{"pageNumber":"1046","pageRowStart":"26125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46735,"records":[{"id":70025878,"text":"70025878 - 2003 - Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T13:27:16","indexId":"70025878","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields","docAbstract":"<p>The properties of the surface wavefield at Kilauea Volcano are analysed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed in and around the Kilauea caldera. Tremor recordings were obtained during two Japan-US cooperative experiments conducted in 1996 and 1997. The seismometers were deployed in three semi-circular arrays with apertures of 300, 300 and 400 m, and a linear array with length of 1680 m. Data are analysed using a spatio-temporal correlation technique well suited for the study of the stationary stochastic wavefields of Rayleigh and Love waves associated with volcanic activity and scattering sources distributed in and around the summit caldera. Spatial autocorrelation coefficients are obtained as a function of frequency and are inverted for the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh and Love waves using a grid search that seeks phase velocities for which the L-2 norm between data and forward modelling operators is minimized. Within the caldera, the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1400 to 1800 m s<sup>-1</sup> at 1 Hz down to 300-400 m s<sup>-1</sup> at 10 Hz, and the phase velocities of Love waves range from 2600 to 400 m s<sup>-1</sup> within the same frequency band. Outside the caldera, Rayleigh wave velocities range from 1800 to 1600 m s<sup>-1</sup> at 1 Hz down to 260-360 m s<sup>-1</sup> at 10 Hz, and Love wave velocities range from 600 to 150 m s<sup>-1</sup> within the same frequency band. The dispersion curves are inverted for velocity structure beneath each array, assuming these dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves. The velocity structures observed at different array sites are consistent with results from a recent 3-D traveltime tomography of the caldera region, and point to a marked velocity discontinuity associated with the southern caldera boundary.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Saccorotti, G., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2003, Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields: Geophysical Journal International, v. 152, no. 3, p. 633-648, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x.","startPage":"633","endPage":"648","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478474,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01867.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01867.x"}],"volume":"152","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e49e4b08c986b31884d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saccorotti, G.","contributorId":107041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saccorotti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025721,"text":"70025721 - 2003 - Density of the continental roots: Compositional and thermal contributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T14:16:44.921939","indexId":"70025721","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density of the continental roots: Compositional and thermal contributions","docAbstract":"<p>The origin and evolution of cratonic roots has been debated for many years. Precambrian cratons are underlain by cold lithospheric roots that are chemically depleted. Thermal and petrologic data indicate that Archean roots are colder and more chemically depleted than Proterozoic roots. This observation has led to the hypothesis that the degree of depletion in a lithospheric root depends mostly on its age. Here we test this hypothesis using gravity, thermal, petrologic, and seismic data to quantify differences in the density of cratonic roots globally. In the first step in our analysis we use a global crustal model to remove the crustal contribution to the observed gravity. The result is the mantle gravity anomaly field, which varies over cratonic areas from -100 to +100 mGal. Positive mantle gravity anomalies are observed for cratons in the northern hemisphere: the Baltic shield, East European Platform, and the Siberian Platform. Negative anomalies are observed over cratons in the southern hemisphere: Western Australia, South America, the Indian shield, and Southern Africa. This indicates that there are significant differences in the density of cratonic roots, even for those of similar age. Root density depends on temperature and chemical depletion. In order to separate these effects we apply a lithospheric temperature correction using thermal estimates from a combination of geothermal modeling and global seismic tomography models. Gravity anomalies induced by temperature variations in the uppermost mantle range from -200 to +300 mGal, with the strongest negative anomalies associated with mid-ocean ridges and the strongest positive anomalies associated with cratons. After correcting for thermal effects, we obtain a map of density variations due to lithospheric compositional variations. These maps indicate that the average density decrease due to the chemical depletion within cratonic roots varies from 1.1% to 1.5%, assuming the chemical boundary layer has the same thickness as the thermal boundary layer. The maximal values of the density drop are in the range 1.7-2.5%, and correspond to the Archean portion of each craton. Temperatures within cratonic roots vary strongly, and our analysis indicates that density variations in the roots due to temperature are larger than the variations due to chemical differences.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00072-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Kaban, M., Schwintzer, P., Artemieva, I., and Mooney, W.D., 2003, Density of the continental roots: Compositional and thermal contributions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 209, no. 1-2, p. 53-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00072-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00072-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea9e4b0c8380cd4ee5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaban, M.K.","contributorId":47124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaban","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwintzer, P.","contributorId":105496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwintzer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artemieva, I.M.","contributorId":71728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artemieva","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025935,"text":"70025935 - 2003 - Bobjonesite, V4+ O (SO4) (H2O)3, a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T17:03:13.302121","indexId":"70025935","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Bobjonesite, V<sup>4+</sup> O (SO<sub>4</sub>) (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>, a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A","title":"Bobjonesite, V4+ O (SO4) (H2O)3, a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<div><div id=\"15286877\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Bobjonesite, V<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>O (SO<sub>4</sub>) (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>, is a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A. It occurs as blue-green crusts and efflorescences in fractures in a fossil (Triassic) tree; individual crystals are &lt;&lt;1 mm and are intimately intergrown. Bobjonesite hydrates very easily, and is unstable in all but the driest atmosphere. Its structure was determined on a crystal of bobjonesite; however, the physical properties, optical properties and X-ray powder-diffraction pattern were recorded on the synthetic equivalent, and an electron-microprobe analysis was not possible. Bobjonesite has a pale blue streak, a vitreous luster and no observable fluorescence under ultraviolet light. It has no cleavage or parting. The Mohs hardness is ~1, and the calculated density is 2.28 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Bobjonesite is biaxial positive, with α 1.555(2), β 1.561(1), γ 1.574(2), 2<i>V</i>(obs.) = 72(1)°, 2<i>V</i>(calc.) = 69°; it is non-pleochroic,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>&nbsp;</span>=<span>&nbsp;</span><i>b</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Y</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≈<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;</span>∧<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≈ 19° (in β obtuse). Bobjonesite is monoclinic, space group<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>2<sub>1</sub>/<i>n</i>, cell dimensions from single-crystal data:<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.3940(5),<span>&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.4111(3),<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>12.0597(9) Å, β 106.55(1)°,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>633.5(1) Å<sup>3</sup>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 4. The strongest seven lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [<i>d</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Å(<i>I</i>)(<i>hkl</i>)] are as follows: 5.795(100)(002), 3.498(90)(112), 3.881(48)(1̅03), 5.408(37) (101), 4.571(20)(012), 6.962(11)(1̅01) and 6.254(11)(011). The chemical formula was derived from crystal-structure analysis; the end-member formula is V O (SO<sub>4</sub>) (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>. The crystal structure of bobjonesite was refined to an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>index of 3.6% for 1105 observed (|<span>&nbsp;</span><i>F</i><sub>o</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>| &gt; 5&gt;<i>F</i>) reflections measured with an automated four-circle X-ray diffractometer using Mo<i>K</i>α X-radiation. There is one<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>site occupied by V<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and surrounded by three O atoms and three (H<sub>2</sub>O) groups in an octahedral arrangement, with one short vanadyl bond (1.577 Å), four similar equatorial bonds (&lt;2.022 Å&gt;), and one longer V–O bond (2.278 Å)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to the vanadyl bond. The structure consists of isolated [V<sup>4+</sup><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>O<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] clusters linked by hydrogen bonds.