{"pageNumber":"1054","pageRowStart":"26325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46735,"records":[{"id":70025736,"text":"70025736 - 2003 - The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: An overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T08:37:39","indexId":"70025736","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: An overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration","docAbstract":"The US Department of Energy is pursuing Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for the development of a geologic repository for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, if the repository is able to meet applicable radiation protection standards established by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Effective performance of such a repository would rely on a number of natural and engineered barriers to isolate radioactive waste from the accessible environment. Groundwater beneath Yucca Mountain is the primary medium through which most radionuclides might move away from the potential repository. The saturated zone (SZ) system is expected to act as a natural barrier to this possible movement of radionuclides both by delaying their transport and by reducing their concentration before they reach the accessible environment. Information obtained from Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project activities is used to estimate groundwater flow rates through the site-scale SZ flow and transport model area and to constrain general conceptual models of groundwater flow in the site-scale area. The site-scale conceptual model is a synthesis of what is known about flow and transport processes at the scale required for total system performance assessment of the site. This knowledge builds on and is consistent with knowledge that has accumulated at the regional scale but is more detailed because more data are available at the site-scale level. The mathematical basis of the site-scale model and the associated numerical approaches are designed to assist in quantifying the uncertainty in the permeability of rocks in the geologic framework model and to represent accurately the flow and transport processes included in the site-scale conceptual model. Confidence in the results of the mathematical model was obtained by comparing calculated to observed hydraulic heads, estimated to measured permeabilities, and lateral flow rates calculated by the site-scale model to those calculated by the regional-scale flow model. In addition, it was confirmed that the flow paths leaving the region of the potential repository are consistent with those inferred from gradients of measured head and those independently inferred from water-chemistry data. The general approach of the site-scale SZ flow and transport model analysis is to calculate unit breakthrough curves for radionuclides at the interface between the SZ and the biosphere using the three-dimensional site-scale SZ flow and transport model. Uncertainties are explicitly incorporated into the site-scale SZ flow and transport abstractions through key parameters and conceptual models. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Eddebbarh, A., Zyvoloski, G., Robinson, B., Kwicklis, E., Reimus, P., Arnold, B., Corbet, T., Kuzio, S., and Faunt, C., 2003, The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: An overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 62-63, p. 477-493, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7.","startPage":"477","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208649,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7"}],"volume":"62-63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafb4e4b08c986b3249b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eddebbarh, A.-A.","contributorId":101425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddebbarh","given":"A.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zyvoloski, G.A.","contributorId":20123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyvoloski","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kwicklis, E. M.","contributorId":86377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reimus, P.W.","contributorId":91266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimus","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arnold, B.W.","contributorId":77335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Corbet, T.","contributorId":48361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbet","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kuzio, S.P.","contributorId":86539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzio","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Faunt, C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":77714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70025738,"text":"70025738 - 2003 - Use of porosity to estimate hydraulic properties of volcanic tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025738","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of porosity to estimate hydraulic properties of volcanic tuffs","docAbstract":"Correlations of hydraulic properties with easily measured physical properties are useful for purposes of site characterization in heterogeneous sites. Approximately 600 samples of volcanic rocks from Yucca Mountain, Nevada, representing lithologies with a large range of hydraulic properties, were analyzed to develop correlations of effective porosity with saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture-retention curve-fit parameters that relate to lithologies of varying depositional history and alteration processes. Effective porosity, ??e, defined as the porosity calculated using drying at a relative humidity of -70 MPa, is used in a generalized Kozeny-Carman equation to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks = b??en, where b and n are constants. The entire dataset has an R2 of 0.36. When samples are grouped according to general lithology, correlations result in an R2 of 0.71 for the crystallized/vitric samples, 0.24 for samples with mineral alteration, and 0.34 for samples with microfractures, thus increasing the predictive capability over that of the total dataset. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00182-3","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., and Selker, J., 2003, Use of porosity to estimate hydraulic properties of volcanic tuffs: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, no. 5, p. 561-571, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00182-3.","startPage":"561","endPage":"571","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208667,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00182-3"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf59e4b08c986b329ae4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selker, J.S.","contributorId":86540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selker","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025714,"text":"70025714 - 2003 - Optical dating of tufa via in situ aeolian sand grains: A case example from the Southern High Plains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70025714","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Optical dating of tufa via in situ aeolian sand grains: A case example from the Southern High Plains, USA","docAbstract":"Precipitated carbonates (commonly termed tufas or travertines) maybe of considerable utility for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Their potential, however, for such reconstruction is commonly limited by difficulties associated with their absolute age control. Attempts to date such deposits via uranium series techniques have been complicated by their chemically open behaviour. Here we describe an alternative approach to date tufa deposits associated with ephemeral saline lake basins from the Southern High Plains, USA. We have optically dated sand grains of a mixed aeolian/fluvial (spring fed) origin as the integrating dosimeter. We assume that the grains are fully resetting prior to their incorporation into the tufa deposits and employ a time-dependent disequilibrium dosimetric model to account for the build-up of uranium series daughter products. The approach was applied to a set of four samples with known stratigraphic association. We obtained stratigraphically sensible optical ages ranging from 78??8 to 56??4ka. These data are consistent with existing palaeoenvironmental models of regional recharge. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00021-0","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Rich, J., Stokes, S., Wood, W., and Bailey, R., 2003, Optical dating of tufa via in situ aeolian sand grains: A case example from the Southern High Plains, USA, <i>in</i> Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, no. 10-13, p. 1145-1152, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00021-0.","startPage":"1145","endPage":"1152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208767,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00021-0"},{"id":234744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"10-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ed1e4b0c8380cd757fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rich, J.","contributorId":59193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stokes, S.","contributorId":58041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, W.","contributorId":103050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, R.","contributorId":57633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1007925,"text":"1007925 - 2003 - Current versus future reproduction: an experimental test of parental investment decisions using nest desertion by mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-29T18:25:19.086957","indexId":"1007925","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":982,"text":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Current versus future reproduction: an experimental test of parental investment decisions using nest desertion by mallards <i>(Anas platyrhynchos)</i>","title":"Current versus future reproduction: an experimental test of parental investment decisions using nest desertion by mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Past investment in offspring may be important in determining a parent's ability to reproduce in the future and, hence, should affect the relative value of current offspring. However, there have been surprisingly few clear tests of