Total carbon stock in vegetation and soils was reduced 37% in south-central Senegal from 1900 to 2000. The decreasing trend will continue during the 21st century unless forest clearing is stopped, selective logging dramatically reduced, and climate change, if any, relatively small. Developing a sustainable fuelwood and charcoal production system could be the most feasible and significant carbon sequestration project in the region. If future climate changes dramatically as some models have predicted, cropland productivity will drop more than 65% around 2100, posing a serious threat to food security and the efficiency of carbon sequestration projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.023","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Kaire, M., Wood, E.C., Diallo, O., and Tieszen, L.L., 2004, Impacts of land use and climate change on carbon dynamics in south-central Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 583-604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.023.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034bce4b0f42e3d040e2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaire, M.","contributorId":147115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaire","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Eric C. woodec@usgs.gov","contributorId":3164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Eric","email":"woodec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diallo, O.","contributorId":147116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diallo","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":570400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159000,"text":"70159000 - 2004 - Ecological impact of historical and future land-use patterns in Senegal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-12T13:16:45","indexId":"70159000","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological impact of historical and future land-use patterns in Senegal","docAbstract":"The CENTURY model was used to simulate changes in total system carbon resulting from land-use history (1850–2000), and impacts of climatic changes and improved land-use management practices in Senegal. Results show that 0.477 Gtons of carbon have been lost from 1850 to 2000. Improved management practices have the potential of increasing carbon levels by 0.116 Gtons from 2000 to 2100. Potential to store carbon exists for improved forest management and agriculture practices in southern Senegal. Potential climatic changes decrease plant production (30 percent), total system carbon (14 percent), and the potential to store carbon from improved management practices (31 percent).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.024","usgsCitation":"Parton, W., Tappan, G.G., Ojima, D., and Tschakert, P., 2004, Ecological impact of historical and future land-use patterns in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 605-623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.024.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"623","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309832,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"561cd9a7e4b0cdb063e584a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parton, W.","contributorId":93668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tappan, G. Gray 0000-0002-2240-6963 tappan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":3624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","email":"tappan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gray","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ojima, D.","contributorId":10378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tschakert, P.","contributorId":149178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tschakert","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159369,"text":"70159369 - 2004 - Sequestration of carbon in soil organic matter in Senegal: an overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T10:02:14","indexId":"70159369","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequestration of carbon in soil organic matter in Senegal: an overview","docAbstract":"Sequestration of Carbon in Soil Organic Matter (SOCSOM) in Senegal is a multi-disciplinary development project planned and refined through two international workshops. The project was implemented by integrating a core of international experts in remote sensing, biogeochemical modeling, community socio-economic assessments, and carbon measurements in a fully collaborative manner with Senegal organizations, national scientists, and local knowledge and expertise. The study addresses the potential role developing countries in semi-arid areas can play in climate mitigation activities. Multiple benefits to smallholders could accrue as a result of management practices to re-establish soil carbon content lost because of land use changes or management practices that are not sustainable. The specific importance for the Sahel is because of the high vulnerability to climate change in already impoverished rural societies.
\nThe project focuses on four objectives in specific locations across the agroecological zones of Senegal. These objectives are: use of soil sampling and biogeochemical modeling to quantify the biophysical potential for carbon sequestration and to determine the sensitivity of the carbon stocks to various management and climate scenarios, to evaluate the socio-economic and cultural requirements necessary for successful project implementation directed toward an aggregation of smallholders to sequester around 100,000 t carbon (C), to support capacity building to develop a Carbon Specialist Team, and to initiate extrapolation from site-specific project areas to the Sahel region and the national level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.04.002","usgsCitation":"Tieszen, L.L., Tappan, G.G., and Toure, A., 2004, Sequestration of carbon in soil organic matter in Senegal: an overview: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 409-425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.04.002.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"425","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562b5a34e4b00162522207e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":578251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tappan, G. Gray 0000-0002-2240-6963 tappan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":3624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","email":"tappan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gray","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toure, A.","contributorId":98920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toure","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159366,"text":"70159366 - 2004 - Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:50:09","indexId":"70159366","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal","docAbstract":"This study examines long-term changes in Senegal's natural resources. We monitor and quantify land use and land cover changes occurring across Senegal using nearly 40 years of satellite imagery, aerial surveys, and fieldwork. We stratify Senegal into ecological regions and present land use and land cover trends for each region, followed by a national summary. Results aggregated to the national level show moderate change, with a modest decrease in savannas from 74 to 70 percent from 1965 to 2000, and an expansion of cropland from 17 to 21 percent. However, at the ecoregion scale, we observed rapid change in some and relative stability in others. One particular concern is the decline in Senegal's biodiverse forests. However, in the year 2000, Senegal's savannas, woodlands, and forests still cover more than two-thirds of the country, and the rate of agricultural expansion has slowed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.018","usgsCitation":"Tappan, G.G., Sall, M., Wood, E., and Cushing, M., 2004, Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 427-462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.018.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"462","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562b5a2ce4b00162522207c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tappan, G. Gray 0000-0002-2240-6963 tappan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":3624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","email":"tappan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gray","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sall, M.","contributorId":83711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sall","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, E.C.","contributorId":64907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cushing, Matthew 0000-0001-5209-6006","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-6006","contributorId":66101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushing","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026468,"text":"70026468 - 2004 - One-dimensional wave bottom boundary layer model comparison: Specific eddy viscosity and turbulence closure models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-14T14:20:02.355552","indexId":"70026468","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One-dimensional wave bottom boundary layer model comparison: Specific eddy viscosity and turbulence closure models","docAbstract":"Six one-dimensional-vertical wave bottom boundary layer models are analyzed based on different methods for estimating the turbulent eddy viscosity: Laminar, linear, parabolic, k—one equation turbulence closure, k−ε—two equation turbulence closure, and k−ω—two equation turbulence closure. Resultant velocity profiles, bed shear stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy are compared to laboratory data of oscillatory flow over smooth and rough beds. Bed shear stress estimates for the smooth bed case were most closely predicted by the k−ω model. Normalized errors between model predictions and measurements of velocity profiles over the entire computational domain collected at 15° intervals for one-half a wave cycle show that overall the linear model was most accurate. The least accurate were the laminar and k−ε models. Normalized errors between model predictions and turbulence kinetic energy profiles showed that the k−ω model was most accurate. Based on these findings, when the smallest overall velocity profile prediction error is required, the processing requirements and error analysis suggest that the linear eddy viscosity model is adequate. However, if accurate estimates of bed shear stress and TKE are required then, of the models tested, the k−ω model should be used.