Bayesian inference provides a method to use seismic intensity data or instrumental locations, together with geologic and seismologic data, to make quantitative estimates of the probabilities that specific past earthquakes are associated with specific faults. Probability density functions are constructed for the location of each earthquake, and these are combined with prior probabilities through Bayes' theorem to estimate the probability that an earthquake is associated with a specific fault. Results using this method are presented here for large, preinstrumental, historical earthquakes and for recent earthquakes with instrumental locations in the San Francisco Bay region. The probabilities for individual earthquakes can be summed to construct a probabilistic frequency–magnitude relationship for a fault segment. Other applications of the technique include the estimation of the probability of background earthquakes, that is, earthquakes not associated with known or considered faults, and the estimation of the fraction of the total seismic moment associated with earthquakes less than the characteristic magnitude. Results for the San Francisco Bay region suggest that potentially damaging earthquakes with magnitudes less than the characteristic magnitudes should be expected. Comparisons of earthquake locations and the surface traces of active faults as determined from geologic data show significant disparities, indicating that a complete understanding of the relationship between earthquakes and faults remains elusive.
Water samples were collected on three dates at 24 sites influenced by effluent from Georgia-Pacific's Palatka Pulp and Paper Mill Operation, a bleached and unbleached kraft mill near Palatka, Florida, USA. The sampling sites were located within the mill retention ponds, Rice Creek, and the St. John's River. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids, all of which are potentially toxic by-products of pulp production. Isopimaric acid concentrations greater than 12 mg/L were measured at the mill's effluent outfall but were less than 20 μg/L at the end of Rice Creek. This result indicates that the waters of Rice Creek provide dilution or conditions conducive for degradation or sorption of these compounds. Large differences in resin acid concentrations were observed between sampling events. In two sampling events, the maximum observed concentrations were less than 2 mg/L for each analyte. In a third sampling event, all of the compounds were detected at concentrations greater than 10 mg/L. Data from the three sample dates showed that resin acid concentrations were below 20 μg/L before the confluence of Rice Creek and the St. John's River in all cases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620220128","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Quinn, B., Booth, M., Delfino, J., Holm, S.E., and Gross, T., 2003, Selected resin acids in effluent and receiving waters derived from a bleached and unbleached kraft pulp and paper mill: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 22, no. 1, p. 214-218, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220128.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"218","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Palatka","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.7108154296875,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -81.54876708984375,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -81.54876708984375,\n 29.709524917923563\n ],\n [\n -81.7108154296875,\n 29.709524917923563\n ],\n [\n -81.7108154296875,\n 29.597341920567366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8c92e4b08c986b317fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, B.P.","contributorId":61611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, M.M.","contributorId":70161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delfino, J.J.","contributorId":81288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delfino","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holm, S. E.","contributorId":49315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026079,"text":"70026079 - 2003 - Projecting global datasets to achieve equal areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026079","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projecting global datasets to achieve equal areas","docAbstract":"Scientists routinely accomplish global modeling in the raster domain, but recent research has indicated that the transformation of large areas through map projection equations leads to errors. This research attempts to gauge the extent of map projection and resampling effects on the tabulation of categorical areas by comparing the results of three datasets for seven common projections. The datasets, Global Land Cover, Holdridge Life Zones, and Global Vegetation, were compiled at resolutions of 30 arc-second, 1/2 degree, and 1 degree, respectively. These datasets were projected globally from spherical coordinates to plane representations. Results indicate significant problems in the implementation of global projection transformations in commercial software, as well as differences in areal accuracy across projections. The level of raster resolution directly affects the accuracy of areal tabulations, with higher resolution yielding higher accuracy. If the raster resolution is high enough for individual pixels to approximate points, the areal error tends to zero. The 30-arc-second cells appear to approximate this condition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304003100010956","issn":"15230406","usgsCitation":"Usery, E., Finn, M., Cox, J., Beard, T., Ruhl, S., and Bearden, M., 2003, Projecting global datasets to achieve equal areas: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 30, no. 1, p. 69-79, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010956.","startPage":"69","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010956"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8efde4b0c8380cd7f4f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, M.P.","contributorId":73246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, J.D.","contributorId":14987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beard, T.","contributorId":36337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruhl, S.","contributorId":44329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bearden, M.","contributorId":68510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bearden","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026087,"text":"70026087 - 2003 - Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T17:33:47.03821","indexId":"70026087","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States","docAbstract":"The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) is endangered by human activities throughout its range, including the U.S. Atlantic coast where habitat degradation from coastal development and manatee deaths from watercraft collisions have been particularly severe. We radio-tagged and tracked 78 manatees along the east coast of Florida and Georgia over a 12-year period (1986-1998). Our goals were to characterize the seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of manatees in this region in order to provide information for the development of effective conservation strategies. Most study animals were tracked remotely with the Argos satellite system, which yielded a mean (SD) of 3.7 (1.6) locations per day; all were regularly tracked in the field using conventional radiotelemetry methods. The combined data collection effort yielded >93,000 locations over nearly 32,000 tag-days. The median duration of tracking was 8.3 months per individual, but numerous manatees were tracked over multiple years (max = 6.8 years). Most manatees migrated seasonally over large distances between a northerly warm-season range and a southerly winter range (median one-way distance = 280 km, max = 830 km), but 12% of individuals were resident in a relatively small area (<50 km) year-round. The movements of one adult male spanned >2,300 km of coastline between southeastern Florida and Rhode Island. No study animals journeyed to the Gulf coast of Florida. Regions heavily utilized by tagged manatees included: Fernandina Beach, FL to Brunswick, GA in the warm season; northern Biscayne Bay to Port Everglades, FL in the winter; and central coastal Florida, especially the Banana River and northern Indian River lagoons, in all seasons. Daily travel rate, defined as the distance between successive mean daily locations, averaged 2.5 km (SD = 1.7), but this varied with season, migratory pattern, and sex. Adult males traveled a significantly greater distance per day than did adult females for most of the warm season, which corresponded closely with the principal period of breeding activity, but there was no difference between the sexes in daily travel rate during