The Fish Creek EMRIA site, an area of about 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2), is located in the southeastern part of the Yampa coal field on the steep to gently dipping beds of the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation.
The Fish Creek coal bed within 200 feet (60 m) of the surface was evaluated by five core holes. Coal resources--measured, indicated, and inferred--within the site are 2,512,000 short tons, 7,970,000 short tons, and 507,000 short tons respectively.
The coal has an apparent rank of bituminous C. The average Btu value of three core samples from the site on the as-received basis is 10,790, average ash content is 11.1 percent, and average sulfur content is 1.9 percent.
A comparison of the analyses of samples from the Fish Creek coal bed with other Rocky Mountain province coal sample analyses shows that nitrogen, total sulfur, and pyritic and organic sulfur contents are noticeably higher in the Fish Creek coal bed samples. A comparison of other element analyses shows that the Fish Creek coal bed is noticeably higher in As, Cr, F, Fe, Hg, and Sr, and noticeably lower in Th.
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Unlike earthquakes in the Maacama-Rodgers Creek fault zone to the south and west, earthquakes at The Geysers are confined to depths of less than 5 km. The present level of seismicity at The Geysers appears to be higher than the preproduction level and is higher and more continuous than the seismicity in the surrounding region. Earthquakes in the steam production zone at The Geysers resemble earthquakes in the surrounding region with regard to focal plane solutions, source characteristics and magnitude distribution (b slope). 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The field trip, sponsored by the Pander Society, was held on April 30-May 2, 1978 in conjunction with the meeting of the Rocky Mountain section of the Geological Society of America at Provo, Utah. The rocks that may be sampled for conodonts are represented by the Middle to Upper Scaphignathus velifer (middle Famennian) through Cavusgnathus (middle Meramecian) conodont Zones. The measured sections and field trip provide a west to east traverse of the Sevier thrust system. The sections demonstrate the biostratigraphic, paleogeographic, and sedimentational differences among equivalent Famennian rocks as well as the transition from the Osagean and early Meramecian starved phosphatic basin on the west to time-equivalent carbonate rocks of the shelf margin on the east.
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States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.181196,36.999271],[-109.233848,36.999266],[-109.246917,36.999346],[-109.26339,36.999263],[-109.268213,36.999242],[-109.270097,36.999266],[-109.378039,36.999135],[-109.381226,36.999148],[-109.495338,36.999105],[-109.625668,36.998308],[-109.875673,36.998504],[-110.000677,36.997968],[-110.000876,36.998502],[-110.021778,36.998602],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.490908,37.003566],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-110.599512,37.003448],[-110.625605,37.003416],[-110.62569,37.003721],[-110.75069,37.003197],[-111.066496,37.002389],[-111.133718,37.000779],[-111.254853,37.001077],[-111.278286,37.000465],[-111.405517,37.001497],[-111.405869,37.001481],[-111.412784,37.001478],[-112.35769,37.001025],[-112.368946,37.001125],[-112.534545,37.000684],[-112.538593,37.000674],[-112.540368,37.000669],[-112.545094,37.000734],[-112.558974,37.000692],[-112.609787,37.000753],[-112.899366,37.000319],[-112.966471,37.000219],[-113.965907,36.999976],[-113.965907,37.000025],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.043505,40.726292]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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a45e4b07f02db621001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandberg, Charles A. sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":2362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":162309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutschick, Raymond","contributorId":74003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47305,"text":"ofr78271 - 1978 - Geologic map of the Granville area, Hampden County, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T21:48:16.814603","indexId":"ofr78271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-271","title":"Geologic map of the Granville area, Hampden County, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78271","usgsCitation":"Knapp, D.A., 1978, Geologic map of the Granville area, Hampden County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-271, 1 Plate: 50.44 × 25.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78271.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 50.44 × 25.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":398279,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74853.htm"},{"id":84253,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0271/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Hampden County","otherGeospatial":"Granville area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.95,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -72.8167,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -72.8167,\n 42.125\n ],\n [\n -72.95,\n 42.125\n ],\n [\n -72.95,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a843f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knapp, Douglas A.","contributorId":106558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10618,"text":"ofr78355 - 1978 - Hydrologic monitoring of waste-injection wells near Pensacola, Florida, March 1970 - December 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-17T21:37:50.853121","indexId":"ofr78355","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-355","title":"Hydrologic monitoring of waste-injection wells near Pensacola, Florida, March 1970 - December 1977","docAbstract":"This report presents hydraulic and chemical data collected from March 1970 to December 1977 at a deep-well waste-injection system at the Monsanto Company's plant near Pensacola, Florida. The injection system presently consists of Injection Well A, Injection Well B, and two deep monitor wells all completed open hole in the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer and one shallow monitor well completed in the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer. The two deep monitor wells are used to observe hydraulic and geochemical effects of waste injection in the injection zone at locations 1.5 miles south-southeast and 1.9 miles north-northwest of the center of the injection site. The shallow monitor well, used to observe any effects in the first permeable zone above the 220-foot-thick confining bed, is 100 feet northeast of Injection Well A.
