{"pageNumber":"106","pageRowStart":"2625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70029599,"text":"70029599 - 2005 - Species frequency dynamics in an old-field succession: Effects of disturbance, fertilization and scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-25T16:41:48.897028","indexId":"70029599","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species frequency dynamics in an old-field succession: Effects of disturbance, fertilization and scale","docAbstract":"<h3 id=\"abs1-2-title\" class=\"article-section__sub-title section1\">Question:</h3><p>Can patterns of species frequency in an old-field be explained within the context of a metapopulation model? Are the patterns observed related to time, spatial scale, disturbance, and nutrient availability?</p><h3 id=\"abs1-3-title\" class=\"article-section__sub-title section1\">Location:</h3><p>Upland and lowland old-fields in Illinois, USA.</p><h3 id=\"abs1-4-title\" class=\"article-section__sub-title section1\">Method:</h3><p>Species richness was recorded annually for seven years following plowing of an upland and lowland old-field subject to crossed fertilizer and disturbance treatments (mowing and rototilling). Species occupancy distributions were assessed with respect to the numbers of core and satellite species.</p><h3 id=\"abs1-5-title\" class=\"article-section__sub-title section1\">Results:</h3><p>In both fields, species richness became higher in disturbed plots than in undisturbed plots over time, and decreased in fertilized plots irrespective of time. A bimodal pattern of species richness consistent with the Core-satellite species (CSS) hypothesis occurred in the initial seed bank and through the course of early succession. The identity of native and exotic core species (those present in &gt; 90% of blocks) changed with time. Some core species from the seed bank became core species in the vegetation, albeit after several years. At the scale of individual plots, a bimodal fit consistent with the CSS hypothesis applied only in year 1 and rarely thereafter.</p><h3 id=\"abs1-6-title\" class=\"article-section__sub-title section1\">Conclusions:</h3><p>The CSS hypothesis provides a metapopulation perspective for understanding patterns of species richness but requires the assessment of spatial and temporal scaling effects. Regional processes (e.g. propagule availability) at the largest scale have the greatest impact influencing community structure during early secondary succession. Local processes (e.g., disturbance and soil nutrients) are more important at smaller scales and place constraints on species establishment and community structure of both native and exotic species. Under the highest intensity of disturbance, exotic species may be able to use resources unavailable to, or unused by, native species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02381.x","usgsCitation":"Gibson, D.J., Middleton, B.A., Foster, K., Honu, Y.A., Hoyer, E.W., and Mathis, M., 2005, Species frequency dynamics in an old-field succession: Effects of disturbance, fertilization and scale: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 16, no. 4, p. 415-422, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02381.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94fbe4b08c986b31ace8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, David J.","contributorId":140174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13212,"text":"Southern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":423407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, K.","contributorId":24556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Honu, Y. A. K.","contributorId":36734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Honu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"A. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoyer, E. W.","contributorId":34713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoyer","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mathis, M.","contributorId":53590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70029594,"text":"70029594 - 2005 - Stratigraphic and geochemical evolution of an oceanic arc upper crustal section: The Jurassic Talkeetna Volcanic Formation, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029594","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and geochemical evolution of an oceanic arc upper crustal section: The Jurassic Talkeetna Volcanic Formation, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Early Jurassic Talkeetna Volcanic Formation forms the upper stratigraphic level of an oceanic volcanic arc complex within the Peninsular Terrane of south-central Alaska. The section comprises a series of lavas, tuffs, and volcaniclastic debris-How and flow turbidite deposits, showing significant lateral facies variability. There is a general trend toward more volcaniclastic sediment at the top of the section and more lavas and tuff breccias toward the base. Evidence for dominant submarine, mostly mid-bathyal or deeper (>500 m) emplacement is seen throughout the section, which totals ???7 km in thickness, similar to modern western Pacific arcs, and far more than any other known exposed section. Subaerial sedimentation was rare but occurred over short intervals in the middle of the section. The Talkeetna Volcanic Formation is dominantly calc-alkatine and shows no clear trend to increasing SiO2 up-section. An oceanic subduction petrogenesis is shown by trace element and Nd isotope data. Rocks at the base of the section show no relative enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) versus heavy rare earth elements (REES) or in melt-incompatible versus compatible high field strength elements (HFSEs). Relative enrichment of LREEs and HFSEs increases slightly up-section. The Talkeetna Volcanic Formation is typically more REE depleted than average continental crust, although small volumes of light REE-enriched and heavy REE-depleted mafic lavas are recognized low in the stratigraphy. The Talkeetna Volcanic Formation was formed in an intraoceanic arc above a north-dipping subduction zone and contains no preserved record of its subsequent collisions with Wrangellia or North America. ?? 2005 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25638.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Clift, P., Draut, A., Kelemen, P., Blusztajn, J., and Greene, A., 2005, Stratigraphic and geochemical evolution of an oceanic arc upper crustal section: The Jurassic Talkeetna Volcanic Formation, south-central Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 7-8, p. 902-925, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25638.1.","startPage":"902","endPage":"925","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25638.1"},{"id":237498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98c8e4b08c986b31c138","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clift, P.D.","contributorId":100182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clift","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Draut, A.E.","contributorId":50273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelemen, P.B.","contributorId":107034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelemen","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blusztajn, J.","contributorId":16639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blusztajn","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greene, A.","contributorId":34711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1017031,"text":"1017031 - 2005 - Host diversity begets parasite diversity: Bird final hosts and trematodes in snail intermediate hosts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-27T16:52:34.462851","indexId":"1017031","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host diversity begets parasite diversity: Bird final hosts and trematodes in snail intermediate hosts","docAbstract":"<p><span>An unappreciated facet of biodiversity is that rich communities and high abundance may foster parasitism. For parasites that sequentially use different host species throughout complex life cycles, parasite diversity and abundance in ‘downstream’ hosts should logically increase with the diversity and abundance of ‘upstream’ hosts (which carry the preceding stages of parasites). Surprisingly, this logical assumption has little empirical support, especially regarding metazoan parasites. Few studies have attempted direct tests of this idea and most have lacked the appropriate scale of investigation. In two different studies, we used time-lapse videography to quantify birds at fine spatial scales, and then related bird communities to larval trematode communities in snail populations sampled at the same small spatial scales. Species richness, species heterogeneity and abundance of final host birds were positively correlated with species richness, species heterogeneity and abundance of trematodes in host snails. Such community-level interactions have rarely been demonstrated and have implications for community theory, epidemiological theory and ecosystem management.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2005.3070","usgsCitation":"Hechinger, R.F., and Lafferty, K.D., 2005, Host diversity begets parasite diversity: Bird final hosts and trematodes in snail intermediate hosts: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 272, p. 1059-1066, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3070.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1599879","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"272","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a20f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hechinger, Ryan F.","contributorId":178695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hechinger","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029587,"text":"70029587 - 2005 - Species abundance in a forest community in South China: A case of poisson lognormal distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T12:42:32","indexId":"70029587","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2358,"text":"Journal of Integrative Plant Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species abundance in a forest community in South China: A case of poisson lognormal distribution","docAbstract":"Case studies on Poisson lognormal distribution of species abundance have been rare, especially in forest communities. We propose a numerical method to fit the Poisson lognormal to the species abundance data at an evergreen mixed forest in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, South China. Plants in the tree, shrub and herb layers in 25 quadrats of 20 m??20 m, 5 m??5 m, and 1 m??1 m were surveyed. Results indicated that: (i) for each layer, the observed species abundance with a similarly small median, mode, and a variance larger than the mean was reverse J-shaped and followed well the zero-truncated Poisson lognormal; (ii) the coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis of abundance, and two Poisson lognormal parameters (?? and ??) for shrub layer were closer to those for the herb layer than those for the tree layer; and (iii) from the tree to the shrub to the herb layer, the ?? and the coefficient of variation decreased, whereas diversity increased. We suggest that: (i) the species abundance distributions in the three layers reflects the overall community characteristics; (ii) the Poisson lognormal can describe the species abundance distribution in diverse communities with a few abundant species but many rare species; and (iii) 1/?? should be an alternative measure of diversity.