the winter. The timing of seasonal migrations differed markedly between geographic regions. Most long-distance movements in the southern half of the study area occurred between November and March in response to changing temperatures, whereas most migrations in the northern region took place during the warmer, non-winter months. Manatees left their warm-season range in central Florida in response to cold fronts that dropped water temperatures by an average of 2.0??C over the 24-hr period preceding departure. Water temperature at departure from the warm-season range averaged 19??C, but varied among individuals (16-22??C) and was not related to body size or female reproductive status. The presence of industrial warm-water effluents permitted many manatees to overwinter north of their historic winter range, and for some migrants this delayed autumn migrations and facilitated earlier spring migrations. Southward autumn and northward spring migrations lasted an average of 10 and 15 days at mean rates of 33.5 (SD = 7.6) and 27.3 (SD = 10.5) km/day, respectively. The highest rate of travel during migration was 87 km/day (3.6 km/hr) during winter. Manatees overwintering in southeastern Florida often traveled north during mild weather - sometimes reaching their warm-season range - only to return south again with the next major cold front. Manatees were consistent in their seasonal movement patterns across years and showed strong fidelity, to warm-season and winter ranges. Within a season, individuals usually occupied only 1 or 2 core use areas that encompassed about 90% of daily locations. Most manatees returned faithfully to the same seasonal ranges year after year (median distance between range centers was <5 km between years). Seasonal movements of 4 immature manatees tracked as calves with their mothers
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, C.J., Reid, J., Bonde, R., Easton, D.E., Kochman, H., and O'Shea, T., 2003, Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States: Wildlife Monographs, v. 151, p. 1-77.","productDescription":"77 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -80.8154296875,\n 24.607069137709683\n ],\n [\n -79.6728515625,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 28.14950321154457\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 32.10118973232094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88c4e4b08c986b316b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, C. J.","contributorId":79826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deutsch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Easton, Dean E.","contributorId":57784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kochman, H. I.","contributorId":88296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochman","given":"H. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026090,"text":"70026090 - 2003 - Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:40:38.485688","indexId":"70026090","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes","docAbstract":"Earth's porous crust and the fluids within it are intimately linked through their mechanical effects on each other. This paper presents an overview of such \"hydromechanical\" coupling and examines current understanding of its role in geologic processes. An outline of the theory of hydromechanics and rheological models for geologic deformation is included to place various analytical approaches in proper context and to provide an introduction to this broad topic for nonspecialists.
Effects of hydromechanical coupling are ubiquitous in geology, and can be local and short-lived or regional and very long-lived. Phenomena such as deposition and erosion, tectonism, seismicity, earth tides, and barometric loading produce strains that tend to alter fluid pressure. Resulting pressure perturbations can be dramatic, and many so-called \"anomalous\" pressures appear to have been created in this manner. The effects of fluid pressure on crustal mechanics are also profound. Geologic media deform and fail largely in response to effective stress, or total stress minus fluid pressure. As a result, fluid pressures control compaction, decompaction, and other types of deformation, as well as jointing, shear failure, and shear slippage, including events that generate earthquakes. By controlling deformation and failure, fluid pressures also regulate states of stress in the upper crust.
Advances in the last 80 years, including theories of consolidation, transient groundwater flow, and poroelasticity, have been synthesized into a reasonably complete conceptual framework for understanding and describing hydromechanical coupling. Full coupling in two or three dimensions is described using force balance equations for deformation coupled with a mass conservation equation for fluid flow. Fully coupled analyses allow hypothesis testing and conceptual model development. However, rigorous application of full coupling is often difficult because (1) the rheological behavior of geologic media is complex and poorly understood and (2) the architecture, mechanical properties and boundary conditions, and deformation history of most geologic systems are not well known. Much of what is known about hydromechanical processes in geologic systems is derived from simpler analyses that ignore certain aspects of solid-fluid coupling. The simplifications introduce error, but more complete analyses usually are not warranted. Hydromechanical analyses should thus be interpreted judiciously, with an appreciation for their limitations. Innovative approaches to hydromechanical modeling and obtaining critical data may circumvent some current limitations and provide answers to remaining questions about crustal processes and fluid behavior in the crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0230-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., 2003, Hydromechanical coupling in geologic processes: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 1, p. 41-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0230-8.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3787e4b0c8380cd60f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026092,"text":"70026092 - 2003 - Relations between introduced fish and environmental conditions at large geographic scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T09:41:21","indexId":"70026092","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between introduced fish and environmental conditions at large geographic scales","docAbstract":"Data collected from 20 major river basins between 1993 and 1995 as part of the US Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program were analyzed to assess patterns in introduced and native fish species richness and abundance relative to watershed characteristics and stream physicochemistry. Sites (N = 157) were divided into three regions-northeast, southeast, and west- to account for major longitudinal differences in precipitation/runoff and latitudinal limits of glaciation that affect zoogeographic patterns in fish communities. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were the most frequently collected introduced fish species across all river basins combined. Based on the percentage of introduced fish species, the fish communities most altered by the presence of introduced fish occurred in the western and northeastern parts of the US. Native fish species richness was not an indicator of introduced fish species richness for any of the three regions. However, in the west, introduced fish species richness was an indicator of total fish species richness and the abundance of introduced fish was negatively related to native fish species richness. Some relations between introduced fish species and environmental conditions were common between regions. Increased introduced fish species richness was related to increased population density in the northeast and southeast; increased total nitrogen in the northeast and west; and increased total phosphorous and water temperature in the southeast and west. These results suggest that introduced fish species tend to be associated with disturbance at large geographic scales, though specific relations may vary regionally. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00013-X","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., Brown, L., and Short, T., 2003, Relations between introduced fish and environmental conditions at large geographic scales: Ecological Indicators, v. 3, no. 2, p. 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00013-X.","startPage":"81","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00013-X"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6f8e4b0e8fec6cdc314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, L. R. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":66391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Short, T.","contributorId":67268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026096,"text":"70026096 - 2003 - Breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska: annual variation and effects of El Niño","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:31:11","indexId":"70026096","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska: annual variation and effects of El Niño","docAbstract":"Both within and among seabird species, different aspects of breeding biology may respond to changes in prey availability in distinct ways, and the identification of species-specific breeding parameters that are sensitive to food availability is useful for monitoring purposes. We present data from a 5-year study (19951999) of the breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska. The El Niño Southern Oscillation event of 19971998 provided an opportunity to examine the sensitivity of various breeding parameters to a reduction in prey availability caused by the anomalous oceanographic conditions of 1998. Horned Puffins were able to maintain high fledging success (8397%) over the 5 years of the study, despite the poor local feeding conditions in 1998. The rate of increase in chick mass was lowest in 1998, and evidence suggests that chicks also fledged at the youngest ages in that year. The impacts of reduced food availability on growth varied among body structures, suggesting differential allocation of energy and nutrients. There was no variation among years in either chick diet or the mass of food loads delivered by adults. We suggest that rates of chick growth, specifically mass increase, may be a good parameter to measure for use in monitoring Horned Puffins.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z03-075","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Harding, A., Piatt, J.F., and Hamer, K.C., 2003, Breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska: annual variation and effects of El Niño: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 81, no. 6, p. 1004-1013, https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-075.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1004","endPage":"1013","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-075"}],"volume":"81","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f26de4b0c8380cd4b184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harding, A.M.A.","contributorId":29088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"A.M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamer, Keith C.","contributorId":51960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamer","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026100,"text":"70026100 - 2003 - Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026100","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited","docAbstract":"Evidence for a weak San Andreas Fault includes (1) borehole heat flow measurements that show no evidence for a frictionally generated heat flow anomaly and (2) the inferred orientation of ??1 nearly perpendicular to the fault trace. Interpretations of the stress orientation data remain controversial, at least in close proximity to the fault, leading some researchers to hypothesize that the San Andreas Fault is, in fact, strong and that its thermal signature may be removed or redistributed by topographically driven groundwater flow in areas of rugged topography, such as typify the San Andreas Fault system. To evaluate this scenario, we use a steady state, two-dimensional model of coupled heat and fluid flow within cross sections oriented perpendicular to the fault and to the primary regional topography. Our results show that existing heat flow data near Parkfield, California, do not readily discriminate between the expected thermal signature of a strong fault and that of a weak fault. In contrast, for a wide range of groundwater flow scenarios in the Mojave Desert, models that include frictional heat generation along a strong fault are inconsistent with existing heat flow data, suggesting that the San Andreas Fault at this location is indeed weak. In both areas, comparison of modeling results and heat flow data suggest that advective redistribution of heat is minimal. The robust results for the Mojave region demonstrate that topographically driven groundwater flow, at least in two dimensions, is inadequate to obscure the frictionally generated heat flow anomaly from a strong fault. However, our results do not preclude the possibility of transient advective heat transport associated with earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Saffer, D., Bekins, B., and Hickman, S., 2003, Topographically driven groundwater flow and the San Andreas heat flow paradox revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 5.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4e3e4b08c986b3265e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saffer, D.M.","contributorId":72945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.","contributorId":79995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026103,"text":"70026103 - 2003 - Highly siderophile elements in chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026103","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highly siderophile elements in chondrites","docAbstract":"The abundances of the highly siderophile elements (HSE), Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd, were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry for bulk samples of 13 carbonaceous chondrites, 13 ordinary chondrites and 9 enstatite chondrites. These data are coupled with corresponding 187Re-187Os isotopic data reported by Walker et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2002] in order to constrain the nature and timing of chemical fractionation relating to these elements in the early solar system. The suite of chondrites examined displays considerable variations in absolute abundances of the HSE, and in the ratios of certain HSE. Absolute abundances of the HSE vary by nearly a factor of 80 among the chondrite groups, although most vary within a factor of only 2. Variations in concentration largely reflect heterogeneities in the sample aliquants. Different aliquants of the same chondrite may contain variable proportions of metal and/or refractory inclusions that are HSE-rich, and sulfides that are HSE-poor. The relatively low concentrations of the HSE in CI1 chondrites likely reflect dilution by the presence of volatile components. Carbonaceous chondrites have Re/Os ratios that are, on average, approximately 8% lower than ratios for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. This is also reflected in 187Os/188Os ratios that are approximately 3% lower for carbonaceous chondrites than for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. Given the similarly refractory natures of Re and Os, this fractionation may have occurred within a narrow range of high temperatures, during condensation of these elements from the solar nebula. Superimposed on this major fractionation are more modest movements of Re or Os that occurred within the last 0-2 Ga, as indicated by minor open-system behavior of the Re-Os isotope systematics of some chondrites. The relative abundances of other HSE can also be used to discriminate among the major classes of chondrites. For example, in comparison to the enstatite chondrites, carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites have distinctly lower ratios of Pd to the more refractory HSE (Re, Os, Ir, Ru and Pt). Differences are particularly well resolved for the EH chondrites that have Pd/Ir ratios that average more than 40% higher than for carbonaceous and ordinary chondrite classes. This fractionation probably occurred at lower temperatures, and may be associated with fractionation processes that also affected the major refractory lithophile elements. Combined, 187Os/188Os ratios and HSE ratios reflect unique early solar system processing of HSE for each major chondrite class. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Horan, M., Walker, R., Morgan, J.W., Grossman, J.N., and Rubin, A., 2003, Highly siderophile elements in chondrites: Chemical Geology, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 5-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9.","startPage":"5","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00405-9"},{"id":234553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3149e4b0c8380cd5ddca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horan, M.F.","contributorId":75282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, A.E.","contributorId":99308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026116,"text":"70026116 - 2003 - Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:31:45","indexId":"70026116","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used to calculate the volume of extrusion at Okmok volcano, Alaska by constructing precise digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent volcano topography before and after the 1997 eruption. The posteruption DEM is generated using airborne topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) data where a three-dimensional affine transformation is used to account for the misalignments between different DEM patches. The preeruption DEM is produced using repeat-pass European Remote Sensing satellite data; multiple interferograms are combined to reduce errors due to atmospheric variations, and deformation rates are estimated independently and removed from the interferograms used for DEM generation. The extrusive flow volume associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano is 0.154 ?? 