107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiche","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001020,"text":"1001020 - 2003 - Compensatory mechanisms in Great Lakes sea lamprey populations: implications for alternative control strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T13:54:07","indexId":"1001020","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compensatory mechanisms in Great Lakes sea lamprey populations: implications for alternative control strategies","docAbstract":"<p><span>Compensatory mechanisms are demographic processes that tend to increase population growth rates at lower population density. These processes will tend to reduce the effectiveness of actions that use controls on reproductive success to suppress sea lamprey (</span><i>Petromyzon marinus</i><span>), an economically important pest in the Great Lakes. Historical evidence for compensatory mechanisms in sea lamprey populations was reviewed, and revealed: (1) strong evidence for shifts in sex ratios as sea lamprey abundance was reduced in the early years of the control program; (2) weak and equivocal evidence for increased growth rates of sea lamprey cohorts re-colonizing streams following a lampricide treatment; and (3) suggestions of other compensatory processes, such as earlier ages at metamorphosis, but with little empirical evidence. Larval size distribution data for cohorts in the first and second years following a lampricide treatment (26 pairs of cohorts in 20 streams) was analyzed and did not indicate a consistent pattern of more rapid growth of the first colonizing cohort (only 11 of 33 cases). To test for compensation between spawning and age-1 in sea lamprey populations, data were analyzed for 49 stream-years for which spawning female abundance was known and age-1 abundance was estimated in the following year. A fit of these data to a Ricker stock-recruitment function showed evidence for compensation, measured as reduced survival to age 1 at higher abundance of spawning females. More obvious, however, was a large amount of density-independent variation in survival, which tends to mask evidence for compensatory survival. The results were applied to a simple model that simulates sea lamprey populations and their control in a hypothetical lake. Control strategies that targeted reproductive success performed far less well than comparable strategies that targeted larval populations, because density-independent recruitment variation leads to occasional strong year classes even when spawner abundance is reduced to low levels through alternative control. It is concluded that further study of recruitment variation in lamprey populations is critical to rationalizing alternative controls that target reproductive success, and that recruitment variation needs to be incorporated into models used to evaluate sea lamprey control options.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70481-X","usgsCitation":"Jones, M., Bergstedt, R., Twohey, M.B., Fodale, M.F., Cuddy, D.W., and Slade, J., 2003, Compensatory mechanisms in Great Lakes sea lamprey populations: implications for alternative control strategies: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 113-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70481-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"129","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, R.A.","contributorId":74330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twohey, Michael B.","contributorId":62541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Twohey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fodale, Michael F.","contributorId":18309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodale","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cuddy, Douglas W.","contributorId":77474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuddy","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Slade, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":44890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Jeffrey W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70181813,"text":"70181813 - 2003 - Western crevice and cavity-roosting bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:59:59","indexId":"70181813","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Western crevice and cavity-roosting bats","docAbstract":"<p> Among the 45 species of bats that occur in the United States (U.S.), 34 species regularly occur in western regions of the country. Many of these “western” species choose roost sites in crevices or cavities. Herein we provide an introduction to the biology of bats that roost in cavities and crevices and assess the challenges and opportunities associated with monitoring their populations. We reviewed recent studies and examined the U.S. Geological Survey Bat Population Database (BPD) for records of western bats using crevice and cavity roosts. We found records of 25 species of western bats that use crevice or cavity roosts for at least part of their annual cycle. There were relatively few (n = 92) observations or counts for these species in the BPD, representing only 6% of the observations in the database. This paucity of records likely reflects the difficulty of observing bats in such situations rather than actual use. We found no long-term data adequate for population trend analysis among this group of bats. Since the development of miniaturized radio transmitters, our knowledge about bats that roost in cavities and crevices has increased. Future challenges associated with monitoring these species will include understanding variability in the types of roosts used as well as the roost-switching behavior exhibited by many species. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: Problems and prospects (Information and Technology Report 2003-0003)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Bogan, M., Cryan, P.M., Valdez, E.W., Ellison, L.E., and O’Shea, T.J., 2003, Western crevice and cavity-roosting bats, chap. <i>of</i> Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: Problems and prospects (Information and Technology Report 2003-0003), p. 69-77.