The expected moments algorithm (EMA) [Cohn et al., 1997] and the Bulletin 17B [Interagency Committee on Water Data, 1982] historical weighting procedure (B17H) for the log Pearson type III distribution are compared by Monte Carlo computer simulation for cases in which historical and/or paleoflood data are available. The relative performance of the estimators was explored for three cases: fixed‐threshold exceedances, a fixed number of large floods, and floods generated from a different parent distribution. EMA can effectively incorporate four types of historical and paleoflood data: floods where the discharge is explicitly known, unknown discharges below a single threshold, floods with unknown discharge that exceed some level, and floods with discharges described in a range. The B17H estimator can utilize only the first two types of historical information. Including historical/paleoflood data in the simulation experiments significantly improved the quantile estimates in terms of mean square error and bias relative to using gage data alone. EMA performed significantly better than B17H in nearly all cases considered. B17H performed as well as EMA for estimating X100 in some limited fixed‐threshold exceedance cases. EMA performed comparatively much better in other fixed‐threshold situations, for the single large flood case, and in cases when estimating extreme floods equal to or greater than X500. B17H did not fully utilize historical information when the historical period exceeded 200 years. Robustness studies using GEV‐simulated data confirmed that EMA performed better than B17H. Overall, EMA is preferred to B17H when historical and paleoflood data are available for flood frequency analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001791","usgsCitation":"England, J., Salas, J.D., and Jarrett, R.D., 2003, Comparisons of two moments‐based estimators that utilize historical and paleoflood data for the log Pearson type III distribution: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 9, p. 5-1-5-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001791.","productDescription":"Article 1243; 16 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001791","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8c5e4b0c8380cd4d2b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"England, John F. Jr. 0000-0001-5563-6274","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5563-6274","contributorId":203275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"England","given":"John F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":27611,"text":"US Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Salas, Jose D.","contributorId":94730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salas","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":404413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025243,"text":"70025243 - 2003 - Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid alluvial stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T07:24:33","indexId":"70025243","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid alluvial stream","docAbstract":"Hydrologic retention of solutes in hyporheic zones or other slowly moving waters of natural channels is thought to be a significant control on biogeochemical cycling and ecology of streams. To learn more about factors affecting hydrologic retention, we repeated stream-tracer injections for 5 years in a semi-arid alluvial stream (Pinal Creek, Ariz.) during a period when streamflow was decreasing, channel width increasing, and coverage of aquatic macrophytes expanding. Average stream velocity at Pinal Creek decreased from 0.8 to 0.2 m/s, average stream depth decreased from 0.09 to 0.04 m, and average channel width expanded from 3 to 13 m. Modeling of tracer experiments indicated that the hydrologic retention factor (Rh), a measure of the average time that solute spends in storage per unit length of downstream transport, increased from 0.02 to 8 s/m. At the same time the ratio of cross-sectional area of storage zones to main channel cross-sectional area (As/A) increased from 0.2 to 0.8 m2/m2, and average water residence time in storage zones (ts) increased from 5 to 24 min. Compared with published data from four other streams in the US, Pinal Creek experienced the greatest change in hydrologic retention for a given change in streamflow. The other streams differed from Pinal Creek in that they experienced a change in streamflow between tracer experiments without substantial geomorphic or vegetative adjustments. As a result, a regression of hydrologic retention on streamflow developed for the other streams underpredicted the measured increases in hydrologic retention at Pinal Creek. The increase in hydrologic retention at Pinal Creek was more accurately predicted when measurements of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor were used (either alone or in addition to streamflow) as a predictor variable. We conclude that relatively simple measurements of channel friction are useful for predicting the response of hydrologic retention in streams to major adjustments in channel morphology as well as changes in streamflow.
As part of the World Climate Research Program's (WCRPs) Global Energy and Water-Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project (GCIP), a preliminary water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS) was developed for the period 1996-1999 fromthe \"best available\" observations and models. Besides this summary paper, a companion CD-ROM with more extensive discussion, figures, tables, and raw data is available to the interested researcher from the GEWEX project office, the GAPP project office, or the first author. An updated online version of the CD-ROM is also available at http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/gcip/webs.htm/. Observations cannot adequately characterize or \"close\" budgets since too many fundamental processes are missing. Models that properly represent the many complicated atmospheric and near-surface interactions are also required. This preliminary synthesis therefore included a representative global general circulation model, regional climate model, and a macroscale hydrologic model as well as a global reanalysis and a regional analysis. By the qualitative agreement among the models and available observations, it did appear that we now qualitatively understand water and energy budgets of the Mississippi River Basin. However, there is still much quantitative uncertainty. In that regard, there did appear to be a clear advantage to using a regional analysis over a global analysis or a regional simulation over a global simulation to describe the Mississippi River Basin water and energy budgets. There also appeared to be some advantage to using a macroscale hydrologic model for at least the surface water budgets. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002JD002583","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Roads, J., Lawford, R., Bainto, E., Berbery, E., Chen, S., Fekete, B., Gallo, K., Grundstein, A., Higgins, W., Kanamitsu, M., Krajewski, W., Lakshmi, V., Leathers, D., Lettenmaier, D., Luo, L., Maurer, E., Meyers, T., Miller, D., Mitchell, K., Mote, T., Pinker, R., Reichler, T., Robinson, D., Robock, A., Smith, J., Srinivasan, G., Verdin, K., Vinnikov, K., Vonder, H.T., Vorosmarty, C., Williams, S., and Yarosh, E., 2003, GCIP water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS): Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002583.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1445e4b0c8380cd54990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roads, J.","contributorId":48370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roads","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawford, R.","contributorId":106295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawford","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bainto, E.","contributorId":100593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bainto","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berbery, E.","contributorId":45096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berbery","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chen, S.","contributorId":7856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fekete, B.","contributorId":81297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fekete","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gallo, K. 0000-0001-9162-5011 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Ken","contributorId":8211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Mote, T.","contributorId":105895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mote","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Pinker, R.","contributorId":59981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinker","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Reichler, T.","contributorId":64005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichler","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Robinson, 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0000-0002-6114-4660","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":33505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Vinnikov, K.","contributorId":29620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinnikov","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Vonder, Haar T.","contributorId":31560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vonder","given":"Haar","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C.","contributorId":79276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Williams, S.","contributorId":18514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Yarosh, E.","contributorId":83726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yarosh","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32}]}} ,{"id":70025223,"text":"70025223 - 2003 - Evaluation of an expandable, breakaway radiocollar for white-tailed deer fawns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025223","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an expandable, breakaway radiocollar for white-tailed deer fawns","docAbstract":"We evaluated an expandable, breakaway VHF radiocollar design for use on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from birth to about 1 year of age. A similar collar design has been used on caribou (Rangifer tarandus), but we found that the collar did not expand quickly enough to accommodate increase in neck circumference of fawns during the first 2 months of life. Consequently, we modified the stitching pattern so that the first expansion fold opened faster. We monitored performance of this modification on free-ranging and captive fawns. Also, we collected data on neck growth in fawns to document design requirements of expandable collars for white-tailed deer. Mean neck circumference at ???14 days of age of free-ranging fawns in Pennsylvania was 17.8 cm (SD=1.67, n=62) for males and 17.3 cm (SD=1.50, n=52) for females. Based on measurements of captive fawns, neck circumference increased 8.8 cm from birth to August, 2.5 cm from August to October, and 2.6 cm from October to March. Observations of captive fawns fitted with dummy radiocollars indicated that collars expanded when needed and caused no apparent discomfort to fawns. We detected no problems with use of 86 collars on 113 free-ranging fawns for >270 days and recovered radiocollars expanded as designed. The elastic collar material failed on 3 collars (3%) after 142, 207, and 226 days on fawns, and 1-5 radiocollars (???4%) were cast by fawns. Our modification to this radiocollar design reduced fawn discomfort or suffering, allowing researchers to better comply with principles of the Animal Welfare Act.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, D., Kochanny, C., Vreeland, J., and Wallingford, B., 2003, Evaluation of an expandable, breakaway radiocollar for white-tailed deer fawns: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, no. 3, p. 756-761.","startPage":"756","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c45e4b0c8380cd52adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":106592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochanny, C.O.","contributorId":79437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochanny","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vreeland, J.K.","contributorId":22528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vreeland","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallingford, B.D.","contributorId":62726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallingford","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025220,"text":"70025220 - 2003 - A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:42:13.389711","indexId":"70025220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2239,"text":"Journal of Earth System Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India earthquake","docAbstract":"We compiled available news and internet accounts of damage and other effects from the 26th January, 2001, Bhuj earthquake, and interpreted them to obtain modified Mercalli intensities at over 200 locations throughout the Indian subcontinent. These values are used to map the intensity distribution using a simple mathematical interpolation method. The maps reveal several interesting features. Within the Kachchh region, the most heavily damaged villages are concentrated towards the western edge of the inferred fault, consistent with western directivity. Significant sediment-induced amplification is also suggested at a number of locations around the Gulf of Kachchh to the south of the epicenter. Away from the Kachchh region intensities were clearly amplified significantly in areas that are along rivers, within deltas, or on coastal alluvium such as mud flats and salt pans. In addition we use fault rupture parameters inferred from teleseismic data to predict shaking intensity at distances of 0-1000 km. We then convert the predicted hard rock ground motion parameters to MMI using a relationship (derived from internet-based intensity surveys) that assigns MMI based on the average effects in a region. The predicted MMIs are typically lower by 1-2 units than those estimated from news accounts. This discrepancy is generally consistent with the expected effect of sediment response, but it could also reflect other factors such as a tendency for media accounts to focus on the most dramatic damage, rather than the average effects. Our modeling results also suggest, however, that the Bhuj earthquake generated more high-frequency shaking than is expected for earthquakes of similar magnitude in California, and may therefore have been especially damaging.