Around the world, a great deal of effort is expended each year to estimate the sizes of wild animal populations. Unfortunately, population size has proven to be one of the most intractable parameters to estimate. The capture-recapture estimation models most commonly used (of the Jolly-Seber type) are complicated and require numerous, sometimes questionable, assumptions. The derived estimates usually have large variances and lack consistency over time. In capture–recapture studies of long-lived animals, the ages of captured animals can often be determined with great accuracy and relative ease. We show how to incorporate age information into size estimates for open populations, where the size changes through births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. The proposed method allows more precise estimates of population size than the usual models, and it can provide these estimates from two sample occasions rather than the three usually required. Moreover, this method does not require specialized programs for capture-recapture data; researchers can derive their estimates using the logistic regression module in any standard statistical package.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0666:ISEOOA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., McDonald, T.L., Amstrup, S.C., and Regehr, E.V., 2003, Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age: BioScience, v. 53, no. 7, p. 666-669, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0666:ISEOOA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"669","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c40e4b0efcedb741088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001018,"text":"1001018 - 2003 - Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) larvae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T16:48:31","indexId":"1001018","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) larvae","docAbstract":"The ability to predict when sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) will metamorphose from the larval phase to the parasitic phase is essential to the operation of the sea lamprey control program. During the spring of 1994, two populations of sea lamprey larvae from two rivers were captured, measured, weighed, implanted with coded wire tags, and returned to the same sites in the streams from which they were taken. Sea lampreys were recovered in the fall, after metamorphosis would have occurred, and checked for the presence of a tag. When the spring data were compared to the fall data it was found that the minimum requirements (length ≥ 120 mm, weight ≥ 3 g, and condition factor ≥ 1.50) suggested for metamorphosis did define a pool of larvae capable of metamorphosing. However, logistic regressions that relate the probability of metamorphosis to size are necessary to predict metamorphosis in a population. The data indicated, based on cross-validation, that weight measurements alone predicted metamorphosis with greater precision than length or condition factor in both the Marengo and Amnicon rivers. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion, weight alone was a better predictor in the Amnicon River, but length and condition factor combined predicted metamorphosis better in the Marengo River. There would be no additional cost if weight alone were used instead of length. However, if length and weight were measured the gain in predictive power would not be enough to justify the additional cost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70489-4","usgsCitation":"Henson, M.P., Bergstedt, R.A., and Adams, J.V., 2003, Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) larvae: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 204-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70489-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"213","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henson, Mary P.","contributorId":74724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000852,"text":"1000852 - 2003 - Estimating parasitic sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron from heterogenous data sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T13:42:08","indexId":"1000852","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating parasitic sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron from heterogenous data sources","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes Fishery Commission uses time series of transformer, parasitic, and spawning population estimates to evaluate the effectiveness of its sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control program. This study used an inverse variance weighting method to integrate Lake Huron sea lamprey population estimates derived from two estimation procedures: 1) prediction of the lake-wide spawning population from a regression model based on stream size and, 2) whole-lake mark and recapture estimates. In addition, we used a re-sampling procedure to evaluate the effect of trading off sampling effort between the regression and mark-recapture models. Population estimates derived from the regression model ranged from 132,000 to 377,000 while mark-recapture estimates of marked recently metamorphosed juveniles and parasitic sea lampreys ranged from 536,000 to 634,000 and 484,000 to 1,608,000, respectively. The precision of the estimates varied greatly among estimation procedures and years. The integrated estimate of the mark-recapture and spawner regression procedures ranged from 252,000 to 702,000 transformers. The re-sampling procedure indicated that the regression model is more sensitive to reduction in sampling effort than the mark-recapture model. Reliance on either the regression or mark-recapture model alone could produce misleading estimates of abundance of sea lampreys and the effect of the control program on sea lamprey abundance. These analyses indicate that the precision of the lakewide population estimate can be maximized by re-allocating sampling effort from marking sea lampreys to trapping additional streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70490-0","usgsCitation":"Young, R.J., Jones, M., Bence, J., McDonald, R., Mullett, K.M., and Bergstedt, R.A., 2003, Estimating parasitic sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron from heterogenous data sources: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 214-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70490-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"225","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Robert J.","contributorId":31356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bence, James R.","contributorId":95026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bence","given":"James R.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonald, Rodney B.","contributorId":105678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Rodney B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mullett, Katherine M.","contributorId":70733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullett","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70180874,"text":"70180874 - 2003 - Western crevice and cavity-roosting bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:58:58","indexId":"70180874","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Western crevice and cavity-roosting bats","docAbstract":"Among the 45 species of bats that occur in the United States (U.S.), 34 species regularly occur in western regions of the country. Many of these “western” species choose roost sites in crevices or cavities. Herein we provide an introduction to the biology of bats that roost in cavities and crevices and assess the challenges and opportunities associated with monitoring their populations. We reviewed recent studies and examined the U.S. Geological Survey Bat Population Database (BPD) for records of western bats using crevice and cavity roosts. We found records of 25 species of western bats that use crevice or cavity roosts for at least part of their annual cycle. There were relatively few (n = 92) observations or counts for these species in the BPD, representing only 6% of the observations in the database. This paucity of records likely reflects the difficulty of observing bats in such situations rather than actual use. We found no long-term data adequate for population trend analysis among this group of bats. Since the development of miniaturized radio transmitters, our knowledge about bats that roost in cavities and crevices has increased. Future challenges associated with monitoring these species will include understanding variability in the types of roosts used as well as the roost-switching behavior exhibited by many species.