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Schindler, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Huminicki, D.M., Haynes, P., Grice, J.D., and Evans, H.T., 2003, Bobjonesite, V4+ O (SO4) (H2O)3, a new mineral species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.S.A: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 41, no. 1, p. 83-90, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Emery County","otherGeospatial":"Temple Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.67965984344482,\n              38.676598411460844\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67888736724854,\n              38.67525826307041\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67777156829833,\n              38.67639739080184\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68021774291992,\n              38.67907761983558\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67914485931396,\n              38.67874259669519\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67820072174072,\n              38.67971415948182\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67721366882324,\n              38.68145623903725\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67631244659424,\n              38.68128873323038\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67605495452881,\n              38.68239426431011\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67541122436523,\n              38.6837342790855\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67626953125,\n              38.685342263693364\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67523956298828,\n              38.68561025761499\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67455291748047,\n              38.68721820006628\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67365169525146,\n              38.688491128880116\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.6738233566284,\n              38.68976403504683\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67468166351318,\n              38.690601460963435\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.6773853302002,\n              38.691505869943285\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68017482757568,\n              38.69244376347533\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68236351013182,\n              38.691237898104184\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68485260009766,\n              38.69110391180823\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68661212921141,\n              38.68812265181564\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68536758422852,\n              38.68718470163377\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68536758422852,\n              38.68591174957702\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68433761596678,\n              38.685476260779645\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68296432495117,\n              38.68346627813786\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68476676940918,\n              38.681355735600164\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.68356513977051,\n              38.67964715557514\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67965984344482,\n              38.676598411460844\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1f1e4b0c8380cd4aef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schindler, Michael","contributorId":52767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawthorne, Frank C.","contributorId":47924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huminicki, Danielle M. C.","contributorId":92469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huminicki","given":"Danielle","email":"","middleInitial":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haynes, Patrick","contributorId":85758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grice, Joel D.","contributorId":102210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grice","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, Howard T. Jr.","contributorId":70852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Howard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025931,"text":"70025931 - 2003 - Mapping vegetation in Yellowstone National Park using spectral feature analysis of AVIRIS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T15:50:11","indexId":"70025931","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping vegetation in Yellowstone National Park using spectral feature analysis of AVIRIS data","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id15\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id16\"><p>Knowledge of the distribution of vegetation on the landscape can be used to investigate ecosystem functioning. The sizes and movements of animal populations can be linked to resources provided by different plant species. This paper demonstrates the application of imaging spectroscopy to the study of vegetation in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone) using spectral feature analysis of data from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). AVIRIS data, acquired on August 7, 1996, were calibrated to surface reflectance using a radiative transfer model and field reflectance measurements of a ground calibration site. A spectral library of canopy reflectance signatures was created by averaging pixels of the calibrated AVIRIS data over areas of known forest and nonforest vegetation cover types in Yellowstone. Using continuum removal and least squares fitting algorithms in the US Geological Survey's Tetracorder expert system, the distributions of these vegetation types were determined by comparing the absorption features of vegetation in the spectral library with the spectra from the AVIRIS data. The 0.68 μm chlorophyll absorption feature and leaf water absorption features, centered near 0.98 and 1.20 μm, were analyzed. Nonforest cover types of sagebrush, grasslands, willows, sedges, and other wetland vegetation were mapped in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone. Conifer cover types of lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, Douglas fir, and mixed Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir forests were spectrally discriminated and their distributions mapped in the AVIRIS images. In the Mount Washburn area of Yellowstone, a comparison of the AVIRIS map of forest cover types to a map derived from air photos resulted in an overall agreement of 74.1% (kappa statistic=0.62).</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00133-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R.F., Despain, D.G., Clark, R.N., and Livo, K., 2003, Mapping vegetation in Yellowstone National Park using spectral feature analysis of AVIRIS data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 84, no. 3, p. 437-456, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00133-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"456","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208726,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00133-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5090e4b0c8380cd6b796","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101 raymond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":150717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond","email":"raymond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Despain, Don G.","contributorId":31147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Despain","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, K. Eric 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":26338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"K. Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025930,"text":"70025930 - 2003 - The Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake: Global lessons for earthquake hazard in intra-plate regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T15:52:21.137953","indexId":"70025930","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2546,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society of India","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake: Global lessons for earthquake hazard in intra-plate regions","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake occurred in the Kachchh District of the State of Gujarat, India on 26 January 2001, and was one of the most damaging intraplate earthquakes ever recorded. This earthquake is in many ways similar to the three great New Madrid earthquakes that occurred in the central United States in 1811-1812, An Indo-US team is studying the similarities and differences of these sequences in order to learn lessons for earthquake hazard in intraplate regions. Herein we present some preliminary conclusions from that study. Both the Kutch and New Madrid regions have rift type geotectonic setting. In both regions the strain rates are of the order of 10-9/yr and attenuation of seismic waves as inferred from observations of intensity and liquefaction are low. These strain rates predict recurrence intervals for Bhuj or New Madrid sized earthquakes of several thousand years or more. In contrast, intervals estimated from paleoseismic studies and from other independent data are significantly shorter, probably hundreds of years. All these observations together may suggest that earthquakes relax high ambient stresses that are locally concentrated by rheologic heterogeneities, rather than loading by plate-tectonic forces. The latter model generally underlies basic assumptions made in earthquake hazard assessment, that the long-term average rate of energy released by earthquakes is determined by the tectonic loading rate, which thus implies an inherent average periodicity of earthquake occurrence. Interpreting the observations in terms of the former model therefore may require re-examining the basic assumptions of hazard assessment.