0.025 km3. The thickest portion is approximately 50 m, although field measurements of the flow margin's height do not exceed 20 m. The in situ measurements at lava edges are not representative of the total thickness, and precise DEM data are absolutely essential to calculate eruption volume based on lava thickness estimations. This study is an example that demonstrates how InSAR will play a significant role in studying volcanoes in remote areas.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Fielding, E., Patrick, M., and Trautwein, C., 2003, Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1428-1436, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1428","endPage":"1436","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b26e4b0c8380cd525ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.","contributorId":51057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patrick, M.R.","contributorId":96059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026122,"text":"70026122 - 2003 - Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026122","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW","docAbstract":"Deposition from at least three episodes of glaciation left a complex glacial-drift aquifer system in central Illinois. The deepest and largest of these aquifers, the Sankoty-Mahomet Aquifer, occupies the lower part of a buried bedrock valley and supplies water to communities throughout central Illinois. Thin, discontinuous aquifers are present within glacial drift overlying the Sankoty-Mahomet Aquifer. This study was commissioned by local governments to identify possible areas where a regional water supply could be obtained from the aquifer with minimal adverse impacts on existing users. Geologic information from more than 2200 existing water well logs was supplemented with new data from 28 test borings, water level measurements in 430 wells, and 35 km of surface geophysical profiles. A three-dimensional (3-D) hydrostratigraphic model was developed using a contouring software package, a geographic information system (GIS), and the 3-D geologic modeling package, EarthVision??. The hydrostratigraphy of the glacial-drift sequence was depicted as seven uneven and discontinuous layers, which could be viewed from an infinite number of horizontal and vertical slices and as solid models of any layer. Several iterations were required before the 3-D model presented a reasonable depiction of the aquifer system. Layers from the resultant hydrostratigraphic model were imported into MODFLOW, where they were modified into continuous layers. This approach of developing a 3-D hydrostratigraphic model can be applied to other areas where complex aquifer systems are to be modeled and is also useful in helping lay audiences visualize aquifer systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02568.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Herzog, B., Larson, D., Abert, C., Wilson, S., and Roadcap, G., 2003, Hydrostratigraphic modeling of a complex, glacial-drift aquifer system for importation into MODFLOW: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 1, p. 57-65, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02568.x.","startPage":"57","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208822,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02568.x"},{"id":234849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a378de4b0c8380cd60f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herzog, B.L.","contributorId":107030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, D.R.","contributorId":59597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abert, C.C.","contributorId":24538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abert","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, S.D.","contributorId":72572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roadcap, G.S.","contributorId":8642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roadcap","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026137,"text":"70026137 - 2003 - Managing troubled data: Coastal data partnerships smooth data integration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T15:08:56","indexId":"70026137","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing troubled data: Coastal data partnerships smooth data integration","docAbstract":"Understanding the ecology, condition, and changes of coastal areas requires data from many sources. Broad-scale and long-term ecological questions, such as global climate change, biodiversity, and cumulative impacts of human activities, must be addressed with databases that integrate data from several different research and monitoring programs. Various barriers, including widely differing data formats, codes, directories, systems, and metadata used by individual programs, make such integration troublesome. Coastal data partnerships, by helping overcome technical, social, and organizational barriers, can lead to a better understanding of environmental issues, and may enable better management decisions. Characteristics of successful data partnerships include a common need for shared data, strong collaborative leadership, committed partners willing to invest in the partnership, and clear agreements on data standards and data policy. Emerging data and metadata standards that become widely accepted are crucial. New information technology is making it easier to exchange and integrate data. Data partnerships allow us to create broader databases than would be possible for any one organization to create by itself.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021372923589","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Hale, S., Hale, M.A., Bradley, M., Belton, T., Cooper, L., Frame, M., Friel, C., Harwell, L., King, R., Michener, W., Nicolson, D., and Peterjohn, B., 2003, Managing troubled data: Coastal data partnerships smooth data integration: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 133-148, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021372923589.","startPage":"133","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208640,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021372923589"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c99e4b0c8380cd69d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hale, S.S.","contributorId":64001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hale, Miglarese A.","contributorId":49152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"Miglarese","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, M.P.","contributorId":20122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belton, T.J.","contributorId":75730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooper, L.D.","contributorId":94468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frame, M.T.","contributorId":6618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frame","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Friel, C.A.","contributorId":74551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friel","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Harwell, L.M.","contributorId":51506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwell","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"King, R.E.","contributorId":53998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Michener, W.K.","contributorId":59139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michener","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Nicolson, D.T.","contributorId":42763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolson","given":"D.