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: Problems and prospects (Information and Technology Report 2003-0003)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Bogan, M., Cryan, P.M., Valdez, E.W., Ellison, L.E., and O’Shea, T.J., 2003, Western crevice and cavity-roosting bats, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"77","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2003/0003/report.pdf#page=79"},{"id":334813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999945e4b0efcedb71a0bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bogan, Michael A.","contributorId":27128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valdez, Ernest W. 0000-0002-7262-3069 ernie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-3069","contributorId":3600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdez","given":"Ernest","email":"ernie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellison, Laura E. ellisonl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Laura","email":"ellisonl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Shea, Thomas J. osheat@usgs.gov","contributorId":2327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Shea","given":"Thomas","email":"osheat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025312,"text":"70025312 - 2003 - Simulation of Submarine Ground Water Discharge to a Marine Estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025312","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of Submarine Ground Water Discharge to a Marine Estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Variable density ground water flow models are rarely used to estimate submarine ground water discharge because of limitations in computer speed, data availability, and availability of a simulation tool that can minimize numerical dispersion. This paper presents an application of the SEAWAT code, which is a combined version of MODFLOW and MT3D, to estimate rates of submarine ground water discharge to a coastal marine estuary. Discharge rates were estimated for Biscayne Bay, Florida, for the period from January 1989 to September 1998 using a three-dimensional, variable density ground water flow and transport model. Hydrologic stresses in the 10-layer model include recharge, evapotranspiration, ground water withdrawals from municipal wellfields, interactions with surface water (canals in urban areas and wetlands in the Everglades), boundary fluxes, and submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay. The model was calibrated by matching ground water levels in monitoring wells, baseflow to canals, and the position of the 1995 salt water intrusion line. Results suggest that fresh submarine ground water discharge to Biscayne Bay may have exceeded surface water discharge during the 1989, 1990, and 1991 dry seasons, but the average discharge for the entire simulation period was only ???10% of the surface water discharge to the bay. Results from the model also suggest that tidal canals intercept fresh ground water that might otherwise have discharged directly to Biscayne Bay. This application demonstrates that regional scale variable density models are potentially useful tools for estimating rates of submarine ground water discharge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C., 2003, Simulation of Submarine Ground Water Discharge to a Marine Estuary: Biscayne Bay, Florida: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 6, p. 758-771, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x.","startPage":"758","endPage":"771","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209475,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02417.x"},{"id":235964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9007e4b08c986b319294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026354,"text":"70026354 - 2003 - The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026354","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1165,"text":"Canadian Geographer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration","docAbstract":"Formalist theories of knowledge that underpin GIS scholarship on integration neglect the importance and creativity of end-users in knowledge construction. This has practical consequences for the success of large distributed databases that contribute to spatial-data infrastructures. Spatial-data infrastructures depend on participation at local levels, such as counties and watersheds, and they must be developed to support feedback from local users. Looking carefully at the work of scientists in a watershed in Puget Sound, Washington, USA during the salmon crisis reveals that the work of these end-users articulates different worlds of knowledge. This view of the user is consonant with recent work in science and technology studies and research into computer-supported cooperative work. GIS theory will be enhanced when it makes room for these users and supports their practical work. ?? / Canadian Association of Geographers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Geographer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/1541-0064.02e13","issn":"00083658","usgsCitation":"Poore, B., 2003, The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration: Canadian Geographer, v. 47, no. 1, p. 62-74, https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e13.","startPage":"62","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e13"},{"id":234044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae56e4b08c986b32400a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, B.S.","contributorId":102249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025293,"text":"70025293 - 2003 - Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T21:10:28.185089","indexId":"70025293","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation","docAbstract":"In the Marie Byrd Land volcanic province, peralkaline and metaluminous trachytes, phonolites, and rhyolites occur in 18 large shield volcanoes that are closely associated in time and space. They are arrayed radially across an 800 km wide structural dome, with the oldest at the crest and the youngest around the flanks. Several lines of evidence suggest that these rocks evolved via opensystem, polybaric fractionation. We have used mass balance modeling of major elements together with trace-element data and mineral chemistry to help explain the evolution of this diverse suite of felsic rocks, which appear to have been generated coevally in isolated magma chambers, and erupted close to each other in patterns related to tectonic uplift and extension within the West Antarctic rift system. Isotopic and trace-element data indicate that this occurred with only minimal crustal contamination. We focus on volcanoes of the Executive Committee Range and Mount Murphy, where we find good representation of basalts and felsic rocks within a small area. Our results suggest that the felsic rocks were derived from basaltic magmas that differentiated at multiple levels during their passage to the surface: first to ferrogabbroic compositions near the base of the lithosphere, then to intermediate compositions near the base of the crust, and finally to felsic compositions in mid- to upper crustal reservoirs. The high-pressure history has been largely masked by low-pressure processes. The best indications of a high-pressure history are the mineral phases in cumulate nodules and their correlation with modeling results, with REE anomalies, and with the composition of an unusual gabbroic intrusion. Silica saturation characteristics are believed to have originated in magma chambers near the base of the crust, via fractionation of variable proportions of kaersutite and plagioclase. Development of peralkalinity in felsic rocks took place in upper crustal reservoirs by fractionating a high ratio of plagioclase to clinopyroxene under conditions of low pH2O. With increasing pH2O, the ratio plagioclase/clinopyroxene in the fractionated assemblage decreases and metaluminous liquids resulted. Crustal contamination seems to have had a role in suppressing peralkalinity, and was probably a factor in the origin of high-silica metaluminous rhyolite, but metaluminous rocks are uncommon. The volume and diversity of felsic rocks were probably enhanced by the structure of the lithosphere, the persistence of plume activity, and the immobility of the Antarctic plate. Mechanical boundaries at the base of the lithosphere and crust, and within the crust, appear to have acted as filters, trapping magmas at multiple levels, and prolonging the fractionation process. Final volumes would have been further enhanced by repeated refluxing of the same magma chambers, controlled by plume activity and plate immobility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.45.12.1055","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"LeMasurier, W., Futa, K., Hole, M., and Kawachi, Y., 2003, Polybaric evolution of phonolite, trachyte, and rhyolite volcanoes in eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Controls on peralkalinity and silica saturation: International Geology Review, v. 45, no. 12, p. 1055-1099, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.12.1055.