whether animals actually adjust parental care in response to diminished opportunities for future reproduction. We modified the experimental protocol of Sargent and Gross [Behav Ecol Sociobiol (1985) 17:43–45] to examine offspring desertion by mallards (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>), and decoupled the influence of past investment from expected current benefits by controlling for the effect of offspring age on clutch value. Using 9&nbsp;years of nest mortality data, we accounted for the increasing prospects of egg survival with clutch age by calculating clutch sizes throughout incubation with equivalent expected benefits. Applying this approach, we experimentally reduced 203&nbsp;clutches at two different incubation stages such that they had equivalent expected benefits but differed in the amount of past investment. Nest desertion rates did not differ between early- and late-incubated clutches that had equivalent expected benefits. Rather, the probability of desertion increased with the severity of the clutch reduction treatment. These results suggest that female mallards adjust parental care according to the expected benefits of current offspring, rather than to diminished prospects for future reproduction due to past investment. We further examined whether females assessed expected benefits on the basis of clutch size alone or clutch size adjusted for the age of the clutch. Using Akaike's Information Criterion, the most parsimonious model to explain the probability of deserting an experimentally reduced clutch included both the proportion of the clutch remaining and clutch age. Thus, female mallards appear to fine-tune their level of parental care not only according to the relative number of offspring in the clutch, but also to the increased prospects for offspring survival as they age.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00265-003-0628-x","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., and Eadie, J., 2003, Current versus future reproduction: an experimental test of parental investment decisions using nest desertion by mallards (Anas platyrhynchos): Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, v. 54, no. 3, p. 264-273, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0628-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"273","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388638,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ebfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eadie, J.M.","contributorId":8034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eadie","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025705,"text":"70025705 - 2003 - Modeling flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: An evaluation of the continuum approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T08:43:53","indexId":"70025705","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: An evaluation of the continuum approach","docAbstract":"Because the continuum approach is relatively simple and straightforward to implement, it has been commonly used in modeling flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock. However, the usefulness of this approach can be questioned in terms of its adequacy for representing fingering flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock. The continuum approach thus needs to be evaluated carefully by comparing simulation results with field observations directly related to unsaturated flow and transport processes. This paper reports on such an evaluation, based on a combination of model calibration and prediction, using data from an infiltration test carried out in a densely fractured rock within the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Comparisons between experimental and modeling results show that the continuum approach may be able to capture important features of flow and transport processes observed from the test. The modeling results also show that matrix diffusion may have a significant effect on the overall transport behavior in unsaturated fractured rocks, which can be used to estimate effective fracture-matrix interface areas based on tracer transport data. While more theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies are needed to provide a conclusive evaluation, this study suggests that the continuum approach is useful for modeling flow and transport in unsaturated, densely fractured rock. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00170-5","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Haukwa, C., Ahlers, C., Bodvarsson, G., Flint, A.L., and Guertal, W., 2003, Modeling flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: An evaluation of the continuum approach: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 62-63, p. 173-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00170-5.","startPage":"173","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478404,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc776968/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00170-5"}],"volume":"62-63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bf9e4b0c8380cd6f941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, H.-H.","contributorId":14618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"H.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haukwa, C.B.","contributorId":28415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukwa","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ahlers, C.F.","contributorId":77336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlers","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Guertal, W.B.","contributorId":74553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guertal","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025704,"text":"70025704 - 2003 - Genetic variation in black bears in Arkansas and Louisiana using microsatellite DNA markers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T14:19:04","indexId":"70025704","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic variation in black bears in Arkansas and Louisiana using microsatellite DNA markers","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the 1950s and 1960s, translocation projects reintroduced black bears (</span><i>Ursus americanus</i><span>) from Minnesota and Manitoba to Arkansas and Louisiana. Today, several geographically disconnected populations exist in Arkansas and Louisiana, but their origins are unclear. Some populations may represent a separate subspecies,&nbsp;</span><i>U. a. luteolus</i><span>, which is federally protected. We characterized 5 microsatellite loci in 5 isolated populations in Arkansas and Louisiana and compared them with genotypes from Minnesota. Our data indicate that bears of the Ozark and Ouachita mountains of Arkansas, an inland area of Louisiana, and those of Minnesota are similar in overall genetic diversity and allele frequencies, consistent with these populations being wholly or mostly descended from bears from the reintroduction programs. In contrast, bears from southeastern Arkansas and the coastal region of Louisiana genetically are more restricted and homogeneous. Because they exhibit a limited set of genotypes found in the other black bear populations, they represent isolated fragments of a single North American black bear population. Furthermore, genetic distance estimates indicate that the bears in southeastern Arkansas are more genetically distinct from bears in Louisiana, which are currently federally protected.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0691:GVIBBI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Csiki, I., Lam, C., Key, A., Coulter, E., Clark, J.D., Pace, R.M., Smith, K.G., and Rhoads, D.D., 2003, Genetic variation in black bears in Arkansas and Louisiana using microsatellite DNA markers: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 84, no. 2, p. 691-701, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0691:GVIBBI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"701","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478405,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0691:gvibbi>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/content/84/2/691"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana","county":"Pointe Coupee Parish","otherGeospatial":"Ouachita national forest, Ozark national forest, White River National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.6142578125,\n              36.50963615733049\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.15380859375,\n              36.50963615733049\n            ],\n            [\n          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Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lam, Cynthia","contributorId":168709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lam","given":"Cynthia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, Audie","contributorId":168710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Key","given":"Audie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coulter, Erica","contributorId":168711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coulter","given":"Erica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pace, Richard M. III","contributorId":168712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pace","given":"Richard","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, Kimberly G.","contributorId":47720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rhoads, Douglas D.","contributorId":168713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhoads","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70025751,"text":"70025751 - 2003 - Analysis of a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a neural network-based pattern analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70025751","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a neural network-based pattern analysis","docAbstract":"This paper addresses the problem of how to capture the complex relationships that exist between process variables and to diagnose the dynamic behaviour of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WTP). Due to the complex biological reaction mechanisms, the highly time-varying, and multivariable aspects of the real WTP, the diagnosis of the WTP are still difficult in practice. The application of intelligent techniques, which can analyse the multi-dimensional process data using a sophisticated visualisation technique, can be useful for analysing and diagnosing the activated-sludge WTP. In this paper, the Kohonen Self-Organising Feature Maps (KSOFM) neural network is applied to analyse the multi-dimensional process data, and to diagnose the inter-relationship of the process variables in a real activated-sludge WTP. By using component planes, some detailed local relationships between the process variables, e.g., responses of the process variables under different operating conditions, as well as the global information is discovered. The operating condition and the inter-relationship among the process variables in the WTP have been diagnosed and extracted by the information obtained from the clustering analysis of the maps. It is concluded that the KSOFM technique provides an effective analysing and diagnosing tool to understand the system behaviour and to extract knowledge contained in multi-dimensional data of a large-scale WTP. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00494-3","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hong, Y., Rosen, M.R., and Bhamidimarri, R., 2003, Analysis of a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a neural network-based pattern analysis: Water Research, v. 37, no. 7, p. 1608-1618, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00494-3.","startPage":"1608","endPage":"1618","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208770,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00494-3"},{"id":234748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb03e4b0c8380cd48b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hong, Y.-S.T.","contributorId":14169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hong","given":"Y.-S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bhamidimarri, R.","contributorId":51508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhamidimarri","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025699,"text":"70025699 - 2003 - Seismic velocity anisotropy and heterogeneity beneath the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography Experiment (MELT) region of the East Pacific Rise from analysis of P and S body waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70025699","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic velocity anisotropy and heterogeneity beneath the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography Experiment (MELT) region of the East Pacific Rise from analysis of P and S body waves","docAbstract":"We use teleseismic P and S delay times and shear wave splitting measurements to constrain isotropic and anisotropic heterogeneity in the mantle beneath the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR). The data comprise 462 P and S delay times and 18 shear wave splitting observations recorded during the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) Experiment. We estimate the mantle melt content (F) and temperature (T) variation from the isotropic velocity variation. Our results indicate that the maximum variation in F beneath our array is between zero and ???1.2%, and maximum variation in T is between zero and ???100 K. We favor an explanation having partial contributions from both T and F. We approximate the seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle with hexagonal symmetry, consistent with the assumption of two dimensionality of mantle flow. Our new tomographic technique uses a nonlinear inversion of P and slow S polarization delay times to simultaneously solve for coupled VP and VS heterogeneity throughout the model and for the magnitude of anisotropy within discrete domains. The domain dimensions and the dip of the anisotropy are fixed for each inversion but are varied in a grid search, obtaining the misfit of the models to the body wave delay data and to split times of vertically propagating S waves. The data misfit and the isotropic heterogeneity are sensitive to domain dimensions and dip of anisotropy. In a region centered beneath the SEPR the best average dip of the hexagonal symmetry axis is horizontal or dipping shallowly (<30??) west. Given the resolution of our data, a subaxial region characterized by vertically aligned symmetry axes may exist but is limited to be <80 km deep. We infer that the mantle flow beneath the SEPR is consistent with shallow asthenospheric return flow from the direction of the South Pacific superswell.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hammond, W., and Toomey, D., 2003, Seismic velocity anisotropy and heterogeneity beneath the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography Experiment (MELT) region of the East Pacific Rise from analysis of P and S body waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 108, no. 4.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b75e4b08c986b317847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, W.C.","contributorId":19347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toomey, D.R. 0000-0003-2873-4084","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2873-4084","contributorId":57637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toomey","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025685,"text":"70025685 - 2003 - Using tree recruitment patterns and fire history to guide restoration of an unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas‐fir landscape in the southern Rocky Mountains after a century of fire suppression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:43:00","indexId":"70025685","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3886,"text":"Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using tree recruitment patterns and fire history to guide restoration of an unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas‐fir landscape in the southern Rocky Mountains after a century of fire suppression","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tree age and fire history were studied in an unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas‐fir ( </span><i>Pinus ponderosa/Pseudotsuga menziesii</i><span> ) landscape in the Colorado Front Range mountains. These data were analysed to understand tree survival during fire and post‐fire recruitment patterns after fire, as a basis for understanding the characteristics of, and restoration needs for, an ecologically sustainable landscape. Comparisons of two independent tree age data sets indicated that sampling what subjectively appear to be the five oldest trees in a forest polygon could identify the oldest tree. Comparisons of the ages of the oldest trees in each data set with maps of fire history suggested that delays in establishment of trees, after stand‐replacing fire, ranged from a few years to more than a century. These data indicate that variable fire severity, including patches of stand replacement, and variable temporal patterns of tree recruitment into openings after fire were major causes of spatial heterogeneity of patch structure in the landscape. These effects suggest that restoring current dense and homogeneous ponderosa pine forests to an ecologically sustainable and dynamic condition should reflect the roles of fires and variable patterns of tree recruitment in regulating landscape structure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/forestry/76.2.231","issn":"0015752X","usgsCitation":"Kaufmann, M., Huckaby, L.S., Fornwalt, P., Stoker, J.M., and Romme, W., 2003, Using tree recruitment patterns and fire history to guide restoration of an unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas‐fir landscape in the southern Rocky Mountains after a century of fire suppression: Forestry, v. 76, no. 2, p. 231-241, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.231.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478509,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.231","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208826,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.231"},{"id":234857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0bce4b08c986b32a2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaufmann, M. R.","contributorId":77878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufmann","given":"M. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckaby, L. S.","contributorId":92622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckaby","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fornwalt, P.J.","contributorId":77486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fornwalt","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stoker, J. M. 0000-0003-2455-0931","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-0931","contributorId":44873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Romme, W.H.","contributorId":89307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romme","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025681,"text":"70025681 - 2003 - Assessing water quality at large geographic scales: Relations among land use, water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025681","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing water quality at large geographic scales: Relations among land use, water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure","docAbstract":"Data collected from 172 sites in 20 major river basins between 1993 and 1995 as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program were analyzed to assess relations among basinwide land use (agriculture, forest, urban, range), water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure. A multimetric approach was used to develop regionally referenced indices of fish community and riparian condition. Across large geographic areas, decreased riparian condition was associated with water-quality constituents indicative of nonpoint source inputs-total nitrogen and suspended sediment and basin-wide urban land use. Decreased fish community condition was associated with increases in total dissolved solids and rangeland use and decreases in riparian condition and agricultural land use. Fish community condition was relatively high even in areas where agricultural land use was relatively high (>50% of the basin). Although agricultural land use can have deleterious effects on fish communities, the results of this study suggest that other factors also may be important, including practices that regulate the delivery of nutrients, suspended sediments, and total dissolved solids into streams. Across large geographic scales, measures of water physicochemistry may be better indicators of fish community condition than basinwide land use. Whereas numerous studies have indicated that riparian restorations are successful in specific cases, this analysis suggests the universal importance of riparian zones to the maintenance and restoration of diverse fish communities in streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-002-2805-5","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., and Goldstein, R.M., 2003, Assessing water quality at large geographic scales: Relations among land use, water physicochemistry, riparian condition, and fish community structure: Environmental Management, v. 31, no. 4, p. 504-517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2805-5.","startPage":"504","endPage":"517","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208784,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2805-5"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edf4e4b0c8380cd49b30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025680,"text":"70025680 - 2003 - Are there spurious temperature trends in the United States Climate Division database?