It has been suggested that interstratified illite-smectite (I-S) minerals are composed of aggregates of fundamental particles. Many attempts have been made to measure the thickness of such fundamental particles, but each of the methods used suffers from its own limitations and uncertainties. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can be used to measure the thickness of particles that scatter X-rays coherently. We used SAXS to study suspensions of Na-rectorite and other illites with varying proportions of smectite. The scattering intensity (I) was recorded as a function of the scattering vector, q = (4 /) sin(/2), where is the X-ray wavelength and is the scattering angle. The experimental data were treated with a direct Fourier transform to obtain the pair distance distribution function (PDDF) that was then used to determine the thickness of illite particles. The Guinier and Porod extrapolations were used to obtain the scattering intensity beyond the experimental q, and the effects of such extrapolations on the PDDF were examined. The thickness of independent rectorite particles (used as a reference mineral) is 18.3 Å. The SAXS results are compared with those obtained by X-ray diffraction peak broadening methods. It was found that the power-law exponent (α) obtained by fitting the data in the region of q = 0.1-0.6 nm-1 to the power law (I = I0q-α) is a linear function of illite particle thickness. Therefore, illite particle thickness could be predicted by the linear relationship as long as the thickness is within the limit where α <4.0.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510305","usgsCitation":"Shang, C., Rice, J., Eberl, D.D., and Lin, J., 2003, Measurement of illite particle thickness using a direct Fourier transform of small-angle X-ray scattering data: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 51, no. 3, p. 293-300, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510305.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"300","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5309e4b0c8380cd6c831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shang, Chao","contributorId":75481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shang","given":"Chao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, James A.","contributorId":176863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lin, Jar-Shyong","contributorId":115967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Jar-Shyong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025671,"text":"70025671 - 2003 - Chlorine-36 data at Yucca Mountain: Statistical tests of conceptual models for unsaturated-zone flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70025671","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-36 data at Yucca Mountain: Statistical tests of conceptual models for unsaturated-zone flow","docAbstract":"An extensive set of chlorine-36 (36Cl) data has been collected in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF), an 8-km-long tunnel at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for the purpose of developing and testing conceptual models of flow and transport in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at this site. At several locations, the measured values of 36Cl/Cl ratios for salts leached from rock samples are high enough to provide strong evidence that at least a small component of bomb-pulse 36Cl, fallout from atmospheric testing of nuclear devices in the 1950s and 1960s, was measured, implying that some fraction of the water traveled from the ground surface through 200-300 m of unsaturated rock to the level of the ESF during the last 50 years. These data are analyzed here using a formal statistical approach based on log-linear models to evaluate alternative conceptual models for the distribution of such fast flow paths. The most significant determinant of the presence of bomb-pulse 36Cl in a sample from the welded Topopah Spring unit (TSw) is the structural setting from which the sample was collected. Our analysis generally supports the conceptual model that a fault that cuts through the nonwelded Paintbrush tuff unit (PTn) that overlies the TSw is required in order for bomb-pulse 36Cl to be transmitted to the sample depth in less than 50 years. Away from PTn-cutting faults, the ages of water samples at the ESF appear to be a strong function of the thickness of the nonwelded tuff between the ground surface and the ESF, due to slow matrix flow in that unit. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00176-6","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Campbell, K., Wolfsberg, A., Fabryka-Martin, J., and Sweetkind, D., 2003, Chlorine-36 data at Yucca Mountain: Statistical tests of conceptual models for unsaturated-zone flow: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 62-63, p. 43-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00176-6.","startPage":"43","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208716,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00176-6"},{"id":234669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62-63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cde4b0c8380cd4c423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":10526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfsberg, A.","contributorId":106291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfsberg","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fabryka-Martin, J.","contributorId":51467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabryka-Martin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, D.","contributorId":83645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025667,"text":"70025667 - 2003 - Vertical structure of the phytoplankton community associated with a coastal plume in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T19:29:00.944657","indexId":"70025667","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical structure of the phytoplankton community associated with a coastal plume in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Low salinity plumes of coastal origin are occasionally found far offshore, where they display a distinct color signature detectable by satellites. The impact of such plumes on carbon fixation and phytoplankton community structure in vertical profiles and on basin wide scales is poorly understood. On a research cruise in June 1999, ocean-color satellite-images (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor, SeaWiFS) were used in locating a Mississippi River plume in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Profiles sampled within and outside of the plume were analyzed using flow cytometry, HPLC pigment analysis and primary production using 14C incorporation. Additionally, RubisCO large subunit (rbcL) gene expression was measured by hybridization of extracted RNA using 3 full-length RNA gene probes specific for individual phytoplankton clades. We also used a combination of RT-PCR/PCR and TA cloning in order to generate cDNA and DNA rbcL clone libraries from samples taken in the plume. Primary productivity was greatest in the low salinity surface layer of the plume. The plume was also associated with high Synechococcus counts and a strong peak in Form IA rbcL expression. Form IB rbcL (green algal) mRNA was abundant at the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM), whereas Form ID rbcL (chromophytic) expression showed little vertical structure. Phylogenetic analysis of cDNA libraries demonstrated the presence of Form IA rbcL Synechococcus phylotypes in the plume. Below the plume, 2 spatially separated and genetically distinct rbcL clades of Prochlorococcus were observed. This indicated the presence of the high- and low-light adapted clades of Prochlorococcus. A large and very diverse clade of Prymnesiophytes was distributed throughout the water column, whereas a clade of closely related prasinophytes may have dominated at the SCM. These data indicate that the Mississippi river plume may dramatically alter the surface picoplankton composition of the Gulf of Mexico, with Synechococcus displacing Prochlorococcus in the surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps251087","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Wawrik, B., Paul, J., Campbell, L., Griffin, D., Houchin, L., Fuentes-Ortega, A., and Muller-Karger, F., 2003, Vertical structure of the phytoplankton community associated with a coastal plume in the Gulf of Mexico: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 251, p. 87-101, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps251087.