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1099","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","volume":"45","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ce6e4b0c8380cd79c3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeMasurier, W.E.","contributorId":7006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeMasurier","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hole, M.","contributorId":80876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kawachi, Y.","contributorId":45875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kawachi","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025603,"text":"70025603 - 2003 - Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T11:47:44","indexId":"70025603","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams","docAbstract":"Various temporal sampling strategies are used to monitor water quality in small streams. To determine how various strategies influence the estimated water quality, frequently collected water quality data from eight small streams (14 to 110 km2) in Wisconsin were systematically subsampled to simulate typically used strategies. These subsets of data were then used to estimate mean, median, and maximum concentrations, and with continuous daily flows used to estimate annual loads (using the regression method) and volumetrically weighted mean concentrations. For each strategy, accuracy and precision in each summary statistic were evaluated by comparison with concentrations and loads of total phosphorus and suspended sediment estimated from all available data. The most effective sampling strategy depends on the statistic of interest and study duration. For mean and median concentrations, the most frequent fixed period sampling economically feasible is best. For maximum concentrations, any strategy with samples at or prior to peak flow is best. The best sampling strategy to estimate loads depends on the study duration. For one-year studies, fixed period monthly sampling supplemented with storm chasing was best, even though loads were overestimated by 25 to 50 percent. For two to three-year load studies and estimating volumetrically weighted mean concentrations, fixed period semimonthly sampling was best.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03709.x","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., 2003, Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 5, p. 1281-1308, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03709.x.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1308","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Bower Creek, Brewery Creek, Eagle Creek, Garfoot Creek, Joss Valley Creek, Kuenster Creek, Otter Creek , Rattlesnake Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 43.937461690316646\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -91.087646484375,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -91.131591796875,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 42.5611728553181\n ],\n [\n -89.593505859375,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 42.52879629320373\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 42.93229601903058\n ],\n [\n -87.86865234374999,\n 43.33316939281735\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 43.60426186809618\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 43.8899753738369\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 43.937461690316646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b27e4b0c8380cd6228f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015141,"text":"1015141 - 2003 - The Imperial Valley of California is critical to wintering Mountain Plovers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-12T21:43:21","indexId":"1015141","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Imperial Valley of California is critical to wintering Mountain Plovers","docAbstract":"We surveyed Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) wintering in the Imperial Valley of California in January 2001, and also recorded the types of crop fields used by plovers in this agricultural landscape. We tallied 4037 plovers in 36 flocks ranging in size from 4 to 596 birds. Plovers were more common on alfalfa and Bermudagrass fields than other field types. Further, most birds were on alfalfa fields that were currently being (or had recently been) grazed, primarily by domestic sheep. Plovers used Bermudagrass fields only after harvest and subsequent burning. Examination of Christmas Bird Count data from 1950–2000 indicated that the Mountain Plover has abandoned its historical wintering areas on the coastal plains of California. Numbers in the Central Valley seem to have undergone recent declines also. We believe that the cultivated landscape of the Imperial Valley provides wintering habitats for about half of the global population of Mountain Plovers. We attribute the current importance of the Imperial Valley for Mountain Plovers to loss of native coastal and Central Valley habitats rather than to a behavioral switching of wintering areas through time. Future changes in specific cropping or management practices in the Imperial Valley will have a major impact on the conservation status of this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.74","usgsCitation":"Wunder, M., and Knopf, F., 2003, The Imperial Valley of California is critical to wintering Mountain Plovers: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 74, no. 1, p. 74-80, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.74.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c30f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wunder, Michael B.","contributorId":65406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wunder","given":"Michael B.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016323,"text":"1016323 - 2003 - Biomagnification factors (fish to osprey eggs from Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDS, PCDFS, PCBS, and OC pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T16:53:46.549702","indexId":"1016323","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomagnification factors (fish to osprey eggs from Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDS, PCDFS, PCBS, and OC pesticides","docAbstract":"A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 μg g-1 wet weight (ww), Σ PCBs 0.69 μg g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1023396815092","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Kaiser, J.L., Grove, R.A., Bentley, V., and Elliot, J.E., 2003, Biomagnification factors (fish to osprey eggs from Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDS, PCDFS, PCBS, and OC pesticides: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 84, no. 3, p. 275-315, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023396815092.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"315","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.92602539062501,\n 45.91294412737392\n ],\n [\n -122.92602539062501,\n 45.59482210127054\n ],\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 45.556371735883125\n ],\n [\n -123.00567626953125,\n 45.3386325573467\n ],\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 45.263288531496876\n ],\n [\n -123.15948486328126,\n 44.97451370563983\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 44.867549659447214\n ],\n [\n -123.25286865234376,\n 44.69404054463804\n ],\n [\n -123.41217041015625,\n 44.55720637041294\n ],\n [\n -123.32427978515625,\n 44.31795304574349\n ],\n [\n -123.21716308593749,\n 44.11322595798781\n ],\n [\n -123.09906005859375,\n 43.95525928989669\n ],\n [\n -123.1512451171875,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -122.91229248046875,\n 43.72545977417781\n ],\n [\n -122.63214111328125,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -122.618408203125,\n 43.95921358836687\n ],\n [\n -122.64312744140624,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -123.01116943359375,\n 44.17038488259618\n ],\n [\n -123.0853271484375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -122.70904541015625,\n 44.34938634389529\n ],\n [\n -122.33551025390625,\n 44.471031231561845\n ],\n [\n -122.51129150390625,\n 44.797428998555645\n ],\n [\n -122.93975830078124,\n 44.941473354802504\n ],\n [\n -122.89581298828125,\n 45.1742925240767\n ],\n [\n -122.63214111328125,\n 45.236217535866025\n ],\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 45.37337295384522\n ],\n [\n -122.59643554687499,\n 45.794339630460705\n ],\n [\n -122.66510009765625,\n 45.91294412737392\n ],\n [\n -122.92602539062501,\n 45.91294412737392\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, James L.","contributorId":57033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, Robert A.","contributorId":52134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bentley, V.R.","contributorId":43317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bentley","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elliot, J. E.","contributorId":95029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025259,"text":"70025259 - 2003 - Environmental Resources Analysis System, A