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02534126","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., Martin, S., Bilham, R., and Atkinson, G.M., 2003, A media-based assessment of damage and ground motions from the January 26th, 2001 M 7.6 Bhuj, India earthquake: Journal of Earth System Science, v. 112, no. 3, p. 353-373.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","city":"Bhuj","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 68.4228515625,\n 20.817741019786485\n ],\n [\n 71.663818359375,\n 20.817741019786485\n ],\n [\n 71.663818359375,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n 68.4228515625,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n 68.4228515625,\n 20.817741019786485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44ce4b0c8380cd46577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Stacey","contributorId":35165,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Stacey","affiliations":[{"id":5110,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bilham, Roger","contributorId":225117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bilham","given":"Roger","affiliations":[{"id":13693,"text":"University of Colorado Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, Gail M.","contributorId":60515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025217,"text":"70025217 - 2003 - Effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the re-establishment of bioluminescence and copper or SDS toxicity in the marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula using bioluminescence as an endpoint","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025217","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the re-establishment of bioluminescence and copper or SDS toxicity in the marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula using bioluminescence as an endpoint","docAbstract":"Pyrocystis lunula is a unicellular, marine, photoautotrophic, bioluminescent dinoflagellate. This organism is used in the Lumitox ?? bioassay with inhibition of bioluminescence re-establishment as the endpoint. Experiments determined if acute changes in pH, salinity, or temperature had an effect on the organisms' ability to re-establish bioluminescence, or on the bioassay's potential to detect sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and copper toxicity. The re-establishment of bioluminescence itself was not very sensitive to changes in pH within the pH 6-10 range, though reducing pH from 8 to levels below 6 decreased this capacity. Increasing the pH had little effect on Cu or SDS toxicity, but decreasing the pH below 7 virtually eliminated the toxicity of either compound in the bioassay. Lowering the salinity from 33 to 27??? or less resulted in a substantial decrease in re-establishment of bioluminescence, while increasing the salinity to 43 or 48 ??? resulted in a small decline. Salinity had little influence on the bioassay's quantification of Cu toxicity, while the data showed a weak negative relationship between SDS toxicity and salinity. Re-establishment of bioluminescence showed a direct dependence on temperature, but only at 10??C did temperature have an obvious effect on the toxicity of Cu in this bioassay. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00059-9","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Craig, J., Klerks, P., Heimann, K., and Waits, J., 2003, Effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the re-establishment of bioluminescence and copper or SDS toxicity in the marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula using bioluminescence as an endpoint: Environmental Pollution, v. 125, no. 2, p. 267-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00059-9.","startPage":"267","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209585,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00059-9"},{"id":236215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07bbe4b0c8380cd517d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, J.M.","contributorId":39566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klerks, P.L.","contributorId":24396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klerks","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heimann, K.","contributorId":84552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waits, J.L.","contributorId":92630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025214,"text":"70025214 - 2003 - Land use and land cover change in the North Central Appalachians ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:18:53","indexId":"70025214","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3028,"text":"Pennsylvania Geographer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use and land cover change in the North Central Appalachians ecoregion","docAbstract":"The North Central Appalachians ecoregion, spanning northern Pennsylvania and southern New York, has a long history of land use and land cover change. Turn-of-the-century logging dramatically altered the natural landscape of the ecoregion, but subsequent regeneration returned the ecoregion to a forest dominated condition. To understand contemporary land use and land cover changes, the U.S. Geological Survey with NASA and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency used a random sample of satellite remotely sensed data for 1973, 1980, 1986, 1992, and 2000 to estimate the rates and assess the primary drivers of change in the North Central Appalachians. The overall change was 6.2%. The 1973-1980 period had the lowest rate of change (1.5%); the highest rate (2.9%) occurred during the 1992-2000 period. The primary conversions were deforestation through harvesting and natural disturbance (i.e., tornados) followed by regeneration, and conversion of forests to mining and urban lands. The primary drivers of the change included changes in access, energy and forest prices, and attitudes toward the environment.","language":"English","issn":"05535980","usgsCitation":"Napton, D., Sohl, T.L., Auch, R.F., and Loveland, T., 2003, Land use and land cover change in the North Central Appalachians ecoregion: Pennsylvania Geographer, v. 41, no. 2, p. 46-66.