Since injection began in July 1963, about 14.2 billion gallons of acidic industrial waste consisting of an aqueous solution of nitric acid, inorganic salts, and numerous organic compounds have been injected into a limestone aquifer containing saline water. From July 1963 to April 1968, the pH of the waste was raised to about 5.5 with aqueous ammonia prior to injection. Since 1968, no aqueous ammonia has been added and the waste has been injected at a pH of about 2.3. Wellhead injection pressures at both injection wells in December 1977 averaged 170 pounds per square inch and the hydraulic pressure gradient was 0.52 pound per square inch per foot of depth to the top of the injection zone. Increases in pressures since 1970 at the north and south monitor wells ranged from 21 to 31 pounds per square inch. The pressure in the shallow monitor well declined about 6 pounds per square inch.
No changes were detected in the chemical characteristics of water from the shallow monitor and the north monitor wells. Since late 1973, concentrations of bicarbonate and dissolved organic carbon in water from the south monitor well have increased. These increases in bicarbonate and dissolved organic carbon have been accompanied by increases in gas content of water at the point of discharge from the well and a distinctive odor like that of the waste. In samples of water from the south monitor well, concentrations of nitrogen gas ranged from 5.1 to 12.7 milligrams per liter, methane from 24 to 70 milligrams per liter, and carbon dioxide from 14 to 56 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78355","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation","usgsCitation":"Pascale, C.A., and Martin, J., 1978, Hydrologic monitoring of waste-injection wells near Pensacola, Florida, March 1970 - December 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-355, v, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78355.","productDescription":"v, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413197,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0355/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142485,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0355/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.4352973536881,\n 30.602838004118823\n ],\n [\n -87.4352973536881,\n 30.347295597488937\n ],\n [\n -87.03446660204348,\n 30.347295597488937\n ],\n [\n -87.03446660204348,\n 30.602838004118823\n ],\n [\n -87.4352973536881,\n 30.602838004118823\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6065aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascale, Charles A.","contributorId":99978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascale","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, J.B.","contributorId":32923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10949,"text":"ofr78926 - 1978 - Relation of Mercury, Uranium, and Lithium Deposits to the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada-Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10949,"text":"ofr78926 - 1978 - Relation of Mercury, Uranium, and Lithium Deposits to the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada-Oregon","indexId":"ofr78926","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Relation of Mercury, Uranium, and Lithium Deposits to the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada-Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043142,"text":"70043142 - 1979 - Relation of mercury, uranium, and lithium deposits to the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon","indexId":"70043142","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Relation of mercury, uranium, and lithium deposits to the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70043142,"text":"70043142 - 1979 - Relation of mercury, uranium, and lithium deposits to the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon","indexId":"70043142","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Relation of mercury, uranium, and lithium deposits to the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:50:00","indexId":"ofr78926","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-926","title":"Relation of Mercury, Uranium, and Lithium Deposits to the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada-Oregon","docAbstract":"The McDermitt caldera complex, located along the Nevada-Oregon border, is a Miocene collapse structure 45 kilometer in diameter. Large-volume rhyolitic and peralkaline ash-flow tuffs were erupted from 17.9 to 15.8 m.y. ago, leading to the formation of overlapping and nested calderas. Emplacement of rhyolitic ring domes, located primarily along the western margin of the calderas, represents the last phase of volcanic activity.\n\nThe complex is the site of large deposits of mercury, an are deposit and several occurrences of uranium, and widespread occurrences of lithium. Mercury deposits at Cordero, McDermitt, Bretz, Ruja, and Opalite occur along ring fractures in sedimentary rocks that fill the calderas. Near the deposits the rocks are altered to zeolites and within the ore zones to potassium feldspar and silicate minerals. Although the mercury deposits contain anomalous concentrations of uranium, the most important uranium occurrences are restricted to rhyolitic ring domes emplaced along the western margin of the calderas.\n\nLithium occurrences are located in tuffaceous rocks that are altered to zeolites and potassium feldspar. Concentrations of lithium ranging from 0.1 to 0.68 percent are associated with the clay mineral hectorite. The rhyolitic rocks erupted from the McDermitt caldera complex are enriched in mercury, uranium, and lithium and are likely source rocks for these elements in the ore deposits. Tuffaceous caldera fill-sediment averages 0.29 ppm mercury, 22 ppm uranium, and 236 ppm lithium; large-volume ash-flow tuffs contain up to 0.26 ppm mercury, 20 ppm uranium, and 300 ppm lithium.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78926","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., and Glanzman, R.K., 1978, Relation of Mercury, Uranium, and Lithium Deposits to the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada-Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-926, iii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78926.