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of India","issn":"00167622","usgsCitation":"Schweig, E., Gomberg, J., Petersen, M.D., Ellis, M., Bodin, P., Mayrose, L., and Rastogi, B., 2003, The Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake: Global lessons for earthquake hazard in intra-plate regions: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 61, no. 3, p. 277-282.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402003,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/83282"}],"country":"India","state":"Gujarat","county":"Kachchh District","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": 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,{"id":70025926,"text":"70025926 - 2003 - An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T00:58:00.370015","indexId":"70025926","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031","docAbstract":"<div id=\"12103441\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The moment magnitude<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>7.8 earthquake in 1906 profoundly changed the rate of seismic activity over much of northern California. The low rate of seismic activity in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) since 1906, relative to that of the preceding 55 yr, is often explained as a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>stress-shadow</i><span>&nbsp;</span>effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, existing elastic and visco-elastic models of stress change fail to fully account for the duration of the lowered rate of earthquake activity. We use variations in the rate of earthquakes as a basis for a simple empirical model for estimating the probability of<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>≥6.7 earthquakes in the SFBR. The model preserves the relative magnitude distribution of sources predicted by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities' (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF36\">WGCEP, 1999</a>;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF37\">WGCEP, 2002</a>) model of characterized ruptures on SFBR faults and is consistent with the occurrence of the four<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>≥6.7 earthquakes in the region since 1838. When the empirical model is extrapolated 30 yr forward from 2002, it gives a probability of 0.42 for one or more<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>≥6.7 in the SFBR. This result is lower than the probability of 0.5 estimated by WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF34\">1988</a>), lower than the 30-yr Poisson probability of 0.60 obtained by WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF36\">1999</a>) and WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF37\">2002</a>), and lower than the 30-yr time-dependent probabilities of 0.67, 0.70, and 0.63 obtained by WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF35\">1990</a>), WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF36\">1999</a>), and WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF37\">2002</a>), respectively, for the occurrence of one or more large earthquakes. This lower probability is consistent with the lack of adequate accounting for the 1906 stress-shadow in these earlier reports. The empirical model represents one possible approach toward accounting for the stress-shadow effect of the 1906 earthquake. However, the discrepancy between our result and those obtained with other modeling methods underscores the fact that the physics controlling the timing of earthquakes is not well understood. Hence, we advise against using the empirical model alone (or any other single probability model) for estimating the earthquake hazard and endorse the use of all credible earthquake probability models for the region, including the empirical model, with appropriate weighting, as was done in WGCEP (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF37\">2002</a>).</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020014","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Reasenberg, P., Hanks, T.C., and Bakun, W.H., 2003, An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in the San Francisco Bay region, California, 2002-2031: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020014.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.5100832532152,\n              38.61405233189544\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.5100832532152,\n              37.19245747594486\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44465356571513,\n              37.19245747594486\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44465356571513,\n              38.61405233189544\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.5100832532152,\n              38.61405233189544\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea37e4b0c8380cd486f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bakun, W. 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,{"id":70025925,"text":"70025925 - 2003 - Using regression methods to estimate stream phosphorus loads at the Illinois River, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-08T17:25:41.134531","indexId":"70025925","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":833,"text":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using regression methods to estimate stream phosphorus loads at the Illinois River, Arkansas","docAbstract":"The development of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) requires evaluating existing constituent loads in streams. Accurate estimates of constituent loads are needed to calibrate watershed and reservoir models for TMDL development. The best approach to estimate constituent loads is high frequency sampling, particularly during storm events, and mass integration of constituents passing a point in a stream. Most often, resources are limited and discrete water quality samples are collected on fixed intervals and sometimes supplemented with directed sampling during storm events. When resources are limited, mass integration is not an accurate means to determine constituent loads and other load estimation techniques such as regression models are used. The objective of this work was to determine a minimum number of water-quality samples needed to provide constituent concentration data adequate to estimate constituent loads at a large stream. Twenty sets of water quality samples with and without supplemental storm samples were randomly selected at various fixed intervals from a database at the Illinois River, northwest Arkansas. The random sets were used to estimate total phosphorus (TP) loads using regression models. The regression-based annual TP loads were compared to the integrated annual TP load estimated using all the data. At a minimum, monthly sampling plus supplemental storm samples (six samples per year) was needed to produce a root mean square error of less than 15%. Water quality samples should be collected at least semi-monthly (every 15 days) in studies less than two years if seasonal time factors are to be used in the regression models. Annual TP loads estimated from independently collected discrete water quality samples further demonstrated the utility of using regression models to estimate annual TP loads in this stream system.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.13110","issn":"08838542","usgsCitation":"Haggard, B., Soerens, T.S., Green, W.R., and Richards, R.P., 2003, Using regression methods to estimate stream phosphorus loads at the Illinois River, Arkansas: Applied Engineering in Agriculture, v. 19, no. 2, p. 187-194, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.13110.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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E.","contributorId":69755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggard","given":"B. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soerens, T. S.","contributorId":53573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soerens","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, W. R.","contributorId":68354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richards, R. P.","contributorId":60792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025919,"text":"70025919 - 2003 - Diagnostic tools for mixing models of stream water chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:55:51","indexId":"70025919","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagnostic tools for mixing models of stream water chemistry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mixing models provide a useful null hypothesis against which to evaluate processes controlling stream water chemical data. Because conservative mixing of end‐members with constant concentration is a linear process, a number of simple mathematical and multivariate statistical methods can be applied to this problem. Although mixing models have been most typically used in the context of mixing soil and groundwater end‐members, an extension of the mathematics of mixing models is presented that assesses the “fit” of a multivariate data set to a lower dimensional mixing subspace without the need for explicitly identified end‐members. Diagnostic tools are developed to determine the approximate rank of the data set and to assess lack of fit of the data. This permits identification of processes that violate the assumptions of the mixing model and can suggest the dominant processes controlling stream water chemical variation. These same diagnostic tools can be used to assess the fit of the chemistry of one site into the mixing subspace of a different site, thereby permitting an assessment of the consistency of controlling end‐members across sites. This technique is applied to a number of sites at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed located near Atlanta, Georgia.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001528","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., 2003, Diagnostic tools for mixing models of stream water chemistry: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 3, p. 2-1-2-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001528.","productDescription":"Article 1055; 13 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a3e4b0c8380cd4f82a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025916,"text":"70025916 - 2003 - Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; Mw 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T01:06:43.659731","indexId":"70025916","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; Mw 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India","docAbstract":"<div id=\"12110152\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Only five moderate and large earthquakes (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≥5.7) in India—three in the Indian shield region and two in the Himalayan arc region—have given rise to multiple strong ground-motion recordings. Near-source data are available for only two of these events. The Bhuj earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>7.6), which occurred in the shield region, gave rise to useful recordings at distances exceeding 550 km. Because of the scarcity of the data, we use the stochastic method to estimate ground motions. We assume that (1)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves dominate at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 100 km and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lg</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥ 100 km, (2)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 508<i>f</i><sup>0.48</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is valid for the Indian shield as well as the Himalayan arc region, (3) the effective duration is given by fc<sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 0.05R, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>fc</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the corner frequency, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the hypocentral distance in kilometer, and (4) the acceleration spectra are sharply cut off beyond 35 Hz. We use two finite-source stochastic models. One is an approximate model that reduces to the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ω</i><sup>2</sup>-source model at distances greater that about twice the source dimension. This model has the advantage that the ground motion is controlled by the familiar stress parameter, Δ<i>σ</i>. In the other finite-source model, which is more reliable for near-source ground-motion estimation, the high-frequency radiation is controlled by the strength factor,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sfact</i>, a quantity that is physically related to the maximum slip rate on the fault. We estimate Δ<i>σ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>needed to fit the observed Amax and Vmax data of each earthquake (which are mostly in the far field). The corresponding<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sfact</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is obtained by requiring that the predicted curves from the two models match each other in the far field up to a distance of about 500 km. The results show: (1) The Δ<i>σ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>that explains Amax data for shield events may be a function of depth, increasing from ∼50 bars at 10 km to ∼400 bars at 36 km. The corresponding<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sfact</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values range from 1.0-2.0. The Δ<i>σ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values for the two Himalayan arc events are 75 and 150 bars (<i>sfact</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 1.0 and 1.4). (2) The Δ<i>σ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>required to explain Vmax data is, roughly, half the corresponding value for Amax, while the same<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sfact</i><span>&nbsp;</span>explains both sets of data. (3) The available far-field Amax and Vmax data for the Bhuj mainshock are well explained by Δ<i>σ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 200 and 100 bars, respectively, or, equivalently, by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sfact</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 1.4. The predicted Amax and Vmax in the epicentral region of this earthquake are 0.80 to 0.95<span>&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and 40 to 55 cm/sec, respectively.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020102","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Singh, S., Bansal, B., Bhattacharya, S., Pacheco, J., Dattatrayam, R., Ordaz, M., Suresh, G., Kamal, and Hough, S., 2003, Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; Mw 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 1, p. 353-370, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020102.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"}}]}","volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b8de4b0c8380cd5278a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singh, S.K.","contributorId":104234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bansal, B.K.","contributorId":51511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bansal","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bhattacharya, S.N.","contributorId":68081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhattacharya","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pacheco, J.F.","contributorId":25330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pacheco","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dattatrayam, R.S.","contributorId":71739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dattatrayam","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ordaz, M.","contributorId":88541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ordaz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suresh, G.","contributorId":88924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suresh","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kamal","contributorId":127945,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kamal","id":535152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70025915,"text":"70025915 - 2003 - Slightly thermal springs and non-thermal springs at Mount Shasta, California: Chemistry and recharge elevations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025915","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slightly thermal springs and non-thermal springs at Mount Shasta, California: Chemistry and recharge elevations","docAbstract":"Temperature measurements, isotopic contents, and dissolved constituents are presented for springs at Mount Shasta to understand slightly thermal springs in the Shasta Valley based on the characteristics of non-thermal springs. Non-thermal springs on Mount Shasta are generally cooler than mean annual air temperatures for their elevation. The specific conductance of non-thermal springs increases linearly with discharge temperature. Springs at higher and intermediate elevations on Mount Shasta have fairly limited circulation paths, whereas low-elevation springs have longer paths because of their higher-elevation recharge. Springs in the Shasta Valley are warmer than air temperatures for their elevation and contain significant amounts of chloride and sulfate, constituents often associated with volcanic hydrothermal systems. Data for the Shasta Valley springs generally define mixing trends for dissolved constituents and temperature. The isotopic composition of the Shasta Valley springs indicates that water fell as precipitation at a higher elevation than any of the non-thermal springs. It is possible that the Shasta Valley springs include a component of the outflow from a proposed 210??C hydrothermal system that boils to supply steam for the summit acid-sulfate spring. In order to categorize springs such as those in the Shasta Valley, we introduce the term slightly thermal springs for springs that do not meet the numerical criterion of 10??C above air temperature for thermal springs but have temperatures greater than non-thermal springs in the area and usually also have dissolved constituents normally found in thermal waters. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00426-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., Thompson, J., and White, L.D., 2003, Slightly thermal springs and non-thermal springs at Mount Shasta, California: Chemistry and recharge elevations: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 121, no. 1-2, p. 137-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00426-2.","startPage":"137","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487508,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(02)00426-2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208895,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00426-2"},{"id":234980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9142e4b08c986b3197e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, M.","contributorId":46632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025403,"text":"70025403 - 2003 - Effects of electrofishing gear type on spatial and temporal variability in fish community sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70025403","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of electrofishing gear type on spatial and temporal variability in fish community sampling","docAbstract":"Fish community data collected from 24 major river basins between 1993 and 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess multiple-reach (three consecutive reaches) and multiple-year (three consecutive years) variability in samples collected at a site. Variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV; SD/mean) of species richness, the Jaccard index (JI), and the percent similarity index (PSI). Data were categorized by three electrofishing sample collection methods: backpack, towed barge, and boat. Overall, multiple-reach CV values were significantly lower than those for multiple years, whereas multiple-reach JI and PSI values were significantly greater than those for multiple years. Multiple-reach and multiple-year CV values did not vary significantly among electrofishing methods, although JI and PSI values were significantly greatest for backpack electrofishing across multiple reaches and multiple years. The absolute difference between mean species richness for multiple-reach samples and mean species richness for multiple-year samples was 0.8 species (9.5% of total species richness) for backpack samples, 1.7 species (10.1%) for towed-barge samples, and 4.5 species (24.4%) for boat-collected samples. Review of boat-collected fish samples indicated that representatives of four taxonomic families - Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae, and Ictaluridae - were collected at all sites. Of these, catostomids exhibited greater interannual variability than centrarchids, cyprinids, or ictalurids. Caution should be exercised when combining boat-collected fish community data from different years because of relatively high interannual variability, which is primarily due to certain relatively mobile species. Such variability may obscure longer-term trends.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T01-135","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., and McIntyre, J., 2003, Effects of electrofishing gear type on spatial and temporal variability in fish community sampling: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 4, p. 709-716, https://doi.org/10.1577/T01-135.","startPage":"709","endPage":"716","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209576,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T01-135"},{"id":236190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06dbe4b0c8380cd5144f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.P.","contributorId":94471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025724,"text":"70025724 - 2003 - Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T14:49:16.637512","indexId":"70025724","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [</span><i>Larrea tridentata</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Sessé &amp; Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation–SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation–SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq2003.9880","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., Sandstrom, M.W., Michel, R.L., Radyk, J., Stonestrom, D.A., Johnson, M.J., and Mayers, C., 2003, Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 3, p. 988-995, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.9880.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"988","endPage":"995","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f73e4b08c986b318f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radyk, J.C.","contributorId":31176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radyk","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, M. J.","contributorId":52988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mayers, C.J.","contributorId":17410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70025725,"text":"70025725 - 2003 - MODFLOW 2000 Head Uncertainty, a First-Order Second Moment Method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025725","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MODFLOW 2000 Head Uncertainty, a First-Order Second Moment Method","docAbstract":"A computationally efficient method to estimate the variance and covariance in piezometric head results computed through MODFLOW 2000 using a first-order second moment (FOSM) approach is presented. This methodology employs a first-order Taylor series expansion to combine model sensitivity with uncertainty in geologic data. MODFLOW 2000 is used to calculate both the ground water head and the sensitivity of head to changes in input data. From a limited number of samples, geologic data are extrapolated and their associated uncertainties are computed through a conditional probability calculation. Combining the spatially related sensitivity and input uncertainty produces the variance-covariance matrix, the diagonal of which is used to yield the standard deviation in MODFLOW 2000 head. The variance in piezometric head can be used for calibrating the model, estimating confidence intervals, directing exploration, and evaluating the reliability of a design. A case study illustrates the approach, where aquifer transmissivity is the spatially related uncertain geologic input data. The FOSM methodology is shown to be applicable for calculating output uncertainty for (1) spatially related input and output data, and (2) multiple input parameters (transmissivity and recharge).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02603.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Glasgow, H., Fortney, M., Lee, J., Graettinger, A., and Reeves, H.W., 2003, MODFLOW 2000 Head Uncertainty, a First-Order Second Moment Method: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 3, p. 342-350, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02603.x.","startPage":"342","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02603.x"},{"id":234933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ad5e4b0c8380cd690b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glasgow, H.S.","contributorId":27649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glasgow","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fortney, M.D.","contributorId":56012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortney","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, J.","contributorId":58596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graettinger, A.J.","contributorId":105884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graettinger","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reeves, H. W.","contributorId":53739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025726,"text":"70025726 - 2003 - Influence of transitional volcanic strata on lateral diversion at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:51:29","indexId":"70025726","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of transitional volcanic strata on lateral diversion at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>Natural hydraulic barriers exist at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential high‐level nuclear waste repository, that have been identified as possible lateral diversions for reducing deep percolation through the waste storage area. Historical development of the conceptual model of lateral diversion has been limited by available field data, but numerical investigations presented the possibility of significant lateral diversion due to the presence of a thin, porous rock layer, the Paintbrush nonwelded tuffs. Analytical analyses of the influence of transitional changes in properties suggest that minimal lateral diversion is likely at Yucca Mountain. Numerical models, to this point, have not accounted for the gradual transition of properties or the existence of multiple layers that could inadvertently influence the simulation of lateral diversion as an artifact of numerical model discretization. Analyses were made of subsurface matric potential measurements, and comparisons were made of surface infiltration estimates with deeper percolation flux calculations using chloride‐mass‐balance calculations and simulations of measured temperature profiles. These analyses suggest that insignificant lateral diversion has occurred above the repository horizon and that water generally moves vertically through the Paintbrush nonwelded tuffs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001503","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Selker, J.S., 2003, Influence of transitional volcanic strata on lateral diversion at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 4, p. 4-1-4-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001503.","productDescription":"Article 1084; 17 p.","startPage":"4-1","endPage":"4-17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478414,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001503","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b92e4b0c8380cd62668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Selker, John