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2004)130:6(322)","usgsCitation":"Puleo, J., Mouraenko, O., and Hanes, D.M., 2004, One-dimensional wave bottom boundary layer model comparison: Specific eddy viscosity and turbulence closure models: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 130, no. 6, p. 322-325, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2004)130:6(322).","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e36e4b0c8380cd75536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puleo, Jack A.","contributorId":108287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puleo","given":"Jack A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mouraenko, O.","contributorId":37510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouraenko","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206022,"text":"70206022 - 2004 - Interpretation of the Miyakejima 2000 eruption and dike emplacement using time animations of earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T13:47:27","indexId":"70206022","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-17T10:34:57","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5873,"text":"Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Interpretation of the Miyakejima 2000 eruption and dike emplacement using time animations of earthquakes","docAbstract":"| The seismic sequence of over 12,000 earthquakes accompanying the 2000 eruption of Miyakejima volcano has been studied by viewing time animations of the earthquakes beneath transparent topography. Seismic activity began on the evening of June 26 extending southwest from Miyakejima’s summit. A few hours later the seismicity abruptly shifted to the WNW and a submarine eruption occurred off the West Coast of Miyakejima on the morning of June 27. Phreatic eruptions at Miyakejima’s summit in July were accompanied by the formation of a new caldera. Following caldera formation explosive eruptions occurred in August. The eruption ended with minor explosions in September. The seismic activity that began with a low-magnitude swarm beneath Miyakejima grew to a major swarm with hundreds of events of M＞4 extending more than 40km WNW from Miyakejima. Lesser numbers of earthquakes occurred on two N-S trending lines extending south and north of the main seismic trend. The seismicity has been interpreted as evidence for emplacement of a massive dike on the main trend that triggered additional earthquakes on the two cross trends. Our interpretation involves more restricted dike emplacement west of Miyakejima, including the possibility of additional submarine eruption, following cracking of the Philippine Sea plate. The seismic activity associated with explosive eruptions in August helps to define Miyakejima’s magma plumbing. A shallow reservoir beneath the southwest slope is defined by concentrations of earthquakes at 4-6km depth, and a deeper source is suggested by a smaller number of earthquakes extending to 10km vertically beneath the shallow source. Seismic activity preceding and accompanying eruptions at Miyakejima’s summit are defined by seismic swarms extending from 4km depth to the surface along a path connecting the summit with the shallow reservoir. Away from Miyakejima shallow (＜1 km) earthquake swarms at minimum rates of 1 event per hour extending over several hours occur within restricted areas of diameter less than 3km and define possible additional sites of undersea eruption or intrusion. Beneath sites west of Miyakejima the seismicity at depths of less than 4km occurs earlier and toward Miyakejima, consistent with magma transport from Miyakejima’s shallow reservoir. Shallow swarms extending 15km to the WNW strongly suggest that additional intrusion and possibly eruption may have occurred on June 27-28. Between June 27 and July 12 along the main seismic trend, and beneath the shallow sites, progressively deeper earthquake swarms occur at progressively later times, a pattern inconsistent with magma transport and interpreted here as the Philippine Sea plate cracking downward. The initial shallow cracking guided magma to the June 27 undersea eruption site. Subsequent cracking to the west allowed very rapid lateral withdrawal of magma from the Miyakejima reservoir allowing a new caldera to form. The deep cracking of the plate may have triggered additional magma sources, including a deep source suggested by the modeling of regional ground deformation data. |
Isotopic analysis of nitrate and sulfate minerals from the nitrate ore fields of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile has shown anomalous 17O enrichments in both minerals. Δ17O values of 14–21 ‰ in nitrate and 0.4 to 4 ‰ in sulfate are the most positive found in terrestrial minerals to date. Modeling of atmospheric processes indicates that the Δ17O signatures are the result of photochemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere. We conclude that the bulk of the nitrate, sulfate and other soluble salts in some parts of the Atacama Desert must be the result of atmospheric deposition of particles produced by gas to particle conversion, with minor but varying amounts from sea spray and local terrestrial sources. Flux calculations indicate that the major salt deposits could have accumulated from atmospheric deposition in a period of 200,000 to 2.0 M years during hyper-arid conditions similar to those currently found in the Atacama Desert. Correlations between Δ17O and δ18O in nitrate salts from the Atacama Desert and Mojave Desert, California, indicate varying fractions of microbial and photochemical end-member sources. The photochemical nitrate isotope signature is well preserved in the driest surficial environments that are almost lifeless, whereas the microbial nitrate isotope signature becomes dominant rapidly with increasing moisture, biologic activity, and nitrogen cycling. These isotopic signatures have important implications for paleoclimate, astrobiology, and N cycling studies.
Debris flows from 740 tributaries transport sediment into the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona, creating rapids that control its longitudinal profile. Debris flows mostly occur when runoff triggers failures in colluvium by a process termed “the fire hose effect.” Debris flows originate from a limited number of geologic strata, almost exclusively shales or other clay‐rich, fine‐grained formations. Observations from 1984 through 2003 provide a 20 year record of all debris flows that reached the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, and repeat photography provides a 100 year record of debris flows from 147 tributaries. Observed frequencies are 5.1 events/year from 1984 to 2003, and historic frequencies are 5.0 events/year from 1890 to 1983. Logistic regression is used to model historic frequencies based on drainage basin parameters observed to control debris flow initiation and transport. From 5 to 7 of the 16 parameters evaluated are statistically significant, including drainage area, basin relief, and the height of and gradient below debris flow source areas, variables which reflect transport distance and potential energy. The aspect of the river channel, which at least partially reflects storm movement within the canyon, is also significant. Model results are used to calculate the probability of debris flow occurrence at the river over a century for all 740 tributaries. Owing to the variability of underlying geomorphic controls, the distribution of this probability is not uniform among tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JF000077","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Webb, R., and Melis, T., 2004, Frequency and initiation of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface, v. 109, no. F4, F04002, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000077.","productDescription":"F04002, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jf000077","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -110.54443359375,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -110.54443359375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 35.746512259918504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"F4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":805966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":187755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":805967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185109,"text":"70185109 - 2004 - Factors that affect molecular weight distribution of Suwannee river fulvic acid as determined by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T19:18:09.303652","indexId":"70185109","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors that affect molecular weight distribution of Suwannee river fulvic acid as determined by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Effects of methylation, molar response, multiple charging, solvents, and positive and negative ionization on molecular weight distributions of aquatic fulvic acid were investigated by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. After preliminary analysis by positive and negative modes, samples and mixtures of standards were derivatized by methylation to minimize ionization sites and reanalyzed.