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94147,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0926/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0926/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10948,"text":"ofr78924 - 1978 - Stratigraphy of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) in Clear Lake Basin, Lake County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10948,"text":"ofr78924 - 1978 - Stratigraphy of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) in Clear Lake Basin, Lake County, California","indexId":"ofr78924","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphy of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) in Clear Lake Basin, Lake County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35688,"text":"b1502C - 1981 - Stratigraphic revision of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene), Lake County, California","indexId":"b1502C","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Stratigraphic revision of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene), Lake County, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35688,"text":"b1502C - 1981 - Stratigraphic revision of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene), Lake County, California","indexId":"b1502C","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Stratigraphic revision of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene), Lake County, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T23:14:30.387379","indexId":"ofr78924","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-924","title":"Stratigraphy of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) in Clear Lake Basin, Lake County, California","docAbstract":"Recent geologic mapping in the Clear Lake basin shows that the nonmarine Cache Formation can be subdivided into several members. New names are herein informally used for three distinct deposits called the B, L, and K members. The three members are geographically separate, except where the L member locally unconformably overlies the B member. This study of the Cache Formation provides a framework for understanding the late Cenozoic tectonic, geologic, and climatic histories of the Clear Lake, California, area.
The B member is characterized by cross-stratified sandstone with interbedded reddish-brown conglomerate around the margins of the basin, and by gray sandstone and persistent, light-olive-gray conglomerate lower in the section, as it is exposed in the center of the basin. Minor amounts of basaltic tuff are present near the top of the B member in the Clear Lake basin. The B member has a maximum thickness of at least 1,500 m and represents dominantly fluvial and minor lacustrine deposition. This Blancan (Pliocene and early Pleistocene(?)) unit was deposited in a fault-controlled, subsiding basin. The L member is a heterogeneous deposit of pebble conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, calcareous siltstone, limestone, tuff, and diatomite. This lacustrine unit has a maximum thickness of at least 130 m, and is mid-Pleistocene in age. The K member is composed of lacustrine sandstone and siltstone, and locally interbedded fluvial pebble conglomerate and sandstone. Several tuffs, including the tuff of Adobe Creek, an informally named marker bed, occur in the K member. The K member has a maximum thickness of at least 140 m and is mid-Pleistocene in age. The presence of fossil leaves and cones that represent growth during warm and cold climates indicate that the K member was deposited during both interglacial and glacial climatic conditions. The tuff of Adobe Creek of the K member has been recognized in water wells west and north of surface exposures of the K member.
The B member is probably correlative with the Tehama Formation and is apparently unrelated to the sediment of Clear Lake. The L and K members intertongue with and are underlain by flows of the Clear Lake Volcanics. The L and K members are dominated by partly coeval lacustrine deposits that were possibly deposited in different subbasins of the same lake, and are possibly correlative with sediment concealed beneath Clear Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78924","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., 1978, Stratigraphy of the Cache Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) in Clear Lake Basin, Lake County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-924, Report: vi, 102 p.; 1 Plate: 56.99 x 36.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78924.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 102 p.; 1 Plate: 56.99 x 36.37 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413496,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0924/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":413495,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0924/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0924/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Clear Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 39.00424469849724\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 39.00424469849724\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 38.929502416386605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rymer, Michael J. mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44052,"text":"ofr78939 - 1978 - Water table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer in selected well fields, west-central Florida, May 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T23:20:30.511473","indexId":"ofr78939","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-939","title":"Water table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer in selected well fields, west-central Florida, May 1978","docAbstract":"The water table in the surficial aquifer and the potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer in a 1,200-square-mile area in west-central Florida are mapped semiannually by the U.S. Geological Survey. Maps are prepared showing water levels measured in wells each May to coincide with seasonal low levels, and each September to coincide with seasonal high levels.