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps251087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 27.877928333679495\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -84.1552734375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 23.725011735951796\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 21.248422235627014\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 18.437924653474408\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 20.797201434307\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 21.57571893245848\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 21.08450008351735\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 25.24469595130604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"251","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc244e4b08c986b32aa24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wawrik, B.","contributorId":80471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wawrik","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paul, J.H.","contributorId":62798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, L.","contributorId":76914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, D.","contributorId":86290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houchin, L.","contributorId":10967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houchin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fuentes-Ortega, A.","contributorId":64002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuentes-Ortega","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Muller-Karger, F.","contributorId":68512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller-Karger","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025665,"text":"70025665 - 2003 - Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-04T09:57:58","indexId":"70025665","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data","docAbstract":"Landsat-7 and Landsat-5 have orbits that are offset from each other by 8 days. During the time that the sensors on both satellites are operational, there is an opportunity for conducting analyses that incorporate multiple intra-annual high spatial resolution data sets for characterizing the Earth's land surface. In the current study, nine Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data sets, covering the same path and row on different dates, were acquired during a 1-year time interval for a region in southeastern South Dakota and analyzed. Scenes were normalized using pseudoinvariant objects, and digital data from a series of test sites were extracted from the imagery and converted to surface reflectance. Sunphotometer data acquired on site were used to atmospherically correct the data. Ground observations that were made throughout the growing season by a large group of volunteers were used to help interpret spectroradiometric patterns and trends. Normalized images were found to be very effective in portraying the seasonal patterns of reflectance change that occurred throughout the region. Many of the radiometric patterns related to plant growth and development, but some also related to different background properties. The different kinds of land cover in the region were spectrally and radiometrically characterized and were found to have different seasonal patterns of reflectance. The degree to which the land cover classes could be separated spectrally and radiometrically, however, depended on the time of year during which the data sets were acquired, and no single data set appeared to be adequate for separating all types of land cover. This has practical implications for classification studies because known patterns of seasonal reflectance properties for the different types of land cover within a region will facilitate selection of the most appropriate data sets for producing land cover classifications.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m02-097","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., and DeFelice, T.P., 2003, Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 2, p. 219-229, https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-097.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"229","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cde4b0c8380cd4bf14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeFelice, Thomas P.","contributorId":103831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025658,"text":"70025658 - 2003 - The U.S. Geological Survey land remote sensing program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025658","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey land remote sensing program","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has been a provider of remotely sensed information for decades. As the availability and use of satellite data has grown, USGS has placed increasing emphasis on expanding the knowledge about the science of remote sensing and on making remotely sensed data more accessible. USGS encourages widespread availability and distribution of these data and through its programs, encourages and enables a variety of research activities and the development of useful applications of the data. The science of remote sensing has great potential for assisting in the monitoring and assessment of the impacts of natural disasters, management and analysis of environmental, biological, energy, and mineral investigations, and supporting informed public policy decisions. By establishing the Land Remote Sensing Program (LRS) as a major unit of the USGS Geography Program, USGS has taken the next step to further increase support for the accessibility, understanding, and use of remotely sensed data. This article describes the LRS Program, its mission and objectives, and how the program has been structured to accomplish its goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304003100011045","issn":"15230406","usgsCitation":"Saunders, T., Feuquay, J., and Kelmelis, J., 2003, The U.S. Geological Survey land remote sensing program: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 30, no. 2, p. 211-215, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011045.","startPage":"211","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011045"},{"id":235000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba93ee4b08c986b322132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saunders, T.","contributorId":94472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feuquay, J.","contributorId":70577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feuquay","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelmelis, J.A.","contributorId":14171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelmelis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025651,"text":"70025651 - 2003 - Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025651","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach","docAbstract":"Human alteration of large rivers is common-place, often resulting in significant changes in flow characteristics. We used a time series approach to examine daily mean flow data from locations throughout the main-stem Missouri River. Data from a pre-alteration period (1925-1948) were compared with a post-alteration period (1967-1996), with separate analyses conducted using either data from the entire year or restricted to the spring fish spawning period (1 April-30 June). Daily mean flows were significantly higher during the post-alteration period at all locations. Flow variability was markedly reduced during the post-alteration period as a probable result of flow regulation and climatological shifts. Daily mean flow during the spring fish spawning period was significantly lower during the post-alteration period at the most highly altered locations in the middle portion of the river, but unchanged at the least altered locations in the upper and lower portions of the river. Our data also corroborate other analyses, using alternate statistical approaches, that suggest similar changes to the Missouri River system. Our results suggest human alterations on the Missouri River, particularly in the middle portion most strongly affected by impoundments and channelization, have resulted in changes to the natural flow regime.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s000270300005","issn":"10151621","usgsCitation":"Pegg, M., Pierce, C., and Roy, A., 2003, Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach: Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 1, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000270300005.","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478480,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/125","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208825,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000270300005"},{"id":234856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36a8e4b0c8380cd608b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pegg, M.A.","contributorId":46469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pegg","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roy, A.","contributorId":25679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025650,"text":"70025650 - 2003 - Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T19:19:48.084992","indexId":"70025650","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake","docAbstract":"The relationship between gas transfer velocity and wind speed was evaluated at low wind speeds by quantifying the rate of evasion of the deliberate tracer, SF6, from a small oligotrophic lake. Several possible relationships between gas transfer velocity and low wind speed were evaluated by using 1-min-averaged wind speeds as a measure of the instantaneous wind speed values. Gas transfer velocities in this data set can be estimated virtually equally well by assuming any of three widely used relationships between k600 and winds referenced to 10-m height, U10: (1) a bilinear dependence with a break in the slope at ∼3.7 m s-1, which resulted in the best fit; (2) a power dependence; and (3) a constant transfer velocity for U10 < ∼3.7 m s-1, with a linear dependence on wind speed at higher wind speeds. The lack of a unique relationship between transfer velocity and wind speed at low wind speeds suggests that other processes, such as convective cooling, contribute significantly to gas exchange when the wind speeds are low. All three proposed relationships clearly show a strong dependence on wind for winds >3.7 m s-1 which, coupled with the typical variability in instantaneous wind speeds observed in the field, leads to average transfer velocity estimates that are higher than those predicted for steady wind trends. The transfer velocities predicted by the bilinear steady wind relationship for U10 < ∼3.7 m s-1 are virtually identical to the theoretical predictions for transfer across a smooth surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., and Wanninkhof, R., 2003, Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 48, no. 3, p. 1010-1017, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1010","endPage":"1017","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d7e4b0c8380cd54bc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanninkhof, R.","contributorId":74511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanninkhof","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025645,"text":"70025645 - 2003 - Towards developing Kentucky's landscape change maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70025645","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Towards developing Kentucky's landscape change maps","docAbstract":"The Kentucky Landscape Snapshot Project, a NASA-funded project, was established to provide a first baseline land cover/land use map for Kentucky. Through this endeavor, change detection will be institutionalized, thus aiding in decision-making at the local, state, and federal planning levels. 2002 Landsat 7 imaginery was classified following and Anderson Level III scheme, providing an enhancement over the 1992 USGS National Land Cover Data Set. Also as part of the deliverables, imperviousness and canopy closure layers were produced with the aid of IKONOS high resolution, multispectral imagery.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304003100011153","issn":"15230406","usgsCitation":"Zourarakis, D., Lambert, S., and Palmer, M., 2003, Towards developing Kentucky's landscape change maps: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 30, no. 2, p. 175-178, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011153.","startPage":"175","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208783,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011153"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5bee4b08c986b326889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zourarakis, D.P.","contributorId":85759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zourarakis","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambert, S.C.","contributorId":92289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmer, M.","contributorId":66456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025644,"text":"70025644 - 2003 - An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:34:18","indexId":"70025644","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","docAbstract":"A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including urban hydrology, urban climate, land use planning, and resource management, require current and accurate geospatial data of urban impervious surfaces. We developed an approach to quantify urban impervious surfaces as a continuous variable by using multisensor and multisource datasets. Subpixel percent impervious surfaces at 30-m resolution were mapped using a regression tree model. The utility, practicality, and affordability of the proposed method for large-area imperviousness mapping were tested over three spatial scales (Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Richmond, Virginia, and the Chesapeake Bay areas of the United States). Average error of predicted versus actual percent impervious surface ranged from 8.8 to 11.4%, with correlation coefficients from 0.82 to 0.91. The approach is being implemented to map impervious surfaces for the entire United States as one of the major components of the circa 2000 national land cover database.