Prototype DSS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70025259","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental Resources Analysis System, A Prototype DSS","docAbstract":"Since the 1960's, an increase in the public's environmental ethics, federal species preservation, water quality protection, and interest in free flowing rivers have evolved to the current concern for stewardship and conservation of natural resources. This heightened environmental awareness creates an appetite for data, models, information management, and systematic analysis of multiple scientific disciplines. A good example of this information and analysis need resides in the Green and Yampa Rivers, tributary to the Upper Colorado River. These rivers are home to endangered native fish species including the pikeminnow and razorback sucker. Two dams, Fontenelle and Flaming Gorge, impound the Green River headwaters. The respective reservoirs store water supplies as well as generate hydropower. Conversely, the Yampa River is considered unregulated and encompasses most of Dinosaur National Monument. Recreation is highly regarded on both rivers including fishing, whitewater rafting, and aesthetic values. Vast areas of irrigated agriculture, forestry, and mineral extraction also surround these rivers. To address this information need, we developed a prototype Environmental Resources Analysis System (ERAS) spreadsheet-based decision support system (DSS). ERAS provides access to historic data sets, scientific information, statistical analysis, model outputs, and comparative methods all in a familiar and user-friendly format. This research project demonstrates a simplified decision support system for use by a diverse mix of resource managers, special interest groups, and individuals concerned about the sustainability of the Green and Yampa River ecosystem.","largerWorkTitle":"World Water and Environmental Resources Congress","conferenceTitle":"World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003","conferenceDate":"23 June 2003 through 26 June 2003","conferenceLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","language":"English","isbn":"0784406855","usgsCitation":"Flug, M., and Campbell, S., 2003, Environmental Resources Analysis System, A Prototype DSS, in World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Philadelphia, PA, 23 June 2003 through 26 June 2003, p. 2737-2745.","startPage":"2737","endPage":"2745","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0996e4b0c8380cd51fa0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bizier, P.","contributorId":113211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bizier","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508805,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBarry, P.","contributorId":111431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarry","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508804,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Flug, M.","contributorId":57419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flug","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, S.G.","contributorId":37694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025557,"text":"70025557 - 2003 - Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, Eastern California, 1993-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T11:02:24","indexId":"70025557","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, Eastern California, 1993-2000","docAbstract":"Regional first-order leveling lines, which extend from Lee Vining, CA, to Tom's Place, CA, have been surveyed periodically since 1957 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and Caltrans. Two of the regional survey lines, or leveling networks, intersect at the Casa Diablo geothermal well field. These leveling networks, referenced to a distant bench mark (C916) near Lee Vining, provide time-series vertical control data of land-surface deformation that began around 1980. These data are also useful for delineating localized subsidence at Casa Diablo related to reservoir pressure and temperature changes owing to geothermal development that began in 1985. A comparison of differences in bench-mark elevations for five time periods between 1983 and 1997 shows the development and expansion of a subsidence bowl at Casa Diablo. The subsidence coincides spatially with the geothermal well field and temporally with the increased production rates and the deepening of injection wells in 1991, which resulted in an increase in the rate of pressure decline. The subsidence, superimposed on a broad area of uplift, totaled about 310 mm by 1997. The USGS established orthogonal tilt arrays in 1983 to better monitor deformation across the caldera. One tilt array (DBR) was established near what would later become the Casa Diablo geothermal well field. This array responded to magmatic intrusions prior to geothermal development, tilting away from the well field. With the start of geothermal fluid extraction in 1985, tilt at the DBR array reversed direction and began tilting into the well field. In 1991, geothermal power production was increased by a factor of four, and reservoir pressures began a period of steep decline. These changes caused a temporary three-fold increase in the tilt rate. The tilt rate became stable in 1993 and was about 40% lower than that measured in 1991-1992, but still greater than the rates measured during 1985-1990. Data from the local leveling networks spanning the well field and the bounding graben were analyzed for several 2-year periods (1993-1995, 1995-1997, and 1997-1999). Annual rates of change across the normal faults bounding the graben have steadily decreased for each 2-year period between 1993 and 1999, reflecting the slowing decline in geothermal reservoir pressure. Horizontal control data from a two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) defined the lateral extent of subsidence at Casa Diablo. The EDM and leveling data elucidate the localized effect of the shallow source of subsidence and the broader effect of the deeper magmatic inflation source. Data from bench marks common to both the vertical and the horizontal control networks were used to assess the effect of subsidence on the EDM base station (CASA). Modeling of geodetic data collected during periods of little or no magmatic inflation indicated that the CASA two-color EDM station is being drawn toward the well field at a rate of 3-5 mm/yr. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Howle, J., Langbein, J.O., Farrar, C.D., and Wilkinson, S., 2003, Deformation near the Casa Diablo geothermal well field and related processes Long Valley caldera, Eastern California, 1993-2000: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 127, no. 3-4, p. 365-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X.","startPage":"365","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209595,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00177-X"}],"volume":"127","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe48e4b0c8380cd4ec3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howle, J. F. 0000-0003-0491-6203","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":66294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilkinson, S.K.","contributorId":25719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013575,"text":"1013575 - 2003 - Assessing chick growth from a single visit to a seabird colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:33:09","indexId":"1013575","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2675,"text":"Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2074-1235","printIssn":"1018-3337","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing chick growth from a single visit to a seabird colony","docAbstract":"We tested an approach to the collection of seabird chick growth data that utilizes a one-time sampling of chick measurements obtained during a single visit to a seabird colony. We assessed the development of Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla chicks from a sample of measurements made on a single day during six years and compared these results to linear growth rates (g/day), determined from repeated measurements of the same chicks. We used two one-time sampling methods to obtain indices of chick-condition, 1) overall body-size (wing, head-plus-bill, tarsus) vs. mass, and 2) wing vs. mass; both were consistent with repeated measurements in identifying annual variations in chick growth. Thus, we suggest that chick-condition indices obtained from measurements collected on a single visit to a seabird colony are a useful tool for monitoring chick growth, especially at colonies where multiple visits and/or repeated measurements of individual chicks are impractical.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Benson, J., Suryan, R., and Piatt, J.F., 2003, Assessing chick growth from a single visit to a seabird colony: Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation, v. 31, no. 2, p. 181-184.","productDescription":"pp. 181-184","startPage":"181","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/31_2/31_2_181-184.