“Blast zones” (BZs) around new martian craters comprise various albedo features caused by the initial impact, including diffuse halos, extended linear and arcuate rays, secondary craters, ejecta patterns, and dust avalanches. We examined these features for changes in repeat images separated by up to four Mars years. Here we present the first comprehensive survey of the qualitative and quantitative changes observed in impact blast zones over time. Such changes are most likely due to airfall of high-albedo dust restoring darkened areas to their original albedo, the albedo of adjacent non-impacted surfaces. Although some sites show drastic changes over short timescales, nearly half of the sites show no obvious changes over several Mars years. Albedo changes are more likely to occur at higher-latitude sites, lower-elevation sites, and at sites with smaller central craters. No correlation was seen between amount of change and Dust Cover Index, relative halo size, or historical regional albedo changes. Quantitative albedo measurements of the diffuse dark halos relative to their surroundings yielded estimates of fading lifetimes for these features. The average lifetime among sites with measurable fading is ∼15 Mars years; the median is ∼8 Mars years for a linear brightening. However, at approximately half of sites with three or more repeat images, a nonlinear function with rapid initial fading followed by a slow increase in albedo provides a better fit to the fading behavior; this would predict even longer lifetimes. The predicted lifetimes of BZs are comparable to those of slope streaks, and considered representative of fading by global atmospheric dust deposition; they last significantly longer than dust devil or rover tracks, albedo features that are erased by different processes. These relatively long lifetimes indicate that the measurement of the current impact rate by Daubar et al. does not suffer significantly from overall under-sampling due to blast zones fading before new impact sites can be initially discovered. However, the prevalence of changes seen around smaller craters may explain in part their shallower size frequency distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2015.11.032","usgsCitation":"Daubar, I.J., Dundas, C.M., Byrne, S., Geissler, P.E., Bart, G., McEwen, A.S., Russell, P., Chojnacki, M., and Golombek, M., 2016, Changes in blast zone albedo patterns around new martian impact craters: Icarus, v. 267, p. 86-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.11.032.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"105","ipdsId":"IP-065072","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"267","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b46e7b2e4b060350a15d321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daubar, Ingrid J.","contributorId":204233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daubar","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":192609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":739395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geissler, Paul E. pgeissler@usgs.gov","contributorId":2811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"Paul","email":"pgeissler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bart, Gwen","contributorId":206095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bart","given":"Gwen","affiliations":[{"id":37244,"text":"UIdaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Russell, Patrick","contributorId":206094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":37243,"text":"SI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chojnacki, Matthew","contributorId":201621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chojnacki","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[{"id":27205,"text":"U. Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":739404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70189834,"text":"70189834 - 2016 - Buildings (EERI Earthquake Reconnaissance Team Report: M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake on April 25, 2015 and its Aftershocks)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-21T13:33:18.392113","indexId":"70189834","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"5","title":"Buildings (EERI Earthquake Reconnaissance Team Report: M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake on April 25, 2015 and its Aftershocks)","docAbstract":"The most common building typologies in Nepal are reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with masonry infill walls, unreinforced masonry (URM) bearing wall buildings, and wood frame buildings (Figure 5-1). The RC frames with masonry infills are commonly constructed in urban and semi-urban areas. Most of these buildings are three to five stories high, and most privately owned buildings are non-engineered. High rise buildings (up to 17 stories high) are also found in Kathmandu, but their number is limited. Burnt clay bricks are widely used as masonry infill walls; external walls are generally one full brick thick (~ 230 mm), and internal walls are one half brick thick. URM bearing wall buildings are an obvious choice for the population in rural areas and the outskirts of cities, primarily to limit the material expenses. Such buildings are generally two to four stories high and constructed using burnt clay brick masonry or stone masonry with cement, lime, or mud mortar. In some of the older constructions, a different mortar known as Vajra (a mix of lime and brick dust) is also observed. These buildings have either wooden or reinforced concrete flooring. A hybrid type of construction also prevails in semi-urban and rural areas, where wood frames are used in the ground story front façade, and rest of the house is made of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Wood frame houses (generally two to three stories high) are also observed in rural areas where the material for such construction is easily available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"EERI Earthquake Reconnaissance Team Report: M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake on April 25, 2015 and its Aftershocks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Kaushik, H., Bevington, J., Jaiswal, K.S., Lizundia, B., and Shrestha, S., 2016, Buildings (EERI Earthquake Reconnaissance Team Report: M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake on April 25, 2015 and its Aftershocks), 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-26","ipdsId":"IP-076061","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Nepal","otherGeospatial":"Kathmandu Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 84.715576171875,\n 27.176469131898898\n ],\n [\n 86.0888671875,\n 27.176469131898898\n ],\n [\n 86.0888671875,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n 84.715576171875,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n 84.715576171875,\n 27.176469131898898\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"597afba6e4b0a38ca2750b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaushik, Hemant","contributorId":195193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaushik","given":"Hemant","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bevington, John","contributorId":195194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bevington","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaiswal, Kishor S. 0000-0002-5803-8007 kjaiswal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-8007","contributorId":149796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"Kishor","email":"kjaiswal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lizundia, Bret","contributorId":195195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lizundia","given":"Bret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shrestha, Surya","contributorId":150710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shrestha","given":"Surya","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18073,"text":"National Society for Earthquake Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179021,"text":"sir20165171 - 2016 - Hydrogeologic framework and characterization of the Truxton Aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation, Mohave County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-07T16:45:31.293325","indexId":"sir20165171","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T20:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5171","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and characterization of the Truxton Aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation, Mohave County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, developed this study to determine an estimate of groundwater in storage in the Truxton aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation in northwestern Arizona. For this study, the Truxton aquifer is defined as the unconfined, saturated groundwater in the unconsolidated to semiconsolidated older and younger basin-fill deposits of the Truxton basin overlying bedrock. The physical characteristics of the Truxton aquifer have not been well characterized in the past. In particular, the depth to impermeable granite bedrock and thickness of the basin are known in only a few locations where water wells have penetrated into the granite. Increasing water demands on the Truxton aquifer by both tribal and nontribal water users have led to concern about the long-term sustainability of this water resource. The Hualapai Tribe currently projects an increase of their water needs from about 300 acre-feet (acre-ft) per year to about 780 acre-ft per year by 2050 to support the community of Peach Springs, Arizona, and the southern part of the reservation. This study aimed to quantitatively develop better knowledge of aquifer characteristics, including aquifer storage and capacity, using (1) surface resistivity data collected along transects and (2) analysis of existing geologic, borehole, precipitation, water use, and water-level data.