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"77","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2003/0003/report.pdf#page=79"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42537e4b0c825128ad447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bogan, Michael A.","contributorId":27128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valdez, Ernest W. 0000-0002-7262-3069 ernie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-3069","contributorId":3600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdez","given":"Ernest","email":"ernie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellison, Laura E. ellisonl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Laura","email":"ellisonl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Shea, Thomas J. osheat@usgs.gov","contributorId":2327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Shea","given":"Thomas","email":"osheat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70180940,"text":"70180940 - 2003 - Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:18:11","indexId":"70180940","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age","docAbstract":"<p><span>Around the world, a great deal of effort is expended each year to estimate the sizes of wild animal populations. Unfortunately, population size has proven to be one of the most intractable parameters to estimate. The capture-recapture estimation models most commonly used (of the Jolly-Seber type) are complicated and require numerous, sometimes questionable, assumptions. The derived estimates usually have large variances and lack consistency over time. In capture–recapture studies of long-lived animals, the ages of captured animals can often be determined with great accuracy and relative ease. We show how to incorporate age information into size estimates for open populations, where the size changes through births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. The proposed method allows more precise estimates of population size than the usual models, and it can provide these estimates from two sample occasions rather than the three usually required. Moreover, this method does not require specialized programs for capture-recapture data; researchers can derive their estimates using the logistic regression module in any standard statistical package.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0666:ISEOOA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., McDonald, T.L., Amstrup, S.C., and Regehr, E.V., 2003, Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age: BioScience, v. 53, no. 7, p. 666-669, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0666:ISEOOA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"669","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c40e4b0efcedb741088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000840,"text":"1000840 - 2003 - In situ determination of the annual thermal habitat use by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T13:51:20","indexId":"1000840","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ determination of the annual thermal habitat use by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Huron","docAbstract":"<p>Records of the temperatures occupied by 33 lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) at large in Lake Huron were obtained for up to 14 months per fish, at 75-minute intervals, from surgically implanted archival temperature tags. The dataset covered nearly three years, from October 1998 to June 2001, and included 160,000 observations. The objectives of the tagging were to obtain temperature data to refine bioenergetics models of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation on lake trout, and compare the temperatures occupied by strains of lake trout stocked in Lake Huron. The seasonal, thermal-use profiles of lake trout followed the general warming and cooling pattern of Lake Huron. During periods when the zone of surface water mixing extended below the depth range occupied by lake trout, variability among individual fish and strains was low and followed surface temperature. However, during the period of summer stratification, the average temperatures occupied varied substantially among individual fish and strains. Strains originating from the upper Great Lakes (Lake Superior and Lewis Lake, WY) occupied similar temperatures. Between June and mid August, upper Great Lakes lake trout typically occupied water several degrees warmer than that occupied by lake trout of Finger Lakes, New York origin. Most of the lake trout occupied summer temperatures lower than the preferred temperatures suggested by laboratory studies. In October, all strains occupied water as warm or warmer than that occupied in summer, which may partially explain the higher lethality of sea lamprey attacks during October.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bergstedt, R.A., Argyle, R.L., Seelye, J.G., Scribner, K.T., and Curtis, G.L., 2003, In situ determination of the annual thermal habitat use by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Huron: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 347-361.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"361","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Argyle, Ray L.","contributorId":9993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argyle","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seelye, James G.","contributorId":69919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelye","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Curtis, Gary L.","contributorId":16356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025433,"text":"70025433 - 2003 - Palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Sewickley coal bed (Monongahela Group, Late Pennsylvanian), Northern Appalachian Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025433","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Sewickley coal bed (Monongahela Group, Late Pennsylvanian), Northern Appalachian Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Forty-two bench samples of the Sewickley coal bed were collected from seven localities in the northern Appalachian Basin and analyzed palynologically, petrographically, and geochemically. The Sewickley coal bed occurs in the middle of the Pittsburgh Formation (Monongahela Group) and is of Late Pennsylvanian age. Palynologically, it is dominated by spores of tree ferns. Tree fern spore taxa in the Sewickley include Punctatisporites minutus, Punctatosporites minutus, Laevigatosporites minimus, Spinosporites exiguus, Apiculatasporites saetiger, and Thymospora spp. In fact, Punctatisporites minutus was so abundant that it had to be removed from the standard counts and recorded separately (average 73.2%). Even when Punctatisporites minutus is removed from the counts, tree