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m02-098","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Huang, C., Homer, C.G., Wylie, B.K., and Coan, M., 2003, An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 2, p. 230-240, https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-098.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0ae4b0c8380cd485c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":406000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025633,"text":"70025633 - 2003 - Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: Empirical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:44:37.67818","indexId":"70025633","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: Empirical data","docAbstract":"Natural production of the radionuclide chlorine-36 (36Cl) has provided a valuable tracer for groundwater studies. The nuclear industry, especially the testing of thermonuclear weapons, has also produced large amounts of 36Cl that can be detected in many samples of groundwater. In order to be most useful in hydrologic studies, the natural production prior to 1952 should be distinguished from more recent artificial sources. The object of this study was to reconstruct the probable preanthropogenic levels of 36Cl in groundwater in the United States. Although significant local variations exist, they are superimposed on a broad regional pattern of 36Cl/Cl ratios in the United States. Owing to the influence of atmospherically transported ocean salt, natural ratios of 36Cl/total Cl are lowest near the coast and increase to a maximum in the central Rocky Mountains of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0232-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Davis, S., Moysey, S., Cecil, L., and Zreda, M., 2003, Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: Empirical data: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 2, p. 217-227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0232-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"227","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cee4b0c8380cd4c429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, S.N.","contributorId":51918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moysey, S.","contributorId":100153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moysey","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zreda, M.","contributorId":72557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zreda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025616,"text":"70025616 - 2003 - Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025616","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data","docAbstract":"The very early time electromagnetic system (VETEM) is an efficient tool for the detection of buried objects in very lossy earth, which allows a deeper penetration depth compared to the ground-penetrating radar. In this paper, the inversion of VETEM data is investigated using three-dimensional (3-D) inverse scattering techniques, where multiple frequencies are applied in the frequency range from 0-5 MHz. For small and moderately sized problems, the Born approximation and/or the Born iterative method have been used with the aid of the singular value decomposition and/or the conjugate gradient method in solving the linearized integral equations. For large-scale problems, a localized 3-D inversion method based on the Born approximation has been proposed for the inversion of VETEM data over a large measurement domain. Ways to process and to calibrate the experimental VETEM data are discussed to capture the real physics of buried objects. Reconstruction examples using synthesized VETEM data and real-world VETEM data are given to test the validity and efficiency of the proposed approach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Cui, T., Aydiner, A., Chew, W., Wright, D., and Smith, D., 2003, Three-dimensional imaging of buried objects in very lossy earth by inversion of VETEM data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 10 PART I, p. 2197-2210, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974.","startPage":"2197","endPage":"2210","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209529,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.815974"},{"id":236090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"10 PART I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb32ee4b08c986b325c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aydiner, A.A.","contributorId":76088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydiner","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025610,"text":"70025610 - 2003 - Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T18:40:54.81752","indexId":"70025610","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"We interpret seismic-reflection data, which were collected in Santa Monica Bay using a 70-in3 generator-injector air gun, to show the geologic structure of the continental shelf and slope and of the deep-water, Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins. The goal of this research is to investigate the earthquake hazard posed to urban areas by offshore faults. These data reveal that northwest of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, the Palos Verdes Fault neither offsets the seafloor nor cuts through an undeformed sediment apron that postdates the last sea level rise. Other evidence indicates that this fault extends northwest beneath the shelf in the deep subsurface. However, other major faults in the study area, such as the Dume and San Pedro Basin Faults, were active recently, as indicated by an arched seafloor and offset shallow sediment. Rocks under the lower continental slope are deformed to differing degrees on opposite sides of Santa Monica Canyon. Northwest of this canyon, the continental slope is underlain by a little-deformed sediment apron; the main structures that deform this apron are two lower-slope anticlines that extend toward Point Dume and are cored by faults showing reverse or thrust separation. Southeast of Santa Monica Canyon, lower-slope rocks are deformed by a complex arrangement of strike-slip, normal, and reverse faults. The San Pedro Escarpment rises abruptly along the southeast side of Santa Monica Canyon. Reverse faults and folds underpinning this escarpment steepen progressively southeastward. Locally they form flower structures and cut downward into basement rocks. These faults merge downward with the San Pedro Basin fault zone, which is nearly vertical and strike slip. The escarpment and its attendant structures diverge from this strike-slip fault zone and extend for 60 km along the margin, separating the continental shelf from the deep-water basins. The deep-water Santa Monica Basin has large extent but is filled with only a thin (less than 1.5-km) section of what are probably post-Miocene rocks and sediment. Extrapolating ages obtained from Ocean Drilling Program site 1015 indicates that this sedimentary cover is Quaternary, possibly no older than 600 ka. Folds and faults along the base of the San Pedro Escarpment began to form during 8-13 ka ago. Refraction-velocity data show that high-velocity rocks, probably the Catalina Schist or Miocene volcanic rocks, underlie the sedimentary section. The San Pedro Basin developed along a strike-slip fault, widens to the southeast, and is deformed by faults having apparent reverse separation and by folds near Redondo Canyon and the Palos Verdes Peninsula.