The surface resistivity surveys indicated that the depth to granite along the survey lines varied from less than 100 feet (ft) to more than 1,300 ft below land surface on the Hualapai Reservation. The top of the granite bedrock is consistent with the erosional character of the Truxton basin and exhibits deep paleochannels filled with basin-fill deposits consistent with the results of surface resistivity surveys and borehole logs from wells. The estimated average saturated thickness of the Truxton aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation is about 330 ft (with an estimated range of 260 to 390 ft), based on both resistivity results and the depth to water in wells. The saturated thickness might be greater in parts of the Truxton aquifer where paleochannels are incised into the granite underlying the basin-fill sediments. The estimated groundwater storage of the Truxton aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation ranges from 420,000 to 940,000 acre-ft and does not include groundwater storage in the aquifer outside the Hualapai Reservation boundary. In addition, the calculation of total storage in the Truxton aquifer does not determine nor indicate the availability and sustainability of that groundwater as a long-term resource. These results compared well with studies done on alluvial-basin aquifers in areas adjacent to this study. The part of the Truxton aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation represents about 20 percent of the entire aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Bills, D.J., and Macy, J.P., 2016, Hydrologic framework and characterization of the Truxton aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation, Mohave County, Arizona (ver. 2.0, December 2017): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5171, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165171.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-074915","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373792,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205017","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5017","linkHelpText":" - Geophysical Surveys, Hydrogeologic Characterization, and Groundwater Flow Model for the Truxton Basin and Hualapai Plateau, Northwestern Arizona"},{"id":373791,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205025","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5025","linkHelpText":" - Hydrogeologic Characterization of the Hualapai Plateau on the Western Hualapai Indian Reservation, Northwestern Arizona"},{"id":332711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5171/coverthb_.jpg"},{"id":332712,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5171/sir20165171v2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5171 Report PDF"},{"id":349915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5171/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2016-5171 Version History"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Mojave County","otherGeospatial":"Hualapai Reservation, Truxton Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 35.55457449014312\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -112.2308349609375,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -112.2308349609375,\n 35.55457449014312\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 35.55457449014312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 30, 2016; Version 2.0: December 14, 2017","contact":"Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
Elevation data derived from light detection and ranging present challenges for hydrologic modeling as the elevation surface includes bridge decks and elevated road features overlaying culvert drainage structures. In reality, water is carried through these structures; however, in the elevation surface these features impede modeled overland surface flow. Thus, a hydrologically-enforced elevation surface is needed for hydrodynamic modeling. In the Delaware River Basin, hydrologic-enforcement techniques were used to modify elevations to simulate how constructed drainage structures allow overland surface flow. By calculating residuals between unfilled and filled elevation surfaces, artificially pooled depressions that formed upstream of constructed drainage structure features were defined, and elevation values were adjusted by generating transects at the location of the drainage structures. An assessment of each hydrologically-enforced drainage structure was conducted using field-surveyed culvert and bridge coordinates obtained from numerous public agencies, but it was discovered the disparate drainage structure datasets were not comprehensive enough to assess all remotely located depressions in need of hydrologic-enforcement. Alternatively, orthoimagery was interpreted to define drainage structures near each depression, and these locations were used as reference points for a quantitative hydrologic-enforcement assessment. The orthoimagery-interpreted reference points resulted in a larger corresponding sample size than the assessment between hydrologic-enforced transects and field-surveyed data. This assessment demonstrates the viability of rules-based hydrologic-enforcement that is needed to achieve hydrologic connectivity, which is valuable for hydrodynamic models in sensitive coastal regions. Hydrologic-enforced elevation data are also essential for merging with topographic/bathymetric elevation data that extend over vulnerable urbanized areas and dynamic coastal regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/SI76-009","usgsCitation":"Poppenga, S.K., and Worstell, B.B., 2016, Hydrologic connectivity: Quantitative assessments of hydrologic-enforced drainage structures in an elevation model: Journal of Coastal Research, v. Special Issue 76, p. 90-106, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI76-009.