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00095.x","issn":"16729072","usgsCitation":"Yin, Z., Ren, H., Zhang, Q., Peng, S., Guo, Q., and Zhou, G., 2005, Species abundance in a forest community in South China: A case of poisson lognormal distribution: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, v. 47, no. 7, p. 801-810, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00095.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"801","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477968,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.572.7351","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210462,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00095.x"}],"volume":"47","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94f0e4b08c986b31accc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yin, Z.-Y.","contributorId":8278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Z.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ren, H.","contributorId":45273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ren","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Q.-M.","contributorId":31190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Q.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peng, S.-L.","contributorId":85762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"S.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guo, Q.-F.","contributorId":74180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Q.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhou, G.-Y.","contributorId":37522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"G.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1016580,"text":"1016580 - 2005 - Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T09:07:03","indexId":"1016580","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge","docAbstract":"<p>Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls.</p><p>The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain.</p><p>Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions:</p><p>1) Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species, ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows.</p><p>2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human activities has altered ecosystem goods and services in many well-documented cases. Many of these changes are difficult, expensive, or impossible to reverse or fix with technological solutions.</p><p>3) The effects of species loss or changes in composition, and the mechanisms by which the effects manifest themselves, can differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change.</p><p>4) Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because (a) ecosystems may have multiple species that carry out similar functional roles, (b) some species may contribute relatively little to ecosystem properties, or (c) properties may be primarily controlled by abiotic environmental conditions.</p><p>5) More species are needed to insure a stable supply of ecosystem goods and services as spatial and temporal variability increases, which typically occurs as longer time periods and larger areas are considered.</p><p>We have high confidence in the following conclusions:</p><p>1) Certain combinations of species are complementary in their patterns of resource use and can increase average rates of productivity and nutrient retention. At the same time, environmental conditions can influence the importance of complementarity in structuring communities. Identification of which and how many species act in a complementary way in complex communities is just beginning.</p><p>2) Susceptibility to invasion by exotic species is strongly influenced by species composition and, under similar environmental conditions, generally decreases with increasing species richness. However, several other factors, such as propagule pressure, disturbance regime, and resource availability also strongly influence invasion success and often override effects of species richness in comparisons across different sites or ecosystems.</p><p>3) Having a range of species that respond differently to different environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to disturbances and variation in abiotic conditions. Using practices that maintain a diversity of organisms of different functional effect and functional response types will help preserve a range of management options.</p><p>Uncertainties remain and further research is necessary in the following areas:</p><p>1) Further resolution of the relationships among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community structure is important for identifying mechanisms of biodiversity effects.</p><p>2) Multiple trophic levels are common to ecosystems but have been understudied in biodiversity/ecosystem functioning research. The response of ecosystem properties to varying composition and diversity of consumer organisms is much more complex than responses seen in experiments that vary only the diversity of primary producers.</p><p>3) Theoretical work on stability has outpaced experimental work, especially field research. We need long-term experiments to be able to assess temporal stability, as well as experimental perturbations to assess response to and recovery from a variety of disturbances. Design and analysis of such experiments must account for several factors that covary with species diversity.</p><p>4) Because biodiversity both responds to and influences ecosystem properties, understanding the feedbacks involved is necessary to integrate results from experimental communities with patterns seen at broader scales. Likely patterns of extinction and invasion need to be linked to different drivers of global change, the forces that structure communities, and controls on ecosystem properties for the development of effective management and conservation strategies.</p><p>5) This paper focuses primarily on terrestrial systems, with some coverage of freshwater systems, because that is where most empirical and theoretical study has focused. While the fundamental principles described here should apply to marine systems, further study of that realm is necessary.</p><p>Despite some uncertainties about the mechanisms and circumstances under which diversity influences ecosystem properties, incorporating diversity effects into policy and management is essential, especially in making decisions involving large temporal and spatial scales. Sacrificing those aspects of ecosystems that are difficult or impossible to reconstruct, such as diversity, simply because we are not yet certain about the extent and mechanisms by which they affect ecosystem properties, will restrict future management options even further. It is incumbent upon ecologists to communicate this need, and the values that can derive from such a perspective, to those charged with economic and policy decision-making.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/04-0922","usgsCitation":"Hooper, D., Chapin, F.S., Ewel, J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J., Lodge, D., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., SetSlS, H., Symstad, A., Vandermeer, J., and Wardle, D., 2005, Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge: Ecological Monographs, v. 75, no. 1, p. 3-35, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486843,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624950","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, D.U.","contributorId":41782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"D.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ewel, J.J.","contributorId":12814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewel","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hector, A.","contributorId":57019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hector","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Inchausti, P.","contributorId":95021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inchausti","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lavorel, S.","contributorId":107237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavorel","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lawton, J.H.","contributorId":89095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lodge, D.M.","contributorId":58234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lodge","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Loreau, M.","contributorId":103625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loreau","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Naeem, S.","contributorId":77489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeem","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Schmid, B.","contributorId":21121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"SetSlS, H.","contributorId":59764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"SetSlS","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Symstad, A.J.","contributorId":25524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symstad","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Vandermeer, J.","contributorId":38110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandermeer","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wardle, D.A.","contributorId":23497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardle","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70029585,"text":"70029585 - 2005 - Drainage ditches facilitate frog movements in a hostile landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70029585","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drainage ditches facilitate frog movements in a hostile landscape","docAbstract":"Ditches are common in landscapes influenced by agricultural, forestry, and peat mining activities, and their value as corridors remains unassessed. Pond-breeding amphibians can encounter hostile environments when moving between breeding, summering, or hibernation sites, and are likely to benefit from the presence