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70026143,"text":"70026143 - 2003 - Applicability of tetrazolium salts for the measurement of respiratory activity and viability of groundwater bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:12:29","indexId":"70026143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2390,"text":"Journal of Microbiological Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applicability of tetrazolium salts for the measurement of respiratory activity and viability of groundwater bacteria","docAbstract":"A study was undertaken to measure aerobic respiration by indigenous bacteria in a sand and gravel aquifer on western Cape Cod, MA using tetrazolium salts and by direct oxygen consumption using gas chromatography (GC). In groundwater and aquifer slurries, the rate of aerobic respiration calculated from the direct GC assay was more than 600 times greater than that using the tetrazolium salt 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT). To explain this discrepancy, the toxicity of INT and two additional tetrazolium salts, sodium 3′-[1-(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzenesulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), to bacterial isolates from the aquifer was investigated. Each of the three tetrazolium salts was observed to be toxic to some of the groundwater isolates at concentrations normally used in electron transport system (ETS) and viability assays. For example, incubation of cells with XTT (3 mM) caused the density of four of the five groundwater strains tested to decline by more than four orders of magnitude. A reasonable percentage (>57%) of cells killed by CTC and INT contained visible formazan crystals (the insoluble, reduced form of the salts) after 4 h of incubation. Thus, many of the cells reduced enough CTC or INT prior to dying to be considered viable by microscopic evaluation. However, one bacterium (Pseudomonas fluorescens) that remained viable and culturable in the presence of INT and CTC, did not incorporate formazan crystals into more than a few percent of cells, even after 24 h of incubation. This strain would be considered nonviable based on traditional tetrazolium salt reduction assays. The data show that tetrazolium salt assays are likely to dramatically underestimate total ETS activity in groundwater and, although they may provide a reasonable overall estimate of viable cell numbers in a community of groundwater bacteria, some specific strains may be falsely considered nonviable by this assay due to poor uptake or reduction of the salts.
San Pablo Bay is an estuary, within northern San Francisco Bay, containing elevated sediment mercury (Hg) levels because of historic loading of hydraulic mining debris during the California gold-rush of the late 1800s. A preliminary investigation of benthic microbial Hg cycling was conducted in surface sediment (0–4 cm) collected from one salt-marsh and three open-water sites. A deeper profile (0–26 cm) was evaluated at one of the open-water locations. Radiolabeled model Hg-compounds were used to measure rates of both methylmercury (MeHg) production and degradation by bacteria. While all sites and depths had similar total-Hg concentrations (0.3–0.6 ppm), and geochemical signatures of mining debris (as εNd, range: –3.08 to –4.37), in-situ MeHg was highest in the marsh (5.4±3.5 ppb) and ≤0.7 ppb in all open-water sites. Microbial MeHg production (potential rate) in 0–4 surface sediments was also highest in the marsh (3.1 ng g–1 wet sediment day–1) and below detection (<0.06 ng g–1 wet sediment day–1) in open-water locations. The marsh exhibited a methylation/demethylation (M/D) ratio more than 25× that of all open-water locations. Only below the surface 0–4-cm horizon was significant MeHg production potential evident in the open-water sediment profile (0.2–1.1 ng g–1 wet sediment day–1). In-situ Hg methylation rates, calculated from radiotracer rate constants, and in-situ inorganic Hg(II) concentrations compared well with potential rates. However, similarly calculated in-situ rates of MeHg degradation were much lower than potential rates. These preliminary data indicate that wetlands surrounding San Pablo Bay represent important zones of MeHg production, more so than similarly Hg-contaminated adjacent open-water areas. This has significant implications for this and other Hg-impacted systems, where wetland expansion is currently planned.
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C.","contributorId":6605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agee, J.L. jlagee@usgs.gov","contributorId":103452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agee","given":"J.L.","email":"jlagee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026159,"text":"70026159 - 2003 - Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-27T17:27:39.614134","indexId":"70026159","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance","docAbstract":"Metamorphic belts are complex regions where accretion or collision has added to, or thickened, continental crust. Gold-rich deposits can be formed at all stages of orogen evolution, so that evolving metamorphic belts contain diverse gold deposit types that may be juxtaposed or overprint each other. This partly explains the high level of controversy on the origin of some deposit types, particularly those formed or overprinted/remobilized during the major compressional orogeny that shaped the final geometry of the hosting metamorphic belts. These include gold-dominated orogenic and intrusion-related deposits, but also particularly controversial gold deposits with atypical metal associations. There are a number of outstanding problems for all types of gold deposits in metamorphc belts. These include the following: (1) definitive classifications, (2) unequivocal recognition of fluid and metal sources, (3) understanding of fluid migration and focusing at all scales, (4) resolution of the precise role of granitoid magmatism, (5) precise gold-depositional mechanisms, particularly those producing high gold grades, and (6) understanding of the release of CO2-rich fluids from subducting slabs and subcreted oceanic crust and granitoid magmas at different crustal levels. Research needs to be better coordinated and more integrated, such that detailed fluid-inclusion, trace-element, and isotopic studies of both gold deposits and potential source rocks, using cutting-edge technology, are embedded in a firm geological framework at terrane to deposit scales. Ultimately, four-dimensional models need to be developed, involving high-quality, three-dimensional geological data combined with integrated chemical and fluid-flow modeling, to understand the total history of the hydrothermal systems involved. Such research, particularly that which can predict superior targets visible in data sets available to exploration companies before discovery, has obvious spin-offs for global- to deposit-scale targeting of deposits with superior size and grade in the covered terranes that will be the exploration focus of the twenty-first century.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.1","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., Robert, F., and Hart, C., 2003, Gold deposits in metamorphic belts: Overview of current understanding, outstanding problems, future research, and exploration significance: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 1, p. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.1.1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2984e4b0c8380cd5a9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robert, F.","contributorId":25725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robert","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026167,"text":"70026167 - 2003 - Methods for using groundwater model predictions to guide hydrogeologic data collection, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-29T16:24:09.871387","indexId":"70026167","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for using groundwater model predictions to guide hydrogeologic data collection, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system","docAbstract":"Calibrated models of groundwater systems can provide substantial information for guiding data collection. This work considers using such models to guide hydrogeologic data collection for improving model predictions by identifying model parameters that are most important to the predictions. Identification of these important parameters can help guide collection of field data about parameter values and associated flow system features and can lead to improved predictions. Methods for identifying parameters important to predictions include prediction scaled sensitivities (PSS), which account for uncertainty on individual parameters as well as prediction sensitivity to parameters, and a new “value of improved information” (VOII) method presented here, which includes the effects of parameter correlation in addition to individual parameter uncertainty and prediction sensitivity. In this work, the PSS and VOII methods are demonstrated and evaluated using a model of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system. The predictions of interest are advective transport paths originating at sites of past underground nuclear testing. Results show that for two paths evaluated the most important parameters include a subset of five or six of the 23 defined model parameters. Some of the parameters identified as most important are associated with flow system attributes that do not lie in the immediate vicinity of the paths. Results also indicate that the PSS and VOII methods can identify different important parameters. Because the methods emphasize somewhat different criteria for parameter importance, it is suggested that parameters identified by both methods be carefully considered in subsequent data collection efforts aimed at improving model predictions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR001255","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., Hill, M.C., D’Agnese, F.A., and Faunt, C., 2003, Methods for using groundwater model predictions to guide hydrogeologic data collection, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 1, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001255.