Maintaining the quality of surface waters in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota is important for protecting the agricultural resources, fisheries, waterfowl and wildlife habitat, and recreational value of the basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, has collected and analyzed water-quality samples from streams and lakes in the basin since 1957, and the North Dakota Department of Health has collected and analyzed water-quality samples from lakes in the basin since 2001. Because water-quality data for the basin are important for numerous reasons, a graphical user interface was developed to access, view, and download the historical data for the basin. The interface is a web-based application that is available to the public and includes data through water year 2003. The interface will be updated periodically to include data for subsequent years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051419","usgsCitation":"Ryberg, K.R., Damschen, W., and Vecchia, A.V., 2005, Graphical user interface for accessing water-quality data for the Devils Lake basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1419, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051419.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7231,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1419/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352704,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1419/pdf/ofr20051419.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.83333333333333,48.333333333333336 ], [ -99.83333333333333,49.5 ], [ -98.33333333333333,49.5 ], [ -98.33333333333333,48.333333333333336 ], [ -99.83333333333333,48.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryberg, Karen R. 0000-0002-9834-2046 kryberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-2046","contributorId":1172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Karen","email":"kryberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Damschen, William C. wcdamsch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damschen","given":"William C.","email":"wcdamsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72752,"text":"wdrPR031 - 2005 - Water resources data Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:36","indexId":"wdrPR031","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PR-03-1","title":"Water resources data Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands water year 2003","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrPR031","usgsCitation":"Diaz, P.L., Aquino, Z., Figueroa-Alamo, C., Garcia, R., and Sanchez, A.V., 2005, Water resources data Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PR-03-1, 583 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPR031.","productDescription":"583 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7224,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-pr-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.41666666666667,17.833333333333332 ], [ -67.41666666666667,18.833333333333332 ], [ -64.83333333333333,18.833333333333332 ], [ -64.83333333333333,17.833333333333332 ], [ -67.41666666666667,17.833333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, Pedro L.","contributorId":40663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aquino, Zaida","contributorId":71621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aquino","given":"Zaida","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Figueroa-Alamo, Carlos","contributorId":95904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figueroa-Alamo","given":"Carlos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, Rene","contributorId":106089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sanchez, Ana V.","contributorId":43424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"Ana","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72760,"text":"ofr20051263 - 2005 - Quality management system, U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T15:46:43.64089","indexId":"ofr20051263","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1263","title":"Quality management system, U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory","docAbstract":"A quality management system (QMS) is a document that describes the quality policy, system, and practices of an organization. The document may include by reference other publications relating to the laboratory's arrangements.
The U.S. Geological Survey QMS describes the policies, objectives, principles, organizational authority, responsibilities, accountability, and implementation plan of the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) for ensuring quality in its work processes, products, and services. It includes all operations associated with its internal management and extends as far as practicable toward the field-sampling component and the data user.
The quality system described in the QMS is the framework for planning, implementing, and assessing work performed by the NWQL and for carrying out required quality assurance and quality control for compliance with the standards set by the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference.
All personnel associated with the NWQL, including Federal and non-Federal employees, are bound by the requirements set forth in the policies, processes, and standard operating procedures included or referenced in this document.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051263","usgsCitation":"2005, Quality management system, U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory (Version 1.3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1263, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051263.","productDescription":"93 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7232,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1263/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6551a1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maloney, Thomas J.","contributorId":35736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749231,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70273167,"text":"70273167 - 2005 - Regeneration of native trees in the presence of invasive saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-17T19:44:56.072401","indexId":"70273167","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-01T13:30:07","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regeneration of native trees in the presence of invasive saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico","docAbstract":"Many riparian zones in the Sonoran Desert have been altered by elimination of the normal flood regime; such changes to the flow regime have contributed to the spread of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissma Ledeb.), an exotic, salt-tolerant shrub. It has been proposed that reestablishment of a natural flow regime on these rivers might permit passive restoration of native trees, without the need for aggressive saltcedar clearing programs. We tested this proposition in the Colorado River delta in Mexico, which has received a series of large-volume water releases from U.S. dams over the past 20 years. We mapped the vegetation of the delta riparian corridor through ground and aerial surveys (1999–2002) and satellite imagery (1992–2002) and related vegetation changes to river flood flows and fire events. Although saltcedar is still the dominant plant in the delta, native cottonwood ( Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and willow (Salix gooddingii C. Ball) trees have regenerated multiple times because of frequent flood releases from U.S. dams since 1981. Tree populations are young and dynamic (ages 5–10 years). The primary cause of tree mortality between floods is fire. Biomass in the floodplain, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index on satellite images, responds positively even to low-volume (but long-duration) flood events. Our results support the hypothesis that restoration of a pulse flood regime will regenerate native riparian vegetation despite the presence of a dominant invasive species, but fire management will be necessary to allow mature tree stands to develop.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00234.x","usgsCitation":"Nagler, P.L., Hinojosa-Huerta, O., Glenn, E., Garcia-Hernandez, J., Romo, R., Huete, A.R., and Nelson, S.G., 2005, Regeneration of native trees in the presence of invasive saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico: Conservation Biology, v. 19, no. 6, p. 1842-1852, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00234.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1842","endPage":"1852","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.66719085808491,\n 32.48769640964123\n ],\n [\n -115.2332815950245,\n 32.48769640964123\n ],\n [\n -115.2332815950245,\n 31.607093960436345\n ],\n [\n -114.66719085808491,\n 31.607093960436345\n ],\n [\n -114.66719085808491,\n 32.48769640964123\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinojosa-Huerta, Osvel","contributorId":195177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinojosa-Huerta","given":"Osvel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":56542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward P.","affiliations":[{"id":13060,"text":"Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia-Hernandez, Jaqueline","contributorId":37627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia-Hernandez","given":"Jaqueline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Romo, Reggie","contributorId":364348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romo","given":"Reggie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huete, Alfredo R.","contributorId":87291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huete","given":"Alfredo","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, Stephen G.","contributorId":174719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70221972,"text":"70221972 - 2005 - Organochlorine contaminants in the American White Pelican breeding at Pyramid Lake, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-14T17:42:59.419779","indexId":"70221972","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-01T12:26:28","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine contaminants in the American White Pelican breeding at Pyramid Lake, Nevada","docAbstract":"Reproductive success of the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) was monitored at a breeding