fern spores still dominate a majority of the assemblages, averaging 64.4%. Among the tree fern spores identified in the Sewickley coal, Thymospora exhibits temporal and spatial abundance variation. Thymospora usually increases in abundance from the base to the top of the bed. Thymospora is also more abundant in columns that are thick (>100 cm) and low in ash yield (< 12.0%, dry basis). Calamite spores (e.g. Calamospora spp., Laevigatosporites minor, and L. vulgaris) are the next most abundant plant group represented in the Sewickley coal, averaging 20%. Contributions from all other plant groups are minor in comparison. Petrographically, the Sewickley coal contains high percentages of vitrinite (average 82.3%, mineral matter-free (mmf)), with structured forms being more common than unstructured forms. In contrast, liptinite and inertinite macerals both occur in low percentages (average 7.7% and 10.0%, respectively). Geochemically, the Sewickley coal has a moderate ash yield (average 12.4%) and high total sulfur content (average 3.4%). Four localities contained a high ash or carbonaceous shale bench. These benches, which may be coeval, are strongly dominated by tree fern spores. Unlike the lower ash benches, they contain low percentages of vitrinite, which mainly occurs as unstructured vitrinite, and higher liptinite and inertinite contents. The accumulated data suggest that the Sewickley paleomire was probably a rheotrophic, planar mire that had a consistent water cover. This is supported by the high vitrinite contents, moderate ash yields, and high total sulfur contents. The high ash and carbonaceous shale benches probably represent either periods of dryness and substrate exposure, or flooding of the mire surface, the duration of which is unknown. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00110-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Pierce, B., and Grady, W., 2003, Palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Sewickley coal bed (Monongahela Group, Late Pennsylvanian), Northern Appalachian Basin, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 55, no. 2-4, p. 187-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00110-1.","startPage":"187","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209506,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00110-1"},{"id":236043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74a8e4b0c8380cd77763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grady, W.C.","contributorId":104223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015030,"text":"1015030 - 2003 - Tracing the pathways of Neotropical migratory shorebirds using stable isotopes: A pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T16:28:36","indexId":"1015030","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2114,"text":"Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracing the pathways of Neotropical migratory shorebirds using stable isotopes: A pilot study","docAbstract":"<p>We evaluated the potential use of stable isotopes to establish linkages between the wintering grounds and the breeding grounds of the Pectoral Sandpiper (<i>Calidris melanotos</i>), the White-rumped Sandpiper (<i>Calidris fuscicollis</i>), the Baird's Sandpiper (<i>Calidris bairdii</i>), and other Neotropical migratory shorebird species (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Tringa</i> spp.). These species molt their flight feathers on the wintering grounds and hence their flight feathers carry chemical signatures that are characteristic of their winter habitat. The objective of our pilot study was to assess the feasibility of identifying the winter origin of individual birds by: (1) collecting shorebird flight feathers from several widely separated Argentine sites and analyzing these for a suite of stable isotopes; and (2) analyzing the deuterium and <sup>18</sup>O isotope data that were available from precipitation measurement stations in Argentina. Isotopic ratios (δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>34</sup>S) of flight feathers were significantly different among three widely separated sites in Argentina during January 2001. In terms of relative importance in separating the sites, δ<sup>34</sup>S was most important, followed by δ<sup>15</sup>N, and then δ<sup>13</sup>C. In the complete discriminant analysis, the classification function correctly predicted group membership in 85% of the cases (jackknifed classification matrix). In a stepwise analysis δ<sup>13</sup>C was dropped from the solution, and site membership was correctly predicted in 92% of cases (jackknifed matrix). Analysis of precipitation data showed that both δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O were significantly related to both <i>latitude</i> and <i>longitude</i> on a countrywide scale (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Other variables, <i>month</i>, <i>altitude</i>, explained little additional variation in these isotope ratios. Several issues were identified that will likely constrain the degree of accuracy one can expect in predicting the geographic origin of birds from Argentina. There was unexplained variation in isotope ratios within and among the different wing feathers from individual birds. Such variation may indicate that birds are not faithful to a local site during their winter stay in Argentina. There was significant interannual variation in the δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O of precipitation. Hence, specific locations may not have a constant signature for some isotopes. Moreover, the fractionation that occurs in wetlands due to evaporation significantly skews local δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O values, which may undermine the strong large-scale gradients seen in the precipitation data. We are continuing the research with universities in Argentina with a focus on expanding the breadth of feather collection and attempting to resolve the identified issues.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/1025601031000108660","usgsCitation":"Farmer, A., Rye, R., Landis, G., Bern, C., Kester, C., and Ridley, I., 2003, Tracing the pathways of Neotropical migratory shorebirds using stable isotopes: A pilot study: Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, v. 39, no. 3, p. 169-177, https://doi.org/10.1080/1025601031000108660.