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a42ebe4b0c8380cd65fb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Napton, D.E.","contributorId":23720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Napton","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auch, Roger F. 0000-0002-5382-5044","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-5044","contributorId":90519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auch","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":404267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025213,"text":"70025213 - 2003 - The west-central Florida inner shelf and coastal system: A geologic conceptual overview and introduction to the special issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T10:02:11","indexId":"70025213","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The west-central Florida inner shelf and coastal system: A geologic conceptual overview and introduction to the special issue","docAbstract":"This paper provides an overview for this special publication on the geologic framework of the inner shelf and coastal zone of west-central Florida. This is a significant geologic setting in that it lies at the center of an ancient carbonate platform facing an enormous ramp that has exerted large-scale control on coastal geomorphology, the availability of sediments, and the level of wave energy. In order to understand the Holocene geologic history of this depositional system, a regional study defined by natural boundaries (north end of a barrier island to the apex of a headland) was undertaken by a group of government and university coastal geologists using a wide variety of laboratory and field techniques. It is the purpose of this introductory paper to define the character of this coastal/inner shelf system, provide a historical geologic perspective and background of environmental information, define the overall database, present the collective objectives of this regional study, and very briefly present the main aspects of each contribution. Specific conclusions are presented at the end of each paper composing this volume. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00161-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Hine, A.C., Brooks, G.R., Davis, R., Duncan, D., Locker, S., Twichell, D., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2003, The west-central Florida inner shelf and coastal system: A geologic conceptual overview and introduction to the special issue: Marine Geology, v. 200, no. 1-4, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00161-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1d9e4b08c986b325453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R.A. Jr.","contributorId":21198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duncan, D.S.","contributorId":41637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Locker, S. D.","contributorId":81532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026257,"text":"70026257 - 2003 - Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - A review and new analysis of past study results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026257","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - A review and new analysis of past study results","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain region of Colorado and southern Wyoming receives as much as 7kgha-1yr-1 of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, an amount that may have caused changes in aquatic and terrestrial life in otherwise pristine ecosystems. Results from published studies indicate a long-term increase in the rate of atmospheric N deposition during the 20th century, but data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and Clean Air Status and Trends Network show no region-wide increase during the past 2 decades. Nitrogen loads in atmospheric wet deposition have increased since the mid-1980s, however, at three high elevation (>3000m) sites east of the Continental Divide in the Front Range. Much of this increase is the result of increased ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in wet deposition. This suggests an increase in contributions from agricultural areas or from vehicles east of the Rocky Mountains and is consistent with the results of previous studies that have suggested a significant eastern source for atmospheric N deposition to the Front Range. The four sites with the highest NH4+ concentrations in wet deposition were among the six easternmost NADP sites, which is also consistent with a source to the east of the Rockies. This analysis found an increase in N loads in wet deposition at Niwot Ridge of only 0.013kgha-1yr-1, more than an order of magnitude less than previously reported for this site. This lower rate of increase results from application of the non-parametric Seasonal Kendall trend test to mean monthly data, which failed a test for normality, in contrast to linear regression, which was applied to mean annual data in a previous study. Current upward trends in population growth and energy use in Colorado and throughout the west suggest a need for continued monitoring of atmospheric deposition of N, and may reveal more widespread trends in N deposition in the future.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 2003, Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - A review and new analysis of past study results: Atmospheric Environment, v. 37, no. 7, p. 921-932, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7.","startPage":"921","endPage":"932","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208466,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7"},{"id":234220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025210,"text":"70025210 - 2003 - Linking Proxy-Based and Datum-Based Shorelines on a High-Energy Coastline: Implications for Shoreline Change Analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025210","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Linking Proxy-Based and Datum-Based Shorelines on a High-Energy Coastline: Implications for Shoreline Change Analyses","docAbstract":"A primary purpose of this paper is to quantitatively link variously defined and derived shoreline estimates commonly used for shoreline change analysis. Estimates of shoreline mapping and derivation error, natural shoreline variability, and the relationships between horizontally-derived (proxy-based) shorelines to vertical datums (e.g. MHW) are presented. A series of shoreline repeatability and variability experiments as well as data from a beach monitoring program along the high-energy US Pacific Northwest coast, indicate total uncertainty estimates of the horizontal position of proxy-based shorelines to be approximately ?? 