colony on Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Nevada in 1996. Eggs were collected in 1988 and 1996 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Muscle from adults found dead or debilitated and euthanized, fishes from representative feeding areas and regurgitated fish samples from nestlings were also analyzed for OCs and PCBs. Reproductive success at the breeding colony was normal in 1996 based on hatching rates of eggs (≥79% in undisturbed areas) and survival of nestlings. Organochlorine pesticide and PCB concentrations in eggs were below known effect levels on reproduction. DDE concentrations in eggs from Anaho Island declined between 1988 and 1996. Eggshell thickness for the Anaho colony was significantly lower (6%) than the pre-OC norm, but the level of thinning was less than that associated with population declines. OCs and PCBs were seldom detected in fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[95:OCITAW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Miesner, J., Tuttle, P., and Murphy, E., 2005, Organochlorine contaminants in the American White Pelican breeding at Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Waterbirds, v. 28, no. sp1, p. 95-101, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[95:OCITAW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Anaho Island, Pelican Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.52781677246094,\n 39.940277770390324\n ],\n [\n -119.49417114257811,\n 39.940277770390324\n ],\n [\n -119.49417114257811,\n 39.9676482528045\n ],\n [\n -119.52781677246094,\n 39.9676482528045\n ],\n [\n -119.52781677246094,\n 39.940277770390324\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"sp1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miesner, J.F.","contributorId":79509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesner","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tuttle, Peter L.","contributorId":89933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Peter L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, Edward C.","contributorId":8826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Edward C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70259129,"text":"70259129 - 2005 - Evaluating MODIS data to estimate irrigated crop production in Afghanistan using a thermal-based ET fraction approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-27T16:35:10.848076","indexId":"70259129","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-01T11:26:23","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluating MODIS data to estimate irrigated crop production in Afghanistan using a thermal-based ET fraction approach","docAbstract":"Accurate crop performance monitoring and production estimation is critical for timely assessment of the food balance of several countries in the world. Recently, the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) has been monitoring crop performance and to some extent relative production using satellite derived data and simulation models in Africa, Central America and Afghanistan where ground based monitoring is limited due to the scarcity of weather stations. The commonly used crop monitoring models use a crop water balance algorithm with inputs from satellite-derived rainfall. While these models provide useful monitoring for rain-fed agriculture, they are ineffective for irrigated areas. Over 80% of the agricultural production in Afghanistan is from irrigated agriculture. In this study, we implemented a thermal-based ET fraction approach to monitor and assess the performance of irrigated agriculture in Afghanistan using the combination of 250-m NDVI and 1-km Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from MODIS. Six images per year were used to estimate seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigated lands in a given growing season between 2000 and 2004. Seasonal ET estimates from the different years were used as relative indicators of year-to-year production magnitude differences. The results were comparable to field reports and crop water balance based estimates for irrigated watersheds in that 2003 was a good year for crop production in Afghanistan. The advantage of this method over crop water balance method is that it helps identify irrigated areas directly and thus helps estimate total irrigated area and its spatial distribution in a given region.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global priorities in land remote sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, 16th","conferenceDate":"October 23-27, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., Budde, M., Rowland, J., and Verdin, J.P., 2005, Evaluating MODIS data to estimate irrigated crop production in Afghanistan using a thermal-based ET fraction approach, in Global priorities in land remote sensing, Sioux Falls, SD, October 23-27, 2005, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Conference-Proceedings.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budde, Michael 0000-0002-9098-2751 mbudde@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-2751","contributorId":166756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budde","given":"Michael","email":"mbudde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowland, J.","contributorId":18539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verdin, James P. 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70259528,"text":"70259528 - 2005 - Analysis of multi-temporal geospatial data sets to assess the landscape effects of surface mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-10T16:40:09.669805","indexId":"70259528","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-01T11:23:51","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of multi-temporal geospatial data sets to assess the landscape effects of surface mining","docAbstract":"Geospatial data sets, especially digital elevation data, have proven useful for characterizing and analyzing land surface conditions. Digital elevation models are routinely used for describing the morphology of the land surface in terms of slope gradient and aspect. Additionally, the elevation data are useful for deriving parameters that describe the local drainage conditions such as watersheds and stream channels. When the element of time is added to the analysis through the use of multi-temporal topographic data, the effects of changes to the physical shape of the land surface may be studied. Such is the case with analysis of historical (pre-mining) and recent (post-mining) topographic and other geospatial data sets, including land cover maps derived from remote sensing. Nationwide geospatial data sets now exist with the required spatial and temporal resolution that allow for assessment of the effects of surface mining operations. Changes to the local landscape morphology are readily identified, and the effects to the surface drainage features are quantifiable, such as changes to local relief and drainage pattern and the total length of affected streams. Additionally, the visual impact of the movement of rock and soil materials may be assessed through viewshed analysis. Examples in both Appalachian and Western coalfields show the usefulness of analyzing detailed historical and recent geospatial data sets to better map and describe the effects of surface mining.
","conferenceTitle":"Annual National Conference, 22nd","conferenceDate":"June 19-23, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Gesch, D.B., 2005, Analysis of multi-temporal geospatial data sets to assess the landscape effects of surface mining, Annual National Conference, 22nd, Breckenridge, CO, June 19-23, 2005, p. 415-432.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"432","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asrs.us/past-asrs-meetings/2005-brekenridge-co-member/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Perry County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.51228609749789,\n 37.433869813899946\n ],\n [\n -83.51228609749789,\n 37.226507045303904\n ],\n [\n -83.15978645381992,\n 37.226507045303904\n ],\n [\n -83.15978645381992,\n 37.433869813899946\n ],\n [\n -83.51228609749789,\n 37.433869813899946\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70253054,"text":"pp1688A - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70253054,"text":"pp1688A - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion","indexId":"pp1688A","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":69857,"text":"pp1688 - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys","indexId":"pp1688","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":69857,"text":"pp1688 - 2005 - Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys","indexId":"pp1688","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T16:05:24.680947","indexId":"pp1688A","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-01T11:00:52","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1688","chapter":"A","title":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion","docAbstract":"The late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure on the Atlantic margin of Virginia is the largest known impact crater in the United States, and it may be the Earth's best preserved example of a large impact crater that formed on a predominantly siliciclastic continental shelf. The 85-kilometer-wide (53-milewide) crater also coincides with a region of saline ground water. It has a profound influence on ground-water quality and flow in an area of urban growth. The USGS-NASA Langley corehole at Hampton, Va., is the first in a series of new coreholes being drilled in the crater, and it is the first corehole to penetrate the entire crater-fill section and uppermost crystalline basement rock. The Langley corehole is located in the southwestern part of the crater's annular trough. A comprehensive effort to understand the crater's materials, architecture, geologic history, and formative processes, as well as its influence on ground water, includes the drilling of coreholes accompanied by high-resolution seismic-reflection and seismic-refraction surveys, audio-magnetotelluric surveys, and related multidisciplinary research. The studies of the core presented in this volume provide detailed information on the outer part of the crater, including the crystalline basement, the overlying impact-modified and impact-generated sediments (physical geology, paleontology, shocked minerals, and