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020019","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Normark, W.R., Bohannon, R.G., Sliter, R.W., and Calvert, A., 2003, Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 1955-1983, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1955","endPage":"1983","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Monica","otherGeospatial":"Santa Monica Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.81439208984375,\n 34.0037197530556\n ],\n [\n -119.01626586914062,\n 33.91715274008259\n ],\n [\n -118.89266967773438,\n 33.68092541950744\n ],\n [\n -118.73336791992188,\n 33.58259116393916\n ],\n [\n -118.39828491210936,\n 33.735760815044635\n ],\n [\n -118.42025756835939,\n 33.7825716472443\n ],\n [\n -118.38592529296874,\n 33.83962341851979\n ],\n [\n -118.49441528320311,\n 34.01282694464166\n ],\n [\n -118.553466796875,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -118.7017822265625,\n 34.04128062212254\n ],\n [\n -118.81439208984375,\n 34.0037197530556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26e2e4b0c8380cd5942d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sliter, R. W.","contributorId":37758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvert, A.J.","contributorId":16614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025606,"text":"70025606 - 2003 - Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:03:40.049062","indexId":"70025606","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm","docAbstract":"[1] Estimates of spectrometer band pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio required for identification of pure minerals and plants were derived using reflectance spectra convolved to AVIRIS, HYDICE, MIVIS, VIMS, and other imaging spectrometers. For each spectral simulation, various levels of random noise were added to the reflectance spectra after convolution, and then each was analyzed with the Tetracorder spectral identification algorithm [Clark et al., 2003]. The outcome of each identification attempt was tabulated to provide an estimate of the signal‐to‐noise ratio at which a given percentage of the noisy spectra were identified correctly. Results show that spectral identification is most sensitive to the signal‐to‐noise ratio at narrow sampling interval values but is more sensitive to the sampling interval itself at broad sampling interval values because of spectral aliasing, a condition when absorption features of different materials can resemble one another. The band pass is less critical to spectral identification than the sampling interval or signal‐to‐noise ratio because broadening the band pass does not induce spectral aliasing. These conclusions are empirically corroborated by analysis of mineral maps of AVIRIS data collected at Cuprite, Nevada, between 1990 and 1995, a period during which the sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio increased up to sixfold. There are values of spectrometer sampling and band pass beyond which spectral identification of materials will require an abrupt increase in sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the effects of spectral aliasing. Factors that control this threshold are the uniqueness of a material's diagnostic absorptions in terms of shape and wavelength isolation, and the spectral diversity of the materials found in nature and in the spectral library used for comparison. Array spectrometers provide the best data for identification when they critically sample spectra. The sampling interval should not be broadened to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio in a photon‐noise‐limited system when high levels of accuracy are desired. It is possible, using this simulation method, to select optimum combinations of band‐pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio values for a particular application that maximize identification accuracy and minimize the volume of imaging data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002JE001975","usgsCitation":"Swayze, G.A., Clark, R.N., Goetz, A., Chrien, T.G., and Gorelick, N.S., 2003, Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 108, no. E9, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001975.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"E9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d7e4b0c8380cd51879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":89805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chrien, Thomas G.","contributorId":244617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chrien","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37233,"text":"Raytheon Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gorelick, Noel S.","contributorId":244618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Noel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025604,"text":"70025604 - 2003 - Rivers, runoff, and reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025604","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rivers, runoff, and reefs","docAbstract":"The role of terrigenous sediment in controlling the occurrence of coral reef ecosystems is qualitatively understood and has been studied at local scales, but has not been systematically evaluated on a global-to-regional scale. Current concerns about degradation of reef environments and alteration of the hydrologic and sediment cycles place the issue at a focal point of multiple environmental concerns. We use a geospatial clustering of a coastal zone database of river and local runoff identified with 0.5?? grid cells to identify areas of high potential runoff effects, and combine this with a database of reported coral reef locations. Coastal cells with high runoff values are much less likely to contain reefs than low runoff cells and GIS buffer analysis demonstrates that this inhibition extends to offshore ocean cells as well. This analysis does not uniquely define the effects of sediment, since salinity, nutrients, and contaminants are potentially confounding variables also associated with runoff. However, sediment effects are likely to be a major factor and a basis is provided for extending the study to higher resolution with more specific variables. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00024-9","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, C., Smith, C., Buddemeier, R., Bartley, J., and Maxwell, B., 2003, Rivers, runoff, and reefs: Global and Planetary Change, v. 39, no. 1-2, p. 191-199, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00024-9.","startPage":"191","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209434,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00024-9"},{"id":235872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadc4e4b0c8380cd86f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, C.J.","contributorId":25829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, C.A.","contributorId":10432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maxwell, B.A.","contributorId":7516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025603,"text":"70025603 - 2003 - Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T11:47:44","indexId":"70025603","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams","docAbstract":"Various temporal sampling strategies are used to monitor water quality in small streams. To determine how various strategies influence the estimated water quality, frequently collected water quality data from eight small streams (14 to 110 km2) in Wisconsin were systematically subsampled to simulate typically used strategies. These subsets of data were then used to estimate mean, median, and maximum concentrations, and with continuous daily flows used to estimate annual loads (using the regression method) and volumetrically weighted mean concentrations. For each strategy, accuracy and precision in each summary statistic were evaluated by comparison with concentrations and loads of total phosphorus and suspended sediment estimated from all available data. The most effective sampling strategy depends on the statistic of interest and study duration. For mean and median concentrations, the most frequent fixed period sampling economically feasible is best. For maximum concentrations, any strategy with samples at or prior to peak flow is best. The best sampling strategy to estimate loads depends on the study duration. For one-year studies, fixed period monthly sampling supplemented with storm chasing was best, even though loads were overestimated by 25 to 50 percent. For two to three-year load studies and estimating volumetrically weighted mean concentrations, fixed period semimonthly sampling was best.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03709.x","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., 2003, Influence of different temporal sampling strategies on estimating total phosphorus and suspended sediment concentration and transport in small streams: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 5, p. 1281-1308, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03709.x.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1308","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Bower Creek, Brewery Creek, Eagle Creek, Garfoot Creek, Joss Valley Creek, Kuenster Creek, Otter Creek , Rattlesnake Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 43.937461690316646\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -91.087646484375,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -91.131591796875,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 42.5611728553181\n ],\n [\n -89.593505859375,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 42.52879629320373\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 42.93229601903058\n ],\n [\n -87.86865234374999,\n 43.33316939281735\n ],\n [\n -87.791748046875,\n 43.60426186809618\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 43.8899753738369\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 43.937461690316646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b27e4b0c8380cd6228f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025598,"text":"70025598 - 2003 - Estimation of hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics from aquifer-test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T07:37:44","indexId":"70025598","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics from aquifer-test data","docAbstract":"Analysis of a 72-h, constant-rate aquifer test conducted in a coarse-grained and highly permeable, glacial outwash deposit on Cape Cod, Massachusetts revealed that drawdowns measured in 20 piezometers located at various depths below the water table and distances from the pumped well were significantly influenced by effects of drainage from the vadose zone. The influence was greatest in piezometers located close to the water table and diminished with increasing depth. The influence of the vadose zone was evident from a gap, in the intermediate-time zone, between measured drawdowns and drawdowns computed under the assumption that drainage from the vadose zone occurred instantaneously in response to a decline in the elevation of the water table. By means of an analytical model that was designed to account for time-varying drainage, simulated drawdowns could be closely fitted to measured drawdowns regardless of the piezometer locations. Because of the exceptional quality and quantity of the data and the relatively small aquifer heterogeneity, it was possible by inverse modeling to estimate all relevant aquifer parameters and a set of three empirical constants used in the upper-boundary condition to account for the dynamic drainage process. The empirical constants were used to define a one-dimensional (1D) drainage versus time curve that is assumed to be representative of the bulk material overlying the water table. The curve was inverted with a parameter estimation algorithm and a 1D numerical model for variably saturated flow to obtain soil-moisture retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relationships defined by the Brooks and Corey equations. Direct analysis of the aquifer-test data using a parameter estimation algorithm and a two-dimensional, axisymmetric numerical model for variably saturated flow yielded similar soil-moisture characteristics. Results suggest that hectare-scale soil-moisture characteristics are different from core-scale predictions and even relatively small amounts of fine-grained material and heterogeneity can dominate the large-scale soil-moisture characteristics and aquifer response.
The southwestern willow flycatcher (SWFL; Empidonax traillii extimus) is an endangered songbird whose habitat has declined dramatically over the last century. Understanding habitat selection patterns and the ability to identify potential breeding areas for the SWFL is crucial to the management and conservation of this species. We developed a multiscaled model of SWTL breeding habitat with a Geographic Information System (GIS), survey data, GIS variables, and multiple logistic regressions. We obtained presence and absence survey data from a riverine ecosystem and a reservoir delta in south-central Arizona, USA, in 1999. We extracted the GIS variables from satellite imagery and digital elevation models to characterize vegetation and floodplain within the project area. We used multiple logistic regressions within a cell-based (30 X 30 m) modeling environment to (1) determine associations between GIS variables and breeding-site occurrence at different spatial scales (0.09-72 ha), and (2) construct a predictive model. Our best model explained 54% of the variability in breeding-site occurrence with the following variables: vegetation density at the site (0.09 ha), proportion of dense vegetation and variability in vegetation density within a 4.5-ha neighborhood, and amount of floodplain or flat terrain within a 41-ha neighborhood. The density of breeding sites was highest in areas that the model predicted to be most suitable within the project area and at an external test site 200 km away. Conservation efforts must focus on protecting not only occupied patches, but also surrounding riparian forests and floodplain to ensure long-term viability of SWTL. We will use the multiscaled model to map SWTL breeding habitat in Arizona, prioritize future survey effort, and examine changes in habitat abundance and quality over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802685","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J., and Paradzick, C., 2003, A multiscaled model of southwestern willow flycatcher breeding habitat: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 67, no. 4, p. 774-788, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802685.