50-150 m for T-sheets and aerial photography and approximately ?? 15 m for datum-based shorelines derived from ground- or air-based topographic surveys. The ability to obtain reliable shoreline change results depends upon both the selected shoreline definition (e.g. horizontal- or feature-based proxy, or datum-based intercept) and the accuracy of the technique used in mapping or interpreting its position. The position of the selected shoreline on the beach profile determines its inherent temporal and spatial variability, an important consideration that has often been overlooked in the scientific literature on shoreline change, Historical shorelines mapped on NOS T-sheets and aerial photos have commonly identified high water line (HWL)-type shorelines, which are shown to be higher on the beach surface than the MHW-datum intercept along coasts subject to wave runup. Analyses of 4.5 years of beach profile data from the southwest Washington coast suggest that both the MHW and HWL-type shorelines have greater natural short-term variability than expected, significantly greater than the variability of shoreline proxies defined farther landward and higher on the beach profile. A model for determining the natural variability of HWL-type shorelines reveals that this short-term variability is the dominant factor in the large total uncertainty values associated with shorelines derived from T-sheets and aerial photographs. The results of these analyses and quantitative comparisons are relevant to determining the significance of historical shoreline changes, as well as to defining the appropriate shoreline proxy or datum and time scale for future shoreline change analysis.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Ruggiero, P., Kaminsky, G.M., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2003, Linking Proxy-Based and Datum-Based Shorelines on a High-Energy Coastline: Implications for Shoreline Change Analyses, in Journal of Coastal Research, no. SPEC. ISS. 38, p. 57-82.","startPage":"57","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"SPEC. ISS. 38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47cfe4b0c8380cd679c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaminsky, G. M.","contributorId":50586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025206,"text":"70025206 - 2003 - Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:19:58","indexId":"70025206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida","docAbstract":"High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS 14C dates (< 1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N-S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW-SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00182-8","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Harrison, S.E., Locker, S., Hine, A.C., Edwards, J., Naar, D., Twichell, D., and Mallinson, D.J., 2003, Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida: Marine Geology, v. 200, no. 1-4, p. 171-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00182-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84,\n 26.85\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 26.85\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 28.5\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 28.5\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 26.85\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"200","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a09e4b08c986b316fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, S. E.","contributorId":87976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locker, S. D.","contributorId":81532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, J.H.","contributorId":96467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naar, D. F.","contributorId":80434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naar","given":"D. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mallinson, D. J.","contributorId":71745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025195,"text":"70025195 - 2003 - Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025195","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes","docAbstract":"Mark-recapture studies generate biased, or distance-weighted, movement data because short distances are sampled more frequently than long distances. Using models and field data, we determined how study design affects distance weighting and the movement distributions of stream fishes. We first modeled distance weighting as a function of recapture section length in an unbranching stream. The addition of an unsampled tributary to one of these models substantially increased distance weighting by decreasing the percentage of upstream distances that were sampled. Similarly, the presence of multiple tributaries in the field study resulted in severe bias. However, increasing recapture section length strongly affected distance weighting in both the model and the field study, producing a zone where the number of fish moving could be estimated with little bias. Subsampled data from the field study indicated that longer median (three of three species) and maximum distances (two of three species) can be detected by increasing the length of the recapture section. The effect was extreme for bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus, a highly mobile species, which exhibited a longer median distance (133 m versus 60 m), a longer maximum distance (1,144 m versus 708 m), and a distance distribution that differed in shape when the full (4,123-m recapture section) and subsampled (1,978-m recapture section) data sets were compared. Correction factors that adjust the observed number of movements to undersampled distances upwards and those to oversampled distances downwards could not mitigate the distance weighting imposed by the shorter recapture section. Future studies should identify the spatial scale over which movements can be accurately measured before data are collected. Increasing recapture section length a priori is far superior to using post hoc correction factors to reduce the influence of distance weighting on observed distributions. Implementing these strategies will be especially important in stream networks where fish can follow multiple pathways out of the recapture section.