The mapped area shows 11 well fields which supplied 144.0 million gallons to municipalities on May 16, 1978. The water is withdrawn from the Floridan aquifer, the major aquifer in Florida. The effect of localized withdrawal of ground water is shown on the maps as depressions in both the potentiometric and water-table surfaces.
Water levels were generally lower in May 1978 than in September 1977 because of seasonal rainfall. The maximum decrease determined was more than 17 feet at Sun City well field. Water levels in May 1978 were generally higher than in May 1977 because of heavy rainfall in early May. However, water levels in well fields with significant increases in pumpage were lower.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78939","issn":"ma","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District and local agencies","usgsCitation":"Wolansky, R., Mills, L.R., and Woodham, W.M., 1978, Water table in the surficial aquifer and potentiometric surface of the Floridan Aquifer in selected well fields, west-central Florida, May 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-939, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78939.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413504,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0939/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":172450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0939/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"west-central 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M.","contributorId":72356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":40053,"text":"ofr7851 - 1978 - Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Elk Mountain Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:18","indexId":"ofr7851","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-51","title":"Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Elk Mountain Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7851","usgsCitation":"Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1978, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Elk Mountain Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-51, 14 maps and 1 data sheet ;58 x 44 cm., 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7851.","productDescription":"14 maps and 1 data sheet ;58 x 44 cm., 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":68335,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68336,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68337,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68338,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68339,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68340,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68341,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68342,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68343,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68344,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68345,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68346,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68347,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68348,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68349,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":68350,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","contributorId":128266,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","id":529953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48363,"text":"ofr78300K - 1978 - Preliminary geomagnetic data, College Observatory, Fairbanks, Alaska: November 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T17:33:07.279278","indexId":"ofr78300K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-300","chapter":"K","title":"Preliminary geomagnetic data, College Observatory, Fairbanks, Alaska: November 1978","docAbstract":"The preliminary geomagnetic data included here is made available to scientific personnel and organizations, as part of a cooperative effort and on a data exchange basis because of the early need by some users. To avoid delay, all of the data is copied from original forms processed at the observatory; therefore it should be regarded as preliminary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78300K","usgsCitation":"Townshend, J., Papp, J., and Tilton, S., 1978, Preliminary geomagnetic data, College Observatory, Fairbanks, Alaska: November 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-300, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78300K.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0300-k/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0300-k/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","otherGeospatial":"College Observatory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.9716829972995,\n 64.92275521538983\n ],\n [\n -147.9716829972995,\n 64.77266196148724\n ],\n [\n -147.4142995458633,\n 64.77266196148724\n ],\n [\n -147.4142995458633,\n 64.92275521538983\n ],\n [\n -147.9716829972995,\n 64.92275521538983\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6735a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townshend, J.B.","contributorId":30623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papp, J.E.","contributorId":95057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tilton, S.P.","contributorId":15670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilton","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11779,"text":"ofr78675 - 1978 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Petersburg area, southeastern Alaska, with emphasis on geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr78675","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-675","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Petersburg area, southeastern Alaska, with emphasis on geologic hazards","docAbstract":"A program to study the engineering geology of most larger Alaska coastal communities and to evaluate their earthquake and other geologic hazards was started following the 1964 Alaska earthquake; this report about the Petersburg area is a product of that program. Field-study methods were of a reconnaissance nature, and thus, interpretations in the report are tentative. Landscape of the northern end of Mitkof Island on which Petersburg is situated is characterized by a gently sloping, muskeg-covered terrain, with altitudes mostly less than 30 m. In contrast, much of the rest of the island is composed of mountainous terrain with many steep valleys.