of ditches in the landscape. Within a system consisting of ditch networks in bogs mined for peat in eastern New Brunswick, Canada, I quantified the breeding, survival, and movements of green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota) in drainage ditches and also surveyed peat fields. Frogs rarely ventured on peat fields and most individuals frequented drainage ditches containing water, particularly in late summer. Though frogs did not breed in ditches, their survival rate in ditches was high (88%). Ditches did not hinder frog movements, as frogs moved independently of the current. Results indicate that drainage ditches containing water enable some movements between habitats isolated by peat mining, in contrast to peat surfaces, and suggest they function as amphibian movement corridors. Thus, such drainage ditches may mitigate the effects of peat extraction on amphibian populations. At the very least, these structures provide an alternative to hostile peat surfaces. This study highlights that small-scale corridors are potentially valuable in population dynamics. ?? Springer 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10980-004-3977-6","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Mazerolle, M., 2005, Drainage ditches facilitate frog movements in a hostile landscape: Landscape Ecology, v. 20, no. 5, p. 579-590, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-004-3977-6.","startPage":"579","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210876,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-004-3977-6"},{"id":237931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03cee4b0c8380cd50665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mazerolle, M. J. 0000-0002-0486-0310","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0486-0310","contributorId":12957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazerolle","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":423345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1016353,"text":"1016353 - 2005 - A complete species census and evidence for regional declines in piping plovers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T14:23:59.91057","indexId":"1016353","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A complete species census and evidence for regional declines in piping plovers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Complete population estimates for widely distributed species are rarely possible. However, for the third time in 10 years, an International Piping Plover (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Charadrius melodus</span></i><span>) Breeding and Winter Census was conducted throughout the species range in 2001. Nearly 1,400 participants from 32 U.S. states and Puerto Rico; 9 Canadian provinces; St. Pierre and Miquelon, France; Cuba; and the Bahamas visited 2,244 sites covering 11,836 km of shoreline habitat. During the winter census, 2,389 piping plovers were observed at 33.5% of potentially occupied sites (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 352). Of these, 56.8% had ≤ 10 birds present. The breeding census recorded 5,945 adults at 777 of 1,892 sites surveyed. More than 80% of sites with piping plovers present had ≤ 10 birds. Results indicated an 8.4% increase from 1991 but only a 0.2% increase since 1996. Regional trends suggest that since 1991, number of breeding birds increased on the Atlantic Coast by 78% (2,920 birds; 12.4% increase since 1996) and by 80% in the Great Lakes (72 birds; 50% increase since 1996). However, plovers declined 15% (2,953 birds; 10% decline since 1996) in Prairie Canada/U.S. northern Great Plains. Subregional trends since 1991 reflect a 32.4% decline in Prairie Canada (972 birds; 42.4% decline since 1996), a 2.5% decline in the U.S. northern Great Plains (1,981 birds; 24% increase since 1996), 5.5% decline in eastern Canada (481 birds; 14% increase since 1996), although a 66.2% increase on the U.S. Atlantic Coast (2,430 birds; 12% since 1996). While numbers were down in much of the U.S. northern Great Plains since 1996, an increase (460%, 1,048 birds; 67.7% increase since 1991) was detected on the Missouri River. Results from 3 complete species census efforts provide essential data for conservation planning and assessment and illustrate the utility of global censuses for species of concern.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069%3C0160:ACSCAE%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Ferland, C.L., Cuthbert, F.J., Dingledine, J., Goossen, J.P., Hecht, A., and McPhillips, N., 2005, A complete species census and evidence for regional declines in piping plovers: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, no. 1, p. 160-173, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069%3C0160:ACSCAE%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd49a8e4b0b290850ef50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferland, C. L.","contributorId":102842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferland","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cuthbert, Francesca J.","contributorId":267171,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cuthbert","given":"Francesca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dingledine, J.","contributorId":43728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dingledine","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goossen, J. P.","contributorId":32890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goossen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hecht, A.","contributorId":99525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hecht","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McPhillips, N.","contributorId":67478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McPhillips","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70029342,"text":"70029342 - 2005 - Forest cover influences dispersal distance of white-tailed deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70029342","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest cover influences dispersal distance of white-tailed deer","docAbstract":"Animal dispersal patterns influence gene flow, disease spread, population dynamics, spread of invasive species, and establishment of rare or endangered species. Although differences in dispersal distances among taxa have been reported, few studies have described plasticity of dispersal distance among populations of a single species. In 2002-2003, we radiomarked 308 juvenile (7- to 10-month-old), male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 2 study areas in Pennsylvania. By using a meta-analysis approach, we compared dispersal rates and distances from these populations together with published reports of 10 other nonmigratory populations of white-tailed deer. Population density did not influence dispersal rate or dispersal distance, nor did forest cover influence dispersal rate. However, average (r2 = 0.94, P < 0.001, d.f. = 9) and maximum (r2 = 0.86, P = 0.001, d.f. = 7) dispersal distances of juvenile male deer were greater in habitats with less forest cover. Hence, dispersal behavior of this habitat generalist varies, and use of landscape data to predict population-specific dispersal distances may aid efforts to model population spread, gene flow, or disease transmission. ?? 2005 American Society of Mammalogists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[623:FCIDDO]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Long, E., Diefenbach, D., Rosenberry, C., Wallingford, B., and Grund, M., 2005, Forest cover influences dispersal distance of white-tailed deer: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 86, no. 3, p. 623-629, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[623:FCIDDO]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"623","endPage":"629","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477910,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[623:fciddo]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210588,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[623:FCIDDO]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1331e4b0c8380cd54558","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, E.S.","contributorId":85305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":106592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, C.S.","contributorId":22884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallingford, B.D.","contributorId":62726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallingford","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grund, M.D.","contributorId":92865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grund","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029355,"text":"70029355 - 2005 - Paleoproterozoic high-sulfidation mineralization in the Tapajós gold province, Amazonian Craton, Brazil: geology, mineralogy, alunite argon age, and stable-isotope constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T13:06:07","indexId":"70029355","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoproterozoic high-sulfidation mineralization in the Tapajós gold province, Amazonian Craton, Brazil: geology, mineralogy, alunite argon age, and stable-isotope constraints","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Brazilian Tapaj&oacute;s gold province contains the first evidence of high-sulfidation gold mineralization in the Amazonian Craton. The mineralization appears to be in large nested calderas. The Tapaj&oacute;s&ndash;Parima (or Ventuari&ndash;Tapaj&oacute;s) geological province consists of a metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary sequence formed during a 2.10 to 1.87 Ga ocean&minus;continent orogeny. The high-sulfidation mineralization with magmatic-hydrothermal alunite is related to hydrothermal breccias hosted in a rhyolitic volcanic ring complex that contains granitic stocks ranging in age from 1.89 to 1.87 Ga. Cone-shaped hydrothermal breccias, which flare upward, contain vuggy silica and have an overlying brecciated cap of massive silica; the deposits are located in the uppermost part of a ring-structure volcanic cone. Drill cores of one of the hydrothermal breccias contain alunite, natroalunite, pyrophyllite, andalusite, quartz, rutile, diaspore, woodhouseite&ndash;svanbergite, kaolinite, and pyrite along with inclusions of enargite&ndash;luzonite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and covellite. The siliceous core of this alteration center is surrounded by advanced argillic and argillic alteration zones that grade outward into large areas of propylitically altered rocks with sericitic alteration assemblages at depth. Several occurrences and generations of alunite are observed. Alunite is disseminated in the advanced argillic