S.","contributorId":199857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025728,"text":"70025728 - 2003 - Estimating population trends with a linear model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T18:01:15","indexId":"70025728","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating population trends with a linear model","docAbstract":"We describe a simple and robust method for estimating trends in population size. The method may be used with Breeding Bird Survey data, aerial surveys, point counts, or any other program of repeated surveys at permanent locations. Surveys need not be made at each location during each survey period. The method differs from most existing methods in being design based, rather than model based. The only assumptions are that the nominal sampling plan is followed and that sample size is large enough for use of the t-distribution. Simulations based on two bird data sets from natural populations showed that the point estimate produced by the linear model was essentially unbiased even when counts varied substantially and 25% of the complete data set was missing. The estimating-equation approach, often used to analyze Breeding Bird Survey data, performed similarly on one data set but had substantial bias on the second data set, in which counts were highly variable. The advantages of the linear model are its simplicity, flexibility, and that it is self-weighting. A user-friendly computer program to carry out the calculations is available from the senior author.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0367:EPTWAL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Collins, B.D., and Morrison, R.I., 2003, Estimating population trends with a linear model: The Condor, v. 105, no. 2, p. 367-372, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0367:EPTWAL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[0367:eptwal]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b3ae4b0c8380cd52621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, Brian D. bcollins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","email":"bcollins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, R. I. G.","contributorId":66640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"I. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025472,"text":"70025472 - 2003 - Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:59:23","indexId":"70025472","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile","docAbstract":"We present results from an analysis of anisotropy in marine sediments using walkaway vertical seismic profiles from the Blake Ridge, offshore South Carolina. We encountered transverse isotropy (TI) with a vertical symmetry axis in a gas-hydrate-bearing unit of clay and claystone with Thomsen parameters ?? = 0.05 ?? 0.02 and ?? = 0.04 ?? 0.06. TI increased to ?? = 0.16 ?? 0.04 and ?? = 0.19 ?? 0.12 in the underlying gas zone. Rock physics modeling suggests that the observed TI is caused by a partial alignment of clay particles rather than high-velocity gas-hydrate veins. Similarly, the increase of TI in the gas zone is not caused by thin low-velocity gas layers but rather, we speculate, by the sharp contrast between seismic properties of an anisotropic sediment frame and elongated gas-bearing pore voids. Our results underscore the significance of anisotropy for integrating near-vertical and wide-angle seismic data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Pecher, I., Holbrook, W., Sen, M., Lizarralde, D., Wood, W., Hutchinson, D.R., Dillon, W.P., Hoskins, H., and Stephen, R., 2003, Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge, from a walkaway vertical seismic profile: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af2e4b08c986b3174ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holbrook, W.S.","contributorId":84916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sen, M.K.","contributorId":94482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sen","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lizarralde, D.","contributorId":43954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizarralde","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wood, W.T.","contributorId":51516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hoskins, H.","contributorId":64430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoskins","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stephen, R.A.","contributorId":44339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70025818,"text":"70025818 - 2003 - Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T18:20:55.676332","indexId":"70025818","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>Synoptic views of hydrothermal alteration assemblages are of considerable&nbsp;</span>utility<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;regional-scale minerals&nbsp;</span>exploration<span>. Recent advances&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>data<span>&nbsp;acquisition and analysis technologies have greatly enhanced the usefulness of remotely sensed imaging spectroscopy for reliable alteration&nbsp;</span>mineral<span>&nbsp;assemblages mapping. Using NASA's Airborne Visible&nbsp;</span>Infrared<span>&nbsp;Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor, this study mapped large areas of advanced argillic and phyllic-argillic alteration assemblages&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the southeastern Santa Rita and&nbsp;</span>northern<span>&nbsp;</span>Patagonia<span>&nbsp;</span>mountains<span>,&nbsp;</span>Arizona<span>. Two concealed porphyry copper deposits have been identified during past&nbsp;</span>exploration<span>, the Red&nbsp;</span>Mountain<span>&nbsp;and Sunnyside deposits, and related published hydrothermal alteration zoning studies allow the comparison of the results obtained from AVIRIS&nbsp;</span>data<span>&nbsp;to the more traditional field mapping approaches. The AVIRIS mapping compares favorably with field-based studies. An analysis of iron-bearing oxide minerals above a concealed supergene chalcocite deposit at Red&nbsp;</span>Mountain<span>&nbsp;also indicates that remotely sensed&nbsp;</span>data<span>&nbsp;can be of value&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the interpretation of leached caps above porphyry copper deposits.&nbsp;</span>In<span>&nbsp;conjunction with other types of geophysical&nbsp;</span>data<span>, AVIRIS&nbsp;</span>mineral<span>&nbsp;maps can be used to discriminate different&nbsp;</span>exploration<span>&nbsp;targets within a region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.1003","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Berger, B.R., King, T.V., Morath, L., and Phillips, J., 2003, Utility of high-altitude infrared spectral data in mineral exploration: Application to Northern Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 5, p. 1003-1018, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.5.1003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0cee4b08c986b32a324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morath, L.C.","contributorId":62094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morath","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70159628,"text":"70159628 - 2003 - The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:13:17","indexId":"70159628","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"para\">\n<p>In Africa the variability of rainfall in space and time is high, and the general availability of historical gauge data is low. This makes many food security and hydrologic preparedness activities difficult. In order to help overcome this limitation, we have created the Collaborative Historical African Rainfall Model (CHARM). CHARM combines three sources of information: climatologically aided interpolated (CAI) rainfall grids (monthly/0.5&deg; ), National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis precipitation fields (daily/1.875&deg; ) and orographic enhancement estimates (daily/0.1&deg; ). The first set of weights scales the daily reanalysis precipitation fields to match the gridded CAI monthly rainfall time series. This produces data with a daily/0.5&deg; resolution. A diagnostic model of orographic precipitation, VDELB&mdash;based on the dot-product of the surface wind&nbsp;<i>V</i>&nbsp;and terrain gradient (DEL) and atmospheric buoyancy&nbsp;<i>B</i>&mdash;is then used to estimate the precipitation enhancement produced by complex terrain. Although the data are produced on 0.1&deg; grids to facilitate integration with satellite-based rainfall estimates, the &lsquo;true&rsquo; resolution of the data will be less than this value, and varies with station density, topography, and precipitation dynamics. The CHARM is best suited, therefore, to applications that integrate rainfall or rainfall-driven model results over large regions.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"para\">\n<p>The CHARM time series is compared with three independent datasets: dekadal satellite-based rainfall estimates across the continent, dekadal interpolated gauge data in Mali, and daily interpolated gauge data in western Kenya. These comparisons suggest reasonable accuracies (standard errors of about half a standard deviation) when data are aggregated to regional scales, even at daily time steps. Thus constrained, numerical weather prediction precipitation fields do a reasonable job of representing large-scale diurnal variations.</p>\n</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/joc.866","usgsCitation":"Funk, C.C., Michaelsen, J.C., Verdin, J.P., Artan, G.A., Husak, G., Senay, G.B., Gadain, H., and Magadazire, T., 2003, The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation: International Journal of Climatology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 47-66, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.866.