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"106","ipdsId":"IP-059049","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.2112/SI76-009","text":"External Repository"},{"id":332787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Special Issue 76","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586cc690e4b0f5ce109fa943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppenga, Sandra K. 0000-0002-2846-6836 spoppenga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-6836","contributorId":3327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppenga","given":"Sandra","email":"spoppenga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179457,"text":"70179457 - 2016 - Generalizing ecological site concepts of the Colorado Plateau for landscape-level applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T13:49:49","indexId":"70179457","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3230,"text":"Rangelands","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalizing ecological site concepts of the Colorado Plateau for landscape-level applications","docAbstract":"Understanding how dams affect the shifting habitat mosaic of river bottomlands is key for protecting the many ecological functions and related goods and services that riparian forests provide and for informing approaches to riparian ecosystem restoration. We examined the downstream effects of two large dams on patterns of forest composition, structure, and dynamics within different geomorphic contexts and compared them to upstream reference conditions along the Elwha River, Washington, USA. Patterns of riparian vegetation in river segments downstream of the dams were driven largely by channel and bottomland geomorphic responses to a dramatically reduced sediment supply. The river segment upstream of both dams was the most geomorphically dynamic, whereas the segment between the dams was the least dynamic due to substantial channel armoring, and the segment downstream of both dams was intermediate due to some local sediment supply. These geomorphic differences were linked to altered characteristics of the shifting habitat mosaic, including older forest age structure and fewer young Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa stands in the relatively static segment between the dams compared to more extensive early-successional forests (dominated by Alnus rubra and Salix spp.) and pioneer seedling recruitment upstream of the dams. Species composition of later-successional forest communities varied among river segments as well, with greater Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla abundance upstream of both dams, Acer spp. abundance between the dams, and P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa and Thuja plicata abundance below both dams. Riparian forest responses to the recent removal of the two dams on the Elwha River will depend largely on channel and geomorphic adjustments to the release, transport, and deposition of the large volume of sediment formerly stored in the reservoirs, together with changes in large wood dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.1621","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., Perry, L.G., Rose, C.A., and Braatne, J.H., 2016, Effects of dams and geomorphic context on riparian forests of the Elwha River, Washington: Ecosphere, v. 7, no. 12, e01621; 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1621.","productDescription":"e01621; 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-073630","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1621","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.66622924804688,\n 47.702368466573716\n ],\n [\n -123.66622924804688,\n 48.167917284047974\n ],\n [\n -123.48495483398436,\n 48.167917284047974\n ],\n [\n -123.48495483398436,\n 47.702368466573716\n ],\n [\n -123.66622924804688,\n 47.702368466573716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586cc692e4b0f5ce109fa949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Laura G","contributorId":177873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perry","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"G","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, Chanoane A","contributorId":177874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"Chanoane","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braatne, Jeffrey H","contributorId":177875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braatne","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179458,"text":"70179458 - 2016 - Improving the effectiveness of ecological site descriptions: General state-and-transition models and the Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool (EDIT)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T13:48:05","indexId":"70179458","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3230,"text":"Rangelands","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the effectiveness of ecological site descriptions: General state-and-transition models and the Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool (EDIT)","docAbstract":"This study of the ciscoes (Coregonus, subgenus Leucichthys) of the Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon represents a furtherance through 2015 of field research initiated by Walter Koelz in 1917 and continued by Stanford Smith in the mid-1900s—a period spanning nearly a century. Like Koelz’s study, this work contains information on taxonomy, geographical distribution, ecology, and status of species (here considered forms). Of the seven currently recognized forms (C. artedi, C. hoyi, C. johannae, C. kiyi, C. nigripinnis, C. reighardi, and C. zenithicus) described by Koelz as major in his 1929 monograph, two (C. johannae and C. reighardi) are extinct. In addition, C. alpenae, described by Koelz but subsequently synonymized with C. zenithicus, although extinct, is recognized as valid making a total of eight major forms. Six of these forms, all but C. artedi and C. hoyi, have been lost from Lake Michigan, and seven have been lost from Lake Huron, leaving in Lake Huron only C. artedi and an introgressed deepwater form that we term a hybrid swarm. C. artedi appears, like its sister form C. alpenae, to have been lost from Lake Erie. Only C. artedi remains extant in Lake Ontario, its three sister forms (C. hoyi, C. kiyi, and C. reighardi) having disappeared long ago.
Lakes Superior and Nipigon have retained their original species flocks consisting of four forms each: C. artedi, C. hoyi, and C. zenithicus in both lakes; C. kiyi in Lake Superior; and C. nigripinnis in Lake Nipigon. Morphological deviations from the morphotypes described by Koelz have been modest in contemporary samples. Overall, C. kiyi and C. artedi were the most morphologically stable forms while C. hoyi, C. nigripinnis, and C. zenithicus were the least stable. Although contemporary populations of C. artedi from Lakes Michigan and Huron are highly diverged from the morphotypes described by Koelz, the contemporary samples were of undescribed deep-bodied forms unlikely to have been sampled by Koelz because of their association with bays. Of the two intact species flocks, Lake Nipigon’s was much less stable morphologically than Lake Superior’s even though Lake Nipigon is far less disturbed. Two priorities for research are determining the role of developmental plasticity in morphological divergence, especially within C. zenithicus of Lake Superior, and the basis for morphological divergence in C. artedi.