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.487548828125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -115.367431640625,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -115.367431640625,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -118.487548828125,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -118.487548828125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55d5e4b0c8380cd6d2c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, C. R.","contributorId":104107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026197,"text":"70026197 - 2003 - Assessing the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing to characterize fish community structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T11:14:21","indexId":"70026197","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing to characterize fish community structure","docAbstract":"Two-pass backpack electrofishing data collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing. A two-capture removal model was used to estimate, within 10 river basins across the United States, proportional fish species richness from one-pass electrofishing and probabilities of detection for individual fish species. Mean estimated species richness from first-pass sampling (ps1) ranged from 80.7% to 100% of estimated total species richness for each river basin, based on at least seven samples per basin. However, ps1 values for individual sites ranged from 40% to 100% of estimated total species richness. Additional species unique to the second pass were collected in 50.3% of the samples. Of these, cyprinids and centrarchids were collected most frequently. Proportional fish species richness estimated for the first pass increased significantly with decreasing stream width for 1 of the 10 river basins. When used to calculate probabilities of detection of individual fish species, the removal model failed 48% of the time because the number of individuals of a species was greater in the second pass than in the first pass. Single-pass backpack electrofishing data alone may make it difficult to determine whether characterized fish community structure data are real or spurious. The two-pass removal model can be used to assess the effectiveness of sampling species richness with a single electrofishing pass. However, the two-pass removal model may have limited utility to determine probabilities of detection of individual species and, thus, limit the ability to assess the effectiveness of single-pass sampling to characterize species relative abundances. Multiple-pass (at least three passes) backpack electrofishing at a large number of sites may not be cost-effective as part of a standardized sampling protocol for large-geographic-scale studies. However, multiple-pass electrofishing at some sites may be necessary to better evaluate the adequacy of single-pass electrofishing and to help make meaningful interpretations of fish community structure.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0039:ATEOSP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., McIntyre, J., and Pollock, K.H., 2003, Assessing the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing to characterize fish community structure: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 1, p. 39-46, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0039:ATEOSP>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"39","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208864,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0039:ATEOSP>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede9e4b0c8380cd49acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.P.","contributorId":94471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026203,"text":"70026203 - 2003 - Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: Limitations and alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026203","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: Limitations and alternatives","docAbstract":"Hankin and Reeves' (1988) approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams has been applied in stream fish studies across North America. However, their population estimator relies on two key assumptions: (1) removal estimates are equal to the true numbers of fish, and (2) removal estimates are highly correlated with snorkel counts within a subset of sampled stream units. Violations of these assumptions may produce suspect results. To determine possible sources of the assumption violations, I used data on the abundance of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from Hankin and Reeves' (1988) in a simulation composed of 50,000 repeated, stratified systematic random samples from a spatially clustered distribution. The simulation was used to investigate effects of a range of removal estimates, from 75% to 100% of true fish abundance, on overall stream fish population estimates. The effects of various categories of removal-estimates-to-snorkel-count correlation levels (r = 0.75-1.0) on fish population estimates were also explored. Simulation results indicated that Hankin and Reeves' approach may produce poor results unless removal estimates exceed at least 85% of the true number of fish within sampled units and unless correlations between removal estimates and snorkel counts are at least 0.90. A potential modification to Hankin and Reeves' approach is the inclusion of environmental covariates that affect detection rates of fish into the removal model or other mark-recapture model. A potential alternative approach is to use snorkeling combined with line transect sampling to estimate fish densities within stream units. As with any method of population estimation, a pilot study should be conducted to evaluate its usefulness, which requires a known (or nearly so) population of fish to serve as a benchmark for evaluating bias and precision of estimators.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0069:HARATE>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Thompson, W., 2003, Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: Limitations and alternatives: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 1, p. 69-75, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0069:HARATE>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"69","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208926,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0069:HARATE>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f6ee4b0c8380cd5cda7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, W.L.","contributorId":83234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026217,"text":"70026217 - 2003 - Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026217","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme","docAbstract":"The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand for the Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway system near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, mandated a 60-percent reduction in point-source loading. For waters with a naturally low background dissolved-oxygen concentrations, South Carolina anti-degradation rules in the water-quality regulations allows a permitted discharger a reduction of dissolved oxygen of 0.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L). This is known as the \"0.1 rule.\" Permitted dischargers within this region of the State operate under the \"0.1 rule\" and cannot cause a cumulative impact greater than 0.1 mg/L on dissolved-oxygen concentrations. For municipal water-reclamation facilities to serve the rapidly growing resort and retirement community near Myrtle Beach, a variable loading scheme was developed to allow dischargers to utilize increased assimilative capacity during higher streamflow conditions while still meeting the requirements of a recently established TMDL. As part of the TMDL development, an extensive real-time data-collection network was established in the lower Waccamaw and Pee Dee River watershed where continuous measurements of streamflow, water level, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and specific conductance are collected. In addition, the dynamic BRANCH/BLTM models were calibrated and validated to simulate the water quality and tidal dynamics of the system. The assimilative capacities for various streamflows were also analyzed. The variable-loading scheme established total loadings for three streamflow levels. Model simulations show the results from the additional loading to be less than a 0.1 mg/L reduction in dissolved oxygen. As part of the loading scheme, the real-time network was redesigned to monitor streamflow entering the study area and water-quality conditions in the location of dissolved-oxygen \"sags.