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"774","endPage":"788","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"south-central Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 31.466153715024294\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 31.466153715024294\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 31.466153715024294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e490e4b0c8380cd4671b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatten, J.R.","contributorId":39564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paradzick, C.E.","contributorId":87345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paradzick","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025594,"text":"70025594 - 2003 - The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and magnitude inferred from Northern California ShakeMap data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T18:48:02.084444","indexId":"70025594","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and magnitude inferred from Northern California ShakeMap data","docAbstract":"We analyze peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) data from 95 moderate (3.5 ??? M < 5.5) and 9 large (5.5 ??? M ??? 7.1) earthquakes in northern California. The 95 moderate earthquakes occurred from August 1998 through December 2002, and their peak motions were compiled and mapped by ShakeMap. The nine large earthquakes include the M 6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake in 1984, the M 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and the M 7.1 Petrolia earthquake in 1992. For r > 100 km, the peak motions attenuate more rapidly than a simple power law (that is, r-??) can fit. Instead, we use an attenuation function that combines a fixed power law (r-0.7) with a fitted exponential dependence on distance, which is estimated as expt(-0.0063r) and exp(-0.0073r) for PGV and PGA, respectively, for moderate earthquakes. We regress log(PGV) and log(PGA) as functions of distance and magnitude. We assume that the scaling of log(PGV) and log(PGA) with magnitude can differ for moderate and large earthquakes, but must be continuous. Because the frequencies that carry PGV and PGA can vary with earthquake size for large earthquakes, the regression for large earthquakes incorporates a magnitude dependence in the exponential attenuation function. We fix the scaling break between moderate and large earthquakes at M 5.5; log(PGV) and log(PGA) scale as 1.06M and 1.00M, respectively, for moderate earthquakes and 0.58M and 0.31M for large earthquakes.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020201","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., Bundock, H., Luetgert, J., Seekins, L., Gee, L., and Lombard, P., 2003, The dependence of PGA and PGV on distance and magnitude inferred from Northern California ShakeMap data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 2043-2055, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020201.","startPage":"2043","endPage":"2055","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -120.08056640625,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -120.08056640625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 39.232253141714885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa8ae4b08c986b322890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bundock, H.","contributorId":22548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundock","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seekins, L.","contributorId":37076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gee, L.","contributorId":101066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lombard, P.","contributorId":79684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lombard","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025593,"text":"70025593 - 2003 - Aftershocks and triggered events of the Great 1906 California earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T13:08:32.482526","indexId":"70025593","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershocks and triggered events of the Great 1906 California earthquake","docAbstract":"The San Andreas fault is the longest fault in California and one of the longest strike-slip faults in the world, yet little is known about the aftershocks following the most recent great event on the San Andreas, the Mw 7.8 San Francisco earthquake on 18 April 1906. We conducted a study to locate and to estimate magnitudes for the largest aftershocks and triggered events of this earthquake. We examined existing catalogs and historical documents for the period April 1906 to December 1907, compiling data on the first 20 months of the aftershock sequence. We grouped felt reports temporally and assigned modified Mercalli intensities for the larger events based on the descriptions judged to be the most reliable. For onshore and near-shore events, a grid-search algorithm (derived from empirical analysis of modern earthquakes) was used to find the epicentral location and magnitude most consistent with the assigned intensities. For one event identified as far offshore, the event's intensity distribution was compared with those of modern events, in order to contrain the event's location and magnitude. The largest aftershock within the study period, an M ???6.7 event, occurred ???100 km west of Eureka on 23 April 1906. Although not within our study period, another M ???6.7 aftershock occurred near Cape Mendocino on 28 October 1909. Other significant aftershocks included an M ???5.6 event near San Juan Bautista on 17 May 1906 and an M ???6.3 event near Shelter Cove on 11 August 1907. An M ???4.9 aftershock occurred on the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault (southeast of the mainshock rupture) on 6 July 1906. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake also triggered events in southern California (including separate events in or near the Imperial Valley, the Pomona Valley, and Santa Monica Bay), in western Nevada, in southern central Oregon, and in western Arizona, all within 2 days of the mainshock. Of these trigerred events, the largest were an M ???6.1 earthquake near Brawley and an M ???5.0 event under or near Santa Monica Bay, 11.3 and 31.3 hr after the San Francisco mainshock, respectively. The western Arizona event is inferred to have been triggered dynamically. In general, the largest aftershocks occurred at the ends of the 1906 rupture or away from the rupture entirely; very few significant aftershocks occurred along the mainshock rupture itself. The total number of large aftershocks was less than predicted by a generic model based on typical California mainshock-aftershock statistics, and the 1906 sequence appears to have decayed more slowly than average California sequences. Similarities can be drawn between the 1906 aftershock sequence and that of the 1857 (Mw 7.9) San Andreas fault earthquake.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020033","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Meltzner, A., and Wald, D., 2003, Aftershocks and triggered events of the Great 1906 California earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 2160-2186, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020033.