haloes that envelop massive and vuggy silica or that underlie the brecciated silica cap. Coarse-grained alunite also occurs in branching veins and locally is partly replaced by a later generation of fine-grained alunite. Silicified hydrothermal breccias associated with the alunite contain an estimated reserve of 30 tonnes of gold in rock that grades up to 4.5 g t</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>&nbsp;Au. Seven alunite samples gave&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar ages of 1.869 to 1.846 Ga, with various degrees of apparent minor Ar loss. Stable isotopic data require a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the alunite, typical for high-sulfidation mineralization. The &delta;</span><sup>34</sup><span>S values of most samples of alunite range from 14.0&permil; to 36.9&permil;. Sulfur isotopic alunite&ndash;pyrite and oxygen isotopic alunite SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&minus;OH temperatures range from 130 to 420 &deg;C. The &delta;D</span><sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub><span>&nbsp;and &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub><span>&nbsp;values for alunite-forming hydrothermal fluids suggest a predominance of magmatic water, with a small meteoric contribution. A rare sample of supergene alunite has a &delta;</span><sup>34</sup><span>S value of 4.1&permil; and an&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age of 51.3&plusmn;0.1 Ma. Other than local foliation in the volcanic rocks and recrystallization of alunite near faults, the mineralization and associated alteration appears to have been remarkably undisturbed by later metamorphism and by supergene alteration. The Au mineralization was preserved because of burial by sediments and tuffs in taphrogenic basins that probably developed shortly after mineralization and were probably first exhumed at about 60 Ma. Because high-sulfidation mineralization forms at relatively shallow crustal levels, the discoveries in Tapaj&oacute;s province provide new perspectives for mineral exploration for the Amazonian and perhaps for other Precambrian cratons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.035","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Juliani, C., Rye, R.O., Nunes, C., Snee, L., Correa, R.H., Monteiro, L., Bettencourt, J.S., Neumann, R., and Neto, A.A., 2005, Paleoproterozoic high-sulfidation mineralization in the Tapajós gold province, Amazonian Craton, Brazil: geology, mineralogy, alunite argon age, and stable-isotope constraints: Chemical Geology, v. 215, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 95-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.035.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"125","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487538,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.035","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210752,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.035"}],"volume":"215","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7440e4b0c8380cd77532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juliani, Caetano","contributorId":64878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juliani","given":"Caetano","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":422389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nunes, Carmen","contributorId":32723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nunes","given":"Carmen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Correa, Rafael H.","contributorId":140551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Correa","given":"Rafael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Monteiro, Lena V.S.","contributorId":15395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteiro","given":"Lena V.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bettencourt, Jorge S.","contributorId":97269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettencourt","given":"Jorge","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Neumann, Rainer","contributorId":7070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neumann","given":"Rainer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Neto, Arnaldo A.","contributorId":63604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neto","given":"Arnaldo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70027864,"text":"70027864 - 2005 - U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic postorogenic rocks and implications for post-Ottawan magmatism and metallogenesis, New Jersey Highlands and contiguous areas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027864","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic postorogenic rocks and implications for post-Ottawan magmatism and metallogenesis, New Jersey Highlands and contiguous areas, USA","docAbstract":"Postorogenic rocks are widespread in Grenville terranes of the north-central Appalachians where they form small, discordant, largely pegmatitic felsic intrusive bodies, veins, and dikes, and also metasomatic calcic skarns that are unfoliated and postdate the regional 1090 to 1030 Ma upper amphibolite- to granulite-facies metamorphism related to the Grenville (Ottawan) Orogeny. Zircons from magmatic and nonmagmatic rocks from northern New Jersey and southern New York were dated to provide information on the regional tectonomagmatic and metallogenic history following Ottawan orogenesis. We obtained U-Th-Pb zircon ages of 1004 ?? 3 Ma for pegmatite associated with the 1020 ?? 4 Ma Mount Eve Granite near Big Island, New York, 986 ?? 4 Ma for unfoliated, discordant pegmatite that intrudes supracrustal marble at the Buckwheat open cut, Franklin, New Jersey, ???990 Ma for a silicate-borate skarn layer in the Franklin Marble at Rudeville, New Jersey, and 940 ?? 2 Ma for a calc-silicate skarn layer at Lower Twin Lake, New York. This new data, together with previously published ages of 1020 ?? 4 to 965 ?? 10 Ma for postorogenic rocks from New Jersey and southern New York, provide evidence of magmatic activity that lasted for up to 60 Ma past the peak of high-grade metamorphism. Postorogenic magmatism was almost exclusively felsic and involved relatively small volumes of metaluminous to mildly peraluminous melt that fractionated from an A-type granite parent source. Field relationships suggest the melts were emplaced along lithosphere-scale fault zones in the Highlands that were undergoing extension and that emplacement followed orogenic collapse by least 30 Ma. Postorogenic felsic intrusions correspond to the niobium-yttrium-fluorine (NYF) class of pegmatites of C??erny?? (1992a). Geochronologic data provide a temporal constraint on late-stage hydrothermal activity and a metallogenic event in New Jersey at ???990 to 940 Ma that mineralized pegmatites with subeconomic to economic deposits of magnetite ?? U ?? Th ?? rare earth element (REE) and formed metasomatic calcic skarn bodies in marble and reactive carbonate rocks. Mineralization associated with this event overlaps the timing of pegmatite emplacement, suggesting a petrogenetic relationship. Coeval metallogeny at 975 to 950 Ma in the New York Hudson Highlands and 980 to 937 Ma in the Canadian Grenville Province implies that this event was widespread following the Ottawan phase of the Grenville Orogeny. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.003","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Volkert, R., Zartman, R., and Moore, P., 2005, U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesoproterozoic postorogenic rocks and implications for post-Ottawan magmatism and metallogenesis, New Jersey Highlands and contiguous areas, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 139, no. 1-2, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.003.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210967,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.003"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d5e4b08c986b327e3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, P.B.","contributorId":37527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031714,"text":"70031714 - 2005 - Contemporaneous trachyandesitic and calc-alkaline volcanism of the Huerto Andesite, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T19:39:32.254865","indexId":"70031714","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contemporaneous trachyandesitic and calc-alkaline volcanism of the Huerto Andesite, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Locally, voluminous andesitic volcanism both preceded and followed large eruptions of silicic ash-flow tuff from many calderas in the San Juan volcanic field. The most voluminous post-collapse lava suite of the central San Juan caldera cluster is the 28 Ma Huerto Andesite, a diverse assemblage erupted from at least 5–6 volcanic centres that were active around the southern margins of the La Garita caldera shortly after eruption of the Fish Canyon Tuff. These andesitic centres are inferred, in part, to represent eruptions of magma that ponded and differentiated within the crust below the La Garita caldera, thereby providing the thermal energy necessary for rejuvenation and remobilization of the Fish Canyon magma body. The multiple Huerto eruptive centres produced two magmatic series that differ in phenocryst mineralogy (hydrous vs anhydrous assemblages), whole-rock major and trace element chemistry and isotopic compositions. Hornblende-bearing lavas from three volcanic centres located close to the southeastern margin of the La Garita caldera (Eagle Mountain–Fourmile Creek, West Fork of the San Juan River, Table Mountain) define a high-K calc-alkaline series (57–65 wt % SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) that is oxidized, hydrous and sulphur rich. Trachyandesitic lavas from widely separated centres at Baldy Mountain–Red Lake (western margin), Sugarloaf Mountain (southern margin) and Ribbon Mesa (20 km east of the La Garita caldera) are mutually indistinguishable (55–61 wt % SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>); they are characterized by higher and more variable concentrations of alkalis and many incompatible trace elements (e.g. Zr, Nb, heavy rare earth elements), and they contain anhydrous phenocryst assemblages (including olivine). These mildly alkaline magmas were less water rich and oxidized than the hornblende-bearing calc-alkaline suite. The same distinctions characterize the voluminous precaldera andesitic lavas of the Conejos Formation, indicating that these contrasting suites are long-term manifestations of San Juan volcanism. The favoured model for their origin involves contrasting ascent paths and differentiation histories through crustal columns with different thermal and density gradients. Magmas ascending into the main focus of the La Garita caldera were impeded, and they evolved at greater depths, retaining more of their primary volatile load. This model is supported by systematic differences in isotopic compositions suggestive of crust–magma interactions with contrasting lithologies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egi003","usgsCitation":"Parat, F., Dungan, M., and Lipman, P.W., 2005, Contemporaneous trachyandesitic and calc-alkaline volcanism of the Huerto Andesite, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado, USA: Journal of Petrology, v. 46, no. 5, p. 859-891, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi003.