crystalline ejecta), and the upper Eocene to Quaternary postimpact sedimentary section (stratigraphy, paleontology, and paleoenvironments). The USGS-NASA Langley corehole has a total depth below land surface of 635.1 meters (m; 2,083.8 feet (ft)). The deepest unit in the corehole is the Neoproterozoic Langley Granite. The top of this granite at 626.3 m (2,054.7 ft) depth is overlain by 390.6 m (1,281.6 ft) of impact-modified and impact-generated siliciclastic sediments. These crater-fill materials are preserved beneath a 235.6-m-thick (773.12-ft-thick) blanket of postimpact sediments. A high-resolution seismic-reflection and seismic-refraction profile that crosses the Langley drill site is tied to the core by borehole geophysical logs, and it reveals the details of extensional collapse structures in the western annular trough. Electrical cross sections based on audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) soundings image a nearly vertical zone of high resistivity at the outer margin of the annular trough, possibly indicating fresh ground water at that location, and they show impedance trends that match the curvature of the structure. They also image the subsurface contact between conductive sediments and resistive crystalline basement, showing that the depth to crystalline basement is relatively constant in the western part of the annular trough. Chemical and isotopic data indicate that saline ground water of the Virginia inland saltwater wedge or bulge is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, and evidence for a mixing zone at the crater's outer margin supports the concept of differential flushing of residual seawater to create the bulge. Ground-water brine in the central part of the crater was produced by evaporation, and brine production from the heat of the impact is at least theoretically possible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: The USGS-NASA Langley corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and related coreholes and geophysical surveys (Professional Paper 1688)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1688A","usgsCitation":"Horton,, J., Powars, D.S., and Gohn, G., 2005, Studies of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure - Introduction and discussion: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1688, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1688A.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":427847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":427846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2005/1688/ak/PP1688_chapA.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.63787841796875,\n 36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -76.26708984375,\n 36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -76.26708984375,\n 37.293720520228696\n ],\n [\n -76.63787841796875,\n 37.293720520228696\n ],\n [\n -76.63787841796875,\n 36.9806150652861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton,, J. 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This understanding is important for assessing ground-water resources in the region, as well as for learning about marine impacts on Earth. We studied crystalline-rock ejecta and shock-metamorphosed minerals from the Langley core to determine what they reveal about the geology of crystalline rocks beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain and how those rocks were affected by the impact. An unusual polymict diamicton, informally called the Exmore beds (upper Eocene), is 33.8 meters (m; 110.9 feet (ft)) thick and lies at a depth of 269.4 to 235.65 m (884.0 to 773.12 ft) in the core. This matrix-supported sedimentary deposit contains clasts of Tertiary and Cretaceous sediment (ranging up to boulder size) and sparse pebbles of crystalline rock. The matrix consists of muddy sand that contains abundant quartz grains and minor glauconite and potassium feldspar. Significantly, the sandy matrix of the Exmore beds contains sparse quartz grains (0.1 to 0.3 millimeter (0.004 to 0.012 inch) in diameter) that contain multiple sets of intersecting planar deformation features formerly referred to as shock lamellae. As many as five different sets have been observed in some quartz grains. Planar deformation features also occur in quartz grains in reworked crystalline-rock clasts in the Exmore beds. Such grains are clearly of shock-metamorphic origin. The presence of these features indicates that the quartz grains have experienced pressures greater than 6 gigapascals (GPa) and strain rates greater than 106/second. Thus, the shock-metamorphosed quartz grains, although rare, provide clear and convincing evidence that the Exmore beds are of hybrid impact origin. Identification of shocked quartz grains in the Langley core adds to the number of sites in the structure where their presence is confirmed. Most of the clasts of crystalline rock that are in and just below the Exmore beds are rounded, detrital, and typical of coastal plain sediments. However, a few have angular shapes and consist of cataclastically deformed felsite having aphanitic-porphyritic to aphanitic texture and peraluminous rhyolite composition. Three of these clasts contain quartz grains that display two sets of planar deformation features of shock-metamorphic origin. Shock-metamorphosed quartz is an integral part of the cataclastic fabric in these three clasts, indicating that both the fabric and the shocked quartz were produced by the same high-energy impact event. Some felsite clasts have spherulitic textures that may be features either of an impact melt or of preimpact volcanic rocks. A weighted-mean total-fusion 40Ar/39Ar age of 35.3±0.1 Ma (±lσ) for 19 analyses of 4 North American tektites records the age of the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact event.
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This formation can be subdivided into lower, middle, and upper units which, respectively, represent eolian dune, eolian sand sheet, and mixed eolian sand sheet and interdune facies associations. Collectively, these three units are at least 7 m thick and define a “wetting-upward” succession which records a progressive increase in the influence of groundwater and, ultimately, surface water in controlling primary depositional processes.
The Burns lower unit is interpreted as a dry dune field (though grain composition indicates an evaporitic source), whose preserved record of large-scale cross-bedded sandstones indicates either superimposed bedforms of variable size or reactivation of lee-side slip faces by episodic (possibly seasonal) changes in wind direction. The boundary between the lower and middle units is a significant eolian deflation surface. This surface is interpreted to record eolian erosion down to the capillary fringe of the water table, where increased resistance to wind-induced erosion was promoted by increased sediment cohesiveness in the capillary fringe. The overlying Burns middle unit is characterized by fine-scale planar-laminated to low-angle-stratified sandstones. These sandstones accumulated during lateral migration of eolian impact ripples over the flat to gently undulating sand sheet surface. In terrestrial settings, sand sheets may form an intermediate environment between dune fields and interdune or playa surfaces. The contact between the middle and upper units of the Burns formation is interpreted as a diagenetic front, where recrystallization in the phreatic or capillary zones may have occurred. The upper unit of the Burns formation contains a mixture of sand sheet facies and interdune facies. Interdune facies include wavy bedding, irregular lamination with convolute bedding and possible small tepee or salt-ridge structures, and cm-scale festoon cross-lamination indicative of shallow subaqueous flows marked by current velocities of a few tens of cm/s. Most likely, these currents were gravity-driven, possibly unchannelized flows resulting from the flooding of interdune/playa surfaces. However, evidence for lacustrine sedimentation, including mudstones or in situ bottom-growth evaporites, has not been observed so far at Eagle and Endurance craters.
Mineralogical and elemental data indicate that the eolian sandstones of the lower and middle units, as well as the subaqueous and eolian deposits of the Burns upper unit, were derived from an evaporitic source. This indirectly points to a temporally equivalent playa where lacustrine evaporites or ground-water-generated efflorescent crusts were deflated to provide a source of sand-sized particles that were entrained to form eolian dunes and sand sheets. This process is responsible for the development of sulfate eolianites at White Sands, New Mexico, and could have provided a prolific flux of sulfate sediment at Meridiani. Though evidence for surface water in the Burns formation is mostly limited to the upper unit, the associated sulfate eolianites provide strong evidence for the critical role of groundwater in controlling sediment production and stratigraphic architecture throughout the formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.039","usgsCitation":"Grotzinger, J.P., Arvidson, R., Bell, J.F., Calvin, W., Clark, B.C., Fike, D., Golombek, M., Greeley, R., Haldemann, A., Herkenhoff, K.E., Jolliff, B.L., Knoll, A.H., Malin, M., McLennan, S.M., Parker, T., Soderblom, L.A., Sohl-Dickstein, J.N., Squyres, S.W., Tosca, N., and Watters, W., 2005, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 240, no. 1, p. 11-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.039.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Burns formation; Mars; Meridiani Planum","volume":"240","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bffb75fe4b0815414ca8e57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grotzinger, J. 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Potential sources of uncertainty are identified and, where appropriate, alternate or additional data, models, and estimation methods suitable for reducing uncertainties are discussed. Finally, approximate uncertainties of all components are identified, compared, and assessed within the context of net basin supply. Results indicate that average uncertainties in monthly estimates of individual water-balance components may range from 1.5 percent to 45 percent. These uncertainties may cause uncertainties in monthly net basin supply estimates of approximately 2,600 ft3/s to 33,500 ft3/s for individual Great Lakes.