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717e3e4b0e2669b313133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaelsen, Joel C.","contributorId":91790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelsen","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, James P. 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Husak, Gregory","contributorId":145811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Husak","given":"Gregory","affiliations":[{"id":16236,"text":"UCSB Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gadain, Hussein","contributorId":6255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadain","given":"Hussein","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Magadazire, Tamuka","contributorId":149842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magadazire","given":"Tamuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70025983,"text":"70025983 - 2003 - Mapping mine wastes and analyzing areas affected by selenium-rich water runoff in southeast Idaho using AVIRIS imagery and digital elevation data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70025983","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping mine wastes and analyzing areas affected by selenium-rich water runoff in southeast Idaho using AVIRIS imagery and digital elevation data","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed hyperspectral and digital elevation data from southeastern Idaho are combined in a new method to assess mine waste contamination. Waste rock from phosphorite mining in the area contains selenium, cadmium, vanadium, and other metals. Toxic concentrations of selenium have been found in plants and soils near some mine waste dumps. Eighteen mine waste dumps and five vegetation cover types in the southeast Idaho phosphate district were mapped by using Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery and field data. The interaction of surface water runoff with mine waste was assessed by registering the AVIRIS results to digital elevation data, enabling determinations of (1) mine dump morphologies, (2) catchment watershed areas above each mine dump, (3) flow directions from the dumps, (4) stream gradients, and (5) the extent of downstream wetlands available for selenium absorption. Watersheds with the most severe selenium contamination, such as the South Maybe Canyon watershed, are associated with mine dumps that have large catchment watershed areas, high stream gradients, a paucity of downstream wetlands, and dump forms that tend to obstruct stream flow. Watersheds associated with low concentrations of dissolved selenium, such as Angus Creek, have mine dumps with small catchment watershed areas, low stream gradients, abundant wetlands vegetation, and less obstructing dump morphologies. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00132-3","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Mars, J., and Crowley, J., 2003, Mapping mine wastes and analyzing areas affected by selenium-rich water runoff in southeast Idaho using AVIRIS imagery and digital elevation data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 84, no. 3, p. 422-436, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00132-3.","startPage":"422","endPage":"436","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00132-3"},{"id":234838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5060e4b0c8380cd6b65e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mars, J.C.","contributorId":74833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026090,"text":"70026090 - 2003 - Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:40:38.485688","indexId":"70026090","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes","docAbstract":"<p>Earth's porous crust and the fluids within it are intimately linked through their mechanical effects on each other. This paper presents an overview of such \"hydromechanical\" coupling and examines current understanding of its role in geologic processes. An outline of the theory of hydromechanics and rheological models for geologic deformation is included to place various analytical approaches in proper context and to provide an introduction to this broad topic for nonspecialists.</p><p>Effects of hydromechanical coupling are ubiquitous in geology, and can be local and short-lived or regional and very long-lived. Phenomena such as deposition and erosion, tectonism, seismicity, earth tides, and barometric loading produce strains that tend to alter fluid pressure. Resulting pressure perturbations can be dramatic, and many so-called \"anomalous\" pressures appear to have been created in this manner. The effects of fluid pressure on crustal mechanics are also profound. Geologic media deform and fail largely in response to effective stress, or total stress minus fluid pressure. As a result, fluid pressures control compaction, decompaction, and other types of deformation, as well as jointing, shear failure, and shear slippage, including events that generate earthquakes. By controlling deformation and failure, fluid pressures also regulate states of stress in the upper crust.</p><p>Advances in the last 80 years, including theories of consolidation, transient groundwater flow, and poroelasticity, have been synthesized into a reasonably complete conceptual framework for understanding and describing hydromechanical coupling. Full coupling in two or three dimensions is described using force balance equations for deformation coupled with a mass conservation equation for fluid flow. Fully coupled analyses allow hypothesis testing and conceptual model development. However, rigorous application of full coupling is often difficult because (1) the rheological behavior of geologic media is complex and poorly understood and (2) the architecture, mechanical properties and boundary conditions, and deformation history of most geologic systems are not well known. Much of what is known about hydromechanical processes in geologic systems is derived from simpler analyses that ignore certain aspects of solid-fluid coupling. The simplifications introduce error, but more complete analyses usually are not warranted. Hydromechanical analyses should thus be interpreted judiciously, with an appreciation for their limitations. Innovative approaches to hydromechanical modeling and obtaining critical data may circumvent some current limitations and provide answers to remaining questions about crustal processes and fluid behavior in the crust.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0230-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., 2003, Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 1, p. 41-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0230-8.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3787e4b0c8380cd60f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156524,"text":"70156524 - 2003 - IKONOS geometric characterization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T12:36:53","indexId":"70156524","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"IKONOS geometric characterization","docAbstract":"<p><span>The IKONOS spacecraft acquired images on July 3, 17, and 25, and August 13, 2001 of Brookings SD, a small city in east central South Dakota, and on May 22, June 30, and July 30, 2000, of the rural area around the EROS Data Center. South Dakota State University (SDSU) evaluated the Brookings scenes and the USGS EROS Data Center (EDC) evaluated the other scenes. The images evaluated by SDSU utilized various natural objects and man-made features as identifiable targets randomly distribution throughout the scenes, while the images evaluated by EDC utilized pre-marked artificial points (panel points) to provide the best possible targets distributed in a grid pattern. Space Imaging provided products at different processing levels to each institution. For each scene, the pixel (line, sample) locations of the various targets were compared to field observed, survey-grade Global Positioning System locations. Patterns of error distribution for each product were plotted, and a variety of statistical statements of accuracy are made. The IKONOS sensor also acquired 12 pairs of stereo images of globally distributed scenes between April 2000 and April 2001. For each scene, analysts at the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) compared derived photogrammetric coordinates to their corresponding NIMA field-surveyed ground control point (GCPs). NIMA analysts determined horizontal and vertical accuracies by averaging the differences between the derived photogrammetric points and the field-surveyed GCPs for all 12 stereo pairs. Patterns of error distribution for each scene are presented.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.002","usgsCitation":"Helder, D., Coan, M., Patrick, K., and Gaska, P., 2003, IKONOS geometric characterization: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 88, no. 1-2, p. 69-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.002.