\" The study reveals how one group of permit holders used a variable-loading scheme to implement restrictive permit limits without experiencing prohibitive capital expenditures or initiating a lengthy appeals process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021316705843","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Martello, W., and Sullins, N., 2003, Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 97-106, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021316705843.","startPage":"97","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208715,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021316705843"},{"id":234668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48c2e4b0c8380cd680ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, P.A.","contributorId":57493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martello, W.P.","contributorId":8654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martello","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullins, N.R.","contributorId":40393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullins","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026220,"text":"70026220 - 2003 - Aeolian cliff-top deposits and buried soils in the White River Badlands, South Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1905,"text":"Holocene","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeolian cliff-top deposits and buried soils in the White River Badlands, South Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"Aeolian deposits in the North American Great Plains are important sources of Holocene palaeo-environmental records. Although there are extensive studies on loess and dune records in the region, little is known about records in aeolian cliff-top deposits. These are common on table (mesa) edges in the White River Badlands. These sediments typically have loam and sandy-loam textures with dominantly very fine sand, 0.5-1% organic carbon and 0.5-5% CaCO3. Some of these aeolian deposits are atypically coarse and contain granules and fine pebbles. Buried soils within these deposits are weakly developed with A-C and A-AC-C profiles. Beneath these are buried soils with varying degrees of pedogenic development formed in fluvial, aeolian or colluvial deposits. Thickness and number of buried soils vary. However, late-Holocene soils from several localities have ages of approximately 1300, 2500 and 3700 14C yrs BP. The 1300 14C yr BP soil is cumulic, with a thicker and lighter A horizon. Soils beneath the cliff-top deposits are early-Holocene (typically 7900 but as old as 10000 14C yrs BP) at higher elevation (???950 m) tables, and late-Holocene (2900 14C yrs BP) at lower (???830 m) tables. These age estimates are based on total organic matter 14C ages from the top 5 cm of buried soils, and agreement is good between an infrared stimulated luminescence age and bracketing 14C ages. Our studies show that cliff-top aeolian deposits have a history similar to that of other aeolian deposits on the Great Plains, and they are another source of palaeoenvironmental data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Holocene","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1191/0959683603hl601rr","issn":"09596836","usgsCitation":"Rawling, J., Fredlund, G.G., and Mahan, S., 2003, Aeolian cliff-top deposits and buried soils in the White River Badlands, South Dakota, USA: Holocene, v. 13, no. 1, p. 121-129, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl601rr.","startPage":"121","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208414,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl601rr"},{"id":234151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e70ee4b0c8380cd4780a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rawling, J. E. III","contributorId":35048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawling","given":"J. E.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fredlund, G. G.","contributorId":53568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredlund","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahan, S.","contributorId":98894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026221,"text":"70026221 - 2003 - Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: The foram index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026221","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: The foram index","docAbstract":"Coral reef communities are threatened worldwide. Resource managers urgently need indicators of the biological condition of reef environments that can relate data acquired through remote-sensing, water-quality and benthic-community monitoring to stress responses in reef organisms. The \"FORAM\" (Foraminifera in Reef Assessment and Monitoring) Index (FI) is based on 30 years of research on reef sediments and reef-dwelling larger foraminifers. These shelled protists are ideal indicator organisms because: ??? Foraminifers are widely used as environmental and paleoenvironmental indicators in many contexts; ??? Reef-building, zooxanthellate corals and foraminifers with algal symbionts have similar water-quality requirements; ??? The relatively short life spans of foraminifers as compared with long-lived colonial corals facilitate differentiation between long-term water-quality decline and episodic stress events; ??? Foraminifers are relatively small and abundant, permitting statistically significant sample sizes to be collected quickly and relatively inexpensively, ideally as a component of comprehensive monitoring programs; and ??? Collection of foraminifers has minimal impact on reef resources. USEPA guidelines for ecological indicators are used to evaluate the FI. Data required are foraminiferal assemblages from surface sediments of reef-associated environments. The FI provides resource managers with a simple procedure for determining the suitability of benthic environments for communities dominated by algal symbiotic organisms. The FI can be applied independently, or incorporated into existing or planned monitoring efforts. The simple calculations require limited computer capabilities and therefore can be applied readily to reef-associated environments worldwide. In addition, the foraminiferal shells collected can be subjected to morphometric and geochemical analyses in areas of suspected heavy-metal pollution, and the data sets for the index can be used with other monitoring data in detailed multidimensional assessments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021337310386","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Hallock, P., Lidz, B.H., Cockey-Burkhard, E.M., and Donnelly, K., 2003, Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: The foram index: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 221-238, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021337310386.","startPage":"221","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208440,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021337310386"},{"id":234184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1303e4b0c8380cd544ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hallock, P.","contributorId":91263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallock","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cockey-Burkhard, E. M.","contributorId":48840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cockey-Burkhard","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donnelly, K.B.","contributorId":9140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026228,"text":"70026228 - 2003 - A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026228","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021356420864","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Brakebill, J., and Preston, S.D., 2003, A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021356420864.