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"891","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.81749343872069,\n              37.87647939392142\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.72033309936523,\n              37.87647939392142\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.72033309936523,\n              37.9202324180525\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.81749343872069,\n              37.9202324180525\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.81749343872069,\n              37.87647939392142\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4be4b0c8380cd4da15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parat, F.","contributorId":72203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parat","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dungan, M.A.","contributorId":36304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029358,"text":"70029358 - 2005 - Use of prepositioned grid electrofishers for the collection of robust redhorse broodstock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70029358","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of prepositioned grid electrofishers for the collection of robust redhorse broodstock","docAbstract":"We investigated the potential of prepositioned grid electrofishers as a means of collecting broodstock for the rare robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum. We found that combined with visual observation, this technique allowed for the efficient capture of fish in breeding condition. We were able to harvest eggs in the field and bring only fertilized eggs into the hatchery. There was no need to induce spawning hormonally. Although their use is limited by water depth and clarity, prepositioned grid electrofishers used in conjunction with visual observation warrants further consideration as an effective tool for the collection of reproductively active broodstock for conservation purposes. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/A04-031.1","issn":"15222055","usgsCitation":"Grabowski, T., and Isely, J.J., 2005, Use of prepositioned grid electrofishers for the collection of robust redhorse broodstock: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 67, no. 2, p. 89-92, https://doi.org/10.1577/A04-031.1.","startPage":"89","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210783,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/A04-031.1"},{"id":237809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf5ce4b08c986b329afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grabowski, T.B.","contributorId":48362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027877,"text":"70027877 - 2005 - Acute toxicity of resmethrin, malathion and methoprene to larval and juvenile American lobsters (<i>Homarus amemcanus</i>) and analysis of pesticide levels in surface waters after Scourge™, Anvil™ and Altsoid™ application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T11:11:22","indexId":"70027877","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2455,"text":"Journal of Shellfish Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of resmethrin, malathion and methoprene to larval and juvenile American lobsters (<i>Homarus amemcanus</i>) and analysis of pesticide levels in surface waters after Scourge™, Anvil™ and Altsoid™ application","docAbstract":"<p><span>Acute toxicity and immune response, combined with temperature stress effects, were evaluated in larval and juvenile American lobsters (</span><i>Homarus americanus</i><span>) exposed to malathion, resmethrin and methoprene. These pesticides were used to control West Nile virus in New York in 1999, the same year the American lobster population collapsed in western Long Island Sound (LIS). Whereas the suite of pesticides used for mosquito control changed in subsequent years, a field study was also conducted to determine pesticide concentrations in surface waters on Long Island and in LIS after operational applications. The commercial formulations used in 2002 and 2003&mdash;Scourge, Anvil and Altosid&mdash;contain the active ingredients resmethrin, sumithrin and methoprene, respectively. Concentrations of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were also measured as a proxy for pesticide exposure. Acute mortality in Stage I-II larval lobsters demonstrated that they are extremely sensitive to continuous resmethrin exposure. Resmethrin LC50s for larval lobsters determined under flow-through conditions varied from 0.26&ndash;0.95 &mu;g L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>&nbsp;in 48- and 96-h experiments at 16&deg;C, respectively. Increased temperature (24&deg;C) did not significantly alter resmethrin toxicity. Malathion and methoprene were less toxic than resmethrin. The 48-h LC50 for malathion was 3.7 &mu;g L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>&nbsp;and methoprene showed no toxicity at the highest (10 &mu;g L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>) concentration tested. Phenoloxidase activity was used as a measure of immune response for juvenile lobsters exposed to sublethal pesticide concentrations. In continuous exposures to sublethal doses of resmethrin (0.03 &mu;g L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>) or malathion (1 &mu;g L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>) for 7 d at 16 or 22&deg;C, temperature had a significant effect on phenoloxidase activity (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&le; 0.006) whereas pesticide exposure did not (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.880). The analytical methods developed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LC-TOF-MS) provided high sensitivity with mass detection limits of 0.1&ndash;0.3 ng L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>. Pesticide levels were often detected in the ng L</span><sup>&minus;1</sup><span>&nbsp;range in Long Island surface waters and western LIS (except in open waters), but rarely at concentrations found to be toxic in flow-through laboratory exposures, even immediately after spray events.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Shellfisheries Association","doi":"10.2983/0730-8000(2005)24[795:ATORMA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"07308000","usgsCitation":"Zulkosky, A.M., Ruggieri, J.P., Terracciano, S.A., Brownawell, B., and McElroy, A.E., 2005, Acute toxicity of resmethrin, malathion and methoprene to larval and juvenile American lobsters (<i>Homarus amemcanus</i>) and analysis of pesticide levels in surface waters after Scourge™, Anvil™ and Altsoid™ application: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 24, no. 3, p. 795-804, https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2005)24[795:ATORMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"804","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6dde4b0c8380cd476a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zulkosky, Ann M.","contributorId":91293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zulkosky","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruggieri, Joseph P.","contributorId":53593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggieri","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terracciano, Stephen A. saterrac@usgs.gov","contributorId":1076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terracciano","given":"Stephen","email":"saterrac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":415642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brownawell, Bruce J.","contributorId":108264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownawell","given":"Bruce J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McElroy, Anne E.","contributorId":96895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElroy","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029375,"text":"70029375 - 2005 - A space‐for‐time substitution reveals the long‐term decline in genotypic diversity of a widespread salt marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, over a span of 1500 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T16:30:02.366143","indexId":"70029375","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A space‐for‐time substitution reveals the long‐term decline in genotypic diversity of a widespread salt marsh plant, <i>Spartina alterniflora</i>, over a span of 1500 years","title":"A space‐for‐time substitution reveals the long‐term decline in genotypic diversity of a widespread salt marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, over a span of 1500 years","docAbstract":"<ol><li>Clonal populations face a trade‐off between sexual recruitment and vegetative growth and, once established, may undergo continuous declines in genotypic diversity if their sexual recruits make poor competitors. The geological history of delta formation in the Lower Mississippi River Valley was used to age eight<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S. alterniflora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>marshes for use in a space‐for‐time substitution ranging over 1500&nbsp;years, in order to determine the long‐term effects of clonal growth on genotypic diversity in natural populations.</li><li><span class=\"number\">2</span> We also predicted that highly heterozygous clones are competitively superior, leading to an increase in the overall level of genetic diversity as a marsh ages and/or to an increasingly positive relationship between clone size and individual heterozygosity, and that the clumping of ramets within clones will occur over increasingly large distances as populations age, while the clumping of genetically related clones will become less pronounced as intraclonal competition begins to obscure the initial effects of localized seedling recruitment.</li><li>Using molecular markers to differentiate clones, we documented a decline in clonal richness at the rate of approximately 1% 100 years<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>that was accompanied for the first 300–500&nbsp;years by an increase in the distance over which clumping of ramets within genets occurred. Older populations, in the 500–1500‐year range, showed evidence of clone fragmentation.