Pulley Ridge is a chain of drowned barrier islands that extends almost 200 km in 60-90 m water depths (Fig. 1). This drowned ridge is located on the Florida Platform in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico about 250 km west of Cape Sable, Florida (Jarrett and others, 2005). These islands formed during the early Holocene marine transgression approximately 12,000 - 14,000 years before present, and were then submerged by sea level rise and preserved near the outer edge of the Florida Platform. The southern portion of Pulley Ridge is the focus of this study. This area hosts zooxanthellate scleractinian corals, green, red and brown macro algae, and a mix of deep and typically shallow-water tropical fishes. This largely photosynthetic community is unique in that it thrives with less than 5% of the light typically associated with shallow-water reefs with similar fauna.
Several factors help to account for the existence of this unique deep-water community. First, the underlying drowned barrier islands provide both elevated topography and lithified substrate for the establishment of the hardbottom community. Second, the region is commonly bathed by the Loop Current, which brings relatively clear and warm water to this area. Third, the ridge's position on the continental shelf places it within the thermocline which provides nutrients to the reef during upwelling (Halley and others, 2003).
The USGS has made two proposals to resource managers for the designation of marine protected areas based on the geophysical and photographic data in this report. The proposals describe areas that may require some regulatory protection of marine life utilizing the sea floor (Fig. 1).
The first proposal is that the area of greatest hermatypic coral cover (Fig. 1) is considered for future management actions and designated a Habitat Area of Particular Concern (HAPC) by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. HAPCs are identified on the basis of habitat level considerations:
The second proposed area is for Coral Essential Fish Habitat (CEFH, Fig. 1). CEFHs are defined as \"those waters and substrate necessary to corals for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity.\" The following definitions are provided for clarification:
This report presents the geophysical and photographic data that were collected to describe the surficial and shallow subsurface geologic framework of the area where these deep-water corals are known to occur. The data types include multibeam bathymetry, sidescan-sonar imagery, images of high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom photographs. In addition, the tracklines for the seismic data, locations of bottom photographs and camera drifts, and tracklines along which submersible and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) observations were made are contained in the GIS files accompanying this report. Unfortunately, video footage from the camera drifts, submersible, and ROV cruises is not available on this DVD due to the quantity of data. The bottom photograph data set has been previously published (Cross and others, 2004), however it is included in this publication in an effort to integrate the varying data sets in one location. This integration is accomplished through the GIS data included on this DVD.
This set of maps and geohydrologic sections depict the geology and hydrology of valley-fill aquifers in the 14-mile reach of the Chenango River valley between the Village of Greene and the area south of Chenango Valley State Park, N.Y. This map report depicts the aquifers; locations of domestic, production, and test wells; surficial geology; water-table altitude; potentiometric-surface altitude; generalized saturated thickness of the unconfined (water-table) aquifer; generalized thickness of the confined aquifer; and includes three geohydrologic sections.
\nThe valley fill in the Chenango River valley consists primarily of (1) glaciofluvial deposits comprised of stratified coarse-grained sediment (sand and gravel) that were deposited by meltwater streams flowing on, below, and in front of the glacier; (2) lacustrine sediments consisting of stratified fine-grained sediment (very fine sand, silt, and clay) that were deposited in proglacial lakes that formed at the front of a glacier; and (3) recent alluvium consisting of alluvial fan deposits (sand, silt, and gravel), floodplain sediments (fine-to-medium sand and silt), and channel deposits (sand and gravel).
\nThe Chenango River valley contains an unconfined valley-fill aquifer throughout much of the study area, and a confined valley-fill aquifer in the area between the northern edge of the Chenango Valley State Park and the Village of Greene. The unconfined aquifer consists predominantly of alluvial and outwash sand and gravel. The water table was mapped using water-level measurements obtained from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer, and from altitudes of lakes, ponds, and streams as indicated on U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. The depth to the water table typically ranges from 5 to 15 feet below land surface, but can locally be as much as 100 feet, such as in the ice-contact deposits in the Chenango Valley State Park.