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T15:34:34.665083","indexId":"70025680","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are there spurious temperature trends in the United States Climate Division database?","docAbstract":"The United States (U.S.) Climate Division data set is commonly used in applied climatic studies in the United States. The divisional averages are calculated by including all available stations within a division at any given time. The averages are therefore vulnerable to shifts in average station location or elevation over time, which may introduce spurious trends within these data. This paper examines temperature trends within the 15 climate divisions of New England, comparing the NCDC's U.S. Divisional Data to the U.S. Historical Climate Network (USHCN) data. Correlation and multiple regression revealed that shifts in latitude, longitude, and elevation have affected the quality of the NCDC divisional data with respect to the USHCN. As a result, there may be issues with regard to their use in decadal-to century-scale climate change studies.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002GL016295","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Keim, B., Wilson, A., Wake, C., and Huntington, T., 2003, Are there spurious temperature trends in the United States Climate Division database?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 7, 57, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016295.","productDescription":"57, 4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478493,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016295","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed61e4b0c8380cd497a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keim, B.D.","contributorId":72988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keim","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, A.M.","contributorId":92820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wake, C.P.","contributorId":85353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wake","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025667,"text":"70025667 - 2003 - Vertical structure of the phytoplankton community associated with a coastal plume in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T19:29:00.944657","indexId":"70025667","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical structure of the phytoplankton community associated with a coastal plume in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Low salinity plumes of&nbsp;</span>coastal<span>&nbsp;origin are occasionally found far offshore, where they display&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;distinct color signature detectable by satellites. The impact of such plumes on carbon fixation and&nbsp;</span>phytoplankton<span>&nbsp;</span>community<span>&nbsp;</span>structure<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>vertical<span>&nbsp;profiles and on basin wide scales is poorly understood. On&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;research cruise&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;June 1999, ocean-color satellite-images (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor, SeaWiFS) were used&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;locating&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;Mississippi River&nbsp;</span>plume<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the eastern&nbsp;</span>Gulf<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>Mexico<span>. Profiles sampled within and outside of the&nbsp;</span>plume<span>&nbsp;were analyzed using flow cytometry, HPLC pigment analysis and primary production using&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C incorporation. Additionally, RubisCO large subunit (rbcL) gene expression was measured by hybridization of extracted RNA using 3 full-length RNA gene probes specific for individual&nbsp;</span>phytoplankton<span>&nbsp;clades. We also used&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;combination of RT-PCR/PCR and TA cloning&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;order to generate cDNA and DNA rbcL clone libraries from samples taken&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>plume<span>. Primary productivity was greatest&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the low salinity surface layer of the&nbsp;</span>plume<span>. The&nbsp;</span>plume<span>&nbsp;was also&nbsp;</span>associated<span>&nbsp;with high Synechococcus counts and&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;strong peak&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;Form IA rbcL expression. Form IB rbcL (green algal) mRNA was abundant at the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM), whereas Form ID rbcL (chromophytic) expression showed little&nbsp;</span>vertical<span>&nbsp;</span>structure<span>. Phylogenetic analysis of cDNA libraries demonstrated the presence of Form IA rbcL Synechococcus phylotypes&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>plume<span>. Below the&nbsp;</span>plume<span>, 2 spatially separated and genetically distinct rbcL clades of Prochlorococcus were observed. This indicated the presence of the high- and low-light adapted clades of Prochlorococcus.&nbsp;</span>A<span>&nbsp;large and very diverse clade of Prymnesiophytes was distributed throughout the water column, whereas&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;clade of closely related prasinophytes may have dominated at the SCM. These data indicate that the Mississippi river&nbsp;</span>plume<span>&nbsp;may dramatically alter the surface picoplankton composition of the&nbsp;</span>Gulf<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>Mexico<span>, with Synechococcus displacing Prochlorococcus&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the surface waters.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps251087","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Wawrik, B., Paul, J., Campbell, L., Griffin, D., Houchin, L., Fuentes-Ortega, A., and Muller-Karger, F., 2003, Vertical structure of the phytoplankton community associated with a coastal plume in the Gulf of Mexico: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 251, p. 87-101, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps251087.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps251087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States, Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.947265625,\n              25.24469595130604\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8369140625,\n              27.877928333679495\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6171875,\n              29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.1552734375,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1220703125,\n              29.649868677972304\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.36328125,\n              30.524413269923986\n            ],\n       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L.","contributorId":76914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, D.","contributorId":86290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houchin, L.","contributorId":10967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houchin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fuentes-Ortega, A.","contributorId":64002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuentes-Ortega","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Muller-Karger, F.","contributorId":68512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller-Karger","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70025665,"text":"70025665 - 2003 - Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-04T09:57:58","indexId":"70025665","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data","docAbstract":"<p>Landsat-7 and Landsat-5 have orbits that are offset from each other by 8 days. During the time that the sensors on both satellites are operational, there is an opportunity for conducting analyses that incorporate multiple intra-annual high spatial resolution data sets for characterizing the Earth's land surface. In the current study, nine Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data sets, covering the same path and row on different dates, were acquired during a 1-year time interval for a region in southeastern South Dakota and analyzed. Scenes were normalized using pseudoinvariant objects, and digital data from a series of test sites were extracted from the imagery and converted to surface reflectance. Sunphotometer data acquired on site were used to atmospherically correct the data. Ground observations that were made throughout the growing season by a large group of volunteers were used to help interpret spectroradiometric patterns and trends. Normalized images were found to be very effective in portraying the seasonal patterns of reflectance change that occurred throughout the region. Many of the radiometric patterns related to plant growth and development, but some also related to different background properties. The different kinds of land cover in the region were spectrally and radiometrically characterized and were found to have different seasonal patterns of reflectance. The degree to which the land cover classes could be separated spectrally and radiometrically, however, depended on the time of year during which the data sets were acquired, and no single data set appeared to be adequate for separating all types of land cover. This has practical implications for classification studies because known patterns of seasonal reflectance properties for the different types of land cover within a region will facilitate selection of the most appropriate data sets for producing land cover classifications.