</li><li>The spatial clustering of kin was observed for only two marshes, and exhibited no clear relationship with marsh age.</li><li>Whereas the overall level of genetic diversity was consistent among marshes and showed no clear relationship with marsh age, the relationship between heterozygosity and individual clone size became increasingly pronounced within older marshes.</li><li>Our results suggest that under natural conditions<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S. alterniflora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>marshes will rarely reach ages sufficient for the loss of all clonal diversity, or for the effects of inbreeding and drift to pose a significant threat to population viability.</li></ol>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00985.x","usgsCitation":"Travis, S., and Hester, M., 2005, A space‐for‐time substitution reveals the long‐term decline in genotypic diversity of a widespread salt marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, over a span of 1500 years: Journal of Ecology, v. 93, no. 2, p. 417-430, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00985.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00985.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e59fe4b0c8380cd46e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hester, M.W.","contributorId":105087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53857,"text":"wri034249 - 2004 - Water quality in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park — Trends and spatial characteristics of selected constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:09:18.917978","indexId":"wri034249","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T12:35:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4249","displayTitle":"Water Quality in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park — Trends and Spatial Characteristics of Selected Constituents","title":"Water quality in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park — Trends and spatial characteristics of selected constituents","docAbstract":"Seasonal changes in water levels and flows in Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY) and Everglades National Park (EVER) affect water quality. As water levels and flows decline during the dry season, physical, geochemical and biological processes increase the breakdown of organic materials and the build-up of organic waste, nutrients, and other constituents in the remaining surface water. For example, concentrations of total phosphorus in the marsh are less than 0.01 milligram per liter (mg/L) during much of the year. Concentrations can rise briefly above this value during the dry season and occasionally exceed 0.1 mg/L under drought conditions.\r\n\r\nLong-term changes in water levels, flows, water management, and upstream land use also affect water quality in BICY and EVER, based on analysis of available data (1959-2000). During the 1980's and early 1990's, specific conductance and concentrations of chloride increased in the Taylor Slough and Shark River Slough. Chloride concentrations more than doubled from 1960 to 1990, primarily due to greater canal transport of high dissolved solids into the sloughs. Some apparent long-term trends in sulfate and total phosphorus were likely attributable, at least in part, to high percentages of less-than and zero values and to changes in reporting levels over the period of record. High values in nutrient concentrations were evident during dry periods of the 1980's and were attributable either to increased canal inflows of nutrient-rich water, increased nutrient releases from breakdown of organic bottom sediment, or increased build-up of nutrient waste from concentrations of aquatic biota and wildlife in remaining ponds. Long-term changes in water quality over the period of record are less pronounced in the western Everglades and the Big Cypress Swamp; however, short-term seasonal and drought-related changes are evident.\r\n\r\nWater quality varies spatially across the region because of natural variations in geology, hydrology, and vegetation and because of differences in water management and land use. Nutrient concentrations are relatively low in BICY and EVER compared with concentrations in parts of the northern Everglades that are near agricultural and urban lands. Concentrations of total phosphorus generally are higher in BICY (median values, 1991-2000, were mostly greater than 0.015 mg/L) than in EVER (median values, 1991-2000, less than 0.01 mg/L), probably because of higher phosphorus in natural sources such as shallow soils, rocks, and ground water in the Big Cypress region than in the Everglades region. Conversely, concentrations of chloride and sulfate are higher in EVER (median values in Shark River Slough, 1991-2000, mostly greater than 2 mg/L sulfate and 50 mg/L chloride) than in BICY (median values, 1991-2000, less than 1 mg/L sulfate and at most sites less than 20 mg/L chloride), probably because of the canal transport system, which conveys more water from an agricultural source into EVER than into BICY.\r\n\r\nTrace elements and contaminants such as pesticides and other toxic organic compounds are in relatively low concentrations in BICY and EVER compared with concentrations in parts of the northern Everglades near agricultural and urban sources. Concentrations rarely exceeded aquatic life criteria in BICY and EVER. Atrazine was the only pesticide found in water that exceeded the criteria (in 2 out of 304 samples). The pesticides heptachlor expoxide, lindane, and p,p?-DDE exceeded criteria in canal bed sediments in 1, 2, and 16 percent of the samples, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034249","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., McPherson, B.F., Sobczak, R., and Clark, C., 2004, Water quality in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park — Trends and spatial characteristics of selected constituents: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4249, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034249.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4691,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392977,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_65978.htm"},{"id":388237,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034249/wri03_4249_miller.pdf","text":"Report","size":"976 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034249/wri-03-4249-coverth.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress National Preserve, Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.78497314453125,\n              25.093061204816077\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.408935546875,\n              25.093061204816077\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.408935546875,\n              26.26632529456386\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.78497314453125,\n              26.26632529456386\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.78497314453125,\n              25.093061204816077\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Ronald L.","contributorId":103245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPherson, Benjamin F.","contributorId":17965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sobczak, Robert","contributorId":56711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobczak","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Christine","contributorId":27131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70170284,"text":"70170284 - 2004 - Vital signs monitoring plan for the Klamath Network: Phase I report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T12:22:59","indexId":"70170284","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-10T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Vital signs monitoring plan for the Klamath Network: Phase I report","docAbstract":"<p><span>This report chronicles the Phase 1 stage of the vital signs monitoring program for the Klamath Network. It consists of two chapters and eleven appendixes. The purposes of Chapter One are to 1) describe the network administrative structure and approach to planning; 2) introduce the Klamath Network parks, their resources, and environmental settings; 3) explain the need for monitoring changes in resources and supporting environments; 4) identify key information gaps that limit understanding of how to best achieve these monitoring goals. The purpose of Chapter Two is to develop the descriptive information provided in Chapter One into a conceptual basis for vital signs monitoring and to present the Network&rsquo;s initial suite of conceptual models. The Report Appendices provide in-depth information on a variety of topics researched in preparation of the report, including: detailed natural resource profiles for each park, supporting policies and guidelines, regional fire regimes, vegetation types of the parks, exotic species threats, interagency monitoring programs, air issues, water quality (Phase 1 Report), Network vital signs (Scoping Summary Report), rare species, and rare habitats of the parks.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Klamath Network-National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Ashland, OR","usgsCitation":"Sarr, D., Odion, D., Truitt, R.E., Beever, E.A., Shafer, S., Duff, A., Smith, S.B., Bunn, W., Rocchio, J., Sarnat, E., Alexander, J., and Jessup, S., 2004, Vital signs monitoring plan for the Klamath Network: Phase I report, 106 p.","productDescription":"106 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/627298"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210bae4b0ef3b7ca6445b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarr, Daniel","contributorId":71148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarr","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odion, Dennis","contributorId":168618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Odion","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Truitt, Robert E.","contributorId":168619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truitt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beever, Erik A. 0000-0002-9369-486X ebeever@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-486X","contributorId":2934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"Erik","email":"ebeever@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shafer, Sarah 0000-0003-3739-2637 sshafer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-2637","contributorId":149866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"Sarah","email":"sshafer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duff, Andrew","contributorId":168620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duff","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, Sean