\nThe confined aquifer is widely used by people living and working in the Chenango River valley. The confined aquifer consists of ice-contact sand and gravel, typically overlies bedrock, and underlies a confining unit consisting of lacustrine fine sand, silt, and clay. The confining unit is typically more than 100 feet thick in the central parts of the valley between Greene Landing Field and along the northern edge of the Chenango Valley State Park. The thickness of the confined aquifer is more than 40 feet near the Greene Landing Field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2914","usgsCitation":"Hetcher-Aguila, K.K., and Miller, T.S., 2005, Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill Aquifers between the Village of Greene, Chenango County and Chenango Valley State Park, Broome County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2914, 8 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2914.","productDescription":"8 Plates","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323534,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1 - Introduction and location of study area, orig. size 20\"x30\"","size":"736 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":323535,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 - Location of selected wells and test holes, orig. size 36\"x30\"","size":"8.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":323536,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3 - Surficial geology, orig. size 20\"x30\"","size":"8.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":323537,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4 - Generalized water-table altitude, orig. size 20\"x30\"","size":"7.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":323538,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate5.pdf","text":"Plate 5 - Generalized potentiometric-surface altitude in the confined aquifer, orig. size 20\"x30\"","size":"7.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":323539,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate6.pdf","text":"Plate 6 - Generalized saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer, orig. size 20\"x30\"","size":"7.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":323540,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate7.pdf","text":"Plate 7 - Generalized thickness of the confined aquifer, orig. size 20\"x30\"","size":"7.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":323541,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/sim2914_plate8.pdf","text":"Plate 8 - Generalized geohydrologic sections, orig. size 30\"x20\"","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 2914"},{"id":190591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":326258,"rank":10,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2914/readme.txt","text":"README.TXT - Important CD-ROM end-user information","size":"3.60 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 2914"}],"scale":"24000","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Landsat represents the world’s longest continuously acquired collection of space-based land remote sensing data. The Landsat Project is a joint initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) designed to gather Earth resource data from space. NASA developed and launched the spacecrafts, while the USGS handles the operations, maintenance, and management of all ground data reception, processing, archiving, product generation, and distribution.
Landsat satellites have been collecting images of the Earth’s surface for more than thirty years. Landsat’s Global Survey Mission is to repeatedly capture images of the Earth’s land mass, coastal boundaries, and coral reefs, and to ensure that sufficient data are acquired to support the observation of changes on the Earth’s land surface and surrounding environment. NASA launched the first Landsat satellite in 1972, and the most recent one, Landsat 7, in 1999. Landsats 5 and 7 continue to capture hundreds of additional images of the Earth’s surface each day. These images provide a valuable resource for people who work
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20053130","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Landsat: A global land-observing program (Supersedes FS 023-03): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3130, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053130.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7090,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3130/FS-2005-3130.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3130.jpg"},{"id":115897,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Supersedes FS 023-03","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76003,"text":"fs20053128 - 2005 - Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"fs20053128","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3128","title":"Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5)","docAbstract":"BACKGROUND\r\n\r\nIsland ecosystems throughout the Pacific have undergone catastrophic species loss, largely due to the effects of alien or non-native species. Rats, in particular, pose significant threats to native species. In Hawai`i, the appearance of rats (which are not native to Hawai`i) in the subfossil record coincides with the disappearance of ground nesting birds. Sadly, only three of Hawai`i?s 10 endemic waterfowl species still exist today. The Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis), also known as the Laysan Teal, is a critically endangered dabbling duck that is restricted to a single population on the remote and rat-free Laysan Island (Fig. 1). The Laysan Duck was listed as an endangered species in 1966 because of its small population, limited distribution, and dependence on a fragile island ecosystem. The same threats identified in 1966 continue to plague the species today.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20053128","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M., 2005, Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3128, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053128.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7091,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/Current%20News/Laysan%20Fact%20Sheet%20Final%20LoRes.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3128.jpg"},{"id":10712,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/Native_Birds/Laysan_ducks.