Positive ionization was less effective and produced more complex spectra than negative ionization. Ionization in methanol/water produced greater response than in acetonitrile/water. Molar response varied widely for the selected free acid standards when analyzed individually and in a mixture, but after methylation this range decreased. After methylation, the number average molecular weight of the Suwannee River fulvic acid remained the same while the weight average molecular weight decreased. These differences are probably indicative of disaggregation of large aggregated ions during methylation. Since the weight average molecular weight decreased, it is likely that aggregate formation in the fulvic acid was present prior to derivatization, rather than multiple charging in the mass spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.065","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C.E., and Leenheer, J.A., 2004, Factors that affect molecular weight distribution of Suwannee river fulvic acid as determined by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 523, no. 2, p. 269-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.065.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River, Okefenokee Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.54714965820312,\n 30.6609502201387\n ],\n [\n -82.38922119140625,\n 30.6609502201387\n ],\n [\n -82.38922119140625,\n 30.835625045645916\n ],\n [\n -82.54714965820312,\n 30.835625045645916\n ],\n [\n -82.54714965820312,\n 30.6609502201387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"523","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90129e4b0849ce97abd04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, Colleen E. cerostad@usgs.gov","contributorId":833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"Colleen","email":"cerostad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":684373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, Jerry A.","contributorId":72420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157572,"text":"70157572 - 2004 - Filling Landsat ETM+ SLC-off gaps using a segmentation model approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-19T09:04:34","indexId":"70157572","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Filling Landsat ETM+ SLC-off gaps using a segmentation model approach","docAbstract":"The purpose of this article is to present a methodology for filling Landsat Scan Line Corrector (SLC)-off gaps with same-scene spectral data guided by a segmentation model. Failure of the SLC on the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instrument resulted in a loss of approximately 25 percent of the spectral data. The missing data span across most of the image with scan gaps varying in size from two pixels near the center of the image to 14 pixels along the east and west edges. Even with the scan gaps, the radiometric and geometric qualities of the remaining portions of the image still meet design specifications and therefore contain useful information (see http:// landsat7.usgs.gov for additional information). The U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center (EDC) is evaluating several techniques to fill the gaps in SLC-off data to enhance the usability of the imagery (Howard and Lacasse 2004) (PE&RS, August 2004). The method presented here uses a segmentation model approach that allows for same-scene spectral data to be used to fill the gaps. The segment model is generated from a complete satellite image with no missing spectral data (e.g., Landsat 5, Landsat 7 SLCon, SPOT). The model is overlaid on the Landsat SLC-off image, and the missing data within the gaps are then estimated using SLC-off spectral data that intersect the segment boundary. A major advantage of this approach is that the gaps are filled using spectral data derived from the same SLC-off satellite image.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Maxwell, S., 2004, Filling Landsat ETM+ SLC-off gaps using a segmentation model approach: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 70, no. 10, p. 1109-1111.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1109","endPage":"1111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308671,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":308670,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/PE-RS-Archive-Search-2009-and-earlier.html"}],"volume":"70","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560a64c2e4b058f706e536c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maxwell, Susan","contributorId":30354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159627,"text":"70159627 - 2004 - A simplified diagnostic model of orographic rainfall for enhancing satellite-based rainfall estimates in data-poor regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T11:36:13","indexId":"70159627","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2168,"text":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simplified diagnostic model of orographic rainfall for enhancing satellite-based rainfall estimates in data-poor regions","docAbstract":"An extension of Sinclair's diagnostic model of orographic precipitation (“VDEL”) is developed for use in data-poor regions to enhance rainfall estimates. This extension (VDELB) combines a 2D linearized internal gravity wave calculation with the dot product of the terrain gradient and surface wind to approximate terrain-induced vertical velocity profiles. Slope, wind speed, and stability determine the velocity profile, with either sinusoidal or vertically decaying (evanescent) solutions possible. These velocity profiles replace the parameterized functions in the original VDEL, creating VDELB, a diagnostic accounting for buoyancy effects. A further extension (VDELB*) uses an on/off constraint derived from reanalysis precipitation fields. A validation study over 365 days in the Pacific Northwest suggests that VDELB* can best capture seasonal and geographic variations. A new statistical data-fusion technique is presented and is used to combine VDELB*, reanalysis, and satellite rainfall estimates in southern Africa. The technique, matched filter regression (MFR), sets the variance of the predictors equal to their squared correlation with observed gauge data and predicts rainfall based on the first principal component of the combined data. In the test presented here, mean absolute errors from the MFR technique were 35% lower than the satellite estimates alone. VDELB assumes a linear solution to the wave equations and a Boussinesq atmosphere, and it may give unrealistic responses under extreme conditions. Nonetheless, the results presented here suggest that diagnostic models, driven by reanalysis data, can be used to improve satellite rainfall estimates in data-sparse regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/JAM2138.1","usgsCitation":"Funk, C.C., and Michaelsen, J.C., 2004, A simplified diagnostic model of orographic rainfall for enhancing satellite-based rainfall estimates in data-poor regions: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 43, no. 10, p. 1366-1378, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2138.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1366","endPage":"1378","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jam2138.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311298,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717bce4b0e2669b3130fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaelsen, Joel C.","contributorId":91790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelsen","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54003,"text":"cir1254 - 2004 - The world's largest floods, past and present: Their causes and magnitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T11:07:07","indexId":"cir1254","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1254","title":"The world's largest floods, past and present: Their causes and magnitudes","docAbstract":"Floods are among the most powerful forces on earth. Human societies worldwide have lived and died with floods from the very beginning, spawning a prominent role for floods within legends, religions, and history. Inspired by such accounts, geologists, hydrologists, and historians have studied the role of floods on humanity and its supporting ecosystems, resulting in new appreciation for the many-faceted role of floods in shaping our world. Part of this appreciation stems from ongoing analysis of long-term streamflow measurements, such as those recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) streamflow gaging network. But the recognition of the important role of flooding in shaping our cultural and physical landscape also owes to increased understanding of the variety of mechanisms that cause floods and how the types and magnitudes of floods can vary with time and space. The USGS has contributed to this understanding through more than a century of diverse research activities on many aspects of floods, including their causes, effects, and hazards. This Circular summarizes a facet of this research by describing the causes and magnitudes of the world's largest floods, including those measured and described by modern methods in historic times, as well as floods of prehistoric times, for which the only records are those left by the floods themselves.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1254","usgsCitation":"O'Connor, J., and Costa, J.E., 2004, The world's largest floods, past and present: Their causes and magnitudes: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1254, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1254.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4827,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352591,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1254/pdf/circ1254.