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P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72740,"text":"sir20055179 - 2005 - Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in the upper Arkansas River basin from Buena Vista to Salida, Colorado, 2000-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"sir20055179","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5179","title":"Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in the upper Arkansas River basin from Buena Vista to Salida, Colorado, 2000-2003","docAbstract":"The upper Arkansas River Basin between Buena Vista and Salida, Colorado, is a downfaulted basin, the Buena Vista-Salida structural basin, located between the Sawatch and Mosquito Ranges. The primary aquifers in the Buena Vista-Salida structural basin consist of poorly consolidated to unconsolidated Quaternary-age alluvial and glacial deposits and Tertiary-age basin-fill deposits. Maximum thickness of the alluvial, glacial, and basin-fill deposits is about 5,000 feet, but 95 percent of the water-supply wells in Chaffee County are no more than 300 feet deep. Hydrologic conditions in the 149-square mile study area are described on the basis of hydrologic and geologic data compiled and collected during September 2000 through September 2003. The principal aquifers described in this report are the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers. \r\n\r\nAn estimated 3,443 wells pumped about 690 to 1,240 acre-feet for domestic and household use in Chaffee County during 2003. By 2030, projected increases in the population of Chaffee County, Colorado, may require use of an additional 4,000 to 5,000 wells to supply an additional 800 to 1,800 acre-feet per year of ground water for domestic and household supply. \r\n\r\nThe estimated specific yield of the upper 300 feet of the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers ranged from about 0.02 to 0.2. Current (2003) and projected (2030) ground-water withdrawals by domestic and household wells are less than 1 percent of the estimated 472,000 acre-feet of drainable ground water in the upper 300 feet of the subsurface. Locally, little water is available in the upper 300 feet. In densely populated areas, well interference could result in decreased water levels and well yields, which may require deepening or replacement of wells. \r\n\r\nInfiltration of surface water diverted for irrigation and from losing streams is the primary source of ground-water recharge in the semiarid basin. Ground-water levels in the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers vary seasonally with maximum water levels occurring in the early summer after snowmelt runoff peaks. Because of the drought during 2002, relatively large declines in ground-water levels occurred in about one-half of the monitored wells. Differences in water-level altitudes in shallow and deep wells indicate the potential for downward flow in upland areas and support results of preliminary cross-sectional models of ground-water flow. The apparent mean age of ground-water recharge ranged from about 1 to more than 48 years before 2001. The older (pre-1953) water was from wells that were located in ground-water discharge areas. Ground-water flow in the Buena Vista-Salida structural basin drains eastward toward the Arkansas River and, locally, toward the South Arkansas River. \r\n\r\nGround water in the alluvial-outwash and basin-fill aquifers generally is calcium-bicarbonate water type with less than 250 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. Nitrate concentrations generally were less than 1 to 2 milligrams per liter and do not indicate widespread contamination of ground water from surface sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055179","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 2005, Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in the upper Arkansas River basin from Buena Vista to Salida, Colorado, 2000-2003 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5179, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055179.","productDescription":"61 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7177,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a34d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R. krwatts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"krwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72737,"text":"ds142 - 2005 - Streamflow, water-quality, and biological data for three tributaries to Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2002-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T17:11:33","indexId":"ds142","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"142","title":"Streamflow, water-quality, and biological data for three tributaries to Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2002-04","docAbstract":"During 2002-04 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, conducted a systematic monitoring study on Lake Creek, Peach Creek, and Caney Creek near Houston, Texas, to assess the current water-quality and biological conditions in the three tributaries to Lake Houston. Streamflow and water-quality data (chloride and sulfate, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, phytoplankton, indicator bacteria, pesticides, and suspended sediment) were collected at 11 sites, and fish and benthic-macroinvertebrate data were collected at eight of the 11 sites. Graphical comparisons of concentration data for eight water-quality constituents by watershed indicate relatively large differences in concentration distribution among all three watersheds for nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen (medians: Lake, 0.20; Peach, 0.14; and Caney, 0.32 mg/L). Graphical comparisons of these data by season show consistency in distribution of constituent concentrations. The distributions of chlorophyll-a in summer and E. coli bacteria in winter each contain a few relatively large concentrations. Fifty-six species of fish from 15 major families were collected during the study. For all sites except one on Lake Creek, the majority of fish collected were sunfish; minnows dominated at the one Lake Creek site. Invertivores (mostly sunfish and minnows) made up more than 65 percent of the trophic structure, omnivores were the next largest percentage, and piscivores the smallest percentage. Ecoregion-specific index of biotic integrity (ECO-IBI) scores (averages of samples) for three of four upstream Lake Creek sites indicate intermediate aquatic life use, and the most downstream site, high aquatic life use. ECO-IBI scores for the Peach Creek and Caney Creek sites indicate high aquatic life use. The maximum number of aquatic-insect taxa (51) were collected at a site on Peach Creek near Cleveland, and the minimum number of aquatic-insect taxa (17) were collected at site on Caney Creek near New Caney. The benthic-macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) scores (averages of samples) for the three upstream Lake Creek sites indicate intermediate aquatic life use, and the B-IBI score for the most downstream site indicates high aquatic life use. B-IBI scores for the Peach Creek sites, in downstream order, are exceptional and high; and scores for the Caney Creek sites, in downstream order, are high and intermediate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"East, J., and Sneck-Fahrer, D.A., 2005, Streamflow, water-quality, and biological data for three tributaries to Lake Houston near Houston, Texas, 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 142, iv, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds142.","productDescription":"iv, 82 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341969,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/142/pdf/ds142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":7174,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.43548583984375,\n 30.796114909344855\n ],\n [\n -95.55084228515625,\n 30.74773711283919\n ],\n [\n -95.570068359375,\n 30.661540870820918\n ],\n [\n -95.54122924804688,\n 30.510216587229984\n ],\n [\n -95.4766845703125,\n 30.401306519203583\n ],\n [\n -95.45333862304688,\n 30.278044377800153\n ],\n [\n -95.42037963867188,\n 30.148689804618368\n ],\n [\n -95.38467407226562,\n 30.080978010788556\n ],\n [\n -95.29678344726562,\n 30.0381887651539\n ],\n [\n -95.174560546875,\n 30.05483122485245\n ],\n [\n -95.06881713867188,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -95.020751953125,\n 30.23178108955747\n ],\n [\n -95.02349853515625,\n 30.30294635121175\n ],\n [\n -95.08941650390625,\n 30.407228671741567\n ],\n [\n -95.14572143554688,\n 30.479449996609706\n ],\n [\n -95.21026611328125,\n 30.551617781478765\n ],\n [\n -95.26657104492188,\n 30.63082224973687\n ],\n [\n -95.328369140625,\n 30.712323321009055\n ],\n [\n -95.39703369140625,\n 30.78195807210956\n ],\n [\n -95.43548583984375,\n 30.796114909344855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.877685546875,\n 30.64972717137329\n ],\n [\n -95.91201782226562,\n 30.660359565846754\n ],\n [\n -96.0040283203125,\n 30.624913704054777\n ],\n [\n -96.07269287109375,\n 30.601275914486067\n ],\n [\n -96.0479736328125,\n 30.488917676126846\n ],\n [\n -96.03012084960938,\n 30.36221130643335\n ],\n [\n -96.00814819335936,\n 30.24839093066276\n ],\n [\n -95.86944580078125,\n 30.050076521698735\n ],\n [\n -95.78155517578124,\n 30.00965233044293\n ],\n [\n -95.67581176757812,\n 30.003706206185452\n ],\n [\n -95.5975341796875,\n 30.058397102398402\n ],\n [\n -95.58929443359375,\n 30.143939614372773\n ],\n [\n -95.67169189453125,\n 30.398937557618677\n ],\n [\n -95.70053100585938,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -95.84747314453125,\n 30.626095442050495\n ],\n [\n -95.877685546875,\n 30.64972717137329\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sneck-Fahrer, Debra A.","contributorId":43844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneck-Fahrer","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72741,"text":"sir20055225 - 2005 - Volatile organic compound matrix spike recoveries for ground- and surface-water samples, 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20055225","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5225","title":"Volatile organic compound matrix spike recoveries for ground- and surface-water samples, 1997-2001","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program used field matrix spikes (FMSs), field matrix spike replicates (FMSRs), laboratory matrix spikes (LMSs), and laboratory reagent spikes (LRSs), in part, to assess the quality of volatile organic compound (VOC) data from water samples collected and analyzed in more than 50 of the Nation's largest river basins and aquifers (Study Units). The data-quality objectives of the NAWQA Program include estimating the extent to which variability, degradation, and matrix effects, if any, may affect the interpretation of chemical analyses of ground- and surface-water samples. In order to help meet these objectives, a known mass of VOCs was added (spiked) to water samples collected in 25 Study Units. Data within this report include recoveries from 276 ground- and surface-water samples spiked with a 25-microliter syringe with a spike solution containing 85 VOCs to achieve a concentration of 0.5 microgram per liter. Combined recoveries for 85 VOCs from spiked ground- and surface-water samples and reagent water were used to broadly characterize the overall recovery of VOCs. Median recoveries for 149 FMSs, 107 FMSRs, 20 LMSs, and 152 LRSs were 79.9, 83.3, 113.1, and 103.5 percent, respectively.