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle","contributorId":49877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76103,"text":"ofr20051442 - 2005 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality invistigation. 13. Mineral microscopy and chemistry of mined and unmined porphyry molybdenum mineralization along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for ground- and surface-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T19:53:09.926661","indexId":"ofr20051442","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1442","displayTitle":"Questa Baseline and Pre-Mining Ground-Water Quality Investigation. 13. Mineral Microscopy and Chemistry of Mined and Unmined Porphyry Molybdenum Mineralization Along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for Ground- and Surface-Water Quality","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality invistigation. 13. Mineral microscopy and chemistry of mined and unmined porphyry molybdenum mineralization along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for ground- and surface-water quality","docAbstract":"This report is one in a series presenting results of an interdisciplinary U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) study of ground-water quality in the lower Red River watershed prior to open-pit and underground molybdenite mining at Molycorp's Questa mine. The stretch of the Red River watershed that extends from just upstream of the town of Red River to just above the town of Questa includes several mineralized areas in addition to the one mined by Molycorp. Natural erosion and weathering of pyrite-rich rocks in the mineralized areas has created a series of erosional scars along this stretch of the Red River that contribute acidic waters, as well as mineralized alluvial material and sediments, to the river. The overall goal of the USGS study is to infer the pre-mining ground-water quality at the Molycorp mine site. An integrated geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical model for ground water in the mineralized but unmined Straight Creek drainage is being used as an analogue for the geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions that influenced ground-water quality and quantity at the mine site prior to mining. This report summarizes results of reconnaissance mineralogical and chemical characterization studies of rock samples collected from the various scars and the Molycorp open pit, and of drill cuttings or drill core from bedrock beneath the scars and adjacent debris fans.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Lowers, H., Ludington, S., Koenig, A., and Briggs, P., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality invistigation. 13. Mineral microscopy and chemistry of mined and unmined porphyry molybdenum mineralization along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for ground- and surface-water quality (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1442, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051442.","productDescription":"95 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7994,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1442/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401716,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76634.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a32b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoff","contributorId":16478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":52609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koenig, Alan 0000-0002-5230-0924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":63159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, Paul","contributorId":59510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":75633,"text":"sir20055253 - 2005 - Numerical simulation of the effects of low-permeability valley-fill barriers and the redistribution of ground-water withdrawals in the Pearl Harbor area, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T12:43:00","indexId":"sir20055253","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5253","title":"Numerical simulation of the effects of low-permeability valley-fill barriers and the redistribution of ground-water withdrawals in the Pearl Harbor area, Oahu, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055253","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 2005, Numerical simulation of the effects of low-permeability valley-fill barriers and the redistribution of ground-water withdrawals in the Pearl Harbor area, Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5253, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055253.","productDescription":"111 p.","numberOfPages":"111","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7017,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.16666666666666,20.166666666666668 ], [ -158.16666666666666,20.5 ], [ -157.83333333333334,20.5 ], [ -157.83333333333334,20.166666666666668 ], [ -158.16666666666666,20.166666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696836","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":75593,"text":"tm6A11 - 2005 - UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T19:53:03.558144","indexId":"tm6A11","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A11","title":"UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API","docAbstract":"This report documents the computer codes UCODE_2005 and six post-processors. Together the codes can be used with existing process models to perform sensitivity analysis, data needs assessment, calibration, prediction, and uncertainty analysis. Any process model or set of models can be used; the only requirements are that models have numerical (ASCII or text only) input and output files, that the numbers in these files have sufficient significant digits, that all required models can be run from a single batch file or script, and that simulated values are continuous functions of the parameter values. Process models can include pre-processors and post-processors as well as one or more models related to the processes of interest (physical, chemical, and so on), making UCODE_2005 extremely powerful. An estimated parameter can be a quantity that appears in the input files of the process model(s), or a quantity used in an equation that produces a value that appears in the input files. In the latter situation, the equation is user-defined.