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53973,"text":"wri034131 - 2004 - Geochemical characterization of ground-water flow in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:37:48","indexId":"wri034131","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4131","title":"Geochemical characterization of ground-water flow in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotopic data were obtained from ground water and surface water throughout the Middle Rio Grande Basin (MRGB), New Mexico, and supplemented with selected data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Information System (NWIS) and City of Albuquerque water-quality database in an effort to refine the conceptual model of ground-water flow in the basin. The ground-water data collected as part of this study include major- and minor-element chemistry (30 elements), oxygen-18 and deuterium content of water, carbon-13 content and carbon-14 activity of dissolved inorganic carbon, sulfur-34 content of dissolved sulfate, tritium, and dissolved atmospheric gases including nitrogen, argon, helium, chlorofluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride from 288 wells and springs in parts of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system. The surface-water data collected as part of this study include monthly measurements of major- and minor-element chemistry (30 elements), oxygen-18 and deuterium content of water, chlorofluorocarbons, and tritium content at 14 locations throughout the basin. Additional data include stable isotope analyses of precipitation and of ground water from City of Albuquerque production wells collected and archived from the early 1980?s, and other data on the chemical and isotopic composition of air, unsaturated zone air, plants, and carbonate minerals from throughout the basin. The data were used to identify 12 sources of water to the basin, map spatial and vertical extents of ground-water flow, map water chemistry in relation to hydrogeologic, stratigraphic, and structural properties of the basin, determine radiocarbon ages of ground water, and reconstruct paleo-environmental conditions in the basin over the past 30,000 years. The data indicate that concentrations of most elements and isotopes generally parallel the predominant north to south direction of ground-water flow. The radiocarbon ages of dissolved inorganic carbon in ground water range from modern (post-1950) to more than 30,000 years before present, and appear to be particularly well defined in the predominantly siliciclastic aquifer system. Major sources of water to the basin include (1) recharge from mountains along the north, east and southwest margins (median age 5,000-9,000 years); (2) seepage from the Rio Grande and Rio Puerco (median age 4,000-8,000 years), and from Abo and Tijeras Arroyos (median age 3,000-9,000 years); (3) inflow of saline water along the southwestern basin margin (median age 20,000 years); and (4) inflow along the northern basin margin that probably represents recharge from the Jemez Mountains during the last glacial period (median age 20,000 years). Water recharged from the Jemez Mountains during the last glacial period occurs at the water table in the central part of the basin and beneath younger recharge along the Rio Grande and the northern mountain front. In some parts of the basin, boundaries between hydrochemical zones appear to be near major faults that may affect ground-water flow. However, in other parts of the basin, such as along the east side of Albuquerque near the Sandia Fault zone, ground-water flow appears to be unaffected by major faults. Upward leakage of saline water occurs along some faults and can be a source of salinity and elevated arsenic concentrations in some ground water. A trough in the modern and predevelopment water table west of Albuquerque is centered along a zone of predominantly late Pleistocene age water through the center of the basin and is flanked and overlain along the trough boundary by water that infiltrated from the Rio Puerco on the west and the Rio Grande to the east. It is suggested that the groundwater trough is a relatively recent transient feature of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system. At Albuquerque, a distinct north-south boundary in deuterium content of ground water marks the division between recharge from the eastern mountain front and that from the Rio Grande.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034131","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., Sanford, W.E., and Busenberg, E., 2004, Geochemical characterization of ground-water flow in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico (Version 1.2, November 20, 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4131, xvi, 395 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034131.","productDescription":"xvi, 395 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"414","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4915,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034131/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4131.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Santa Fe Group aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.20458984375,\n 34.72355492704221\n ],\n [\n -104.39208984375,\n 34.72355492704221\n ],\n [\n -104.39208984375,\n 36.29741818650811\n ],\n [\n -107.20458984375,\n 36.29741818650811\n ],\n [\n -107.20458984375,\n 34.72355492704221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.2, November 20, 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae50f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":94270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53746,"text":"ofr20041068 - 2004 - A compilation of rate parameters of water-mineral interaction kinetics for application to geochemical modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:13:53","indexId":"ofr20041068","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1068","title":"A compilation of rate parameters of water-mineral interaction kinetics for application to geochemical modeling","docAbstract":"Geochemical reaction path modeling is useful for rapidly assessing the extent of water-aqueous-gas interactions both in natural systems and in industrial processes. Modeling of some systems, such as those at low temperature with relatively high hydrologic flow rates, or those perturbed by the subsurface injection of industrial waste such as CO2 or H2S, must account for the relatively slow kinetics of mineral-gas-water interactions. We have therefore compiled parameters conforming to a general Arrhenius-type rate equation, for over 70 minerals, including phases from all the major classes of silicates, most carbonates, and many other non-silicates. The compiled dissolution rate constants range from -0.21 log moles m-2 s-1 for halite, to -17.44 log moles m-2 s-1 for kyanite, for conditions far from equilibrium, at 25 ?C, and pH near neutral. These data have been added to a computer code that simulates an infinitely well-stirred batch reactor, allowing computation of mass transfer as a function of time. Actual equilibration rates are expected to be much slower than those predicted by the selected computer code, primarily because actual geochemical processes commonly involve flow through porous or fractured media, wherein the development of concentration gradients in the aqueous phase near mineral surfaces, which results in decreased absolute chemical affinity and slower reaction rates. Further differences between observed and computed reaction rates may occur because of variables beyond the scope of most geochemical simulators, such as variation in grain size, aquifer heterogeneity, preferred fluid flow paths, primary and secondary mineral coatings, and secondary minerals that may lead to decreased porosity and clogged pore throats.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041068","usgsCitation":"Palandri, J.L., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2004, A compilation of rate parameters of water-mineral interaction kinetics for application to geochemical modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1068, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041068.","productDescription":"70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5147,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palandri, James L.","contributorId":32235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palandri","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57801,"text":"ofr20041255 - 2004 - VPV--The velocity profile viewer user manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"ofr20041255","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1255","title":"VPV--The velocity profile viewer user manual","docAbstract":"The Velocity Profile Viewer (VPV) is a tool for visualizing time series of velocity profiles developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS uses VPV to preview and present measured velocity data from acoustic Doppler current profilers and simulated velocity data from three-dimensional estuarine, river, and lake hydrodynamic models. The data can be viewed as an animated three-dimensional profile or as a stack of time-series graphs that each represents a location in the water column.\r\n\r\n The graphically displayed data are shown at each time step like frames of animation. The animation can play at several different speeds or can be suspended on one frame. The viewing angle and time can be manipulated using mouse interaction. A number of options control the appearance of the profile and the graphs. VPV cannot edit or save data, but it can create a Post-Script file showing the velocity profile in three dimensions. This user manual describes how to use each of these features. VPV is available and can be downloaded for free from the World Wide Web at http://ca.water.usgs.gov/program/sfbay/vpv.