\r\n\r\nSpike recoveries for 85 VOCs also were calculated individually. With the exception of a few VOCs, the median percent recoveries determined from each spike type for individual VOCs followed the same pattern as for all VOC recoveries combined, that is, listed from least to greatest recovery-FMSs, FMSRs, LRSs, and LMSs. The median recoveries for individual VOCs ranged from 63.7 percent to 101.5 percent in FMSs; 63.1 percent to 101.4 percent in FMSRs; 101.7 percent to 135.0 percent in LMSs; and 91.0 percent to 118.7 percent in LRSs.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, individual VOC recoveries were compared among paired spike types, and these recoveries were used to evaluate potential bias in the method. Variability associated with field spiking, field handling, transport, and analysis was assessed by comparing recoveries between 107 pairs of FMR and FMSR samples. For most VOCs, FMSR recoveries were greater than the paired FMS recoveries. This may result from routinely processing the FMS sample first, allowing a more fluid and efficient technique when processing the FMSR. Degradation was examined by comparing VOC recoveries between 20 pairs of FMS and LMS samples. For all VOCs, the LMS recoveries were greater than FMS recoveries. However, data presented in a previously published VOC stability study were interpreted, and recoveries indicated that VOC degradation should not affect the recovery for most VOCs monitored by the NAWQA Program. Matrix effects were examined by comparing VOC recoveries from 20 pairs of LMS and LRS samples. With the exception of two VOCs, individual recoveries were not significantly different between LMSs and LRSs, indicating that most VOC recoveries are not affected by matrix effects. Additionally, matrix effects should be negligible due to the analytical technique (purge and trap capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) used for VOC analysis at the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL).\r\n\r\nThe reason for the lower VOC recoveries from FMSs and FMSRs than from LMSs and LRSs may be associated with differences in spiking technique and experience, and to varying environmental conditions at the time of spiking. However, for all spike types, 87 percent of the individual VOC recoveries were within the range of 60 to 140 percent, a range that is considered acceptable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's established analytical method. Additionally, the median recovery for each spike type was within the range of 60 to 140 percent. The excellent VOC recoveries from LMSs and LRSs demonstrate that low VOC concentrations can routinely and accurately be measured by the analytical methods used by the NWQL.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055225","usgsCitation":"Rowe, B.L., Delzer, G.C., Bender, D.A., and Zogorski, J.S., 2005, Volatile organic compound matrix spike recoveries for ground- and surface-water samples, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5225, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055225.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7218,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdaf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, Barbara L. blrowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Barbara","email":"blrowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72731,"text":"sir20045203 - 2005 - Remote sensing characterization of the Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado, by AVIRIS imaging spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20045203","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5203","title":"Remote sensing characterization of the Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado, by AVIRIS imaging spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Visible-wavelength and near-infrared image cubes of the Animas River watershed in southwestern Colorado have been acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Airborne Visible and InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) instrument and processed using the U.S. Geological Survey Tetracorder v3.6a2 implementation. The Tetracorder expert system utilizes a spectral reference library containing more than 400 laboratory and field spectra of end-member minerals, mineral mixtures, vegetation, manmade materials, atmospheric gases, and additional substances to generate maps of mineralogy, vegetation, snow, and other material distributions. Major iron-bearing, clay, mica, carbonate, sulfate, and other minerals were identified, among which are several minerals associated with acid rock drainage, including pyrite, jarosite, alunite, and goethite. Distributions of minerals such as calcite and chlorite indicate a relationship between acid-neutralizing assemblages and stream geochemistry within the watershed. Images denoting material distributions throughout the watershed have been orthorectified against digital terrain models to produce georeferenced image files suitable for inclusion in Geographic Information System databases. Results of this study are of use to land managers, stakeholders, and researchers interested in understanding a number of characteristics of the Animas River watershed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045203","usgsCitation":"Dalton, J., Bove, D.J., and Mladinich, C., 2005, Remote sensing characterization of the Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado, by AVIRIS imaging spectroscopy (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5203, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045203.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7168,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalton, J.B.","contributorId":77251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bove, D. J.","contributorId":70767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mladinich, C.S.","contributorId":61095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladinich","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72733,"text":"sir20055227 - 2005 - Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20055227","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5227","title":"Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources and Washington Department of Ecology compiled and described geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information about the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie (SVRP) aquifer in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. Descriptions of the hydrogeologic framework, water-budget components, ground- and surface-water interactions, computer flow models, and further data needs are provided. The SVRP aquifer, which covers about 370 square miles including the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho and the Spokane valley and Hillyard Trough, Washington, was designated a Sole Source Aquifer by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1978. Continued growth, water management issues, and potential effects on water availability and water quality in the aquifer and in the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers have illustrated the need to better understand and manage the region's water resources. \r\n\r\nThe SVRP aquifer is composed of sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders primarily deposited by a series of catastrophic glacial outburst floods from ancient Glacial Lake Missoula. The material deposited in this high-energy environment is coarser-grained than is typical for most basin-fill deposits, resulting in an unusually productive aquifer with well yields as high as 40,000 gallons per minute. In most places, the aquifer is bounded laterally by bedrock composed of granite, metasedimentary rocks, or basalt. The lower boundary of the aquifer is largely unknown except along the margins or in shallower parts of the aquifer where wells have penetrated its entire thickness and reached bedrock or silt and clay deposits. Based on surface geophysics, the thickness of the aquifer is about 500 ft near the Washington-Idaho state line, but more than 600 feet within the Rathdrum Prairie and more than 700 feet in the Hillyard trough based on drilling records. Depth to water in the aquifer is greatest in the northern Rathdrum Prairie (about 500 feet) and least near the city of Spokane along the Spokane River (less than about 50 feet). Ground-water flow is south from near the southern end of Lake Pend Oreille and Hoodoo Valley, through the Rathdrum Prairie, then west toward Spokane. In Spokane, the aquifer splits and water moves north through the Hillyard Trough