{"pageNumber":"1063","pageRowStart":"26550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40837,"records":[{"id":54136,"text":"wri034330 - 2004 - Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T13:35:41.500896","indexId":"wri034330","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4330","title":"Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The upper Charles River basin, located 30 miles southwest of Boston, Massachusetts, is experiencing water shortages during the summer. Towns in the basin have instituted water-conservation programs and water-use bans to reduce summertime water use. During July through October, streamflow in the Charles River and its tributaries regularly falls below 0.50 cubic foot per second per square mile, the minimum streamflow used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as its Aquatic Base Flow standard for maintaining healthy freshwater ecosystems.\r\n\r\nTo examine how human water use could be changed to mitigate these water shortages, a numerical ground-water flow model was modified and used in conjunction with response coefficients and optimization techniques. Streamflows at 10 locations on the Charles River and its tributaries were determined under various water-use scenarios and climatic conditions. A variety of engineered solutions to the water shortages were examined for their ability to increase water supplies and summertime streamflows.\r\n\r\nResults indicate that although human water use contributes to the problem of low summertime streamflows, human water use is not the only, or even the primary, cause of low flows in the basin. The lowest summertime streamflows increase by 12 percent but remain below the Aquatic Base Flow standard when all public water-supply pumpage and wastewater flows in the basin are eliminated in a simulation under average climatic conditions. Under dry climatic conditions, the same measures increase the lowest average monthly streamflow by 95 percent but do not increase it above the Aquatic Base Flow standard.\r\n\r\nThe most promising water-management strategies to increase streamflows and water supplies, based on the study results, include wastewater recharge to the aquifer, altered management of pumping well schedules, regional water-supply sharing, and water conservation. In a scenario that simulated towns sharing water supplies, streamflow in the Charles River as it exits the basin increased by 18 percent during July through September and an excess water-supply capacity of 13.4 cubic feet per second, above and beyond average use, would be available to all towns in the basin. These study results could help water suppliers and regulators evaluate strategies for balancing ground-water development and streamflow reductions in the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034330","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J.R., 2004, Evaluation of strategies for balancing water use and streamflow reductions in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4330, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034330.","productDescription":"85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5583,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034330/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"upper Charles River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1958,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1958,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.667,\n              42.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, Jack R.","contributorId":20011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53827,"text":"fs11603 - 2004 - The value of long-term monitoring in the development of ground-water-flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-25T14:04:33","indexId":"fs11603","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"116-03","title":"The value of long-term monitoring in the development of ground-water-flow models","docAbstract":"<div data-canvas-width=\"255.08849999999998\">As environmental issues have come to the forefront of public concern, so has the awareness of the importance of ground water in the overall water cycle and as a source of the Nation&rsquo;s drinking water. Heightened interest has spawned a host of scientific enterprises (Taylor and Alley, 2001). Some activities are directed toward collection of water-level data and related information to monitor the physical and chemical state of the resource. Other activities are directed at interpretive studies undertaken, for example, to optimize the location of new water-supply wells or to protect rivers and lakes fed by ground water. An important type of interpretive study is the computer ground-water-flow model that inte- grates field data in a mathematical framework. Long-term, systematic collection of hydro- logic data is crucial to the construction and testing of ground-water models so that they can reproduce the evolution of flow systems and forecast future conditions.&nbsp;</div>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11603","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D.T., Hart, D.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 2004, The value of long-term monitoring in the development of ground-water-flow models: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 116-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11603.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_116_03.bmp"},{"id":5270,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-116-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dodge County, Jefferson County, Kenosha County, Milwaukee County, Ozaukee County, Racine County, Rock County, Walworth County, Washington County, Waukesha 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,{"id":53753,"text":"wri034321 - 2004 - Secondary Mineral Deposits and Evidence of Past Seismicity and Heating of the Proposed Repository Horizon at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wri034321","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4321","title":"Secondary Mineral Deposits and Evidence of Past Seismicity and Heating of the Proposed Repository Horizon at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Drift Degradation Analysis (DDA) (BSC, 2003) for the proposed high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, describes model simulations of the effects of pre- and post-closure seismicity and waste-induced heating on emplacement drifts. Based on probabilistic seismic hazard analyses of the intensity and frequency of future seismic events in the region (CRWMS M&O, 1998), the DDA concludes that future seismicity will lead to substantial damage to emplacement drifts, particularly those in the lithophysal tuffs, where some simulations predict complete collapse of the drift walls.