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041255","usgsCitation":"Donovan, J.M., 2004, VPV--The velocity profile viewer user manual (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1255, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041255.","productDescription":"63 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5761,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1255/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, John M. 0000-0002-7957-5397 jmd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-5397","contributorId":1255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"John","email":"jmd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57954,"text":"pp1550E - 2004 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Geologic setting and crustal structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-07T20:51:47.909987","indexId":"pp1550E","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"E","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Geologic setting and crustal structure","docAbstract":"Although some scientists considered the Ms=7.1 Loma Prieta, Calif., earthquake of 1989 to be an anticipated event, some aspects of the earthquake were surprising. It occurred 17 km beneath the Santa Cruz Mountains along a left-stepping restraining bend in the San Andreas fault system. Rupture on the southwest-dipping fault plane consisted of subequal amounts of right-lateral and reverse motion but did not reach the surface. In the area of maximum uplift, severe shaking and numerous ground cracks occurred along Summit Road and Skyland Ridge, several kilometers south of the main trace of the San Andreas fault. The relatively deep focus of the earthquake, the distribution of ground failure, the absence of throughgoing surface rupture on the San Andreas fault, and the large component of uplift raised several questions about the relation of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to the San Andreas fault: Did the earthquake actually occur on the San Andreas fault? Where exactly is the San Andreas fault in the heavily forested Santa Cruz Mountains, and how does the fault relate to ground ruptures that occurred there in 1989 and 1906? What is the geometry of the San Andreas fault system at depth, and how does it relate to the major crustal blocks identified by geologic mapping?\r\n\r\nSubsequent geophysical and geologic investigations of crustal structure in the Loma Prieta region have addressed these and other questions about the relation of the earthquake to geologic structures observed in the southern Santa Cruz Mountains. The diverse papers in this chapter cover several topics: geologic mapping of the region, potential- field and electromagnetic modeling of crustal structure, and the velocity structure of the crust and mantle in and below the source region for the earthquake. Although these papers were mostly completed between 1992 and 1997, they provide critical documentation of the crustal structure of the Loma Prieta region. Together, they present a remarkably coherent, three-dimensional picture of the earthquake source region--a geologically complex volume of crust with a long history of both right-lateral faulting and fault-normal compression, thrusting, and uplift.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., 2004, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Geologic setting and crustal structure: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, Report: 204 p.; 3 Plates: 38.36 × 41.01 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550E.","productDescription":"Report: 204 p.; 3 Plates: 38.36 × 41.01 inches or smaller","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110519,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68888.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68888"},{"id":110520,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68889"},{"id":8209,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550e/pp1550e_plate3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8208,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550e/pp1550e_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8207,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550e/pp1550e_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5913,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401893,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68881.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 36.70365959719456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5687","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":257995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58309,"text":"sir20045062 - 2004 - Development of a geodatabase and conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units beneath air force plant 4 and Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field, Fort Worth, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T18:59:30.770638","indexId":"sir20045062","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5062","title":"Development of a geodatabase and conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units beneath air force plant 4 and Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field, Fort Worth, Texas","docAbstract":"Air Force Plant 4 and adjacent Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field at Fort Worth, Texas, constitute a government-owned, contractor-operated facility that has been in operation since 1942. Contaminants from AFP4, primarily volatile organic compounds and metals, have entered the ground-water-flow system through leakage from waste-disposal sites and from manufacturing processes. The U.S. Geological Survey developed a comprehensive geodatabase of temporal and spatial environmental information associated with the hydrogeologic units (alluvial aquifer, Goodland-Walnut confining unit, and Paluxy aquifer) beneath the facility and a three-dimensional conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units integrally linked to the geodatabase. The geodatabase design uses a thematic layer approach to create layers of feature data using a geographic information system. The various features are separated into relational tables in the geodatabase on the basis of how they interact and correspond to one another. Using the geodatabase, geographic data at the site are manipulated to produce maps, allow interactive queries, and perform spatial analyses. The conceptual model for the study area comprises computer-generated, three-dimensional block diagrams of the hydrogeologic units. The conceptual model provides a platform for visualization of hydrogeologic-unit sections and surfaces and for subsurface environmental analyses. The conceptual model is based on three structural surfaces and two thickness configurations of the study area. The three structural surfaces depict the altitudes of the tops of the three hydrogeologic units. The two thickness configurations are those of the alluvial aquifer and the Goodland-Walnut confining unit. The surface of the alluvial aquifer was created using a U.S. Geological Survey 10-meter digital elevation model. The 2,130 point altitudes of the top of the Goodland-Walnut unit were compiled from lithologic logs from existing wells, available soil-boring logs, and previous studies. Data from 120 wells, primarily from existing reports, were used to create a map of the approximate altitude of the Paluxy aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045062","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Shah, S., 2004, Development of a geodatabase and conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units beneath air force plant 4 and Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field, Fort Worth, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5062, iv, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045062.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5062/pdf/sir2004-5062.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":428008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70109.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.4,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -97.45,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -97.45,\n 32.8\n ],\n [\n -97.4,\n 32.8\n ],\n [\n -97.4,\n 32.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6604a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Sachin D.","contributorId":60174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Sachin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58039,"text":"sir20045092 - 2004 - Comparison of methods for determining streamflow requirements for aquatic habitat protection at selected sites on the Assabet and Charles Rivers, Eastern Massachusetts, 2000-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:29","indexId":"sir20045092","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5092","title":"Comparison of methods for determining streamflow requirements for aquatic habitat protection at selected sites on the Assabet and Charles Rivers, Eastern Massachusetts, 2000-02","docAbstract":"Four methods used to determine streamflow requirements for habitat protection at nine critical riffle reaches in the Assabet River and Charles River Basins were compared. The methods include three standard setting techniques?R2Cross, Wetted Perimeter, and Tennant?and a diagnostic method, the Range of Variability Approach. One study reach is on the main stem of the Assabet River, four reaches are on tributaries to the Assabet River (Cold Harbor Brook, Danforth Brook, Fort Meadow Brook, and Elizabeth Brook), three are on the main stem of the Charles River, and one is on a tributary to the Charles River (Mine Brook). The strength of the R2Cross and Wetted-Perimeter methods is that they may be applied at ungaged locations whereas the Tennant method and the Range of Variability Approach require a period of streamflow record for analysis.\r\n\r\nFish community assessments conducted at or near riffle sites in flowing reaches of the Assabet River and Charles River Basins were used to indicate ecological conditions. The fish communities in the main stem and tributary reaches of both the Assabet and Charles River Basins indicated degraded aquatic ecosystems. However, the degree of degradation differs between the two basins. The extreme predominance of tolerant, generalist species in the Charles River fish community demon-strates the cumulative impacts of flow, habitat, and water-chemistry degradation, combined with the effects of nearby impoundments and changing land use.