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m02-097","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., and DeFelice, T.P., 2003, Characterization of intra-annual reflectance properties of land cover classes in southeastern South Dakota using Landsat TM and ETM+ data: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 2, p. 219-229, https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-097.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"229","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cde4b0c8380cd4bf14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeFelice, Thomas P.","contributorId":103831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025658,"text":"70025658 - 2003 - The U.S. Geological Survey land remote sensing program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025658","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey land remote sensing program","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has been a provider of remotely sensed information for decades. As the availability and use of satellite data has grown, USGS has placed increasing emphasis on expanding the knowledge about the science of remote sensing and on making remotely sensed data more accessible. USGS encourages widespread availability and distribution of these data and through its programs, encourages and enables a variety of research activities and the development of useful applications of the data. The science of remote sensing has great potential for assisting in the monitoring and assessment of the impacts of natural disasters, management and analysis of environmental, biological, energy, and mineral investigations, and supporting informed public policy decisions. By establishing the Land Remote Sensing Program (LRS) as a major unit of the USGS Geography Program, USGS has taken the next step to further increase support for the accessibility, understanding, and use of remotely sensed data. This article describes the LRS Program, its mission and objectives, and how the program has been structured to accomplish its goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304003100011045","issn":"15230406","usgsCitation":"Saunders, T., Feuquay, J., and Kelmelis, J., 2003, The U.S. Geological Survey land remote sensing program: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 30, no. 2, p. 211-215, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011045.","startPage":"211","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304003100011045"},{"id":235000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba93ee4b08c986b322132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saunders, T.","contributorId":94472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feuquay, J.","contributorId":70577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feuquay","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelmelis, J.A.","contributorId":14171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelmelis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025762,"text":"70025762 - 2003 - The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: Calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:28:45","indexId":"70025762","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: Calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents several different conceptual models of the Large Hydraulic Gradient (LHG) region north of&nbsp;Yucca&nbsp;Mountain and describes the impact of those models on&nbsp;groundwater flow&nbsp;near the potential high-level repository site. The results are based on a numerical model of site-scale&nbsp;</span>saturated zone<span>&nbsp;beneath Yucca Mountain. This model is used for&nbsp;performance assessment&nbsp;predictions of&nbsp;radionuclide&nbsp;transport and to guide future data collection and modeling activities. The numerical model is calibrated by matching available water level measurements using&nbsp;parameter estimation&nbsp;techniques, along with more informal comparisons of the model to hydrologic and geochemical information. The model software (hydrologic simulation code FEHM and parameter estimation software PEST) and model setup allows for efficient calibration of multiple conceptual models. Until now, the Large Hydraulic Gradient has been simulated using a low-permeability, east–west oriented feature, even though direct evidence for this feature is lacking. In addition to this model, we investigate and calibrate three additional conceptual models of the Large Hydraulic Gradient, all of which are based on a presumed zone of hydrothermal&nbsp;chemical alteration&nbsp;north of Yucca Mountain. After examining the heads and permeabilities obtained from the calibrated models, we present particle pathways from the potential repository that record differences in the predicted groundwater flow regime. The results show that Large Hydraulic Gradient can be represented with the alternate conceptual models that include the hydrothermally altered zone. The predicted pathways are mildly sensitive to the choice of the conceptual model and more sensitive to the quality of calibration in the vicinity on the repository. These differences are most likely due to different degrees of fit of model to data, and do not represent important differences in hydrologic conditions for the different conceptual models.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Zyvoloski, G., Kwicklis, E., Eddebbarh, A., Arnold, B., Faunt, C., and Robinson, B., 2003, The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: Calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 62-63, p. 731-750, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"750","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0"}],"volume":"62-63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb036e4b08c986b324cda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zyvoloski, G.","contributorId":51068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyvoloski","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwicklis, E.","contributorId":69759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eddebbarh, A.-A.","contributorId":101425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddebbarh","given":"A.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arnold, B.","contributorId":32713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Faunt, C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":77714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025651,"text":"70025651 - 2003 - Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025651","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach","docAbstract":"Human alteration of large rivers is common-place, often resulting in significant changes in flow characteristics. We used a time series approach to examine daily mean flow data from locations throughout the main-stem Missouri River. Data from a pre-alteration period (1925-1948) were compared with a post-alteration period (1967-1996), with separate analyses conducted using either data from the entire year or restricted to the spring fish spawning period (1 April-30 June). Daily mean flows were significantly higher during the post-alteration period at all locations. Flow variability was markedly reduced during the post-alteration period as a probable result of flow regulation and climatological shifts. Daily mean flow during the spring fish spawning period was significantly lower during the post-alteration period at the most highly altered locations in the middle portion of the river, but unchanged at the least altered locations in the upper and lower portions of the river. Our data also corroborate other analyses, using alternate statistical approaches, that suggest similar changes to the Missouri River system. Our results suggest human alterations on the Missouri River, particularly in the middle portion most strongly affected by impoundments and channelization, have resulted in changes to the natural flow regime.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s000270300005","issn":"10151621","usgsCitation":"Pegg, M., Pierce, C., and Roy, A., 2003, Hydrological alteration along the Missouri River Basin: A time series approach: Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 1, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000270300005.","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478480,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/125","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208825,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000270300005"},{"id":234856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36a8e4b0c8380cd608b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pegg, M.A.","contributorId":46469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pegg","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roy, A.","contributorId":25679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025650,"text":"70025650 - 2003 - Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-21T19:19:48.084992","indexId":"70025650","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationship between&nbsp;</span>gas<span>&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;</span>speed<span>&nbsp;was evaluated&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;</span>low<span>&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;speeds by quantifying the rate of evasion of the deliberate tracer, SF</span><sub>6</sub><span>, from&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;small oligotrophic&nbsp;</span>lake<span>. Several possible relationships between&nbsp;</span>gas<span>&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span>low<span>&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;</span>speed<span>&nbsp;were evaluated by using 1-min-averaged&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;speeds as&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;measure of the instantaneous&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;</span>speed<span>&nbsp;values.