UCODE_2005 can compare observations and simulated equivalents. The simulated equivalents can be any simulated value written in the process-model output files or can be calculated from simulated values with user-defined equations. The quantities can be model results, or dependent variables. For example, for ground-water models they can be heads, flows, concentrations, and so on. Prior, or direct, information on estimated parameters also can be considered. Statistics are calculated to quantify the comparison of observations and simulated equivalents, including a weighted least-squares objective function. In addition,
UCODE_2005 can be used fruitfully in model calibration through its sensitivity analysis capabilities and its ability to estimate parameter values that result in the best possible fit to the observations. Parameters are estimated using nonlinear regression: a weighted least-squares objective function is minimized with respect to the parameter values using a modified Gauss-Newton method or a double-dogleg technique. Sensitivities needed for the method can be read from files produced by process models that can calculate sensitivities, such as MODFLOW-2000, or can be calculated by UCODE_2005 using a more general, but less accurate, forward- or central-difference perturbation technique. Problems resulting from inaccurate sensitivities and solutions related to the perturbation techniques are discussed in the report. Statistics are calculated and printed for use in (1) diagnosing inadequate data and identifying parameters that probably cannot be estimated; (2) evaluating estimated parameter values; and (3) evaluating how well the model represents the simulated processes.
Results from UCODE_2005 and codes RESIDUAL_ANALYSIS and RESIDUAL_ANALYSIS_ADV can be used to evaluate how accurately the model represents the processes it simulates. Results from LINEAR_UNCERTAINTY can be used to quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values if the model is sufficiently linear. Results from MODEL_LINEARITY and MODEL_LINEARITY_ADV can be used to evaluate model linearity and, thereby, the accuracy of the LINEAR_UNCERTAINTY results.
UCODE_2005 can also be used to calculate nonlinear confidence and predictions intervals, which quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values when the model is not linear. CORFAC_PLUS can be used to produce factors that allow intervals to account for model intrinsic nonlinearity and small-scale variations in system characteristics that are not explicitly accounted for in the model or the observation weighting.
The six post-processing programs are independent of UCODE_2005 and can use the results of other programs that produce the required data-exchange files.
UCODE_2005 and the other six codes are intended for use on any computer operating system. The programs consist of algorithms programmed in Fortran 90/95, which efficiently performs numerical calculations. The model runs required to obtain perturbation sensitivities can be performed using multiple processors. The programs are constructed in a modular fashion using JUPITER API conventions and modules. For example, the data-exchange files and input blocks are JUPITER API conventions and many of those used by UCODE_2005 are read or written by JUPITER API modules. UCODE-2005 includes capabilities likely to be required by many applications (programs) constructed using the JUPITER API, and can be used as a starting point for such programs.