\r\n\r\nSecondary mineral studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1995 indicate that secondary calcite and silica have been deposited in some fractures and lithophysal cavities in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain during at least the past 10 million years (m.y.), and probably since the tuffs cooled to less than 100?C. Tuff fragments, likely generated by past seismic activity, have commonly been incorporated into the secondary mineral depositional sequences.\r\n\r\nPreliminary observations indicate that seismic activity has generated few, if any, tuff fragments during the last 2 to 4 m.y., which may be inconsistent with the predictions of drift-wall collapse described in the DDA. Whether or not seismicity-induced tuff fragmentation occurring at centimeter to decimeter scales in the fracture and cavity openings relates directly to failure of tuff walls in the 5.5-m-diameter waste emplacement drifts, the deposits do provide a potential record of the spatial and temporal distribution of tuff fragments in the UZ. In addition, the preservation of weakly attached coatings and (or) delicate, upright blades of calcite in the secondary mineral deposits provides an upper limit for ground motion during the late stage of deposition that might be used as input to future DDA simulations. Finally, bleaching and alteration at a few of the secondary mineral sites indicate that they were subjected to heated gases at approximately the temperatures expected from waste emplacement. These deposits provide at least limited textural and mineralogic analogs for waste-induced, high-humidity thermal alteration of emplacement drift wall rocks.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034321","usgsCitation":"Whelan, J.F., 2004, Secondary Mineral Deposits and Evidence of Past Seismicity and Heating of the Proposed Repository Horizon at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4321, 12 p., 8 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034321.","productDescription":"12 p., 8 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034321/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc212","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whelan, Josheph F.","contributorId":100064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"Josheph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54130,"text":"ofr20041192 - 2004 - Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:34:05","indexId":"ofr20041192","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1192","title":"Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983","docAbstract":"<p>Since the California Gold Rush of 1849, sediment deposition, erosion, and the bathymetry of South San Francisco Bay have been altered by both natural processes and human activities. Historical hydrographic surveys can be used to assess how this system has evolved over the past 150 years. The National Ocean Service (NOS) (formerly the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS), collected five hydrographic surveys of South San Francisco Bay from 1858 to 1983. Analysis of these surveys enables us to reconstruct the surface of the bay floor for each time period and quantify spatial and temporal changes in deposition, erosion, and bathymetry. The creation of accurate bathymetric models involves many steps. Sounding data was obtained from the original USCGS and NOS hydrographic sheets and were supplemented with hand drawn depth contours. Shorelines and marsh areas were obtained from topographic sheets. The digitized soundings and shorelines were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and georeferenced to a common horizontal datum. Using surface modeling software, bathymetric grids with a horizontal resolution of 50 m were developed for each of the five hydrographic surveys. Prior to conducting analyses of sediment deposition and erosion, we converted all of the grids to a common vertical datum and made adjustments to correct for land subsidence that occurred from 1934 to 1967. Deposition and erosion that occurred during consecutive periods was then computed by differencing the corrected grids. From these maps of deposition and erosion, we calculated volumes and rates of net sediment change in the bay. South San Francisco Bay has lost approximately 90 x 106 m3 of sediment from 1858 to 1983; however within this timeframe there have been periods of both deposition and erosion. During the most recent period, from 1956 to 1983, sediment loss approached 3 x 106 m3/yr. One of the most striking changes that occurred from 1858 to 1983 was the conversion of more than 80% of the tidal marsh to salt ponds, agricultural, and urban areas. In addition, there has been a decline of approximately 40% in intertidal mud flat area. Restoration of these features will require a detailed understanding of the morphology and sediment sources of this complex system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041192","usgsCitation":"Foxgrover, A., Higgins, S.A., Ingraca, M.K., Jaffe, B.E., and Smith, R.E., 2004, Deposition, erosion, and bathymetric change in South San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1192, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041192.","productDescription":"25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041192.PNG"},{"id":316659,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1192/of2004-1192.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5577,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.4041748046875,\n              37.43234100120862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4041748046875,\n              37.78265474565738\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91116333007811,\n              37.78265474565738\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91116333007811,\n              37.43234100120862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4041748046875,\n              37.43234100120862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e9d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxgrover, Amy C.","contributorId":45775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxgrover","given":"Amy C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, Shawn A.","contributorId":60709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingraca, Melissa K.","contributorId":66339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingraca","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Richard E.","contributorId":40606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":53952,"text":"ofr20041078 - 2004 - Great Basin Paleozoic carbonate platform: Facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictive mineral host model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-15T18:33:04.240515","indexId":"ofr20041078","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1078","title":"Great Basin Paleozoic carbonate platform: Facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictive mineral host model","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041078","usgsCitation":"Cook, H.E., and Corboy, J.J., 2004, Great Basin Paleozoic carbonate platform: Facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictive mineral host model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1078, iv, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041078.","productDescription":"iv, 129 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402220,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63804.