B.","contributorId":168621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bunn, Windy","contributorId":168622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunn","given":"Windy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rocchio, Judy","contributorId":168624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rocchio","given":"Judy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sarnat, Eli","contributorId":168625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sarnat","given":"Eli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Alexander, John","contributorId":168626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jessup, Steve","contributorId":168627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jessup","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70159827,"text":"70159827 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Merlin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T09:17:42","indexId":"70159827","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-29T04:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Merlin","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding, year-round, and nonbreeding ranges in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species&rsquo; nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species&rsquo; response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species&rsquo; breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159827","usgsCitation":"Konrad, P.M., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Merlin, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159827.","productDescription":"22 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159827.PNG"},{"id":312426,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159827/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813de4b071e7ea543469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Paul M.","contributorId":150064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konrad","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70159775,"text":"70159775 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:37:39","indexId":"70159775","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-04T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species&rsquo; nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species&rsquo; response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species&rsquo; breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159775","usgsCitation":"Walker, B.L., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159775.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159775.PNG"},{"id":312402,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56505244e4b0f162148c5cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Brett L.","contributorId":82964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70044853,"text":"70044853 - 2004 - Mineral resource of the month: rare earths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T13:15:21","indexId":"70044853","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: rare earths","docAbstract":"As if classified as a top-secret project, the rare earths have been shrouded in secrecy. The principal ore mineral of the group, bastnäsite, rarely appears in the leading mineralogy texts. The long names of the rare-earth elements and some unusual arrangements of letters, many Scandinavian in origin, may have intimidated even those skilled in phonics. Somewhat obscurely labeled, the rare earths are neither rare nor earths (the historical term for oxides). They are a relatively abundant group of metallic elements that occur in nature as nonmetallic compounds and have hundreds of commercial applications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J.B., 2004, Mineral resource of the month: rare earths: Geotimes, v. 2004, no. May, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-030825","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272001,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/may04/resources.html#mineral"}],"volume":"2004","issue":"May","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a2274e4b061e1bd533442","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224322,"text":"5224322 - 2004 - Capture-recapture analysis for estimating manatee reproductive rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T08:26:14","indexId":"5224322","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capture-recapture analysis for estimating manatee reproductive rates","docAbstract":"<p>Modeling the life history of the endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is an important step toward understanding its population dynamics and predicting its response to management actions. We developed a multi-state mark-resighting model for data collected under Pollock's robust design. This model estimates breeding probability conditional on a female's breeding state in the previous year; assumes sighting probability depends on breeding state; and corrects for misclassification of a cow with first-year calf, by estimating conditional sighting probability for the calf. The model is also appropriate for estimating survival and unconditional breeding probabilities when the study area is closed to temporary emigration across years. We applied this model to photo-identification data for the Northwest and Atlantic Coast populations of manatees, for years 1982?2000. With rare exceptions, manatees do not reproduce in two consecutive years. For those without a first-year calf in the previous year, the best-fitting model included constant probabilities of producing a calf for the Northwest (0.43, SE = 0.057) and Atlantic (0.38, SE = 0.045) populations. The approach we present to adjust for misclassification of breeding state could be applicable to a large number of marine mammal populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01170.x","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., Langtimm, C., Beck, C., and Runge, M., 2004, Capture-recapture analysis for estimating manatee reproductive rates: Marine Mammal Science, v. 20, no. 3, p. 424-437, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01170.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"437","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beck, C.A. 0000-0002-5388-5418","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-5418","contributorId":78674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224302,"text":"5224302 - 2004 - Tigers and their prey: Predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T17:26:08.209649","indexId":"5224302","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tigers and their prey: Predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance","docAbstract":"<p>The goal of ecology is to understand interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. In principle, ecologists should be able to identify a small number of limiting resources for a species of interest, estimate densities of these resources at different locations across the landscape, and then use these estimates to predict the density of the focal species at these locations. In practice, however, development of functional relationships between abundances of species and their resources has proven extremely difficult, and examples of such predictive ability are very rare. Ecological studies of prey requirements of tigers <i>Panthera tigris</i> led us to develop a simple mechanistic model for predicting tiger density as a function of prey density. We tested our model using data from a landscape-scale long-term (1995-2003) field study that estimated tiger and prey densities in 11 ecologically diverse sites across India. We used field techniques and analytical methods that specifically addressed sampling and detectability, two issues that frequently present problems in macroecological studies of animal populations. Estimated densities of ungulate prey ranged between 5.3 and 63.8 animals per km<sup>2</sup>. Estimated tiger densities (3.2-16.8 tigers per 100 km<sup>2</sup>) were reasonably consistent with model predictions. The results provide evidence of a functional relationship between abundances of large carnivores and their prey under a wide range of ecological conditions. In addition to generating important insights into carnivore ecology and conservation, the study provides a potentially useful model for the rigorous conduct of macroecological science.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0306210101","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J., Kumar, S., Link, W., and Hines, J., 2004, Tigers and their prey: Predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 101, no. 14, p. 4854-4858, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306210101.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"4854","endPage":"4858","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/387338","text":"External Repository"},{"id":199448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              71.89453125,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              69.08203125,\n              27.21555620902969\n            ],\n            [\n              70.3125,\n              25.64152637306577\n            ],\n            [\n              69.08203125,\n              21.616579336740603\n            ],\n            [\n              70.3125,\n              20.138470312451155\n            ],\n            [\n              72.0703125,\n              19.973348786110602\n            ],\n            [\n              72.24609375,\n              17.811456088564483\n            ],\n            [\n              74.70703125,\n              11.867350911459308\n            ],\n            [\n              76.2890625,\n              7.18810087117902\n            ],\n            [\n              79.62890625,\n              8.407168163601076\n            ],\n            [\n              80.68359375,\n              11.867350911459308\n            ],\n            [\n              81.38671875,\n              14.944784875088372\n            ],\n            [\n              84.19921875,\n              16.97274101999902\n            ],\n            [\n              89.12109375,\n              22.755920681486405\n            ],\n            [\n              82.265625,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              79.98046875,\n              33.284619968887675\n            ],\n            [\n              74.35546875,\n              32.10118973232094\n            ],\n            [\n              71.89453125,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b6e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":17714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224310,"text":"5224310 - 2004 - Native bees and plant pollination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:04","indexId":"5224310","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3296,"text":"Rhode Island Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Native bees and plant pollination","docAbstract":"Bees are important pollinators, but evidence suggests that numbers of some species are declining.  