as well as west through the Trinity Trough. From the Trinity Trough water flows north along the western arm of the aquifer. The aquifer's discharge area is along the Little Spokane River and near Long Lake, Washington. \r\n\r\nA compilation of estimates of water-budget components, including recharge (precipitation, irrigation, canal leakage, septic tank effluent, inflow from tributary basins, and flow from the Spokane River) and discharge (withdrawals from wells, flow to the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers, evapotranspiration, and underflow to Long Lake) illustrates that these estimated values should be compared with caution due to several variables including the area and time period of interest as well as methods employed in making the estimates. \r\n\r\nNumerous studies have documented the dynamic ground-water and surface-water interaction between the SVRP aquifer and the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers. Gains and losses vary throughout the year, as well as the locations of gains and losses. September 2004 streamflow measurements indicated that the upper reach of the Spokane River between Post Falls and downstream at Flora Road lost 321 cubic feet per second. A gain of 736 cubic feet per second was measured between the Flora Road site and downstream at Green Street Bridge. A loss of 124 cubic feet per second was measured for the reach between the Green Street Bridge and the Spokane River at Spokane gaging station. The river gained about 87 cubic feet per second between the Spokane River at Spokane gaging station and the TJ Meenach Bridge. Overall, the Spokane River gained about 284 cubic feet per second between the Post Falls,","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055227","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., Caldwell, R.R., and Bartolino, J.R., 2005, Compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5227, 76 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055227.","productDescription":"76 p., 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7170,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, Sue C. 0000-0003-1262-4446 sckahle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-4446","contributorId":3096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"Sue","email":"sckahle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, Rodney R. 0000-0002-2588-715X caldwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2588-715X","contributorId":2577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Rodney","email":"caldwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartolino, James R. 0000-0002-2166-7803 jrbartol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7803","contributorId":2548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"James","email":"jrbartol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72734,"text":"sir20055168 - 2005 - Ground-water hydrology of the Willamette basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:21:31","indexId":"sir20055168","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5168","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Willamette basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Willamette Basin encompasses a drainage of 12,000 square miles and is home to approximately 70 percent of Oregon's population. Agriculture and population are concentrated in the lowland, a broad, relatively flat area between the Coast and Cascade Ranges. Annual rainfall is high, with about 80 percent of precipitation falling from October through March and less than 5 percent falling in July and August, the peak growing season. Population growth and an increase in cultivation of crops needing irrigation have produced a growing seasonal demand for water. Because many streams are administratively closed to new appropriations in summer, ground water is the most likely source for meeting future water demand. This report describes the current understanding of the regional ground-water flow system, and addresses the effects of ground-water development.\r\n\r\nThis study defines seven regional hydrogeologic units in the Willamette Basin. The highly permeable High Cascade unit consists of young volcanic material found at the surface along the crest of the Cascade Range. Four sedimentary hydrogeologic units fill the lowland between the Cascade and Coast Ranges. Young, highly permeable coarse-grained sediments of the upper sedimentary unit have a limited extent in the floodplains of the major streams and in part of the Portland Basin. Extending over much of the lowland where the upper sedimentary unit does not occur, silts and clays of the Willamette silt unit act as a confining unit. The middle sedimentary unit, consisting of permeable coarse-grained material, occurs beneath the Willamette silt and upper sedimentary units and at the surface as terraces in the lowland. Beneath these units is the lower sedimentary unit, which consists of predominantly fine-grained sediments. In the northern part of the basin, lavas of the Columbia River basalt unit occur at the surface in uplands and beneath the basin-fill sedimentary units. The Columbia River basalt unit contains multiple productive water-bearing zones. A basement confining unit of older marine and volcanic rocks of low permeability underlies the basin and occurs at land surface in the Coast Range and western part of the Cascade Range. \r\n\r\nMost recharge in the basin is from infiltration of precipitation, and the spatial distribution of recharge mimics the distribution of precipitation, which increases with elevation. Basinwide annual mean recharge is estimated to be 22 inches. Rain and snowmelt easily recharge into the permeable High Cascade unit and discharge within the High Cascade area. Most recharge in the Coast Range and western part of the Cascade Range follows short flowpaths through the upper part of the low permeability material and discharges to streams within the mountains. Consequently, recharge in the Coast and Ranges is not available as lateral ground-water flow into the lowland, where most ground-water use occurs. Within the lowland, annual mean recharge is 16 inches and most recharge occurs from November to April, when rainfall is large and evapotranspiration is small. From May to October recharge is negligible because precipitation is small and evapotranspiration is large. \r\n\r\nDischarge of ground water is mainly to streams. Ground-water discharge is a relatively large component of flow in streams that drain the High Cascade unit and parts of the Portland Basin where permeable units are at the surface. In streams that do not head in the High Cascade area, streamflow is generally dominated by runoff of precipitation. Ground-water in the permeable units in the lowland discharges to the major streams where there is a good hydraulic connection between aquifers and streams. Ground-water discharge to smaller streams, which flow on the less permeable Willamette silt unit, is small and mostly from the Willamette silt unit. Most ground-water withdrawals occur within the lowland. Irrigation is the largest use of ground water, accounting for 240,000 acre feet of withdrawals, or 81 p","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055168","usgsCitation":"Conlon, T.D., Wozniak, K.C., Woodcock, D., Herrera, N.B., Fisher, B.J., Morgan, D.S., Lee, K.K., and Hinkle, S.R., 2005, Ground-water hydrology of the Willamette basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5168, 95 p. : ill.; 1 plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055168.","productDescription":"95 p. : ill.; 1 plate","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7171,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conlon, Terrence D. 0000-0002-5899-7187 tdconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Terrence","email":"tdconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wozniak, Karl C.","contributorId":69606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wozniak","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodcock, Douglas","contributorId":57167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodcock","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herrera, Nora B.","contributorId":35410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrera","given":"Nora","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Bruce J.","contributorId":40293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, David S.","contributorId":73181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, Karl K.","contributorId":41050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":72735,"text":"wdrVA041 - 2005 - Water resources data, Virginia water year 2004, Volume 1. Surface-water discharge and surface-water quality records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"wdrVA041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"VA-04-1","title":"Water resources data, Virginia water year 2004, Volume 1. Surface-water discharge and surface-water quality records","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrVA041","usgsCitation":"White, R.K., Hayes, D., Guyer, J.R., and Powell, E.D., 2005, Water resources data, Virginia water year 2004, Volume 1. Surface-water discharge and surface-water quality records (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report VA-04-1, 578 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrVA041.","productDescription":"578 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7172,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-va-04-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0aec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Roger K.","contributorId":19624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":52945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guyer, Joel R.","contributorId":47446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guyer","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, Eugene D.","contributorId":80309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72736,"text":"ds129 - 2005 - California GAMA program: ground-water