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Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A11","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.E., Hill, M.C., Banta, E., Mehl, S., and Christensen, S., 2005, UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A11, xiv, 283 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A11.","productDescription":"xiv, 283 p.","numberOfPages":"299","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":384889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a11/pdf/TM6-A11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7013,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a11/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, Eileen E.","contributorId":101324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen","contributorId":31058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christensen, Steen","contributorId":13316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Steen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":75553,"text":"fs20053101 - 2005 - Depicting coastal Louisiana land loss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-15T11:07:19","indexId":"fs20053101","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3101","title":"Depicting coastal Louisiana land loss","docAbstract":"The Coastal Louisiana Land Loss map depicts historical (1932-2000) changes of land to water and water to land, as well as projected changes (2000-2050). 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Volume 4: Northwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-05-4, 204 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL054.","productDescription":"204 p.","numberOfPages":"204","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7317,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-fl-05-4/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5efe90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blum, Darlene A.","contributorId":52677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Darlene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alvarez, A. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055184","usgsCitation":"Breault, R., Smith, K.P., and Sorenson, J.R., 2005, Residential street-dirt accumulation rates and chemical composition, and removal efficiencies by mechanical- and vacuum-type sweepers, New Bedford, Massachusetts, 2003-04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5184, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055184.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420811,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86711.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7009,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5184/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"New Bedford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.95600088275766,\n 41.63606737180376\n ],\n [\n -70.95321456707354,\n 41.61982210411301\n ],\n [\n -70.93259583101313,\n 41.621071637429594\n ],\n [\n -70.9331530941492,\n 41.63648333023838\n ],\n [\n -70.95600088275766,\n 41.63606737180376\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62ba08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sorenson, Jason R. 0000-0001-5553-8594 jsorenso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-8594","contributorId":3468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Jason","email":"jsorenso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":75243,"text":"ofr20051451 - 2005 - Methane gas volume expansion ratios and ideal gas deviation factors for the deep-water Bering Sea basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:48","indexId":"ofr20051451","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1451","title":"Methane gas volume expansion ratios and ideal gas deviation factors for the deep-water Bering Sea basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051451","usgsCitation":"Barth, G., 2005, Methane gas volume expansion ratios and ideal gas deviation factors for the deep-water Bering Sea basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1451, Unpaginated: ill.; tables, data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051451.","productDescription":"Unpaginated: ill.; tables, data files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6999,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1451/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barth, Ginger A.","contributorId":32248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"Ginger A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":75213,"text":"ofr20051445 - 2005 - Digital method for regional mapping of surficial basin deposits in arid regions, example from central Death Valley, Inyo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T22:25:37.934105","indexId":"ofr20051445","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1445","title":"Digital method for regional mapping of surficial basin deposits in arid regions, example from central Death Valley, Inyo County, California","docAbstract":"Derivative maps generated from DEM's and panchromatic remote sensing data (TM Landsat 7 or SPOT) can be used to characterize surficial basin deposits in arid regions dominated by basin and range topography. Results indicate the technique is useful for rapid digital mapping of surficial deposits where a first order, systematic subdivision of bedrock, alluvial fan units, and playas is unavailable at regional scales. Digital mapping can provide information about relative age and material properties of units that in part can be derived from the position of units within the basin. This automated mapping, implemented in a GIS system, involves an iterative process applied to a combination of digital elevation models (DEM) and satellite image data, such as SPOT or the high-resolution panchromatic Band 8 of Landsat 7 scenes.
The method first discriminates the region into first-order terrains consisting of bedrock mountain highlands, basin piedmonts, and playa-basin interiors based on user-defined slope cutoffs applied to DEM data. The basin areas are subsequently classified into surficial map units such as active channels, ground-water discharge zones, and multiple age alluvial-fan piedmont units based on reflective properties of the associated surfaces in the satellite imagery. The surficial units are differentiated through systematic classification based on specific user-defined ranges of spectral values for each unit. The spectral ranges used in the classification are largely dependent on the composite effects of surface characteristics and material properties, including depositional morphology and texture, pavement development, degree of surface clast varnishing, and (or) properties of exposed soils of the alluvial fan units. We have used the slope-curvature properties derived from the DEM data to discriminate the bajada areas that exhibit non-unique spectral characteristics. Slope curvature is particularly effective at differentiating young undissected surfaces from older dissected piedmont units.
Available geologic maps and field observations may be used both to iteratively calibrate the spectral classification scheme and to provide additional verification of the digital map output. Digital mapping combined with detailed field studies in selected areas provides useful regional maps of surficial units until time and funding is available for more field intensive studies. In addition, anomalous areas on the thematic maps indicate where more detailed field or air photo work is warranted. The technique successfully distinguishes between bedrock, alluvial fans (generally multiple fan units), active washes, playas, playa rimming marshes and seeps and other active and inactive discharge zones in arid basin and mountain regions. Limitations occur in the subdivision of some fan units where the dominant detrital clast lithologies are not susceptible to varnish development.
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