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These were classified under 5 categories: reproductive biology, biogeography, population ecology, threats and conservation strategies. To obtain a picture of how research is being focused towards these key questions, we undertook a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature (2014 and 2015) attributing papers to the original 20 questions. In total, we reviewed 605 articles in full and from these 355 (59%) were judged to substantively address the 20 key questions, with others focusing on basic science and monitoring. Progress to answering the 20 questions was not uniform, and there were biases regarding focal turtle species, geographic scope and publication outlet. Whilst it offers some meaningful indications as to effort, quantifying peer-reviewed literature output is obviously not the only, and possibly not the best, metric for understanding progress towards informing key conservation and management goals. Along with the literature review, an international group based on the original project consortium was assigned to critically summarise recent progress towards answering each of the 20 questions. We found that significant research is being expended towards global priorities for management and conservation of sea turtles. Although highly variable, there has been significant progress in all the key questions identified in 2010. Undertaking this critical review has highlighted that it may be timely to undertake one or more new prioritizing exercises. For this to have maximal benefit we make a range of recommendations for its execution. These include a far greater engagement with social sciences, widening the pool of contributors and focussing the questions, perhaps disaggregating ecology and conservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/esr00801","usgsCitation":"Rees, A., Alfaro-Shigueto, J., Barata, P., Bjorndal, K., Bolten, A., Bourjea, J., Broderick, A., Campbell, L., Cardona, L., Carreras, C., Casale, P., Ceriani, S., Dutton, P., Eguchi, T., Formia, A., Fuentes, M., Fuller, W., Girondot, M., Godfrey, M., Hamann, M., Hart, K.M., Hays, G., Hochscheid, S., Kaska, Y., Jensen, M., Mangel, J., Mortimer, J., Naro-Maciel, E., Ng, C., Nichols, W., Phillott, A., Reina, R., Revuelta, O., Schofield, G., Seminoff, J., Shanker, K., Tomas, J., de Merwe, V., Van Houtan, K., Vander Zanden, H., Wallace, B., Wedemeyer-Strombel, K., Work, T.M., and Godley, B., 2016, Are we working towards global research priorities for management and conservation of sea turtles?: Endangered Species Research, v. 31, p. 337-382, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00801.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"382","ipdsId":"IP-082591","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National 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Andrena spp., Bombus spp., and Xylocopa virginica (L.) were collected most often. Bombus griseocollis (DeGeer), B. impatiens Cresson, B. bimaculatus Cresson, B. perplexus Cresson, and Andrena vicina Smith collected the largest mean numbers of blueberry pollen tetrads. The largest mean percent blueberry pollen loads were carried by the miner bees Andrena bradleyi Viereck (91%), A. carolina Viereck (90%), and Colletes validus Cresson (87%). The largest mean total pollen grain loads were carried by B. griseocollis (549,844), B. impatiens (389,558), X. virginica (233,500), and B. bimaculatus (193,132). Xylocopa virginica was the fourth and fifth most commonly collected bee species in 2014 and 2015, respectively. They exhibit nectar robbing and females carried relatively low blueberry pollen loads (mean 33%). Overall, we found 10 species of bees to be the primary pollinators of blueberries in Rhode Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/ee/nvw094","usgsCitation":"Scott, Z., Ginsberg, H., and Alm, S.R., 2016, Native bee diversity and pollen foraging specificity in cultivated highbush blueberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium corymbosum) in Rhode Island: Environmental Entomology, v. 45, no. 6, p. 1432-1438, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvw094.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1432","endPage":"1438","ipdsId":"IP-076181","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/49","text":"External Repository"},{"id":332786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586cc693e4b0f5ce109fa94b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Zachary","contributorId":177871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Zachary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. 0000-0002-4933-2466 hginsberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":147665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard S.","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alm, Steven R.","contributorId":177872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alm","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179489,"text":"70179489 - 2016 - Topobathymetric elevation model development using a new methodology: Coastal National Elevation Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T19:02:11","indexId":"70179489","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topobathymetric elevation model development using a new methodology: Coastal National Elevation Database","docAbstract":"During the coming decades, coastlines will respond to widely predicted sea-level rise, storm surge, and coastalinundation flooding from disastrous events. Because physical processes in coastal environments are controlled by the geomorphology of over-the-land topography and underwater bathymetry, many applications of geospatial data in coastal environments require detailed knowledge of the near-shore topography and bathymetry. In this paper, an updated methodology used by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal National Elevation Database (CoNED) Applications Project is presented for developing coastal topobathymetric elevation models (TBDEMs) from multiple topographic data sources with adjacent intertidal topobathymetric and offshore bathymetric sources to generate\r\nseamlessly integrated TBDEMs. This repeatable, updatable, and logically consistent methodology assimilates topographic data (land elevation) and bathymetry (water depth) into a seamless coastal elevation model. Within the overarching framework, vertical datum transformations are standardized in a workflow that interweaves spatially consistent interpolation (gridding) techniques with a land/water boundary mask delineation approach. Output gridded raster TBDEMs are stacked into a file storage system of mosaic datasets within an Esri ArcGIS geodatabase for\r\nefficient updating while maintaining current and updated spatially referenced metadata. Topobathymetric data provide a required seamless elevation product for several science application studies, such as shoreline delineation, coastal inundation mapping, sediment-transport, sea-level rise, storm surge models, and tsunami impact assessment. These detailed coastal elevation data are critical to depict regions prone to climate change impacts and are essential to planners and managers responsible for mitigating the associated risks and costs to both human communities and ecosystems. The CoNED methodology approach has been used to construct integrated TBDEM models in Mobile Bay, the northern Gulf of Mexico, San Francisco Bay, the Hurricane Sandy region, and southern California.","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/SI76-008","usgsCitation":"Danielson, J.J., Poppenga, S.K., Brock, J., Evans, G.A., Tyler, D.J., Gesch, D.B., Thatcher, C.A., and Barras, J., 2016, Topobathymetric elevation model development using a new methodology: Coastal National Elevation Database: Journal of Coastal Research, v. Special Issue 76, p. 75-89, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI76-008.