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T03-019","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Albanese, B., Angermeier, P., and Gowan, C., 2003, Designing mark-recapture studies to reduce effects of distance weighting on movement distance distributions of stream fishes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 5, p. 925-939, https://doi.org/10.1577/T03-019.","startPage":"925","endPage":"939","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209404,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T03-019"},{"id":235808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff47e4b0c8380cd4f0ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albanese, B.","contributorId":47136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albanese","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gowan, C.","contributorId":51077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowan","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025192,"text":"70025192 - 2003 - Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed, Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:59:50","indexId":"70025192","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed, Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","docAbstract":"Interannual above-ground production patterns are characterized for three tundra ecosystems in the Kuparuk River watershed of Alaska using NOAA-AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. NDVI values integrated over each growing season (SINDVI) were used to represent seasonal production patterns between 1989 and 1996. Spatial differences in ecosystem production were expected to follow north-south climatic and soil gradients, while interannual differences in production were expected to vary with variations in seasonal precipitation and temperature. It was hypothesized that the increased vegetation growth in high latitudes between 1981 and 1991 previously reported would continue through the period of investigation for the study watershed. Zonal differences in vegetation production were confirmed but interannual variations did not covary with seasonal precipitation or temperature totals. A sharp reduction in the SINDVI in 1992 followed by a consistent increase up to 1996 led to a further hypothesis that the interannual variations in SINDVI were associated with variations in stratospheric optical depth. Using published stratospheric optical depth values derived from the SAGE and SAGE-II satellites, it is demonstrated that variations in these depths are likely the primary cause of SINDVI interannual variability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/0143116021000021170","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Hope, A., Boynton, W., Stow, D., and Douglas, D., 2003, Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed, Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 24, no. 17, p. 3413-3425, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000021170.","startPage":"3413","endPage":"3425","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209388,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000021170"}],"volume":"24","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce6e4b0c8380cd63136","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hope, A.S.","contributorId":51076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hope","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boynton, W.L.","contributorId":7062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boynton","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stow, D.A.","contributorId":44336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025191,"text":"70025191 - 2003 - Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T19:42:10.236527","indexId":"70025191","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history and dynamic implications of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","docAbstract":"[1] We investigate the rupture process of the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake using extensive near‐source observations, including three‐component velocity waveforms at 36 strong motion stations and 119 GPS measurements. A three‐plane fault geometry derived from our previous inversion using only static data [Ji et al., 2001] is applied. The slip amplitude, rake angle, rupture initiation time, and risetime function are inverted simultaneously with a recently developed finite fault inverse method that combines a wavelet transform approach with a simulated annealing algorithm [Ji et al., 2002b]. The inversion results are validated by the forward prediction of an independent data set, the teleseismic P and SH ground velocities, with notable agreement. The results show that the total seismic moment release of this earthquake is 2.7 × 1020 N m and that most of the slip occurred in a triangular‐shaped asperity involving two fault segments, which is consistent with our previous static inversion. The rupture front propagates with an average rupture velocity of ∼2.0 km s−1, and the average slip duration (risetime) is 7.2 s. Several interesting observations related to the temporal evolution of the Chi‐Chi earthquake are also investigated, including (1) the strong effect of the sinuous fault plane of the Chelungpu fault on spatial and temporal variations in slip history, (2) the intersection of fault 1 and fault 2 not being a strong impediment to the rupture propagation, and (3) the observation that the peak slip velocity near the surface is, in general, higher than on the deeper portion of the fault plane, as predicted by dynamic modeling.
Both ground and helicopter surveys are commonly used to collect sex and age composition data for ungulates. Little attention has been paid, however, to whether data collected by each technique are similar. We compared helicopter and ground composition data for both elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus across a variety of habitats in the state of Washington, USA. We found that ground and helicopter counts differed (P's < 0.002) consistently in male age structure estimates for elk, and that the two survey methods differed in estimates of adult sex ratios for mule deer (P = 0.023). Counts from helicopters provided larger sample sizes, tended to be more consistent annually in their results, and were corroborated by other demographic studies of the test populations. We conclude that helicopter and ground surveys differ for male age structure and perhaps male:female ratios, but are similar for young:female ratios. Managers should maintain a standardized technique using the same survey vehicle for trend analysis of composition data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2981/wlb.2003.051","issn":"09096396","usgsCitation":"Bender, L.C., Myers, W.L., and Gould, W., 2003, Comparison of helicopter and ground surveys for North American elk Cervus elaphus and mule deer Odocoileus hemionus population composition: Wildlife Biology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 199-205, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2003.051.