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672ab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, J.","contributorId":57793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suryan, R.M.","contributorId":52919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suryan","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025195,"text":"70025195 - 2003 - Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025195","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes","docAbstract":"Mark-recapture studies generate biased, or distance-weighted, movement data because short distances are sampled more frequently than long distances. Using models and field data, we determined how study design affects distance weighting and the movement distributions of stream fishes. We first modeled distance weighting as a function of recapture section length in an unbranching stream. The addition of an unsampled tributary to one of these models substantially increased distance weighting by decreasing the percentage of upstream distances that were sampled. Similarly, the presence of multiple tributaries in the field study resulted in severe bias. However, increasing recapture section length strongly affected distance weighting in both the model and the field study, producing a zone where the number of fish moving could be estimated with little bias. Subsampled data from the field study indicated that longer median (three of three species) and maximum distances (two of three species) can be detected by increasing the length of the recapture section. The effect was extreme for bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus, a highly mobile species, which exhibited a longer median distance (133 m versus 60 m), a longer maximum distance (1,144 m versus 708 m), and a distance distribution that differed in shape when the full (4,123-m recapture section) and subsampled (1,978-m recapture section) data sets were compared. Correction factors that adjust the observed number of movements to undersampled distances upwards and those to oversampled distances downwards could not mitigate the distance weighting imposed by the shorter recapture section. Future studies should identify the spatial scale over which movements can be accurately measured before data are collected. Increasing recapture section length a priori is far superior to using post hoc correction factors to reduce the influence of distance weighting on observed distributions. Implementing these strategies will be especially important in stream networks where fish can follow multiple pathways out of the recapture section.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T03-019","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Albanese, B., Angermeier, P., and Gowan, C., 2003, Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 5, p. 925-939, https://doi.org/10.1577/T03-019.","startPage":"925","endPage":"939","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209404,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T03-019"},{"id":235808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff47e4b0c8380cd4f0ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albanese, B.","contributorId":47136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albanese","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gowan, C.","contributorId":51077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowan","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025809,"text":"70025809 - 2003 - A stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025809","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales","docAbstract":"Biological marker and carbon isotopic compositions of coals and carbonaceous shales from the Upper Carboniferous strata of the Upper Silesian (USCB), Lower Silesian (LSCB), and Lublin (LCB) coal basins were determined to assess depositional conditions and sources of the organic matter. n-Alkane, sterane, and isoprenoid distribution, and carbon isotope ratios are consistent with an origin from higher plants. In some cases, pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios of carbonaceous shales (roof and floor shales) are < 1.0, while the associated coals have high ratios (??? 1.0). This suggests that reducing conditions prevailed during deposition of the shales, but a period of oxidizing conditions accompanied deposition of the coals. Steranes present in coal extracts are dominated by the 14??(H)17??(H)20R C29 stereoisomers, typical, but not conclusive, of higher plant origin. Carbonaceous shales exhibit a wider range of sterane composition, suggesting local, significant input of algal organic matter. Significant amounts of benzohopanes and gammacerane are present in some coals. Although benzohopanes are present at least in small amounts in samples from many different environments, they have been reported to occur most commonly in marine environments. The present study seems to provide the first example where benzohopanes have been reported in significant amounts in terrestrial organic matter. Gammacerane is abundant in rocks or sediments deposited in carbonate or highly saline marine environments. The finding of high gammacerane concentrations in the coals expands the depositional settings in which it has been observed and questions its utility as an independent indicator of hypersaline carbonate environments. Stable carbon isotope composition of coals, and type III kerogen in carbonaceous shales as well as correlation of stable carbon isotope composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in carbonaceous shales from both the USCB and the LSCB indicate terrigenous origin. Bitumens are always co-genetic with associated coals and kerogens. Isotopic data reveal that Sofer's genetic classification of oils is not applicable to organic matter in coals. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00082-X","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Kotarba, M., and Clayton, J., 2003, A stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of Polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 55, no. 2-4, p. 73-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00082-X.","startPage":"73","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208630,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00082-X"},{"id":234500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5aae4b0c8380cd46edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotarba, M.J.","contributorId":83240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotarba","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025183,"text":"70025183 - 2003 - Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025183","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","docAbstract":"The increasing availability of digital photographic materials has fueled efforts by agencies and organizations to generate land cover maps for states, regions, and the United States as a whole. Regardless of the information sources and classification methods used, land cover maps are subject to numerous sources of error. In order to understand the quality of the information contained in these maps, it is desirable to generate statistically valid estimates of accuracy rates describing misclassification errors. We explored a full sample survey framework for creating accuracy assessment study designs that balance statistical and operational considerations in relation to study objectives for a regional assessment of GAP land cover maps. We focused not only on appropriate sample designs and estimation approaches, but on aspects of the data collection process, such as gaining cooperation of land owners and using pixel clusters as an observation unit. The approach was tested in a pilot study to assess the accuracy of Iowa GAP land cover maps. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design addressed sample size requirements for land covers and the need for geographic spread while minimizing operational effort. Recruitment methods used for private land owners yielded high response rates, minimizing a source of nonresponse error. Collecting data for a 9-pixel cluster centered on the sampled pixel was simple to implement, and provided better information on rarer vegetation classes as well as substantial gains in precision relative to observing data at a single-pixel.