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"89","ipdsId":"IP-067362","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.2112/SI76-008","text":"External Repository"},{"id":438478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9N4WLC8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Southeast Texas Pilot National Topography Model (NTM), 1933 to 2021"},{"id":438477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9R8UZU6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, 2011 to 2019"},{"id":438476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9J11VV6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model of the Coastal Georgia, 1851 to 2020"},{"id":438475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MPA8K0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model of the Coastal Carolinas, 1851 to 2020"},{"id":438474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q3VAY8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Pilot Topobathymetric Terrain Model of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, 2009 - 2019"},{"id":438473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KZ3LCV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model of Northern California, 1986 to 2019"},{"id":438472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GB3PC8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1891 to 2016"},{"id":438471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UZIYI8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model for the Southern Coast of California and the Channel Islands, 1930 to 2014"},{"id":438470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7736Q34","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Topobathymetric Model for the Central Coast of California, 1929 to 2017"},{"id":332803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Special Issue 76","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586cc68fe4b0f5ce109fa941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danielson, Jeffrey J. 0000-0003-0907-034X daniels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-034X","contributorId":3996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"daniels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poppenga, Sandra K. 0000-0002-2846-6836 spoppenga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-6836","contributorId":3327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppenga","given":"Sandra","email":"spoppenga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, Gayla A. 0000-0001-5072-4232 gevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-4232","contributorId":3125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Gayla","email":"gevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tyler, Dean J. 0000-0002-1542-7539 dtyler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-7539","contributorId":177897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"Dean","email":"dtyler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thatcher, Cindy A. 0000-0003-0331-071X thatcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-071X","contributorId":2868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Cindy","email":"thatcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barras, John 0000-0002-4207-2972 jbarras@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4207-2972","contributorId":177812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"John","email":"jbarras@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70179488,"text":"70179488 - 2016 - Applying downscaled Global Climate Model data to a groundwater model of the Suwannee River Basin, Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T14:32:46","indexId":"70179488","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":725,"text":"American Journal of Climate Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying downscaled Global Climate Model data to a groundwater model of the Suwannee River Basin, Florida, USA","docAbstract":"The application of Global Climate Model (GCM) output to a hydrologic model allows for comparisons between simulated recent and future conditions and provides insight into the dynamics of hydrology as it may be affected by climate change. A previously developed numerical model of the Suwannee River Basin, Florida, USA, was modified and calibrated to represent transient conditions. A simulation of recent conditions was developed for the 372-month period 1970-2000 and was compared with a simulation of future conditions for a similar-length period 2039-2069, which uses downscaled GCM data. The MODFLOW groundwater-simulation code was used in both of these simulations, and two different MODFLOW boundary condition “packages” (River and Streamflow-Routing Packages) were used to represent interactions between surface-water and groundwater features.\nThe hydrologic fluxes between the atmosphere and landscape for the simulation of future conditions were developed from dynamically downscaled precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) data generated by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). The downscaled precipitation data were interpolated for the Suwannee River model grid, and the downscaled ET data were used to develop potential ET and were interpolated to the grid. The fu¬ture period has higher simulated rainfall (10.8 percent) and ET (4.5 percent) than the recent period.\nThe higher future rainfall causes simulated groundwater levels to rise in areas where they are deep and have little ET in either the recent or future case. However, in areas where groundwater levels were originally near the surface, the greater future ET causes groundwater levels to become lower despite the higher projected rainfall. The general implication is that unsaturated zone depth could be more spatially uniform in the future and vegetation that requires a range of conditions (substantially wetter or drier than aver¬age) could be detrimentally affected. This vegetation would include wetland species, especially in areas inland from the coast.","language":"English","publisher":"Scientific Research Publishing","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2016.54037","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., and Davis, J., 2016, Applying downscaled Global Climate Model data to a groundwater model of the Suwannee River Basin, Florida, USA: American Journal of Climate Change, v. 5, p. 526-557, https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.54037.