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f868e4b0c8380cd4d0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, Louis C.","contributorId":72509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Woodrow L.","contributorId":200876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Woodrow","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gould, William R.","contributorId":244516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gould","given":"William R.","affiliations":[{"id":27575,"text":"NMSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025183,"text":"70025183 - 2003 - Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025183","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy","docAbstract":"The increasing availability of digital photographic materials has fueled efforts by agencies and organizations to generate land cover maps for states, regions, and the United States as a whole. Regardless of the information sources and classification methods used, land cover maps are subject to numerous sources of error. In order to understand the quality of the information contained in these maps, it is desirable to generate statistically valid estimates of accuracy rates describing misclassification errors. We explored a full sample survey framework for creating accuracy assessment study designs that balance statistical and operational considerations in relation to study objectives for a regional assessment of GAP land cover maps. We focused not only on appropriate sample designs and estimation approaches, but on aspects of the data collection process, such as gaining cooperation of land owners and using pixel clusters as an observation unit. The approach was tested in a pilot study to assess the accuracy of Iowa GAP land cover maps. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design addressed sample size requirements for land covers and the need for geographic spread while minimizing operational effort. Recruitment methods used for private land owners yielded high response rates, minimizing a source of nonresponse error. Collecting data for a 9-pixel cluster centered on the sampled pixel was simple to implement, and provided better information on rarer vegetation classes as well as substantial gains in precision relative to observing data at a single-pixel.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1025107023980","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Nusser, S., and Klaas, E., 2003, Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 10, no. 3, p. 309-331, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980.","startPage":"309","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025107023980"},{"id":235651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba28ae4b08c986b31f79b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":21487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025176,"text":"70025176 - 2003 - Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T17:02:18.291394","indexId":"70025176","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR","title":"Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR","docAbstract":"The 23 October 2002 Nenana Mountain Earthquake (Mw ∼ 6.7) occurred on the Denali Fault (Alaska), to the west of the Mw ∼ 7.9 Denali Earthquake that ruptured the same fault 11 days later. We used 6 interferograms, constructed using radar images from the Canadian Radarsat-1 and European ERS-2 satellites, to determine the coseismic surface deformation and a source model. Data were acquired on ascending and descending satellite passes, with incidence angles between 23 and 45 degrees, and time intervals of 72 days or less. Modeling the event as dislocations in an elastic half space suggests that there was nearly 0.9 m of right-lateral strike-slip motion at depth, on a near-vertical fault, and that the maximum slip in the top 4 km of crust was less than 0.2 m. The Nenana Mountain Earthquake increased the Coulomb stress at the future hypocenter of the 3 November 2002, Denali Earthquake by 30–60 kPa.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018014","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.J., Lu, Z., and Wicks, C., 2003, Source model for the Mw 6.7, 23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 18, p. 12-1-12-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018014.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"12-1","endPage":"12-4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478411,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali fault, Nenana Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9330e4b08c986b31a34b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Tim J.","contributorId":84959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, Charles 0000-0002-0809-1328","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-1328","contributorId":9023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025169,"text":"70025169 - 2003 - Mapping Shoreline Change Using Digital Orthophotogrammetry on Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025169","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping Shoreline Change Using Digital Orthophotogrammetry on Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Digital, aerial orthophotomosaics with 0.5-3.0 m horizontal accuracy, used with NOAA topographic maps (T-sheets), document past shoreline positions on Maui Island, Hawaii. Outliers in the shoreline position database are determined using a least median of squares regression. Least squares linear regression of the reweighted data (outliers excluded) is used to determine a shoreline trend termed the reweighted linear squares (RLS). To determine the annual erosion hazard rate (AEHR) for use by shoreline managers the RLS data is smoothed in the longshore direction using a weighted moving average five transects wide with the smoothed rate applied to the center transect. Weightings within each five transect group are 1,3,5,3,1. AEHR's (smoothed RLS values) are plotted on a 1:3000 map series for use by shoreline managers and planners. These maps are displayed on the web for public reference at http://www.co.maui.hi.us/ departments/Planning/erosion.htm. An end-point rate of change is also calculated using the earliest T-sheet and the latest collected shoreline (1997 or 2002). The resulting database consists of 3565 separate erosion rates spaced every 20 m along 90 km of sandy shoreline. Three regions are analyzed: Kihei, West Maui, and North Shore coasts. The Kihei Coast has an average AEHR of about 0.3 m/yr, an end point rate (EPR) of 0.2 m/yr, 2.8 km of beach loss and 19 percent beach narrowing in the period 1949-1997. Over the same period the West Maui coast has an average AEHR of about 0.2 m/yr, an average EPR of about 0.2 m/yr, about 4.5 km of beach loss and 25 percent beach narrowing. The North Shore has an average AEHR of about 0.4 m/yr, an average EPR of about 0.3 m/yr, 0.8 km of beach loss and 15 percent beach narrowing. The mean, island-wide EPR of eroding shorelines is 0.24 m/yr and the average AEHR of eroding shorelines is about 0.3 m/yr. The overall shoreline change rate, erosion and accretion included, as measured using the unsmoothed RLS technique is 0.21 m/yr. Island wide changes in beach width show a 19 percent decrease over the period 1949/ 1950 to 1997/2002. Island-wide, about 8 km of dry beach has been lost since 1949 (i.e., high water against hard engineering structures and natural rock substrate).","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, C., Rooney, J., Barbee, M., Lim, S., and Richmond, B., 2003, Mapping Shoreline Change Using Digital Orthophotogrammetry on Maui, Hawaii, in Journal of Coastal Research, no. SPEC. ISS. 38, p. 106-124.","startPage":"106","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"SPEC. ISS. 38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5049e4b0c8380cd6b59d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, C.","contributorId":49580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rooney, J.","contributorId":78516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rooney","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barbee, M.","contributorId":16632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lim, S.