\r\n\r\nThe range of discharges for nine ungaged riffle reaches defined by the median R2Cross 3-of-3 criteria, R2Cross 2-of-3 criteria, and Wetted-Perimeter streamflow requirements, was 0.86 cubic foot per second per square mile, 0.18 cubic foot per second per square mile, and 0.23 cubic foot per second per square mile, respectively. Application of R2Cross and Wetted-Perimeter methods to sites with altered streamflows or at sites that are riffles only at low to moderate flows can result in a greater variability of streamflow requirements than would result if the methods were applied to riffles on natural channels with unaltered streamflows. The R2Cross 2-of-3 criteria and the Wetted-Perimeter streamflow requirements for the Assabet and Charles River sites show narrower interquartile ranges and lower median streamflow requirements than for 10 index streamflow-gaging stations in southern New England. This is especially evident for the R2Cross 2-of-3 criteria and Wetted-Perimeter results that were close to half of the flow requirements determined at the 10 southern New England stations.\r\n\r\nThe R2Cross and Wetted-Perimeter methods were also compared to the Range of Variability Approach analysis and the Tennant Method. The median R2Cross 3-of-3 criteria streamflow requirement for the nine riffles is close to the 75th percentile of the monthly mean flows during the summer low-flow period from six streamflow-gaging stations near the Assabet and Charles River Basins having mostly unaltered flow. This streamflow requirement is close to the median Tennant 40-percent-flow requirement for good habitat condi-tion for the same six nearby stations. The R2Cross 2-of-3 criteria and Wetted-Perimeter results were less than the 25th-percentile of monthly mean flows during the summer months for the six stations. These streamflow requirements are in the poor habitat range as indicated by a Tennant analysis of the same six stations. These comparisons indicate that the R2Cross and Wetted-Perimeter methods underestimate streamflow requirements when applied to sites in smaller drainage areas and channels that are runs at higher flows.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045092","usgsCitation":"Parker, G.W., Armstrong, D.S., and Richards, T.A., 2004, Comparison of methods for determining streamflow requirements for aquatic habitat protection at selected sites on the Assabet and Charles Rivers, Eastern Massachusetts, 2000-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5092, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045092.","productDescription":"72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5969,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5092.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, Gene W. gwparker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Gene","email":"gwparker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, Todd A.","contributorId":52266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58048,"text":"ofr20041334 - 2004 - NADM Conceptual Model 1.0 -- A Conceptual Model for Geologic Map Information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:15","indexId":"ofr20041334","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1334","title":"NADM Conceptual Model 1.0 -- A Conceptual Model for Geologic Map Information","docAbstract":"Executive Summary -- The NADM Data Model Design Team was established in 1999 by the North American Geologic Map Data Model Steering Committee (NADMSC) with the purpose of drafting a geologic map data model for consideration as a standard for developing interoperable geologic map-centered databases by state, provincial, and federal geological surveys. The model is designed to be a technology-neutral conceptual model that can form the basis for a web-based interchange format using evolving information technology (e.g., XML, RDF, OWL), and guide implementation of geoscience databases in a common conceptual framework. The intended purpose is to allow geologic information sharing between geologic map data providers and users, independent of local information system implementation. \r\nThe model emphasizes geoscience concepts and relationships related to information presented on geologic maps. Design has been guided by an informal requirements analysis, documentation of existing databases, technology developments, and other standardization efforts in the geoscience and computer-science communities. \r\nA key aspect of the model is the notion that representation of the conceptual framework (ontology) that underlies geologic map data must be part of the model, because this framework changes with time and understanding, and varies between information providers. The top level of the model distinguishes geologic concepts, geologic representation concepts, and metadata. The geologic representation part of the model provides a framework for representing the ontology that underlies geologic map data through a controlled vocabulary, and for establishing the relationships between this vocabulary and a geologic map visualization or portrayal. Top-level geologic classes in the model are Earth material (substance), geologic unit (parts of the Earth), geologic age, geologic structure, fossil, geologic process, geologic relation, and geologic event.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041334","usgsCitation":"North American Geologic Map Data Model (NADM) Steering Committee Data Model Design Team, 2004, NADM Conceptual Model 1.0 -- A Conceptual Model for Geologic Map Information: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1334, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041334.","productDescription":"60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5978,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1334/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b492d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"North American Geologic Map Data Model (NADM) Steering Committee Data Model Design Team","contributorId":127896,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"North American Geologic Map Data Model (NADM) Steering Committee Data Model Design Team","id":533190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58049,"text":"sir20045159 - 2004 - Simulation of ground-water flow in glaciofluvial aquifers in the Grand Rapids area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T12:22:31","indexId":"sir20045159","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5159","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in glaciofluvial aquifers in the Grand Rapids area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A calibrated steady-state, finite-difference, ground-waterflow model was constructed to simulate ground-water flow in three glaciofluvial aquifers, defined in this report as the upper, middle, and lower aquifers, in an area of about 114 mi2 surrounding the city of Grand Rapids in north-central Minnesota. The calibrated model will be used by Minnesota Department of Health and communities in the Grand Rapids area in the development of wellhead protection plans for their water supplies. The model was calibrated through comparison of simulated ground-water levels to measured static water levels in 351 wells, and comparison of simulated base-flow rates to estimated base-flow rates for reaches of the Mississippi and Prairie Rivers. Model statistics indicate that the model tends to overestimate ground-water levels. The root mean square errors ranged from +12.83 ft in wells completed in the upper aquifer to +19.10 ft in wells completed in the middle aquifer. Mean absolute differences between simulated and measured water levels ranged from +4.43 ft for wells completed in the upper aquifer to +9.25 ft for wells completed in the middle aquifer. Mean algebraic differences ranged from +9.35 ft for wells completed in the upper aquifer to +14.44 ft for wells completed in the middle aquifer, with the positive differences indicating that the simulated water levels were higher than the measured water levels. Percentage errors between simulated and estimated base-flow rates for the three monitored reaches all were less than 10 percent, indicating good agreement. Simulated ground-water levels were most sensitive to changes in general-head boundary conductance, indicating that this characteristic is the predominant model input variable controlling steady-state water-level conditions. Simulated groundwater flow to stream reaches was most sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity, indicating that this characteristic is the predominant model input variable controlling steady-state flow conditions.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56768,"text":"ofr20041261 - 2004 - MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model -- GMG Linear Equation Solver Package Documentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr20041261","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1261","title":"MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model -- GMG Linear Equation Solver Package Documentation","docAbstract":"A geometric multigrid solver (GMG), based in the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm, has been developed for solving systems of equations resulting from applying the cell-centered finite difference algorithm to flow in porous media. This solver has been adapted to the U.S. Geological Survey ground-water flow model MODFLOW-2000. The documentation herein is a description of the solver and the adaptation to MODFLOW-2000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041261","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.D., and Naff, R.L., 2004, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model -- GMG Linear Equation Solver Package Documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1261, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041261.