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"557","ipdsId":"IP-060930","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470307,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.54037","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7CV4FVR","text":"MODFLOW datasets for simulations of groundwater flow with downscaled global climate model data for the Suwannee River Basin, Florida"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.276123046875,\n 29.046565622728846\n ],\n [\n -84.276123046875,\n 30.642638258763263\n ],\n [\n -82.73803710937499,\n 30.642638258763263\n ],\n [\n -82.73803710937499,\n 29.046565622728846\n ],\n [\n -84.276123046875,\n 29.046565622728846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1820e4b0f5ce109fcad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J. 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Hal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178526,"text":"sir20165165 - 2016 - Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T15:56:52","indexId":"sir20165165","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5165","title":"Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2016","docAbstract":"The Equus Beds aquifer in south-central Kansas, which is part of the High Plains aquifer, serves as a source of water for municipal and agricultural users in the area. The city of Wichita has used the Equus Beds aquifer as one of its primary water sources since the 1940s. The aquifer in and around Wichita’s well field reached historically low water levels in 1993, prompting the city to adopt new water-use and conservation strategies to ensure future water supply needs were met. Part of the plan was to initiate a managed aquifer recharge program called the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project. The goal of the managed aquifer recharge program is to artificially recharge the Equus Beds aquifer with treated water from the Little Arkansas River. As part of the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project, the city of Wichita and the U.S. Geological Survey have partnered in a long-term cooperative study to monitor and describe the quantity and quality of the water in the Equus Beds aquifer and the Little Arkansas River.
The city of Wichita, the Equus Beds Groundwater Management District No. 2, the Kansas Department of Agriculture–Division of Water Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey collected groundwater levels in numerous wells screened in the Equus Beds aquifer in the area in and around Wichita’s well field in January 2016. The measurements were used to interpolate potentiometric surfaces for shallow and deep parts of the aquifer in the study area. These potentiometric surfaces were compared with potentiometric surfaces from previous years to estimate changes in water levels and storage volume in the study area.
Groundwater levels were generally higher in January 2016 than they were in January 2015. On average, in January 2016, groundwater levels in the shallow part of the aquifer were about 3.4 feet higher and groundwater levels in the deep part of the aquifer were about 3.8 feet higher than in January 2015. The volume of water stored in the study area decreased by about 74,000 acre-feet between predevelopment (the time period before substantial pumpage began in the 1940s) and January 2016; increased by about 121,000 acre-feet between the historic low in 1993 and January 2016; and increased by about 61,000 acre-feet between January 2015 and January 2016. About 62 percent of the storage volume lost between predevelopment and 1993 has been recovered. The increase in storage volume from January 2015 to January 2016 can probably be attributed to less pumping by the city of Wichita and irrigators, more recharge due to higher-than-average precipitation, and higher volumes of artificial recharge in 2015.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Klager, B.J., 2016, Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5165, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165165.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-078976","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438479,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KP809V","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater Levels in the Equus Beds Aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 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U.S. Geological Survey
4821 Quail Crest Place
Lawrence, KS 66049
http://ks.water.usgs.gov
A paper recently published by Bartelt and Buser (hereafter identified as “the authors”) aims to clarify relationships between granular dilatancy and dispersive pressure and to question the effective stress principle and its application to shallow granular avalanches (Bartelt and Buser in Act Geotech 11:549–557, 2). The paper also criticizes our own recent work, which utilizes the concepts of evolving dilatancy and effective stress to model the initiation and dynamics of water-saturated landslides and debris flows. Here we first explain why we largely agree with the authors’ views of dilatancy and dispersive pressure as they apply to depth-integrated granular avalanche models, and why we disagree with their views of effective stress and pore-fluid pressure. We conclude by explaining why the authors’ characterization of our recently developed D-Claw model is inaccurate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s11440-016-0502-4","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and George, D.L., 2016, Discussion of “The relation between dilatancy, effective stress and dispersive pressure in granular avalanches” by P. Bartelt and O. Buser (DOI: 10.1007/s11440-016-0463-7): Acta Geotechnica, v. 11, no. 6, p. 1465-1468, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0502-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1465","endPage":"1468","ipdsId":"IP-077983","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f10e4b0cd2dabe7c4a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179347,"text":"70179347 - 2016 - Comment on “The reduction of friction in long-runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T12:26:10","indexId":"70179347","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “The reduction of friction in long-runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.","docAbstract":"Results from a highly idealized, 2-D computational model indicate that dynamic normal-stress rarefactions might cause friction reduction in long-runout landslides, but the physical relevance of the idealized dynamics has not been confirmed by experimental tests. More importantly, the model results provide no evidence that refutes alternative hypotheses about friction reduction mechanisms. One alternative hypothesis, which is strongly supported by field evidence, experimental data, and the predictions of a well-constrained computational model, involves development of high pore fluid pressures in deforming landslide material or overridden bed material. However, no scientific basis exists for concluding that a universal mechanism is responsible for friction reduction in all long-runout landslides.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2016JF003979","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2016, Comment on “The reduction of friction in long-runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 121, no. 11, p. 2238-2242, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003979.