&nbsp;</span>Gas<span>&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocities<span>&nbsp;in this data set can be estimated virtually equally well by assuming any of three widely used relationships between k</span><sub>600</sub><span>&nbsp;and winds referenced to 10-m height, U</span><sub>10</sub><span>: (1)&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;bilinear dependence with&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;break in the slope&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;∼3.7 m s</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, which resulted in the best fit; (2)&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;power dependence; and (3)&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;constant&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;for U</span><sub>10</sub><span>&nbsp;&lt; ∼3.7 m s</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, with&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;linear dependence on&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;</span>speed<span>&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;higher&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;speeds. The lack of&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;unique relationship between&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;</span>speed<span>&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;</span>low<span>&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;speeds suggests that other processes, such as convective cooling, contribute significantly to&nbsp;</span>gas<span>&nbsp;exchange when the&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;speeds are&nbsp;</span>low<span>. All three proposed relationships clearly show&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;strong dependence on&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;for winds &gt;3.7 m s</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;which, coupled with the typical variability in instantaneous&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;speeds observed in the field, leads to average&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocity<span>&nbsp;estimates that are higher than those predicted for steady&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;trends. The&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;</span>velocities<span>&nbsp;predicted by the bilinear steady&nbsp;</span>wind<span>&nbsp;relationship for U</span><sub>10</sub><span>&nbsp;&lt; ∼3.7 m s</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;are virtually identical to the theoretical predictions for&nbsp;</span>transfer<span>&nbsp;across&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;smooth surface.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., and Wanninkhof, R., 2003, Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 48, no. 3, p. 1010-1017, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1010","endPage":"1017","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d7e4b0c8380cd54bc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanninkhof, R.","contributorId":74511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanninkhof","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025410,"text":"70025410 - 2003 - Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T16:26:30","indexId":"70025410","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Habitat selection of the channel darter, <i>Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi</i>, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, <i>Percina aurora</i>","title":"Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora","docAbstract":"<p><i>Percina (Cottogaster) aurora</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is an imperiled species under consideration for listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. To better understand habitat use of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. aurora</i><span>, we studied a related and more abundant<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Cottogaster</i><span>species,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Percina copelandi</i><span>, from the Ouachita River, Arkansas. We used a laboratory stream system to examine mesohabitat selection (pools versus riffles) and microhabitat selection (substratum particle size) of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. copelandi</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>over three temperature regimes (summer, spring, and winter).<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Percina copelandi</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>selected pool habitats over riffles and selected pools with coarse substrata (</span><i>e.g.</i><span>, cobble) over fine substrata (</span><i>e.g.</i><span>, gravel). In riffles,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. copelandi</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>selected large substrata during winter and spring but did not show particle size selection during summer. These data, and various published and unpublished field data for<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. aurora</i><span>, suggest that habitat use of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. aurora</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is also centered around deep runs and pools, with large substrata likely being more important at low water temperatures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2003.9664491","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Schofield, P., and Ross, S.T., 2003, Habitat selection of the channel darter, Percina (Cottogaster) copelandi, a surrogate for the imperiled pearl darter, Percina aurora: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 249-257, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2003.9664491.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f27e4b0c8380cd5cb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Pamela J. 0000-0002-8752-2797 pschofield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2797","contributorId":138883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Pamela J.","email":"pschofield@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":405066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, Stephen T.","contributorId":64111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12981,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025644,"text":"70025644 - 2003 - An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:34:18","indexId":"70025644","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery","docAbstract":"<p>A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including urban hydrology, urban climate, land use planning, and resource management, require current and accurate geospatial data of urban impervious surfaces. We developed an approach to quantify urban impervious surfaces as a continuous variable by using multisensor and multisource datasets. Subpixel percent impervious surfaces at 30-m resolution were mapped using a regression tree model. The utility, practicality, and affordability of the proposed method for large-area imperviousness mapping were tested over three spatial scales (Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Richmond, Virginia, and the Chesapeake Bay areas of the United States). Average error of predicted versus actual percent impervious surface ranged from 8.8 to 11.4%, with correlation coefficients from 0.82 to 0.91. The approach is being implemented to map impervious surfaces for the entire United States as one of the major components of the circa 2000 national land cover database.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m02-098","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Huang, C., Homer, C.G., Wylie, B.K., and Coan, M., 2003, An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: Synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 2, p. 230-240, https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-098.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0ae4b0c8380cd485c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":406000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025633,"text":"70025633 - 2003 - Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: Empirical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:44:37.67818","indexId":"70025633","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: Empirical data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Natural production of the radionuclide&nbsp;</span>chlorine<span>-</span>36<span>&nbsp;(</span><sup>36</sup><span>Cl) has provided a valuable tracer for&nbsp;</span>groundwater<span>&nbsp;studies. The nuclear industry, especially the testing of thermonuclear weapons, has also produced large amounts of&nbsp;</span><sup>36</sup><span>Cl that can be detected&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;many samples of&nbsp;</span>groundwater<span>.&nbsp;</span>In<span>&nbsp;order to be most useful&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;hydrologic studies, the natural production prior to 1952 should be distinguished from more recent artificial sources. The object of this study was to reconstruct the probable preanthropogenic levels of&nbsp;</span><sup>36</sup><span>Cl&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>groundwater<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>United<span>&nbsp;</span>States<span>. Although significant local variations exist, they are superimposed on a broad regional pattern of&nbsp;</span><sup>36</sup><span>Cl/Cl ratios&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>United<span>&nbsp;</span>States<span>. Owing to the influence of atmospherically transported ocean salt, natural ratios of&nbsp;</span><sup>36</sup><span>Cl/total Cl are lowest near the coast and increase to a maximum&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the central Rocky Mountains of the&nbsp;</span>United<span>&nbsp;</span>States<span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0232-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Davis, S., Moysey, S., Cecil, L., and Zreda, M., 2003, Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: Empirical data: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 2, p. 217-227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0232-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"227","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cee4b0c8380cd4c429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, S.N.","contributorId":51918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moysey, S.","contributorId":100153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moysey","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zreda, M.","contributorId":72557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zreda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70025764,"text":"70025764 - 2003 - Hydrothermal and tectonic activity in northern Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T06:33:37","indexId":"70025764","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal and tectonic activity in northern Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>Yellowstone National Park is the site of one of the world's largest calderas. The abundance of geothermal and tectonic activity in and around the caldera, including historic uplift and subsidence, makes it necessary to understand active geologic processes and their associated hazards. To that end, we here use an extensive grid of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles (∼450 km) to document hydrothermal and tectonic features and deposits in northern Yellowstone Lake.