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5650,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648c8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, John D. 0000-0001-6752-4069 jtwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-4069","contributorId":101731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"John","email":"jtwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naff, Richard L.","contributorId":79867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naff","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53380,"text":"sir20045030 - 2004 - Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Small Urban Streams in South Carolina, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-13T10:02:56","indexId":"sir20045030","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5030","title":"Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Small Urban Streams in South Carolina, 2001","docAbstract":"The magnitude and frequency of floods at 20 streamflowgaging stations on small, unregulated urban streams in or near South Carolina were estimated by fitting the measured wateryear peak flows to a log-Pearson Type-III distribution. The period of record (through September 30, 2001) for the measured water-year peak flows ranged from 11 to 25 years with a mean and median length of 16 years. The drainage areas of the streamflow-gaging stations ranged from 0.18 to 41 square miles.\n\nBased on the flood-frequency estimates from the 20 streamflow-gaging stations (13 in South Carolina; 4 in North Carolina; and 3 in Georgia), generalized least-squares regression was used to develop regional regression equations. These equations can be used to estimate the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence-interval flows for small urban streams in the Piedmont, upper Coastal Plain, and lower Coastal Plain physiographic provinces of South Carolina. The most significant explanatory variables from this analysis were mainchannel length, percent impervious area, and basin development factor. Mean standard errors of prediction for the regression equations ranged from -25 to 33 percent for the 10-year recurrence-interval flows and from -35 to 54 percent for the 100-year recurrence-interval flows.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey has developed a Geographic Information System application called StreamStats that makes the process of computing streamflow statistics at ungaged sites faster and more consistent than manual methods. This application was developed in the Massachusetts District and ongoing work is being done in other districts to develop a similar application using streamflow statistics relative to those respective States. Considering the future possibility of implementing StreamStats in South Carolina, an alternative set of regional regression equations was developed using only main channel length and impervious area. This was done because no digital coverages are currently available for basin development factor and, therefore, it could not be included in the StreamStats application. The average mean standard error of prediction for the alternative equations was 2 to 5 percent larger than the standard errors for the equations that contained basin development factor.\n\nFor the urban streamflow-gaging stations in South Carolina, measured water-year peak flows were compared with those from an earlier urban flood-frequency investigation. The peak flows from the earlier investigation were computed using a rainfall-runoff model. At many of the sites, graphical comparisons indicated that the variance of the measured data was much less than the variance of the simulated data. Several statistical tests were applied to compare the variances and the means of the measured and simulated data for each site. The results indicated that the variances were significantly different for 11 of the 13 South Carolina streamflow-gaging stations. For one streamflow-gaging station, the test for normality, which is one of the assumptions of the data when comparing variances, indicated that neither the measured data nor the simulated data were distributed normally; therefore, the test for differences in the variances was not used for that streamflow-gaging station. Another statistical test was used to test for statistically significant differences in the means of the measured and simulated data. The results indicated that for 5 of the 13 urban streamflowgaging stations in South Carolina there was a statistically significant difference in the means of the two data sets.\n\nFor comparison purposes and to test the hypothesis that there may have been climatic differences between the period in which the measured peak-flow data were measured and the period for which historic rainfall data were used to compute the simulated peak flows, 16 rural streamflow-gaging stations with long-term records were reviewed using similar techniques as those used for the measured an","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045030","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Guimaraes, W.B., 2004, Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Small Urban Streams in South Carolina, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5030, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045030.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":511518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guimaraes, Wladimir B.","contributorId":74069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"Wladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54029,"text":"wri034047 - 2004 - Development and Application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for Estimating Atrazine Concentration Distributions in Streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:55","indexId":"wri034047","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4047","title":"Development and Application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for Estimating Atrazine Concentration Distributions in Streams","docAbstract":"Regression models were developed for predicting atrazine concentration distributions in rivers and streams, using the Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) methodology. Separate regression equations were derived for each of nine percentiles of the annual distribution of atrazine concentrations and for the annual time-weighted mean atrazine concentration. In addition, seasonal models were developed for two specific periods of the year--the high season, when the highest atrazine concentrations are expected in streams, and the low season, when concentrations are expected to be low or undetectable. Various nationally available watershed parameters were used as explanatory variables, including atrazine use intensity, soil characteristics, hydrologic parameters, climate and weather variables, land use, and agricultural management practices. Concentration data from 112 river and stream stations sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment and National Stream Quality Accounting Network Programs were used for computing the concentration percentiles and mean concentrations used as the response variables in regression models. Tobit regression methods, using maximum likelihood estimation, were used for developing the models because some of the concentration values used for the response variables were censored (reported as less than a detection threshold). Data from 26 stations not used for model development were used for model validation.\r\n\r\n The annual models accounted for 62 to 77 percent of the variability in concentrations among the 112 model development stations. Atrazine use intensity (the amount of atrazine used in the watershed divided by watershed area) was the most important explanatory variable in all models, but additional watershed parameters significantly increased the amount of variability explained by the models. Predicted concentrations from all 10 models were within a factor of 10 of the observed concentrations at most model development and model validation stations. Results for the two sets of seasonal models were similar. Concentration distributions derived from the seasonal-model predictions provided additional information compared to distributions derived from the annual models.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034047","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Crawford, C.G., and Gilliom, R.J., 2004, Development and Application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for Estimating Atrazine Concentration Distributions in Streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4047, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034047.","productDescription":"81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5472,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6672d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Steven J.","contributorId":29845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54144,"text":"wri034300 - 2004 - Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T11:32:04","indexId":"wri034300","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4300","title":"Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","docAbstract":"Ground-water budgets were developed for 32 small basin-based zones in the Greenwich area of southwestern Connecticut, where crystalline-bedrock aquifers supply private wells, to determine the status of residential ground-water consumption relative to rates of ground-water recharge and discharge. Estimated residential ground-water withdrawals for small basins (averaging 1.7 square miles (mi2)) ranged from 0 to 0.16 million gallons per day per square mile (Mgal/d/mi2). To develop these budgets, residential ground-water withdrawals were estimated using multiple-linear regression models that relate water use from public water supply to data on residential property characteristics. Average daily water use of households with public water supply ranged from 219 to 1,082 gallons per day (gal/d).