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, A.H.","contributorId":79063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R.","contributorId":19912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, G.","contributorId":107235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bern, C.","contributorId":65427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bern","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kester, C.","contributorId":95427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kester","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ridley, I.","contributorId":70339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025176,"text":"70025176 - 2003 - Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T17:02:18.291394","indexId":"70025176","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Source model for the M<sub>w</sub> 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR","title":"Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 23 October 2002 Nenana Mountain Earthquake (M</span><sub><i>w</i></sub><span> ∼ 6.7) occurred on the Denali Fault (Alaska), to the west of the M</span><sub><i>w</i></sub><span> ∼ 7.9 Denali Earthquake that ruptured the same fault 11 days later. We used 6 interferograms, constructed using radar images from the Canadian Radarsat-1 and European ERS-2 satellites, to determine the coseismic surface deformation and a source model. Data were acquired on ascending and descending satellite passes, with incidence angles between 23 and 45 degrees, and time intervals of 72 days or less. Modeling the event as dislocations in an elastic half space suggests that there was nearly 0.9 m of right-lateral strike-slip motion at depth, on a near-vertical fault, and that the maximum slip in the top 4 km of crust was less than 0.2 m. The Nenana Mountain Earthquake increased the Coulomb stress at the future hypocenter of the 3 November 2002, Denali Earthquake by 30–60 kPa.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018014","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.J., Lu, Z., and Wicks, C., 2003, Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 18, p. 12-1-12-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018014.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"12-1","endPage":"12-4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478411,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali fault, Nenana Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              62\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9330e4b08c986b31a34b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Tim J.","contributorId":84959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, Charles 0000-0002-0809-1328","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-1328","contributorId":9023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024711,"text":"70024711 - 2003 - Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial - and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024711","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial - and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS)","docAbstract":"The Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS) mission offers a novel approach to the provision of key scientific data with unprecedented radiometric accuracy for Earth Observation (EO) and solar studies, which will also establish well-calibrated reference targets/standards to support other EO missions. This paper presents the TRUTHS mission and its objectives. TRUTHS will be the first satellite mission to calibrate its EO instrumentation directly to SI in orbit, overcoming the usual uncertainties associated with drifts of sensor gain and spectral shape by using an electrical rather than an optical standard as the basis of its calibration. The range of instruments flown as part of the payload will also provide accurate input data to improve atmospheric radiative transfer codes by anchoring boundary conditions, through simultaneous measurements of aerosols, particulates and radiances at various heights. Therefore, TRUTHS will significantly improve the performance and accuracy of EO missions with broad global or operational aims, as well as more dedicated missions. The provision of reference standards will also improve synergy between missions by reducing errors due to different calibration biases and offer cost reductions for future missions by reducing the demands for on-board calibration systems. Such improvements are important for the future success of strategies such as Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) and the implementation and monitoring of international treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol. TRUTHS will achieve these aims by measuring the geophysical variables of solar and lunar irradiance, together with both polarised and unpolarised spectral radiance of the Moon, Earth and its atmosphere. Published by Elsevier Ltd of behalf of COSPAR.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90551-5","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Fox, N., Aiken, J., Barnett, J., Briottet, X., Carvell, R., Frohlich, C., Groom, S., Hagolle, O., Haigh, J., Kieffer, H.H., Lean, J., Pollock, D., Quinn, T., Sandford, M., Schaepman, M., Shine, K., Schmutz, W., Teillet, P., Thome, K.J., Verstraete, M., and Zalewski, E., 2003, Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial - and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS): Advances in Space Research, v. 32, no. 11, p. 2253-2261, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90551-5.","startPage":"2253","endPage":"2261","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499889,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/traceable-radiometry-underpinning-terrestrial-and-helio-studies-t-2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207851,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90551-5"},{"id":233098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb684e4b08c986b326cf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, N.","contributorId":90905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, J.","contributorId":100152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnett, J.J.","contributorId":66021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briottet, X.","contributorId":80860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briottet","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carvell, R.","contributorId":58050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carvell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frohlich