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2238","endPage":"2242","ipdsId":"IP-076543","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f0fe4b0cd2dabe7c4a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179337,"text":"70179337 - 2016 - Debris flow runup on vertical barriers and adverse slopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T13:48:39","indexId":"70179337","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris flow runup on vertical barriers and adverse slopes","docAbstract":"Runup of debris flows against obstacles in their paths is a complex process that involves profound flow deceleration and redirection. We investigate the dynamics and predictability of runup by comparing results from large-scale laboratory experiments, four simple analytical models, and a depth-integrated numerical model (D-Claw). The experiments and numerical simulations reveal the important influence of unsteady, multidimensional flow on runup, and the analytical models highlight key aspects of the underlying physics. Runup against a vertical barrier normal to the flow path is dominated by rapid development of a shock, or jump in flow height, associated with abrupt deceleration of the flow front. By contrast, runup on sloping obstacles is initially dominated by a smooth flux of mass and momentum from the flow body to the flow front, which precedes shock development and commonly increases the runup height. D-Claw simulations that account for the emergence of shocks show that predicted runup heights vary systematically with the adverse slope angle and also with the Froude number and degree of liquefaction (or effective basal friction) of incoming flows. They additionally clarify the strengths and limitations of simplified analytical models. Numerical simulations based on a priori knowledge of the evolving dynamics of incoming flows yield quite accurate runup predictions. Less predictive accuracy is attained in ab initio simulations that compute runup based solely on knowledge of static debris properties in a distant debris flow source area. Nevertheless, the paucity of inputs required in ab initio simulations enhances their prospective value in runup forecasting.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2016JF003933","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., George, D.L., and Logan, M., 2016, Debris flow runup on vertical barriers and adverse slopes: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 121, no. 12, p. 2333-2357, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003933.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"2333","endPage":"2357","ipdsId":"IP-075299","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf003933","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JH3JB0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data from debris-flow run-up experiments conducted in June, 1994, and May, 1997, at the USGS Debris-flow Flume, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, Blue River, Oregon"},{"id":332623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f11e4b0cd2dabe7c4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179348,"text":"70179348 - 2016 - Modelling landslide liquefaction, mobility bifurcation and the dynamics of the 2014 Oso disaster","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T12:24:19","indexId":"70179348","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1825,"text":"Geotechnique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling landslide liquefaction, mobility bifurcation and the dynamics of the 2014 Oso disaster","docAbstract":"Some landslides move slowly or intermittently downslope, but others liquefy during the early stages of motion, leading to runaway acceleration and high-speed runout across low-relief terrain. Mechanisms responsible for this disparate behaviour are represented in a two-phase, depth-integrated, landslide dynamics model that melds principles from soil mechanics, granular mechanics and fluid mechanics. The model assumes that gradually increasing pore-water pressure causes slope failure to nucleate at the weakest point on a basal slip surface in a statically balanced mass. Failure then spreads to adjacent regions as a result of momentum exchange. Liquefaction is contingent on pore-pressure feedback that depends on the initial soil state. The importance of this feedback is illustrated by using the model to study the dynamics of a disastrous landslide that occurred near Oso, Washington, USA, on 22 March 2014. Alternative simulations of the event reveal the pronounced effects of a landslide mobility bifurcation that occurs if the initial void ratio of water-saturated soil equals the lithostatic, critical-state void ratio. They also show that the tendency for bifurcation increases as the soil permeability decreases. The bifurcation implies that it can be difficult to discriminate conditions that favour slow landsliding from those that favour liquefaction and long runout.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institution of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1680/jgeot.15.LM.004","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and George, D.L., 2016, Modelling landslide liquefaction, mobility bifurcation and the dynamics of the 2014 Oso disaster: Geotechnique, v. 66, no. 3, p. 175-187, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.LM.004.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"187","ipdsId":"IP-063350","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Oso","volume":"66","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f0ee4b0cd2dabe7c4a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 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0000-0002-7643-357X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-357X","contributorId":194805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goulet","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179306,"text":"70179306 - 2016 - So, you want to be a Lepidopterist?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T09:43:45","indexId":"70179306","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"So, you want to be a Lepidopterist?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/ecy.1606","usgsCitation":"Grundel, R., 2016, So, you want to be a Lepidopterist?: Ecology, v. 97, no. 12, p. 3555-3556, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1606.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3555","endPage":"3556","ipdsId":"IP-076601","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5864dd4ce4b0cd2dabe7c1c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grundel, Ralph 0000-0002-2949-7087 rgrundel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2949-7087","contributorId":2444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundel","given":"Ralph","email":"rgrundel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179205,"text":"pp1827 - 2016 - The Outer Banks of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:24:51","indexId":"pp1827","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-27T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1827","title":"The Outer Banks of North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Outer Banks of North Carolina are excellent examples of the nearly 300 barrier islands rimming the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. These low, sandy islands are among the most dynamic natural landscapes occupied by man. Beach sands move offshore, onshore, and along the shore in the direction of the prevailing longshore currents. In this way, sandy coasts continuously adjust to different tide, wave, and current conditions and to rising sea level that causes the islands to migrate landward.