quality data in the San Diego drainages hydrogeologic province, California, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"ds129","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"129","title":"California GAMA program: ground-water quality data in the San Diego drainages hydrogeologic province, California, 2004","docAbstract":"Because of concerns over ground-water quality, the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has implemented the Ground-Water Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. A primary objective of the program is to provide a current assessment of ground-water quality in areas where public supply wells are an important source of drinking water. The San Diego GAMA study unit was the first region of the state where an assessment of ground-water quality was implemented under the GAMA program. The San Diego GAMA study unit covers the entire San Diego Drainages hydrogeologic province, and is broken down into four distinct hydrogeologic study areas: the Temecula Valley study area, the Warner Valley study area, the Alluvial Basins study area, and the Hard Rock study area. \r\n\r\n A total of 58 ground-water samples were collected from public supply wells in the San Diego GAMA study unit: 19 wells were sampled in the Temecula Valley study area, 9 in the Warner Valley study area, 17 in the Alluvial Basins study area, and 13 in the Hard Rock study area. Over 350 chemical and microbial constituents and water-quality indicators were analyzed for in this study. However, only select wells were measured for all constituents and water-quality indicators. Results of analyses were calculated as detection frequencies by constituent classification and by individual constituents for the entire San Diego GAMA study unit and for the individual study areas. Additionally, concentrations of constituents that are routinely monitored were compared to maximum contaminant levels (MCL) and secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL). Concentrations of constituents classified as 'unregulated chemicals for which monitoring is required' (UCMR) were compared to the 'detection level for the purposes of reporting' (DLR). \r\n\r\n Eighteen of the 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gasoline oxygenates analyzed for were detected in ground-water samples. Twenty-eight wells sampled in the San Diego GAMA study had at least a single detection of VOCs or gasoline oxygenates. These constituents were most frequently detected in the Alluvial Basin study area (11 of 17 wells), and least frequently detected in the Warner Valley study area (one of nine wells). Trihalomethanes (THMs) were the most frequently detected class of VOCs (18 of 58 wells). The most frequently detected VOCs were chloroform (18 of 58 wells), bromodichloromethane (8 of 58 wells), and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (7 of 58 wells). Three VOCs were detected at concentrations greater than their MCLs. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) were detected in one well in the Hard Rock study area at concentrations of 9.75 and 7.27 micrograms per liter (?g/L), respectively; the MCL for these compounds is 5 ?g/L. MTBE was detected in one well in the Alluvial Basins study area at a concentration of 28.3 ?g/L; the MCL for MTBE is 13 ?g/L. \r\n\r\n Twenty-one of the 122 pesticides and pesticide degradates analyzed for were detected in ground-water samples. Pesticide or pesticide degradates were detected in 33 of 58 wells sampled, and were most frequently detected in the Temecula Valley study area wells (9 of 14 wells), and least frequently in the Warner Valley study area wells (3 of 9 wells). Herbicides were the most frequently detected class of pesticides (31 of 58 wells), and simazine was the most frequently detected compound (27 of 58 wells), followed by deethylatrazine (14 of 58 wells), prometon (10 of 58 wells), and atrazine (9 of 58 wells). None of the pesticides detected in ground-water samples had concentrations that exceeded MCLs. \r\n\r\n Eight waste-water indicator compounds were detected in ground-water samples. Twenty-one of 47 wells sampled for waste-water indicator compounds had at least a single detection. Waste-water indicator compounds were detected most frequently in the Allu","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds129","usgsCitation":"Wright, M.T., Belitz, K., and Burton, C., 2005, California GAMA program: ground-water quality data in the San Diego drainages hydrogeologic province, California, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 129, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds129.","productDescription":"102 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7173,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688074","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Michael T. 0000-0003-0653-6466 mtwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-6466","contributorId":1508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Michael","email":"mtwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":41793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72721,"text":"sir20055062 - 2005 - Radiochemical sampling and analysis of shallow ground water and sediment at the BOMARC Missile Facility, east-central New Jersey, 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T18:27:03.652756","indexId":"sir20055062","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5062","title":"Radiochemical sampling and analysis of shallow ground water and sediment at the BOMARC Missile Facility, east-central New Jersey, 1999-2000","docAbstract":"A field sampling experiment was designed using low-flow purging with a portable pump and sample-collection equipment for the collection of water and sediment samples from observation wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system to determine radionuclide or trace-element concentrations for various size fractions. Selected chemical and physical characteristics were determined for water samples from observation wells that had not been purged for years. The sampling was designed to define any particulate, colloidal, and solution-phase associations of radionuclides or trace elements in ground water by means of filtration and ultrafiltration techniques. Turbidity was monitored and allowed to stabilize before samples were collected by means of the low-flow purging technique rather than by the traditional method of purging a fixed volume of water at high-flow rates from the observation well. A minimum of four water samples was collected from each observation well. The samples of water from each well were collected in the following sequence. (1) A raw unfiltered sample was collected within the first minutes of pumping. (2) A raw unfiltered sample was collected after at least three casing volumes of water were removed and turbidity stabilized. (3) A sample was collected after the water was filtered with a 0.45-micron filter. (4) A sample was collected after the water passed through a 0.45-micron filter and a 0.003-micron tangential-flow ultrafilter in sequence. In some cases, a fifth sample was collected after the water passed through a 0.45-micron filter and a 0.05-micron filter in sequence to test for colloids of 0.003 microns to 0.05 microns in size. The samples were analyzed for the concentration of manmade radionuclides plutonium-238 and -239 plus -240, and americium-241. The samples also were analyzed for concentrations of uranium-234, -235, and -238 to determine whether uranium-234 isotope enrichment (resulting from industrial processing) is present. A subset of samples was analyzed for concentrations of thorium-232, -230, and -228 to determine if thorium-228 isotope enrichment, also likely to result from industrial processing, is present.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of plutonium isotopes and americium-241 in the water samples were less than 0.1 picocurie per liter, the laboratory reporting level for these manmade radionuclides, with the exception of one americium-241 concentration from a filtered sample. A sequential split sample from the same well did not contain a detectable concentration of americium-241, however. Other filtered and unfiltered samples of water from the same well did not contain quantities of americium-241 nearly as high as 0.1 pCi/L. Therefore, the presence of americium-241 in a quantifiable concentration in water samples from this well could not be confirmed. Neither plutonium nor americium was detected in samples of settled sediment collected from the bottom of the wells. Concentrations of uranium isotopes (maximum of 0.05 and 0.08 picocuries per liter of uranium-238 and uranium-234, respectively) were measurable in unfiltered samples of turbid water from one well and in the settled bottom sediment from 6 wells (maximum concentrations of 0.25 and 0.20 picocuries per gram of uranium-238 and uranium-234, respectively). The uranium-234/uranium-238 isotopic ratio was near 1:1, which indicates natural uranium. The analytical results, therefore, indicate that no manmade radionuclide contamination is present in any of the well-bottom sediments, or unfiltered or filtered water samples from any of the sampled wells. No evidence of manmade radionuclide contamination was observed in the aquifer as settled or suspended particulates, colloids, or in the dissolved phase.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055062","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Zapecza, O.S., Oden, J.H., and Rice, D.E., 2005, Radiochemical sampling and analysis of shallow ground water and sediment at the BOMARC Missile Facility, east-central New Jersey, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5062, vi, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055062.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75465.