, C.","contributorId":30400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohlich","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Groom, S.B.","contributorId":45484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groom","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hagolle, O.","contributorId":90906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagolle","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Haigh, J.D.","contributorId":61209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haigh","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lean, J.","contributorId":88909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lean","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pollock, D.B.","contributorId":70148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Quinn, T.","contributorId":38735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sandford, M.C.W.","contributorId":26108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandford","given":"M.C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Schaepman, M.","contributorId":24527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaepman","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Shine, K.P.","contributorId":91273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shine","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schmutz, W.K.","contributorId":23716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Teillet, P.M.","contributorId":23717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teillet","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Verstraete, M.M.","contributorId":96451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraete","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Zalewski, E.","contributorId":84946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zalewski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}}
,{"id":70025183,"text":"70025183 - 2003 - Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025183","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","docAbstract":"The increasing availability of digital photographic materials has fueled efforts by agencies and organizations to generate land cover maps for states, regions, and the United States as a whole. Regardless of the information sources and classification methods used, land cover maps are subject to numerous sources of error. In order to understand the quality of the information contained in these maps, it is desirable to generate statistically valid estimates of accuracy rates describing misclassification errors. We explored a full sample survey framework for creating accuracy assessment study designs that balance statistical and operational considerations in relation to study objectives for a regional assessment of GAP land cover maps. We focused not only on appropriate sample designs and estimation approaches, but on aspects of the data collection process, such as gaining cooperation of land owners and using pixel clusters as an observation unit. The approach was tested in a pilot study to assess the accuracy of Iowa GAP land cover maps. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design addressed sample size requirements for land covers and the need for geographic spread while minimizing operational effort. Recruitment methods used for private land owners yielded high response rates, minimizing a source of nonresponse error. Collecting data for a 9-pixel cluster centered on the sampled pixel was simple to implement, and provided better information on rarer vegetation classes as well as substantial gains in precision relative to observing data at a single-pixel.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1025107023980","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Nusser, S., and Klaas, E., 2003, Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 10, no. 3, p. 309-331, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980.","startPage":"309","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980"},{"id":235651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba28ae4b08c986b31f79b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":21487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025489,"text":"70025489 - 2003 - Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T16:33:55.381242","indexId":"70025489","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring","docAbstract":"Power analysis is helpful in defining goals for ecological monitoring and evaluating the performance of ongoing efforts. I examined detection standards proposed for population monitoring of seabirds using two programs (MONITOR and TRENDS) specially designed for power analysis of trend data. Neither program models within- and among-years components of variance explicitly and independently, thus an error term that incorporates both components is an essential input. Residual variation in seabird counts consisted of day-to-day variation within years and unexplained variation among years in approximately equal parts. The appropriate measure of error for power analysis is the standard error of estimation (S.E.est) from a regression of annual means against year. Replicate counts within years are helpful in minimizing S.E.est but should not be treated as independent samples for estimating power to detect trends. Other issues include a choice of assumptions about variance structure and selection of an exponential or linear model of population change. Seabird count data are characterized by strong correlations between S.D. and mean, thus a constant CV model is appropriate for power calculations. Time series were fit about equally well with exponential or linear models, but log transformation ensures equal variances over time, a basic assumption of regression analysis. Using sample data from seabird monitoring in Alaska, I computed the number of years required (with annual censusing) to detect trends of -1.4% per year (50% decline in 50 years) and -2.7% per year (50% decline in 25 years). At ??=0.05 and a desired power of 0.9, estimated study intervals ranged from 11 to 69 years depending on species, trend, software, and study design. Power to detect a negative trend of 6.7% per year (50% decline in 10 years) is suggested as an alternative standard for seabird monitoring that achieves a reasonable match between statistical and biological significance.