Despite such changes, barrier islands are of considerable environmental importance. The Outer Banks are home to diverse natural ecosystems that are adapted to the harsh coastal environment. Native species tend to be robust and many are specifically adapted to withstand salt spray, periodic saltwater flooding, and the islands’ well-drained sandy soil. The Outer Banks provide an important stopover for birds on the Atlantic flyway, and many species inhabit the islands year round. In addition, Outer Banks beaches provide an important nesting habitat for five endangered or threatened sea turtle species.
European explorers discovered North Carolina’s barrier islands in the 16th century, although the islands were not permanently settled until the middle 17th century. By the early 19th century, shipbuilding and lumber industries were among the most successful, until forest resources were depleted. Commercial fishing eventually followed, and it expanded considerably after the Civil War. By the Great Depression, however, little industry existed on the Outer Banks. In response to the effects of a severe hurricane in 1933, the National Park Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps proposed a massive sand-fixation program to stabilize the moving sand and prevent storm waves from sweeping across the entire width of some sections of the islands. Between 1933 and 1940, this program constructed sand fencing on 185 kilometers (115 miles) of beach and planted grass seedlings, trees, and shrubs.
In 1937, Congress authorized the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, which was established in 1953. The national seashore preserved one of the world’s best examples of a barrier island environment, and minimized the effect of erosion that was becoming a serious problem. In 1966, Congress authorized the Cape Lookout National Seashore to ensure that Core and Shackleford Banks would not undergo major development and could be preserved in their natural state.
The rate of population growth along the Outer Banks in recent decades has been among the highest in North Carolina. More important, however, has been the growth in vacationers—in 2008, more than a quarter of a million visitors during a typical week. Municipalities now need to provide services to a transient population as much as six times as large as their permanent resident population.
Although human activities have dominated the landscape changes observed on the Outer Banks for the past century or two, these changes must be understood in the context of the prevailing atmospheric, oceanic, and geologic processes that have governed the form and function of these islands for thousands of years. It is these natural processes that imbue the Outer Banks with their unique and dichotomous qualities of tranquility and tumult. In the presence of human occupation, it is these same processes that make the islands one of the highest natural-hazard risk zones along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1827","isbn":"978-1-4113-4097-8","usgsCitation":"Dolan, R., Lins, H.F., and Smith, J.J., 2016, The Outer Banks of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1827, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1827","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 153 p.; Poster: 28 x 40 inches","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023871","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332434,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/pp1827.pdf","text":"Report","size":"53.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1827"},{"id":332435,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/pp1827_poster.pdf","text":"Poster","size":"5.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1827 Poster"},{"id":332433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 36.59347887826919\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 36.53170884914869\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 36.213255233061844\n ],\n [\n -75.4156494140625,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -75.3497314453125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -75.289306640625,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 35.27701633139884\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -75.970458984375,\n 34.8047829195724\n ],\n [\n -76.256103515625,\n 34.56538299699511\n ],\n [\n -76.4593505859375,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 34.511083202999714\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 34.655803905058974\n ],\n [\n -76.6021728515625,\n 34.7506398050501\n ],\n [\n -76.4263916015625,\n 34.84085858477277\n ],\n [\n -76.234130859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -75.7342529296875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -75.6573486328125,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -75.6683349609375,\n 35.737595151747826\n ],\n [\n -75.73974609375,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -75.8551025390625,\n 36.16005298551354\n ],\n [\n -75.98693847656249,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 36.50522086338427\n ],\n [\n -75.95947265625,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -75.82763671875,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 36.59347887826919\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Chief, Office of Surface Water
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White-nose syndrome is a devastating wildlife disease that has killed millions of hibernating bats. This disease first appeared in New York during 2007 and has continued to spread at an alarming rate from the northeastern to the central United States and throughout eastern Canada. The disease is named for the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which often appears white when it infects the skin of the nose, ears, and wings of hibernating bats. This fact sheet provides updates on white-nose syndrome research and management efforts and highlights US Geological Survey scientists’ contributions to understanding and combating this disease.
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National Wildlife Health Center
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
(608) 270-2400
http://www.usgs.gov/nwhc
A founding motto of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), originally the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), explains that “If we take care of the land, it will take care of us.” Digital elevation models (DEMs; see fig. 1) are derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) data and can be processed to derive values such as slope angle, aspect, and topographic curvature. These three measurements are the principal parameters of the NRCS LidarEnhanced Soil Survey (LESS) model, which improves the precision of soil surveys, by more accurately displaying the slopes and soils patterns, while increasing the objectivity and science in line placement. As combined resources, DEMs, LESS model outputs, and similar derived datasets are essential for conserving soil, wetlands, and other natural resources managed and overseen by the NRCS and other Federal and State agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163088","usgsCitation":"Sugarbaker, L.J., and Carswell, W.J., Jr., 2016, The 3D Elevation Program—Precision agriculture and other farm practices: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3088, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163088.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072256","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3088/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332364,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3088/fs20163088.pdf","text":"Report","size":"409 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3088"}],"contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
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Email: 3DEP@usgs.gov
http://www.usgs.gov/ngpo/
http://nationalmap.gov/3DEP/