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402fe4b0518e354d1101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, Dennis 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":99714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":569386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patrick, Kevin","contributorId":146904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patrick","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaska, Peter","contributorId":146905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaska","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026069,"text":"70026069 - 2003 - Selected resin acids in effluent and receiving waters derived from a bleached and unbleached kraft pulp and paper mill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-04T16:05:01.72208","indexId":"70026069","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected resin acids in effluent and receiving waters derived from a bleached and unbleached kraft pulp and paper mill","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water samples were collected on three dates at 24 sites influenced by effluent from Georgia-Pacific's Palatka Pulp and Paper Mill Operation, a bleached and unbleached kraft mill near Palatka, Florida, USA. The sampling sites were located within the mill retention ponds, Rice Creek, and the St. John's River. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids, all of which are potentially toxic by-products of pulp production. Isopimaric acid concentrations greater than 12 mg/L were measured at the mill's effluent outfall but were less than 20 μg/L at the end of Rice Creek. This result indicates that the waters of Rice Creek provide dilution or conditions conducive for degradation or sorption of these compounds. Large differences in resin acid concentrations were observed between sampling events. In two sampling events, the maximum observed concentrations were less than 2 mg/L for each analyte. In a third sampling event, all of the compounds were detected at concentrations greater than 10 mg/L. Data from the three sample dates showed that resin acid concentrations were below 20 μg/L before the confluence of Rice Creek and the St. John's River in all cases.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620220128","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Quinn, B., Booth, M., Delfino, J., Holm, S.E., and Gross, T., 2003, Selected resin acids in effluent and receiving waters derived from a bleached and unbleached kraft pulp and paper mill: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 1, p. 214-218, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220128.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"218","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Florida","city":"Palatka","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.7108154296875,\n              29.597341920567366\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.54876708984375,\n              29.597341920567366\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.54876708984375,\n              29.709524917923563\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.7108154296875,\n              29.709524917923563\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.7108154296875,\n              29.597341920567366\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8c92e4b08c986b317fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, B.P.","contributorId":61611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, M.M.","contributorId":70161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delfino, J.J.","contributorId":81288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delfino","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holm, S. E.","contributorId":49315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026354,"text":"70026354 - 2003 - The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026354","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1165,"text":"Canadian Geographer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration","docAbstract":"Formalist theories of knowledge that underpin GIS scholarship on integration neglect the importance and creativity of end-users in knowledge construction. This has practical consequences for the success of large distributed databases that contribute to spatial-data infrastructures. Spatial-data infrastructures depend on participation at local levels, such as counties and watersheds, and they must be developed to support feedback from local users. Looking carefully at the work of scientists in a watershed in Puget Sound, Washington, USA during the salmon crisis reveals that the work of these end-users articulates different worlds of knowledge. This view of the user is consonant with recent work in science and technology studies and research into computer-supported cooperative work. GIS theory will be enhanced when it makes room for these users and supports their practical work. ?? / Canadian Association of Geographers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Geographer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/1541-0064.02e13","issn":"00083658","usgsCitation":"Poore, B., 2003, The open black box: The role of the end-user in GIS integration: Canadian Geographer, v. 47, no. 1, p. 62-74, https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e13.","startPage":"62","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-0064.02e13"},{"id":234044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae56e4b08c986b32400a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, B.S.","contributorId":102249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001018,"text":"1001018 - 2003 - Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) larvae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T16:48:31","indexId":"1001018","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) larvae","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ability to predict when sea lampreys (</span><i>Petromyzon marinus</i><span>) will metamorphose from the larval phase to the parasitic phase is essential to the operation of the sea lamprey control program. During the spring of 1994, two populations of sea lamprey larvae from two rivers were captured, measured, weighed, implanted with coded wire tags, and returned to the same sites in the streams from which they were taken. Sea lampreys were recovered in the fall, after metamorphosis would have occurred, and checked for the presence of a tag. When the spring data were compared to the fall data it was found that the minimum requirements (length &ge; 120 mm, weight &ge; 3 g, and condition factor &ge; 1.50) suggested for metamorphosis did define a pool of larvae capable of metamorphosing. However, logistic regressions that relate the probability of metamorphosis to size are necessary to predict metamorphosis in a population. The data indicated, based on cross-validation, that weight measurements alone predicted metamorphosis with greater precision than length or condition factor in both the Marengo and Amnicon rivers. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion, weight alone was a better predictor in the Amnicon River, but length and condition factor combined predicted metamorphosis better in the Marengo River. There would be no additional cost if weight alone were used instead of length. However, if length and weight were measured the gain in predictive power would not be enough to justify the additional cost.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70489-4","usgsCitation":"Henson, M.P., Bergstedt, R.A., and Adams, J.V., 2003, Comparison of spring measures of length, weight, and condition factor for predicting metamorphosis in two populations of sea lampreys (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) larvae: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 29, p. 204-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70489-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"213","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henson, Mary P.","contributorId":74724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70179865,"text":"70179865 - 2003 - Gas bubble disease in resident fish below Grand Coulee Dam: final report of research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T11:46:48","indexId":"70179865","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Gas bubble disease in resident fish below Grand Coulee Dam: final report of research","docAbstract":"<p>Fish kills have occurred in the reservoir below Grand Coulee Dam possibly due to total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS), which occurs when water cascades over a dam or waterfall. The highest TDGS below Grand Coulee Dam has occurred after spilling water via the outlet tubes, though TDGS from upstream sources has also been recorded. Exposure to TDGS can cause gas bubble disease in aquatic organisms. This disease, analogous to ‘the bends’ in human divers, can range from mild to fatal depending on the level of supersaturation, species, life cycle stage, condition of the fish, fish depth, and the water temperature. The USGS, Western Fisheries Research Center’s Columbia River Research Laboratory conducted field and laboratory experiments to determine the relative risks of TDGS to various species of fish in the reservoir below the dam (Rufus Woods Lake). Field work included examination of over 8000 resident fish for signs of gas bubble disease, examination of the annual growth increments of several species relative to ambient TDGS, and recording the in-situ depths and temperatures of several species using miniature recorders surgically implanted in both resident fish and triploid steelhead reared in commercial net pens. Laboratory experiments included bioassays of the progression of signs and mortality of several species at various TDGS levels. The overarching objective of these studies was to provide data to enable sound management decisions regarding the effects of TDGS in the reservoir below Grand Coulee Dam, though the data may also be applicable to other locations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J., Venditti, D., Morris, R., Gadomski, D., Adams, B., Vanderkooi, S., Robinson, T., and Maule, A., 2003, Gas bubble disease in resident fish below Grand Coulee Dam: final report of research, iv., 159 p. .","productDescription":"iv., 159 p. 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