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":367996,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5062/NJsir2005-5062_report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":191206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"BOMARC Missile Facility","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.4458,\n 40.0292\n ],\n [\n -74.4292,\n 40.0292\n ],\n [\n -74.4292,\n 40.0403\n ],\n [\n -74.4458,\n 40.0403\n ],\n [\n -74.4458,\n 40.0292\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689d75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":285940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zapecza, Otto S. ozapecza@usgs.gov","contributorId":3687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"Otto","email":"ozapecza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":285941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oden, Jeannette H. 0000-0002-6473-1553 jhoden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-1553","contributorId":1152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Jeannette","email":"jhoden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, Donald E.","contributorId":70440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72719,"text":"cir1261 - 2005 - Water availability for the Western United States--Key scientific challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T12:12:55.344306","indexId":"cir1261","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1261","title":"Water availability for the Western United States--Key scientific challenges","docAbstract":"In the Western United States, the availability of water has become a serious concern for many communities and rural areas. Near population centers, surface-water supplies are fully appropriated, and many communities are dependent upon ground water drawn from storage, which is an unsustainable strategy. Water of acceptable quality is increasingly hard to find because local sources are allocated to prior uses, depleted by overpumping, or diminished by drought stress. Some of the inherent characteristics of the West add complexity to the task of securing water supplies. The Western States, including the arid Southwest, have the most rapid population growth in the United States. The climate varies widely in the West, but it is best known for its low precipitation, aridity, and drought. There is evidence that the climate is warming, which will have consequences for Western water supplies, such as increased minimum streamflow and earlier snowmelt events in snow-dominated basins. The potential for departures from average climatic conditions threatens to disrupt society and local to regional economies. The appropriative rights doctrine governs the management of water in most Western States, although some aspects of the riparian doctrine are being incorporated. The 'use it or lose it' provisions of Western water law discourage conservation and make the reallocation of water to instream environmental uses more difficult. The hydrologic sciences have defined the interconnectedness of ground water and surface water, yet these resources are still administered separately by most States. The definition of water availability has been expanded to include sustaining riparian ecosystems and individual endangered species, which are disproportionately represented in the Western States. Federal reserved rights, common in the West because of the large amount of Federal land, exist with quite senior priority dates whether or not water is currently being used. A major challenge for water users in the West is that these reserved rights may supersede other existing users. The minimum amount of water required, however, to sustain native peoples, a riparian system, or an endangered species eventually will need to be known in order to manage the available water supply. Periodic inventory and assessment of the amounts and trends of water available in surface water and ground water are needed to support water management. There is a widespread perception that the amount of available water is diminishing with time. This and other perceptions about water availability should be replaced by objective data and analysis. Some data are presented here for the major Western rivers that show that flows are not decreasing in most streams and rivers in the West. Systematic information is lacking to make broad assessments of ground-water availability, but available data for specific aquifers indicate that these aquifers are being depleted, especially near population centers. The complexity added to the issue of Western water availability by these and other factors gives rise to a significant role of science. Science has played a role in support of Western water development from the beginning, and the role has evolved and changed over time as society's values have changed. In this report, the role of science is discussed in three phases: (1) development and construction, (2) consequences and environmental awareness, and (3) sustainability. The development and construction phase includes some historical accounting of water development in the West and shows how some precedents set in those early days are still applied today.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1261","isbn":"060795585","usgsCitation":"Anderson, M.T., and Woosley, L.H., 2005, Water availability for the Western United States--Key scientific challenges: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1261, xi, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1261.","productDescription":"xi, 85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1261.jpg"},{"id":7158,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/circ1261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388606,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73994.htm"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.7500,\n 25.8378\n ],\n [\n -93.5069,\n 25.8378\n ],\n [\n -93.5069,\n 49.00\n ],\n [\n -124.7500,\n 49.00\n ],\n [\n -124.7500,\n 25.8378\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd42d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Mark Theodore 0000-0002-1477-6788 manders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1477-6788","contributorId":76020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Mark","email":"manders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woosley, Lloyd H. Jr.","contributorId":95154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woosley","given":"Lloyd","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72720,"text":"sir20055138 - 2005 - Arsenic in ground water in selected parts of southwestern Ohio, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"sir20055138","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5138","title":"Arsenic in ground water in selected parts of southwestern Ohio, 2002-03","docAbstract":"Arsenic concentrations were measured in 57 domestic wells in Preble, Miami, and Shelby Counties, in southwestern Ohio. The median arsenic concentration was 7.1 ?g/L (micrograms per liter), and the maximum was 67.6 ?g/L. Thirty-seven percent of samples had arsenic concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 ?g/L. \r\n\r\nElevated arsenic concentrations (>10 ?g/L) were detected over the entire range of depths sampled (42 to 221 feet) and in each of three aquifer types, Silurian carbonate bedrock, glacial buried-valley deposits, and glacial till with interbedded sand and gravel. \r\n\r\nOne factor common in all samples with elevated arsenic concentrations was that iron concentrations were greater than 1,000 ?g/L. The observed correlations of arsenic with iron and alkalinity are consistent with the hypothesis that arsenic was released from iron oxides under reducing conditions (by reductive dissolution or reductive desorption). \r\n\r\nComparisons among the three aquifer types revealed some differences in arsenic occurrence. For buried-valley deposits, the median arsenic concentration was 4.6 ?g/L, and the maximum was 67.6 ?g/L. There was no correlation between arsenic concentrations and depth; the highest concentrations were at intermediate depths (about 100 feet). Half of the buried-valley samples were estimated to be methanic. Most of the samples with elevated arsenic concentrations also had elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and ammonia. \r\n\r\nFor carbonate bedrock, the median arsenic concentration was 8.0 ?g/L, and the maximum was 30.7 ?g/L. Arsenic concentrations increased with depth. Elevated arsenic concentrations were detected in iron- or sulfate-reducing samples. Arsenic was significantly correled with molybdenum, strontium, fluoride, and silica, which are components of naturally ocurring minerals. \r\n\r\nFor glacial till with interbedded sand and gravel, half of the samples had elevated arsenic concentrations. The median was 11.4 ?g/L, and the maximum was 27.6 ?g/L. At shallow depths (<100 feet), this aquifer type had higher arsenic and iron concentrations than carbonate bedrock. \r\n\r\nIt is not known whether these observed differences among aquifer types are related to variations in (1) arsenic content of the aquifer material, (2) organic carbon content of the aquifer material, (3) mechanisms of arsenic mobilization (or uptake), or (4) rates of arsenic mobilization (or uptake). A followup study that includes solid-phase analyses and geochemical modeling was begun in 2004 in northwestern Preble County.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055138","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M.A., Schumann, T.L., and Pletsch, B.A., 2005, Arsenic in ground water in selected parts of southwestern Ohio, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5138, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055138.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7159,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5138/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672d23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Mary Ann mathomas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Mary","email":"mathomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumann, Thomas L.","contributorId":49469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pletsch, Bruce A.","contributorId":20427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pletsch","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}