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00301-4","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 2003, Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring: Biological Conservation, v. 111, no. 3, p. 317-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00301-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island, Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.40243530273438,\n              59.39477224351406\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.25411987304688,\n              59.39477224351406\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.25411987304688,\n              59.47752265509619\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.40243530273438,\n              59.47752265509619\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.40243530273438,\n              59.39477224351406\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.85867309570312,\n              55.951506585828895\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.59088134765625,\n              55.951506585828895\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.59088134765625,\n              56.27843607650187\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.85867309570312,\n              56.27843607650187\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.85867309570312,\n              55.951506585828895\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9739e4b08c986b31b962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024911,"text":"70024911 - 2003 - Influence of elk grazing on soil properties in Rocky Mountain National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70024911","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of elk grazing on soil properties in Rocky Mountain National Park","docAbstract":"We used three 35-year exclosures to examine the effects of high elk populations on a variety of soil properties in three vegetation types: upland sagebrush, aspen, and meadow. Grazing and hoof action by elk significantly increased bulk density (from 0.87 kg/l ungrazed to 0.94 kg/l grazed), with greater effects on soils with fewer rocks. Grazing substantially reduced extractable calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus in the sagebrush type, but not in the aspen or meadow types. The only grazing effect on pH came in aspen types, where grazing prevented aspen establishment, and kept soil pH about 0.7 units higher than under aspen inside the exclosures. Grazing had no overall effect on total soil C and N across all exclosures and vegetation types. The availability of soil nitrogen, indexed by in-field resin bags and net mineralization in soil cores, showed little overall effect of grazing. Limited data on soil leaching indicated a possibility of strong increases in nitrate leaching with grazing for an aspen vegetation type at one exclosure. Although we found little effect of grazing on soil N supply, we note that N fertilization doubled the production of grasses and shrubs; if grazing eventually led to changes in soil N supply, species composition and growth would likely change. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00162-2","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Binkley, D., Singer, F., Kaye, M., and Rochelle, R., 2003, Influence of elk grazing on soil properties in Rocky Mountain National Park: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 185, no. 3, p. 239-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00162-2.","startPage":"239","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207677,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00162-2"},{"id":232829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b2ee4b0c8380cd622cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, F.","contributorId":52753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaye, M.","contributorId":85364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rochelle, R.","contributorId":21729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochelle","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025374,"text":"70025374 - 2003 - Temporal and spatial stability of red-tailed hawk territories in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70025374","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial stability of red-tailed hawk territories in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"We mapped Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) territories in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) of Puerto Rico in 1998. We combined our 1998 data with that collected during previous studies of Red-tailed Hawks in the LEF to examine population numbers and spatial stability of territorial boundaries over a 26-yr period. We also investigated potential relationships between Red-tailed Hawk territory sizes and topographic and climatic factors. Mean size of 16 defended territories during 1998 was 124.3 ?? 12.0 ha, which was not significantly different from our calculations of mean territory sizes derived from data collected in 1974 and 1984. Aspect and slope influenced territory size with the smallest territories having high slope and easterly aspects. Territory size was small compared to that reported for other parts of the species' range. In addition, there was remarkably little temporal change in the spatial distribution, area, and boundaries of Red-tailed Hawk territories among the study periods. Further, there was substantial boundary overlap (21-27%) between defended territories among the different study periods. The temporal stability of the spatial distribution of Red-tailed Hawk territories in the study area leads us to believe the area might be at or near saturation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Snyder, H.A., Bibles, B.D., and Estabrook, T., 2003, Temporal and spatial stability of red-tailed hawk territories in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 37, no. 4, p. 277-285.","startPage":"277","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4f2e4b08c986b3206c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Hollice A.","contributorId":59530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Hollice","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bibles, Brent D.","contributorId":77720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibles","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estabrook, T.S.","contributorId":43149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estabrook","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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