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208508,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021356420864"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42ae4b0c8380cd46465","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brakebill, J. W.","contributorId":48206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Preston, S. D.","contributorId":105770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026231,"text":"70026231 - 2003 - Preliminary investigation of submerged aquatic vegetation mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026231","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary investigation of submerged aquatic vegetation mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing","docAbstract":"The use of airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery for automated mapping of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the tidal Potomac River was investigated for near to realtime resource assessment and monitoring. Airborne hyperspectral imagery and field spectrometer measurements were obtained in October of 2000. A spectral library database containing selected ground-based and airborne sensor spectra was developed for use in image processing. The spectral library is used to automate the processing of hyperspectral imagery for potential real-time material identification and mapping. Field based spectra were compared to the airborne imagery using the database to identify and map two species of SAV (Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana). Overall accuracy of the vegetation maps derived from hyperspectral imagery was determined by comparison to a product that combined aerial photography and field based sampling at the end of the SAV growing season. The algorithms and databases developed in this study will be useful with the current and forthcoming space-based hyperspectral remote sensing systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021318217654","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Rybicki, N.B., Lombana, A., O’Brien, T.M., and Gomez, R., 2003, Preliminary investigation of submerged aquatic vegetation mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 81, no. 1-3, p. 383-392, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021318217654.","startPage":"383","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208545,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021318217654"},{"id":234358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a884fe4b0c8380cd7d83a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.J.","contributorId":15790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rybicki, N. B.","contributorId":97504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lombana, A.V.","contributorId":46273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lombana","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Brien, T. M.","contributorId":76106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gomez, R.B.","contributorId":61220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026235,"text":"70026235 - 2003 - Analysis of ecological context for identifying vegetation and animal conservation planning foci: An example from the arid South-western USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026235","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2261,"text":"Journal of Environmental Planning and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of ecological context for identifying vegetation and animal conservation planning foci: An example from the arid South-western USA","docAbstract":"In developing conservation strategies, it is important to maximize effects of conservation within a specified land tract and to maximize conservation effects on surrounding area (ecological context). The authors proposed two criteria to select biotic entities for conservation foci: (1) the relative occurrence of fauna or flora in a tract is greater than that of an ecological context region; and (2) occurrence of the fauna or flora is relatively limited in the ecological context region. Using extensive spatial data on vegetation and wildlife habitat distribution, the authors identified strategic vegetation and fauna conservation foci for the 400 000 ha Fort Bliss military reservation in New Mexico and Texas relative to a 164 km radius ecological context region intersecting seven ecological zones and the predicted habitat distribution of 616 animal species. The authors set two specific criteria: (1) predicted area of a species' occurrence is <50% of the ecological context region; and (2) percentage of Fort Bliss intersecting the species' or vegetation community predicted areas in the ecological context region is >5% (Fort Bliss is 4.2% of the region). These criteria selected one vegetation class and 40 animal species. Further, these vegetation and animal foci were primarily located in two areas of Fort Bliss. Sensitivity analyses with other analytical radii corroborated the context radius used. Conservation of the two areas and associated taxa will maximize the contribution of Fort Bliss's conservation efforts in its ecological proximity. This relatively simple but information-rich process represents economical and defensible preliminary contextual analysis for detailed conservation planning.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Planning and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/0964056032000070954","issn":"09640568","usgsCitation":"Hamazaki, T., Thompson, B., Locke, B., and Boykin, K., 2003, Analysis of ecological context for identifying vegetation and animal conservation planning foci: An example from the arid South-western USA: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 46, no. 2, p. 239-256, https://doi.org/10.1080/0964056032000070954.","startPage":"239","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208593,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964056032000070954"},{"id":234428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb10e4b0c8380cd48bbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamazaki, T.","contributorId":101424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamazaki","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, B.C.","contributorId":102433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, B.A.","contributorId":7887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boykin, K.G.","contributorId":62797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boykin","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026257,"text":"70026257 - 2003 - Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - A review and new analysis of past study results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026257","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - A review and new analysis of past study results","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain region of Colorado and southern Wyoming receives as much as 7kgha-1yr-1 of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, an amount that may have caused changes in aquatic and terrestrial life in otherwise pristine ecosystems. Results from published studies indicate a long-term increase in the rate of atmospheric N deposition during the 20th century, but data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and Clean Air Status and Trends Network show no region-wide increase during the past 2 decades. Nitrogen loads in atmospheric wet deposition have increased since the mid-1980s, however, at three high elevation (>3000m) sites east of the Continental Divide in the Front Range. Much of this increase is the result of increased ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in wet deposition. This suggests an increase in contributions from agricultural areas or from vehicles east of the Rocky Mountains and is consistent with the results of previous studies that have suggested a significant eastern source for atmospheric N deposition to the Front Range. The four sites with the highest NH4+ concentrations in wet deposition were among the six easternmost NADP sites, which is also consistent with a source to the east of the Rockies. This analysis found an increase in N loads in wet deposition at Niwot Ridge of only 0.013kgha-1yr-1, more than an order of magnitude less than previously reported for this site. This lower rate of increase results from application of the non-parametric Seasonal Kendall trend test to mean monthly data, which failed a test for normality, in contrast to linear regression, which was applied to mean annual data in a previous study. Current upward trends in population growth and energy use in Colorado and throughout the west suggest a need for continued monitoring of atmospheric deposition of N, and may reveal more widespread trends in N deposition in the future.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 2003, Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming - A review and new analysis of past study results: Atmospheric Environment, v. 37, no. 7, p. 921-932, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7.","startPage":"921","endPage":"932","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208466,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00993-7"},{"id":234220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}