\r\n\r\nDuring the Pleistocene Epoch, the Petersburg area presumably was covered by ice several times; glaciers deeply eroded many valleys on Mitkof Island and adjacent areas. The last major deglaciation probably was largely completed by 12,000 years ago. Delayed rebound of the earth's crust, after the melting of large amounts of ice, permitted extensive inundation of land in the Petersburg area. Subsequently, emergence has elevated marine deposits to a present-day altitude of at least 65 m and probably to 75 m. \r\n\r\nBedrock in the Petersburg map area is composed of relatively hard metamorphic rocks, chiefly phyllite and probably some graywacke. Rocks are of Middle(?) Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age. Five types of surficial geologic material of Quaternary age were recognized: (1) mixed deposits consisting of diamicton, silt-clay, and sand or sandy pebble gravel, (2) alluvial deposits, (3) shore and delta deposits, (4) organic deposits, and (5) artificial fill. Geologic structure in southeastern Alaska is complex because several cycles of tectonic deformation since at least early Paelozoic time have affected different parts of the region. The latest of the major tectonic events in southeastern Alaska occurred in Tertiary time, with some minor activity continuing into the Quaternary Period. Along the outer coast of southeastern Alaska, active strike-slip movement is occurring along the Chichagof-Baranof and Queen Charlotte faults. A segment of the prominent Coast-Range lineament, part of which may be a fault, lies 18 km northeast of Petersburg.\r\n\r\nMany earthquakes occur along the outer coast of southeastern Alaska. Most of these shocks are associated with movements along the Chichagof-Baranof, Queen Charlotte, and Transition faults. A few small earthquakes occur in the region between the outer coast and the southern part of the Coast Mountains. 0nly a few earthquakes have been recorded as felt at Petersburg; these shocks and others possibly felt in the Petersburg region are tabulated. Among the recorded earthquakes the highest intensity (about V-VI) as the magnitude 7.1 earthquake of October 24, 1927, that occurred probably along the Chichagof-Baranof fault, and about 225 km northwest of Petersburg; damage was reported as minor. Other large earthquakes along the Chichagof-Baranof fault that affected or probably affected the Petersburg area in a minor way occurred on August 22, 1949 (magnitude 8.1) and on July 30, 1972 (magnitude 7.25). \r\n\r\nFrom a consideration of the tectonics and earthquake history of the region, earthquakes similar to the 1927, 1949, and 1972 shocks are expected to recur on segments of the Chichagof-Baranof or Queen Charlotte faults. The closest of these fault segments is about 170 km southwest from Petersburg. The likelihood of destructive earthquakes being generated along faults closer to Petersburg is unknown.\r\n\r\nA very generalized discussion of possible geologic effects that could occur in the area during a postulated, theoretically reasonable worst case earthquake of magnitude 8 occurring along the outer coast about 170 km southwest from Petersburg notes that ground shaking probably would be strongest on organic deposits and least on bedrock and on firm, compact diamicton. Among other effects that could happen are: (1) liquefaction of some of the few delta and alluvial","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78675","usgsCitation":"Yehle, L.A., 1978, Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Petersburg area, southeastern Alaska, with emphasis on geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-675, iv, 92 p. :maps (2 fold. in envelope) ; scales 1:9,600 and 1:250,000 ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78675.","productDescription":"iv, 92 p. :maps (2 fold. in envelope) ; scales 1:9,600 and 1:250,000 ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0675/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39665,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0675/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39666,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0675/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"9600","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6442c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9004,"text":"ofr78383 - 1978 - A comparison of rock and soil samples for geochemical mapping of two porphyry-metal systems in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:28","indexId":"ofr78383","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-383","title":"A comparison of rock and soil samples for geochemical mapping of two porphyry-metal systems in Colorado","docAbstract":"Paired rock and soil samples were collected at widely spaced locations in large segments of the porphyry-metal systems of the Montezuma district in central Colorado and of a northwestward extension of the Summitville district into Crater Creek in southern Colorado. The paired samples do not covary closely enough for one sample medium to proxy for the other. However, the areal distributions of elements in both rocks and soils in these two districts conform to alteration zoning as defined by mineralogy. Differing geochemical patterns of rocks and soils reflect species-dependent responses to weathering. Soils appear to be statistically enriched in ore elements and depleted in rock elements as compared to the matching rocks. These differences are largely artificial s owing to different methods of sample preparation and chemical analysis for rocks and for soils. The distributions of metals in soils delineate the occurrence of ore-metal minerals mostly from vein deposits whereas the distributions of metals in rocks conform to zones of pervasive hydrothermal alteration and to the distribution of varied mineral deposits among these zones. Rock and soil samples are equally useful s of comparable map resolution and complement one another as a basis for geochemically mapping these porphyry-metal systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78383","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., Barton, H.N., Watterson, J., and Welsch, E.P., 1978, A comparison of rock and soil samples for geochemical mapping of two porphyry-metal systems in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-383, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78383.","productDescription":"26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0383/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36643,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0383/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George J.","contributorId":103661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, H. N.","contributorId":99546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watterson, J.R.","contributorId":102890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Welsch, E. P.","contributorId":6050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsch","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}