A steady-state finite-difference ground-water- flow model was developed to track water budgets, and to estimate optimal values for hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock (0.05 feet per day) and recharge to the overlying till deposits (6.9 inches) using nonlinear regression. Estimated recharge rates to the small basins ranged from 3.6 to 7.5 inches per year (in/yr) and relate to the percentage of the basin underlain by coarse- grained glacial stratified deposits. Recharge was not applied to impervious areas to account for the effects of urbanization. Net residential ground-water consumption was estimated as ground-water withdrawals increased during the growing season, and ranged from 0 to 0.9 in/yr.
Long-term average stream base flows simulated by the ground-water-flow model were compared to calculated values of average base flow and low flow to determine if base flow was substantially reduced in any of the basins studied. Three of the 32 basins studied had simulated base flows less than 3 in/yr, as a result of either ground-water withdrawals or reduced recharge due to urbanization. A water-availability criteria of the difference between the 30-day 2-year low flow and the recharge rate for each basin was explored as a method to rate the status of water consumption in each basin. Water consumption ranged from 0 to 14.3 percent of available water based on this criteria for the 32 basins studied.
Base-flow water quality was related to the amount of urbanized area in each basin sampled. Concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus, chloride, indicator bacteria, and the number of pesticide detections increased with basin urbanization, which ranged from 18 to 63 percent of basin area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the town of Greenwich, Connecticut","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., 2004, Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4300, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034300.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/GreenwichCT03-4300.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5590,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York","county":"Fairfield County, Westchester County","otherGeospatial":"Greenwich area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.75,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 40.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a1e4b07f02db5be166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54146,"text":"sir20045046 - 2004 - Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:42:11","indexId":"sir20045046","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5046","displayTitle":"Hydrologic and Geochemical Evaluation of Aquifer Storage Recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","docAbstract":"The hydrologic and geochemical effects of aquifer storage recovery were evaluated to determine the potential for supplying the city of Charleston, South Carolina, with large quantities of potable water during emergencies, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or hard freezes. An aquifer storage recovery system, including a production well and three observation wells, was installed at a site located on the Charleston peninsula. The focus of this study was the 23.2-meter thick Tertiary-age carbonate and sand aquifer of the Santee Limestone and the Black Mingo Group, the northernmost equivalent of the Floridan aquifer system. Four cycles of injection, storage, and recovery were conducted between October 1999 and February 2002. Each cycle consisted of injecting between 6.90 and 7.19 million liters of water for storage periods of 1, 3, or 6 months. The volume of recovered water that did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard for chloride (250 milligrams per liter) varied from 1.48 to 2.46 million liters, which is equivalent to 21 and 34 percent of the total volume injected for the individual tests. Aquifer storage recovery testing occurred within two productive zones of the brackish Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. The individual productive zones were determined to be approximately 2 to 4 meters thick, based on borehole geophysical logs, electromagnetic flow-meter testing, and specific-conductance profiles collected within the observation wells. A transmissivity and storage coefficient of 37 meters squared per day and 3 x 10-5, respectively, were determined for the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Water-quality and sediment samples collected during this investigation documented baseline aquifer and injected water quality, aquifer matrix composition, and changes in injected/aquifer water quality during injection, storage, and recovery. A total of 193 water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for physical properties, major and minor ions, and nutrients. The aquifer and treated surface water were sodiumchloride and calcium/sodium-bicarbonate water types, respectively. Forty-five samples were collected and analyzed for total trihalomethane. Total trihalomethane data collected during aquifer storage recovery cycle 4 indicated that this constituent would not restrict the use of recovered water for drinking-water purposes. Analysis of six sediment samples collected from a cored well located near the aquifer storage recovery site showed that quartz and calcite were the dominant minerals in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Estimated cation exchange capacity ranged from 12 to 36 milliequivalents per 100 grams in the lower section of the aquifer. A reactive transport model was developed that included two 2-meter thick layers to describe each of the production zones. The four layers composing the production zones were assigned porosities ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 and hydraulic conductivities ranging from 1 to 8.4 meters per day. Specific storage of the aquifer and confining units was estimated to be 1.5 x 10-5 meter-1. Longitudinal dispersivity of all layers was specified to be 0.5 meter. Leakage through the confining unit was estimated to be minimal and, therefore, not used in the reactive transport modeling. Inverse geochemical modeling indicates that mixing, cation exchange, and calcite dissolution are the dominant reactions that occur during aquifer storage recovery testing in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Potable water injected into the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer evolved chemically by mixing with brackish background water and reaction with calcite and cation exchangers in the sediment. Reactive-transport model simulations indicated that the calcite and exchange reactions could be treated as equilibrium processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045046","usgsCitation":"Petkewich, M.D., Parkhurst, D.L., Conlon, K.J., Campbell, B.G., and Mirecki, J.E., 2004, Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5046, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045046.","productDescription":"92 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5592,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 32.41706632846282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce G. 0000-0003-4800-6674 bcampbel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-6674","contributorId":995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"bcampbel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mirecki, June E.","contributorId":93577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"June","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}