-C.","contributorId":49967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lim","given":"S.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richmond, B.","contributorId":78117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025165,"text":"70025165 - 2003 - The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: A synthesis of remotely sensed imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:20:33","indexId":"70025165","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: A synthesis of remotely sensed imagery","docAbstract":"Okmok Volcano, in the eastern Aleutian Islands, erupted in February and March of 1997 producing a 6-km-long lava flow and low-level ash plumes. This caldera is one of the most active in the Aleutian Arc, and is now the focus of international multidisciplinary studies. A synthesis of remotely sensed data (AirSAR, derived DEMs, Landsat MSS and ETM+ data, AVHRR, ERS, JERS, Radarsat) has given a sequence of events for the virtually unobserved 1997 eruption. Elevation data from the AirSAR sensor acquired in October 2000 over Okmok were used to create a 5-m resolution DEM mosaic of Okmok Volcano. AVHRR nighttime imagery has been analyzed between February 13 and April 11, 1997. Landsat imagery and SAR data recorded prior to and after the eruption allowed us to accurately determine the extent of the new flow. The flow was first observed on February 13 without precursory thermal anomalies. At this time, the flow was a large single lobe flowing north. According to AVHRR Band 3 and 4 radiance data and ground observations, the first lobe continued growing until mid to late March, while a second, smaller lobe began to form sometime between March 11 and 12. This is based on a jump in the thermal and volumetric flux determined from the imagery, and the physical size of the thermal anomalies. Total radiance values waned after March 26, indicating lava effusion had ended and a cooling crust was growing. The total area (8.9 km2), thickness (up to 50 m) and volume (1.54×108 m3) of the new lava flow were determined by combining observations from SAR, Landsat ETM+, and AirSAR DEM data. While the first lobe of the flow ponded in a pre-eruption depression, our data suggest the second lobe was volume-limited. Remote sensing has become an integral part of the Alaska Volcano Observatory’s monitoring and hazard mitigation efforts. Studies like this allow access to remote volcanoes, and provide methods to monitor potentially dangerous ones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00180-X","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Patrick, M., Dehn, J., Papp, K., Lu, Z., Dean, K., Moxey, L., Izbekov, P., and Guritz, R., 2003, The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: A synthesis of remotely sensed imagery: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 127, no. 1-2, p. 87-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00180-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478528,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.725.4123","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00180-X"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba63de4b08c986b320fb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patrick, M.R.","contributorId":96059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dehn, J.","contributorId":36731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehn","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papp, K.R.","contributorId":107907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dean, K.","contributorId":42767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13097,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":404070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moxey, L.","contributorId":104263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxey","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Izbekov, P.","contributorId":46748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbekov","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Guritz, R.","contributorId":56428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guritz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025162,"text":"70025162 - 2003 - Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the Western segment of the North Anatolian fault, Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:21:56.343301","indexId":"70025162","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the Western segment of the North Anatolian fault, Turkey","docAbstract":"We have conducted a paleoseismic investigation of serial fault rupture at one site along the 110-km rupture of the North Anatolian fault that produced the Mw 7.4 earthquake of 17 August 1999. The benefit of using a recent rupture to compare serial ruptures lies in the fact that the location, magnitude, and slip vector of the most recent event are all very well documented. We wished to determine whether or not the previous few ruptures of the fault were similar to the recent one. We chose a site at a step-over between two major strike-slip traces, where the principal fault is a normal fault. Our two excavations across the 1999 rupture reveal fluvial sands and gravels with two colluvial wedges related to previous earthquakes. Each wedge is about 0.8 m thick. Considering the processes of collapse and subsequent diffusion that are responsible for the formation of a colluvial wedge, we suggest that the two paleoscarps were similar in height to the 1999 scarp. This similarity supports the concept of characteristic slip, at least for this location along the fault. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of 16 charcoal samples are consistent with the interpretation that these two paleoscarps formed during large historical events in 1509 and 1719. If this is correct, the most recent three ruptures at the site have occurred at 210- and 280-year intervals.