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"2160","endPage":"2186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/995581","text":"External Repository"},{"id":387411,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d2e4b0c8380cd47ecb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meltzner, A.J.","contributorId":27891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzner","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025588,"text":"70025588 - 2003 - Geomorphic, water quality and fish community patterns associated with the distribution of Notropis topeka in a Central Missouri Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-25T13:56:51","indexId":"70025588","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic, water quality and fish community patterns associated with the distribution of Notropis topeka in a Central Missouri Watershed","docAbstract":"The Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) is a small native cyprinid species that has declined throughout its range in the Central Great Plains Region of the United States. Declines of the species have been associated with numerous factors including water quality, physical habitat alteration and predation. The N. topeka occurs in the Moniteau Creek Watershed of Cooper and Moniteau Counties of Central Missouri. We studied the Moniteau Creek population of N. topeka over a 1 y period to identify the primary physical, chemical and biological factors associated with population distributions. Fish community composition, water quality data and physical habitat variables were collected at 20 sites distributed across 8 sub-watersheds. Notropis topeka were collected at 8 of the 20 locations; 3 of these sites represent a recent within-watershed range expansion. Notropis topeka were confined to upper reaches of the sub-watersheds in areas typified by relatively high gradient and coarse substrate conditions. Water quality was significantly influenced by both precipitation and locations of sub-watersheds. Although there were isolated sub-watersheds with anthropogenic water quality impacts, we did not detect any relationships between water quality conditions and N. topeka distributions. Collectively, the data indicated that the Moniteau Creek Watershed contains a relatively stable population of N. topeka associated with good water quality and habitat conditions. This study provides baseline data that can be used to identify other watersheds where rehabilitation efforts are most likely to be successful.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0058:GWQAFC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Bayless, M., McManus, M., and Fairchild, J., 2003, Geomorphic, water quality and fish community patterns associated with the distribution of Notropis topeka in a Central Missouri Watershed: American Midland Naturalist, v. 150, no. 1, p. 58-72, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0058:GWQAFC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"150","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a279ce4b0c8380cd59a40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, M.A.","contributorId":30802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McManus, M.G.","contributorId":98096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025583,"text":"70025583 - 2003 - Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70025583","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia","docAbstract":"A cluster of exceptionally large earthquakes in the interior of Asia occurred from 1905 to 1967: the 1905 M7.9 Tsetserleg and M8.4 Bolnai earthquakes, the 1931 M8.0 Fu Yun earthquake, the 1957 M8.1 Gobi-Altai earthquake, and the 1967 M7.1 Mogod earthquake (sequence). Each of the larger (M ??? 8) earthquakes involved strike-slip faulting averaging more than 5 m and rupture lengths of several hundred kilometers. Available geologic data indicate that recurrence intervals on the major source faults are several thousands of years and distances of about 400 km separate the respective rupture areas. We propose that the occurrences of these and many smaller earthquakes are related and controlled to a large extent by stress changes generated by the compounded static deformation of the preceding earthquakes and subsequent viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath Mongolia. We employ a spherically layered viscoelastic model constrained by the 1994-2002 GPS velocity field in western Mongolia [Vergnolle et al., 2003]. Using the succession of twentieth century earthquakes as sources of deformation, we then analyze the time-dependent change in Coulomb failure stress (????f). At remote interaction distances, static ????f values are small. However, modeled postseismic stress changes typically accumulate to several tenths of a bar over time intervals of decades. Almost all significant twentieth century regional earthquakes (M ??? 6) with well-constrained fault geometry lie in positive ????f lobes of magnitude about +0.5 bar. Our results suggest that significant stress transfer is possible among continental faults separated by hundreds of kilometers and on timescales of decades. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Vergnolle, M., and Calais, E., 2003, Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 10.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f19e4b0c8380cd53775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F.","contributorId":66449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vergnolle, M.","contributorId":18158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vergnolle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calais, E.","contributorId":18952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calais","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025578,"text":"70025578 - 2003 - Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70025578","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia","docAbstract":"We use GPS measurements and models of postseismic deformation caused by seven M6.8 to 8.4 earthquakes that occurred in the past 100 years in Mongolia to assess the viscosity of the lower crust and upper mantle. We find an upper mantle viscosity between 1 ?? 1018 and 4 ?? 1018 Pa s. The presence of such a weak mantle is consistent with results from independent seismological and petrological studies that show an abnormally hot upper mantle beneath Mongolia. The viscosity of the lower crust is less well constrained, but a weak lower crust (3 ?? 1016 to 2 ?? 1017 Pa s) is preferred by the data. Using our best fit upper mantle and lower crust viscosities, we find that the postseismic effects of viscoelastic relaxation on present-day horizontal GPS velocities are small (<2 mm yr-1) but still persist 100 years after the 1905, M8.4, Bolnay earthquake. This study shows that the GPS velocity field in the Baikal-Mongolia area can be modeled as the sum of (1) a rigid translation and rotation of the whole network, (2) a 3-5 mm yr-1 simple shear velocity gradient between the Siberian platform to the north and northern China to the south, and (3) the contribution of postseismic deformation, mostly caused by the 1905 Bolnay-Tsetserleg sequence and by the smaller, but more recent, 1957 Bogd earthquake. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Vergnolle, M., Pollitz, F., and Calais, E., 2003, Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 10.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa11e4b0c8380cd4d906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vergnolle, M.","contributorId":18158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vergnolle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollitz, F.","contributorId":66449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calais, E.","contributorId":18952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calais","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}