Decreases have been documented in the honey bee, Apis mellifera (which was introduced to North America), but there are no monitoring programs for the vast majority of native species, so we cannot be sure about the extent of this problem.  Recent efforts to develop standardized protocols for bee sampling will help us collect the data needed to assess trends in bee populations.  Unfortunately, diversity of bee life cycles and phenologies, and the large number of rare species, make it difficult to assess trends in bee faunas.  Changes in bee populations can affect plant reproduction, which can influence plant population density and cover, thus potentially modifying horizontal and vertical structure of a community, microclimate near the ground, patterns of nitrogen deposition, etc.  These potential effects of changes in pollination patterns have not been assessed in natural communities.  Effects of management actions on bees and other pollinators should be considered in conservation planning. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rhode Island Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"6159_Ginsberg.pdf","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H., 2004, Native bees and plant pollination: Rhode Island Naturalist, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"1-3","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b10dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224433,"text":"5224433 - 2004 - Costs of detection bias in index-based population monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:57:14","indexId":"5224433","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Costs of detection bias in index-based population monitoring","docAbstract":"Managers of wildlife populations commonly rely on indirect, count-based measures of the population in making decisions regarding conservation, harvest, or control.  The main appeal in the use of such counts is their low material expense compared to methods that directly measure the population. However, their correct use rests on the rarely-tested but often-assumed premise that they proportionately reflect population size, i.e., that they constitute a population index.  This study investigates forest management for the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) and the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) at the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge in central Georgia, U.S.A.  Optimal decision policies for a joint species objective were derived for two alternative models of Wood Thrush population dynamics.  Policies were simulated under scenarios of unbiasedness, consistent negative bias, and habitat-dependent negative bias in observed Wood Thrush densities.  Differences in simulation outcomes between biased and unbiased detection scenarios indicated the expected loss in resource objectives (here, forest habitat and birds) through decision-making based on biased population counts.  Given the models and objective function used in our analysis, expected losses were as great as 11%, a degree of loss perhaps not trivial for applications such as endangered species management.  Our analysis demonstrates that costs of uncertainty about the relationship between the population and its observation can be measured in units of the resource, costs which may offset apparent savings achieved by collecting uncorrected population counts.","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Moore, C., and Kendall, W., 2004, Costs of detection bias in index-based population monitoring: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 287-296.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16750,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/costs-of-detection-bias-in-index-ased-population-monitoring/?lang=en","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68385b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, C. T. 0000-0002-6053-2880","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-2880","contributorId":87649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224386,"text":"5224386 - 2004 - Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T16:36:34.252767","indexId":"5224386","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:22","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3084,"text":"Plant Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant <i>Gentianopsis ciliate</i> (Gentianaceae)","title":"Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae)","docAbstract":"<p>Habitat destruction is the main cause for the biodiversity crisis. Surviving populations are often fragmented, i.e., small and isolated from each other. Reproduction of plants in small populations is often reduced, and this has been attributed to inbreeding depression, reduced attractiveness for pollinators, and reduced habitat quality in small populations. Here we present data on the effects of fragmentation on the rare, self-compatible perennial herb <i>Gentianopsis ciliata</i> (Gentianaceae), a species with very small and presumably well-dispersed seeds. We studied the relationship between population size, plant size, and the number of flowers produced in 63 populations from 1996-1998. In one of the years, leaf and flower size and the number of seeds produced per fruit was studied in a subset of 25 populations. Plant size, flower size, and the number of seeds per fruit and per plant increased with population size, whereas leaf length and the number of flowers per plant did not. The effects of population size on reproduction and on flower size remained significant if the effects were adjusted for differences in plant size, indicating that they could not be explained by differences in habitat quality. The strongly reduced reproduction in small populations may be due to pollination limitation, while the reduced flower size could indicate genetic effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1055/s-2004-830331","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., and Matthies, D., 2004, Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae): Plant Biology, v. 6, no. 6, p. 683-688, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830331.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"688","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615dbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthies, D.","contributorId":48678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthies","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70159591,"text":"70159591 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Sage-Grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-09T13:35:23","indexId":"70159591","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Sage-Grouse","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on Greater Sage-Grouse was summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the current range of Greater Sage-Grouse (adapted from Schroeder et al. 2004). Although birds may be observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (<i>Molothrus ater</i>) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species&rsquo; nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species&rsquo; response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species&rsquo; breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of shrub-steppe birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159591","usgsCitation":"Rowland, M., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Greater Sage-Grouse, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159591.","productDescription":"44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312082,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159591/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":311159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159591.JPG"}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Oregon, Washington, California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alberta, Saskatchewan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.841796875,\n              50.98609893339354\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.22753906249999,\n              50.56928286558243\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.6123046875,\n              49.38237278700955\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              44.68427737181225\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.568359375,\n              42.45588764197166\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.9306640625,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.9306640625,\n              40.245991504199026\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.974609375,\n              39.605688178320804\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.4580078125,\n              38.685509760012\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.875,\n              38.5825261593533\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.984375,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              37.33522435930641\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.06054687499999,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.37890625,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68554687499999,\n              37.71859032558816\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.2236328125,\n              37.43997405227057\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5087890625,\n              38.34165619279593\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25585937500001,\n              42.391008609205045\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.56347656249999,\n              44.715513732021336\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.33300781249999,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.62988281249999,\n              48.42920055556841\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38867187500001,\n              47.517200697839414\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3671875,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.841796875,\n              50.98609893339354\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56432344e4b0aafbcd017ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowland, Mary M.","contributorId":67411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"Mary M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}