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1025107023980","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Nusser, S., and Klaas, E., 2003, Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 10, no. 3, p. 309-331, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980.","startPage":"309","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980"},{"id":235651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba28ae4b08c986b31f79b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":21487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008238,"text":"1008238 - 2003 - The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T11:30:24","indexId":"1008238","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to test the applicability of using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from a temporal sequence of six Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes to map fuel models for Yosemite National Park, USA. An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to define 30 unique spectral-temporal classes of NDVI values. A combination of graphical, statistical and visual techniques was used to characterize the 30 classes and identify those that responded similarly and could be combined into fuel models. The final classification of fuel models included six different types: short annual and perennial grasses, tall perennial grasses, medium brush and evergreen hardwoods, short-needled conifers with no heavy fuels, long-needled conifers and deciduous hardwoods, and short-needled conifers with a component of heavy fuels. The NDVI, when analysed over a season of phenologically distinct periods along with ancillary data, can elicit information necessary to distinguish fuel model types. Fuels information derived from remote sensors has proven to be useful for initial classification of fuels and has been applied to fire management situations on the ground.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160210144679","usgsCitation":"Van Wagtendonk, J.W., and Root, R.R., 2003, The use of multi-temporal Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for mapping fuels in Yosemite National Park, USA: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1639-1651, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210144679.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1639","endPage":"1651","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","contributorId":2648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan","email":"jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, Ralph R.","contributorId":174937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Root","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025162,"text":"70025162 - 2003 - Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the Western segment of the North Anatolian fault, Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:21:56.343301","indexId":"70025162","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the Western segment of the North Anatolian fault, Turkey","docAbstract":"We have conducted a paleoseismic investigation of serial fault rupture at one site along the 110-km rupture of the North Anatolian fault that produced the Mw 7.4 earthquake of 17 August 1999. The benefit of using a recent rupture to compare serial ruptures lies in the fact that the location, magnitude, and slip vector of the most recent event are all very well documented. We wished to determine whether or not the previous few ruptures of the fault were similar to the recent one. We chose a site at a step-over between two major strike-slip traces, where the principal fault is a normal fault. Our two excavations across the 1999 rupture reveal fluvial sands and gravels with two colluvial wedges related to previous earthquakes. Each wedge is about 0.8 m thick. Considering the processes of collapse and subsequent diffusion that are responsible for the formation of a colluvial wedge, we suggest that the two paleoscarps were similar in height to the 1999 scarp. This similarity supports the concept of characteristic slip, at least for this location along the fault. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of 16 charcoal samples are consistent with the interpretation that these two paleoscarps formed during large historical events in 1509 and 1719. If this is correct, the most recent three ruptures at the site have occurred at 210- and 280-year intervals.
Statistical models for estimating absolute densities of field populations of animals have been widely used over the last century in both scientific studies and wildlife management programs. To date, two general classes of density estimation models have been developed: models that use data sets from capture–recapture or removal sampling techniques (often derived from trapping grids) from which separate estimates of population size (NÌ‚) and effective sampling area (AÌ‚) are used to calculate density (DÌ‚ = NÌ‚/AÌ‚); and models applicable to sampling regimes using distance-sampling theory (typically transect lines or trapping webs) to estimate detection functions and densities directly from the distance data. However, few studies have evaluated these respective models for accuracy, precision, and bias on known field populations, and no studies have been conducted that compare the two approaches under controlled field conditions. In this study, we evaluated both classes of density estimators on known densities of enclosed rodent populations. Test data sets (n = 11) were developed using nine rodent species from capture–recapture live-trapping on both trapping grids and trapping webs in four replicate 4.2-ha enclosures on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico, USA. Additional “saturation” trapping efforts resulted in an enumeration of the rodent populations in each enclosure, allowing the computation of true densities. Density estimates (DÌ‚) were calculated using program CAPTURE for the grid data sets and program DISTANCE for the web data sets, and these results were compared to the known true densities (D) to evaluate each model's relative mean square error, accuracy, precision, and bias. In addition, we evaluated a variety of approaches to each data set's analysis by having a group of independent expert analysts calculate their best density estimates without a priori knowledge of the true densities; this “blind” test allowed us to evaluate the influence of expertise and experience in calculating density estimates in comparison to simply using default values in programs CAPTURE and DISTANCE. While the rodent sample sizes were considerably smaller than the recommended minimum for good model results, we found that several models performed well empirically, including the web-based uniform and half-normal models in program DISTANCE, and the grid-based models Mb and Mbh in program CAPTURE (with AÌ‚ adjusted by species-specific full mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) values). These models produced accurate DÌ‚ values (with 95% confidence intervals that included the true D values) and exhibited acceptable bias but poor precision. However, in linear regression analyses comparing each model's DÌ‚ values to the true D values over the range of observed test densities, only the web-based uniform model exhibited a regression slope near 1.0; all other models showed substantial slope deviations, indicating biased estimates at higher or lower density values. In addition, the grid-based DÌ‚ analyses using full MMDM values for WÌ‚ area adjustments required a number of theoretical assumptions of uncertain validity, and we therefore viewed their empirical successes with caution. Finally, density estimates from the independent analysts were highly variable, but estimates from web-based approaches had smaller mean square errors and better achieved confidence-interval coverage of D than did grid-based approaches. Our results support the contention that web-based approaches for density estimation of small-mammal populations are both theoretically and empirically superior to grid-based approaches, even when sample size is far less than often recommended. In view of the increasing need for standardized environmental measures for comparisons among ecosystems and through time, analytical models based on distance sampling appear to offer accurate density estimation approaches for research studies involving small-mammal abundances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0001:SMDEAF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Parmenter, R., Yates, T.L., Anderson, D., Burnham, K., Dunnum, J., Franklin, A., Friggens, M., Lubow, B., Miller, M., Olson, G., Parmenter, C.A., Pollard, J., Rexstad, E., Shenk, T., Stanley, T., and White, G.C., 2003, Small-mammal density estimation: A field comparison of grid-based vs. web-based density estimators: Ecological Monographs, v. 73, no. 1, p. 1-26, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0001:SMDEAF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0001:smdeaf]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee09e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parmenter, R.R.","contributorId":98667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yates, Terry