</p><p>Sublacustrine geothermal features in northern Yellowstone Lake include two of the largest known hydrothermal explosion craters, Mary Bay and Elliott's. Mary Bay explosion breccia is distributed uniformly around the crater, whereas Elliott's crater breccia has an asymmetric distribution and forms a distinctive, ∼2-km-long, hummocky lobe on the lake floor. Hydrothermal vents and low-relief domes are abundant on the lake floor; their greatest abundance is in and near explosion craters and along linear fissures. Domed areas on the lake floor that are relatively unbreached (by vents) are considered the most likely sites of future large hydrothermal explosions. Four submerged shoreline terraces along the margins of northern Yellowstone Lake add to the Holocene record of postglacial lake-level fluctuations attributed to “heavy breathing” of the Yellowstone magma reservoir and associated geothermal system.</p><p>The Lake Hotel fault cuts through northwestern Yellowstone Lake and represents part of a 25-km-long distributed extensional deformation zone. Three postglacial ruptures indicate a slip rate of ∼0.27 to 0.34 mm/yr. The largest (3.0 m slip) and most recent event occurred in the past ∼2100 yr. Although high heat flow in the crust limits the rupture area of this fault zone, future earthquakes of magnitude ∼5.3 to 6.5 are possible. Earthquakes and hydrothermal explosions have probably triggered landslides, common features around the lake margins.</p><p>Few high-resolution seismic reflection surveys have been conducted in lakes in active volcanic areas. Our data reveal active geothermal features with unprecedented resolution and provide important analogues for recognition of comparable features and potential hazards in other subaqueous geothermal environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B25111.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Stephenson, W.J., Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W., and Pierce, K.L., 2003, Hydrothermal and tectonic activity in northern Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 8, p. 954-971, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25111.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"954","endPage":"971","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208869,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25111.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.1212158203125,\n              44.06390660801779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7698974609375,\n              44.06390660801779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7698974609375,\n              45.042478050891546\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1212158203125,\n              45.042478050891546\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1212158203125,\n              44.06390660801779\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a379ae4b0c8380cd60fe5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, L. A.","contributorId":16350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C.","contributorId":39419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pierce, K. L.","contributorId":12404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025415,"text":"70025415 - 2003 - Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T21:30:22.421569","indexId":"70025415","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995","docAbstract":"<p>Shifts in the demographic and economic character of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are driving patterns of land cover and land use change in the region. Such changes may have important consequences for ecosystem functioning. The objective of this paper is to quantify the trajectories and rates of change in land cover and use across the GYE for the period 1975-1995 using satellite imagery. Spectral and geographic variables were used as inputs to classification tree regression analysis (CART) to find \"rules\" which defined land use and land cover classes on the landscape. The resulting CART functions were used to map land cover and land use across seven Landsat TM scenes for 1995. We then used a thresholding technique to identify locations that differed in spectral properties between the 1995 and 1985 time periods. These \"changed\" locations were classified using CART functions derived from spectral and geographic data from 1985. This was similarly done for the year 1975 based on Landsat MSS data. Differences between the 1975, 1985, and 1995 maps were considered change in land cover and use. We calibrated and tested the accuracy of our models using data acquired through manual interpretation of aerial photos. Elevation and vegetative indices derived from the remotely sensed satellite imagery explained the most variance in the land use and land cover classes (-i.e., defined the \"rules\" most often). Overall accuracies from our study were good, ranging from 94% at the coarsest level of detail to 74% at the finest. The largest changes over the study period were the increases in burned, urban, and mixed conifer-herbaceous classes and decreases in woody deciduous, mixed woody deciduous-herbaceous, and conifer habitats. These changes have important implications for ecological function and biodiversity. The expansion of mixed conifer classes may increase fuel loads and enhance risk to the growing number of rural homes. The reduction of woody deciduous cover types is likely reducing population sizes for the numerous plant and animal species that specialize on this habitat type. Some of these species are also negatively influenced by the increase of rural homes in and near woody deciduous habitats.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Parmenter, A., Hansen, A., Kennedy, R., Cohen, W., Langner, U., Lawrence, R., Maxwell, B., Gallant, A., and Aspinall, R., 2003, Land use and land cover change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: 1975-1995: Ecological Applications, v. 13, no. 3, p. 687-703, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0687:LUALCC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"687","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.434814453125,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.434814453125,\n              45.29034662473613\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              45.29034662473613\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              43.95328204198018\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a42ebe4b0c8380cd65fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parmenter, A.W.","contributorId":45877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, A.","contributorId":81675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, R.E.","contributorId":99353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, W.","contributorId":36347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langner, U.","contributorId":31959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langner","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, R.","contributorId":101430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Maxwell, B.","contributorId":56615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":99354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Aspinall, R.","contributorId":89706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspinall","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70025418,"text":"70025418 - 2003 - On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T16:31:44.295634","indexId":"70025418","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency","docAbstract":"<div class=\"margin-size-16-b margin-size-16-t\"><div class=\"margin-size-4-t margin-size-16-b\"><p class=\"typography serif indefinite-width\"><span>We consider&nbsp;expected&nbsp;relationships&nbsp;between&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;τ<sub>a</sub>&nbsp;and&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;using a standard&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance and find τ<sub>a</sub>&nbsp;= Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;(0.5 - ξ), where ξ is&nbsp;stress&nbsp;overshoot. A simple implementation of this balance is to assume overshoot is constant; then&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;should vary linearly with&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop, consistent with spectral theories (Brune, 1970) and dynamic crack models (Madariaga, 1976). Normalizing this expression by the&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;defines an&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;= τ<sub>s</sub>a/Δτ<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;as follows from Savage and Wood (1971). We use this measure of&nbsp;efficiency&nbsp;to analyze data from one of a number of observational studies that find&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;to increase with seismic moment, namely earthquakes recorded in the Cajon Pass borehole by Abercrombie (1995). Increases in&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;with event size could reflect an increase in seismic&nbsp;efficiency; however, η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for the Cajon earthquakes shows no such increase and is approximately constant over the entire moment range. Thus,&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;and&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;co-vary, as&nbsp;expected&nbsp;from the&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance at constant overshoot. The median value of η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for the Cajon earthquakes is four times lower than η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;for laboratory events. Thus, these Cajon-recorded earthquakes have relatively low and approximately constant&nbsp;efficiency. As the&nbsp;energy&nbsp;balance requires η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;= 0.5 - ξ, overshoot can be estimated directly from the Savage-Wood&nbsp;efficiency; overshoot is positive for Cajon Pass earthquakes. Variations in&nbsp;apparent&nbsp;stress&nbsp;with seismic moment for these earthquakes result primarily from systematic variations in&nbsp;static&nbsp;stress&nbsp;drop&nbsp;with seismic moment and do not require a relative decrease in sliding resistance with increasing event size (dynamic weakening). Based on the comparison of field and lab determinations of the Savage-Wood&nbsp;efficiency, we suggest the criterion η<sub>sw</sub>&nbsp;&gt; 0.3 as a test for dynamic weakening in excess of that seen in the lab.