L.","contributorId":87489,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yates","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dunnum, J.L.","contributorId":84312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunnum","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Franklin, A.B.","contributorId":105667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Friggens, M.T.","contributorId":98260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friggens","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lubow, B. C.","contributorId":64603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubow","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Miller, Michael","contributorId":103182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Olson, G.S.","contributorId":83872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Parmenter, Cheryl A.","contributorId":67045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parmenter","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pollard, J.","contributorId":37280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Rexstad, E.","contributorId":58977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rexstad","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Shenk, T.M.","contributorId":53335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shenk","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Stanley, T.R.","contributorId":61379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70025265,"text":"70025265 - 2003 - Aspen structure and variability in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025265","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspen structure and variability in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Elk, fire and climate have influenced aspen populations in the Rocky Mountains, but mostly subjective studies have characterized these factors. A broad-scale perspective may shed new light on the status of aspen in the region. We collected field measurements of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) patches encountered within 36 randomly located belt transects in 340 km2 of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, to quantify the aspen population. Aspen covered 5.6% of the area in the transects, much more than expected based on previously collected remotely sensed data. The distribution and structure of aspen patches were highly heterogeneous throughout the study area. Of the 123 aspen patches encountered in the 238 ha surveyed, all but one showed signs of elk browsing or had conifer species mixed with the aspen stems. No significant difference occurred in aspen basal area, density, regeneration, browsing of regeneration and patch size, between areas of concentrated elk use (elk winter range) and areas of dispersed elk use (elk summer range). Two-thirds of the aspen patches were mixed with conifer species. We concluded that the population of aspen in our study area is highly variable in structure and that, at a landscape-scale, evidence of elk browsing is widespread but evidence of aspen decline is not.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1026065826336","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Kaye, M., Stohlgren, T., and Binkley, D., 2003, Aspen structure and variability in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA: Landscape Ecology, v. 18, no. 6, p. 591-603, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026065826336.","startPage":"591","endPage":"603","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209422,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026065826336"},{"id":235849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc1e4b0c8380cd499b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, Margot W.","contributorId":102031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaye","given":"Margot W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003675,"text":"1003675 - 2003 - Use of selection indices to model the functional response of predators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:58","indexId":"1003675","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of selection indices to model the functional response of predators","docAbstract":"The functional response of a predator to changing prey density is an important determinant of stability of predatora??prey systems. We show how Manly's selection indices can be used to distinguish between hyperbolic and sigmoidal models of a predator functional response to primary prey density in the presence of alternative prey. Specifically, an inverse relationship between prey density and preference for that prey results in a hyperbolic functional response while a positive relationship can yield either a hyperbolic or sigmoidal functional response, depending on the form and relative magnitudes of the density-dependent preference model, attack rate, and handling time. As an example, we examine wolf (Canis lupus) functional response to moose (Alces alces) density in the presence of caribou (Rangifer tarandus). The use of selection indices to evaluate the form of the functional response has significant advantages over previous attempts to fit Holling's functional response curves to killing-rate data directly, including increased sensitivity, use of relatively easily collected data, and consideration of other explanatory factors (e.g., weather, seasons, productivity).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Joly, D., and Patterson, B., 2003, Use of selection indices to model the functional response of predators: Ecology, v. 84, no. 6, p. 1635-1639.","productDescription":"p. 1635-1639","startPage":"1635","endPage":"1639","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15310,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084%5B1635:UOSITM%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4949.000000000000000"},{"id":134552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60438c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joly, D.O.","contributorId":48131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joly","given":"D.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, B.R.","contributorId":68277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024896,"text":"70024896 - 2003 - Imaging the Ferron Member of the Mancos Shale formation using reprocessed high-resolution 2-D seismic reflection data: Emery County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024896","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the Ferron Member of the Mancos Shale formation using reprocessed high-resolution 2-D seismic reflection data: Emery County, Utah","docAbstract":"Late in 1982 and early in 1983, Arco Exploration contracted with Rocky Mountain Geophysical to acquired four high-resolution 2-D multichannel seismic reflection lines in Emery County, Utah. The primary goal in acquiring this data was an attempt to image the Ferron Member of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale. Design of the high-resolution 2-D seismic reflection data acquisition used both a short geophone group interval and a short sample interval. An explosive energy source was used which provided an input pulse with broad frequency content and higher frequencies than typical non-explosive Vibroseis?? sources. Reflections produced by using this high-frequency energy source when sampled at a short interval are usually able to resolve shallow horizons that are relatively thin compared to those that can be resolved using more typical oil and gas exploration seismic reflection methods.The U.S. Geological Survey-Energy Resources Program, Geophysical Processing Group used the processing sequence originally applied by Arco in 1984 as a guide and experimented with processing steps applied in a different order using slightly different parameters in an effort to improve imaging the Ferron Member horizon. As with the Arco processed data there are sections along all four seismic lines where the data quality cannot be improved upon, and in fact the data quality is so poor that the Ferron horizon cannot be imaged at all.Interpretation of the seismic and core hole data indicates that the Ferron Member in the study area represent a deltaic sequence including delta front, lower delta plain, and upper delta plain environments. Correlating the depositional environments for the Ferron Member as indicated in the core holes with the thickness of Ferron Member suggests the presence of a delta lobe running from the northwest to the southeast through the study area. The presence of a deltaic channel system within the delta lobe complex might prove to be an interesting conventional exploration target along with the coal-bed methane production already proven in the area. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Taylor, D.J., 2003, Imaging the Ferron Member of the Mancos Shale formation using reprocessed high-resolution 2-D seismic reflection data: Emery County, Utah: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 171-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.001.","startPage":"171","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.001"},{"id":233182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3886e4b0c8380cd615d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, D. J.","contributorId":50849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024857,"text":"70024857 - 2003 - Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024857","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA","docAbstract":"The fracture network at the outcrop of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale was studied to gain an understanding of the tectonic history of the region and to contribute data to studies of gas and water transmissivity related to the occurrence and production of coal-bed methane. About 1900 fracture readings were made at 40 coal outcrops and 62 sandstone outcrops in the area from Willow Springs Wash in the south to Farnham dome in the north of the study area in east-central Utah.Two sets of regional, vertical to nearly vertical, systematic face cleats were identified in Ferron coals. A northwest-striking set trends at a mean azimuth of 321??, and a northeast-striking set has a mean azimuth of 55??. Cleats were observed in all coal outcrops examined and are closely spaced and commonly coated with thin films of iron oxide.Two sets of regional, systematic joint sets in sandstone were also identified and have mean azimuths of 321?? and 34??. The joints of each set are planar, long, and extend vertically to nearly vertically through multiple beds; the northeast-striking set is more prevalent than the northwest-striking set. In some places, joints of the northeast-striking set occur in closely spaced clusters, or joint zones, flanked by unjointed rock. Both sets are mineralized with iron oxide and calcite, and the northwest-striking set is commonly tightly cemented, which allowed the northeast-striking set to propagate across it. All cleats and joints of these sets are interpreted as opening-mode (mode I) fractures. Abutting relations indicate that the northwest-striking cleats and joints formed first and were later overprinted by the northeast-striking cleats and joints. Burial curves constructed for the Ferron indicate rapid initial burial after deposition. The Ferron reached a depth of 3000 ft (1000 m) within 5.2 million years (m.y.), and this is considered a minimum depth and time for development of cleats and joints. The Sevier orogeny produced southeast-directed compressional stress at this time and is thought to be the likely mechanism for the northwest-striking systematic cleats and joints. The onset of the Laramide orogeny occurred at about 75 Ma, within 13.7 m.y. of burial, and is thought to be the probable mechanism for development of the northeast-striking systematic cleats and joints. Uplift of the Ferron in the late Tertiary contributed to development of butt cleats and secondary cross-joints and probably enhanced previously formed fracture sets. Using a study of the younger Blackhawk Formation as an analogy, the fracture pattern of the Ferron in the subsurface is probably similar to that at the surface, at least as far west as the Paradise fault and Joe's Valley graben. Farther to the west, on the Wasatch Plateau, the orientations of Ferron fractures may diverge from those measured at the outcrop. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Condon, S.M., 2003, Fracture network of the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, east-central Utah, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, no. 1-2, p. 111-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6.","startPage":"111","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207859,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(03)00080-6"},{"id":233107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b2e4b0c8380cd5474a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condon, S. M.","contributorId":107688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condon","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026087,"text":"70026087 - 2003 - Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T17:33:47.03821","indexId":"70026087","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States","docAbstract":"The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) is endangered by human activities throughout its range, including the U.S. Atlantic coast where habitat degradation from coastal development and manatee deaths from watercraft collisions have been particularly severe. We radio-tagged and tracked 78 manatees along the east coast of Florida and Georgia over a 12-year period (1986-1998). Our goals were to characterize the seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of manatees in this region in order to provide information for the development of effective conservation strategies. Most study animals were tracked remotely with the Argos satellite system, which yielded a mean (SD) of 3.7 (1.6) locations per day; all were regularly tracked in the field using conventional radiotelemetry methods. The combined data collection effort yielded >93,000 locations over nearly 32,000 tag-days. The median duration of tracking was 8.3 months per individual, but numerous manatees were tracked over multiple years (max = 6.8 years). Most manatees migrated seasonally over large distances between a northerly warm-season range and a southerly winter range (median one-way distance = 280 km, max = 830 km), but 12% of individuals were resident in a relatively small area (<50 km) year-round. The movements of one adult male spanned >2,300 km of coastline between southeastern Florida and Rhode Island. No study animals journeyed to the Gulf coast of Florida. Regions heavily utilized by tagged manatees included: Fernandina Beach, FL to Brunswick, GA in the warm season; northern Biscayne Bay to Port Everglades, FL in the winter; and central coastal Florida, especially the Banana River and northern Indian River lagoons, in all seasons. Daily travel rate, defined as the distance between successive mean daily locations, averaged 2.5 km (SD = 1.7), but this varied with season, migratory pattern, and sex. Adult males traveled a significantly greater distance per day than did adult females for most of the warm season, which corresponded closely with the principal period of breeding activity, but there was no difference between the sexes in daily travel rate during the winter. The timing of seasonal migrations differed markedly between geographic regions. Most long-distance movements in the southern half of the study area occurred between November and March in response to changing temperatures, whereas most migrations in the northern region took place during the warmer, non-winter months. Manatees left their warm-season range in central Florida in response to cold fronts that dropped water temperatures by an average of 2.0??C over the 24-hr period preceding departure. Water temperature at departure from the warm-season range averaged 19??C, but varied among individuals (16-22??C) and was not related to body size or female reproductive status. The presence of industrial warm-water effluents permitted many manatees to overwinter north of their historic winter range, and for some migrants this delayed autumn migrations and facilitated earlier spring migrations. Southward autumn and northward spring migrations lasted an average of 10 and 15 days at mean rates of 33.5 (SD = 7.6) and 27.3 (SD = 10.5) km/day, respectively. The highest rate of travel during migration was 87 km/day (3.6 km/hr) during winter. Manatees overwintering in southeastern Florida often traveled north during mild weather - sometimes reaching their warm-season range - only to return south again with the next major cold front. Manatees were consistent in their seasonal movement patterns across years and showed strong fidelity, to warm-season and winter ranges. Within a season, individuals usually occupied only 1 or 2 core use areas that encompassed about 90% of daily locations. Most manatees returned faithfully to the same seasonal ranges year after year (median distance between range centers was <5 km between years). Seasonal movements of 4 immature manatees tracked as calves with their mothers
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, C.J., Reid, J., Bonde, R., Easton, D.E., Kochman, H., and O'Shea, T., 2003, Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States: Wildlife Monographs, v. 151, p. 1-77.","productDescription":"77 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -80.8154296875,\n 24.607069137709683\n ],\n [\n -79.6728515625,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 28.14950321154457\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 32.10118973232094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88c4e4b08c986b316b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, C. J.","contributorId":79826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deutsch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Easton, Dean E.","contributorId":57784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kochman, H. I.","contributorId":88296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochman","given":"H. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}