</span></p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020162","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Wong, T., and Hickman, S., 2003, On the expected relationships among apparent stress, static stress drop, effective shear fracture energy, and efficiency: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1381-1389, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020162.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1381","endPage":"1389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dc9e4b0c8380cd75323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, T.-F.","contributorId":64852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"T.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025610,"text":"70025610 - 2003 - Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-19T18:40:54.81752","indexId":"70025610","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"We interpret seismic-reflection data, which were collected in Santa Monica Bay using a 70-in3 generator-injector air gun, to show the geologic structure of the continental shelf and slope and of the deep-water, Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins. The goal of this research is to investigate the earthquake hazard posed to urban areas by offshore faults. These data reveal that northwest of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, the Palos Verdes Fault neither offsets the seafloor nor cuts through an undeformed sediment apron that postdates the last sea level rise. Other evidence indicates that this fault extends northwest beneath the shelf in the deep subsurface. However, other major faults in the study area, such as the Dume and San Pedro Basin Faults, were active recently, as indicated by an arched seafloor and offset shallow sediment. Rocks under the lower continental slope are deformed to differing degrees on opposite sides of Santa Monica Canyon. Northwest of this canyon, the continental slope is underlain by a little-deformed sediment apron; the main structures that deform this apron are two lower-slope anticlines that extend toward Point Dume and are cored by faults showing reverse or thrust separation. Southeast of Santa Monica Canyon, lower-slope rocks are deformed by a complex arrangement of strike-slip, normal, and reverse faults. The San Pedro Escarpment rises abruptly along the southeast side of Santa Monica Canyon. Reverse faults and folds underpinning this escarpment steepen progressively southeastward. Locally they form flower structures and cut downward into basement rocks. These faults merge downward with the San Pedro Basin fault zone, which is nearly vertical and strike slip. The escarpment and its attendant structures diverge from this strike-slip fault zone and extend for 60 km along the margin, separating the continental shelf from the deep-water basins. The deep-water Santa Monica Basin has large extent but is filled with only a thin (less than 1.5-km) section of what are probably post-Miocene rocks and sediment. Extrapolating ages obtained from Ocean Drilling Program site 1015 indicates that this sedimentary cover is Quaternary, possibly no older than 600 ka. Folds and faults along the base of the San Pedro Escarpment began to form during 8-13 ka ago. Refraction-velocity data show that high-velocity rocks, probably the Catalina Schist or Miocene volcanic rocks, underlie the sedimentary section. The San Pedro Basin developed along a strike-slip fault, widens to the southeast, and is deformed by faults having apparent reverse separation and by folds near Redondo Canyon and the Palos Verdes Peninsula.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020019","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Normark, W.R., Bohannon, R.G., Sliter, R.W., and Calvert, A., 2003, Geology of the continental margin beneath Santa Monica Bay, Southern California, from seismic-reflection data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 5, p. 1955-1983, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1955","endPage":"1983","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"California","city":"Santa Monica","otherGeospatial":"Santa Monica Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.81439208984375,\n              34.0037197530556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.01626586914062,\n              33.91715274008259\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.89266967773438,\n              33.68092541950744\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.73336791992188,\n              33.58259116393916\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.39828491210936,\n              33.735760815044635\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.42025756835939,\n              33.7825716472443\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38592529296874,\n              33.83962341851979\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.49441528320311,\n              34.01282694464166\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.553466796875,\n              34.043556504127444\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7017822265625,\n              34.04128062212254\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.81439208984375,\n              34.0037197530556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26e2e4b0c8380cd5942d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sliter, R. W.","contributorId":37758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvert, A.J.","contributorId":16614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025606,"text":"70025606 - 2003 - Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:03:40.049062","indexId":"70025606","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"paraNumber\">[1]<span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>Estimates of spectrometer band pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio required for identification of pure minerals and plants were derived using reflectance spectra convolved to AVIRIS, HYDICE, MIVIS, VIMS, and other imaging spectrometers. For each spectral simulation, various levels of random noise were added to the reflectance spectra after convolution, and then each was analyzed with the Tetracorder spectral identification algorithm [</span><i>Clark et al.</i><span>, 2003]. The outcome of each identification attempt was tabulated to provide an estimate of the signal‐to‐noise ratio at which a given percentage of the noisy spectra were identified correctly. Results show that spectral identification is most sensitive to the signal‐to‐noise ratio at narrow sampling interval values but is more sensitive to the sampling interval itself at broad sampling interval values because of spectral aliasing, a condition when absorption features of different materials can resemble one another. The band pass is less critical to spectral identification than the sampling interval or signal‐to‐noise ratio because broadening the band pass does not induce spectral aliasing. These conclusions are empirically corroborated by analysis of mineral maps of AVIRIS data collected at Cuprite, Nevada, between 1990 and 1995, a period during which the sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio increased up to sixfold. There are values of spectrometer sampling and band pass beyond which spectral identification of materials will require an abrupt increase in sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the effects of spectral aliasing. Factors that control this threshold are the uniqueness of a material's diagnostic absorptions in terms of shape and wavelength isolation, and the spectral diversity of the materials found in nature and in the spectral library used for comparison. Array spectrometers provide the best data for identification when they critically sample spectra. The sampling interval should not be broadened to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio in a photon‐noise‐limited system when high levels of accuracy are desired. It is possible, using this simulation method, to select optimum combinations of band‐pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio values for a particular application that maximize identification accuracy and minimize the volume of imaging data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002JE001975","usgsCitation":"Swayze, G.A., Clark, R.N., Goetz, A., Chrien, T.G., and Gorelick, N.S., 2003, Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 108, no. E9, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001975.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"E9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d7e4b0c8380cd51879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":89805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chrien, Thomas G.","contributorId":244617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chrien","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37233,"text":"Raytheon Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gorelick, Noel S.","contributorId":244618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Noel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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