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4865,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.4333,\n              38.1667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.550,\n              38.1667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.550,\n              39.9667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4333,\n              39.9667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4333,\n              38.1667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Harry E. hcook@usgs.gov","contributorId":1880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Harry","email":"hcook@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corboy, James J.","contributorId":91164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corboy","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53734,"text":"wri034083 - 2004 - Estimates of hydraulic properties from a one-dimensional numerical model of vertical aquifer-system deformation, Lorenzi site, Las Vegas, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"wri034083","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4083","title":"Estimates of hydraulic properties from a one-dimensional numerical model of vertical aquifer-system deformation, Lorenzi site, Las Vegas, Nevada","docAbstract":"Land subsidence related to aquifer-system compaction and ground-water withdrawals has been occurring in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, since the 1930's, and by the late 1980's some areas in the valley had subsided more than 5 feet. Since the late 1980's, seasonal artificial-recharge programs have lessened the effects of summertime pumping on aquifer-system compaction, but the long-term trend of compaction continues in places.\r\n\r\nSince 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey has continuously monitored water-level changes in three piezometers and vertical aquifer-system deformation with a borehole extensometer at the Lorenzi site in Las Vegas, Nevada. A one-dimensional, numerical, ground-water flow model of the aquifer system below the Lorenzi site was developed for the period 1901-2000, to estimate aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity, aquitard inelastic skeletal specific storage, and aquitard and aquifer elastic skeletal specific storage. Aquifer water-level data were used in the model as the aquifer-system stresses that controlled simulated vertical aquifer-system deformation. Nonlinear-regression methods were used to calibrate the model, utilizing estimated and measured aquifer-system deformation data to minimize a weighted least-squares objective function, and estimate optimal property values.\r\n\r\nModel results indicate that at the Lorenzi site, aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity is 3 x 10-6 feet per day, aquitard inelastic skeletal specific storage is 4 x 10-5 per foot, aquitard elastic skeletal specific storage is 5 x 10-6 per foot, and aquifer elastic skeletal specific storage is 3 x 10-7 per foot. Regression statistics indicate that the model and data provided sufficient information to estimate the target properties, the model adequately simulated observed data, and the estimated property values are accurate and unique.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034083","usgsCitation":"Pavelko, M.T., 2004, Estimates of hydraulic properties from a one-dimensional numerical model of vertical aquifer-system deformation, Lorenzi site, Las Vegas, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4083, v, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034083.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4083.jpg"},{"id":5096,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavelko, Michael T. 0000-0002-8323-3998 mpavelko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-3998","contributorId":2321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavelko","given":"Michael","email":"mpavelko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53425,"text":"ofr20041051 - 2004 - Simulated Water-Management Alternatives Using the Modular Modeling System for the Methow River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041051","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1051","title":"Simulated Water-Management Alternatives Using the Modular Modeling System for the Methow River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"A precipitation-runoff model for the Methow River Basin was used to simulate six alternatives: (1) baseline of current flow, (2) line irrigation canals to limit seepage losses, (3) increase surface-water diversions through unlined canals for aquifer recharge, (4) convert from surface-water to ground-water resources to supply water for irrigation, and (5) reduce tree density in forested headwater catchments, and (6) natural flow. Daily streamflow from October 1, 1959, to September 30, 2001 (water years 1960?2001) was simulated. Lining irrigation canals (alternative 2) increased flows in the Chewuch, Twisp, and the Methow (upstream and at Twisp) Rivers during September because of lower diversion rates, but not in the Methow River near Pateros. Increasing diversions for aquifer recharge (alternative 3) increased streamflow from September into January, but reduced streamflow earlier in the summer. Conversion of surface-water diversions to ground-water wells (alternative 4) resulted in the largest increase in September streamflow of any alternative, but also marginally lower January flows (at most -8 percent in the 90-percent exceedence value). Forest-cover reduction (alternative 5) produced large increases in streamflow during high-flow periods in May and June and earlier onset of high flows and small increases in January streamflows. September streamflows were largely unaffected by alternative 5. Natural streamflow (alternative 6) was higher in September and lower in January than the baseline alternative.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041051","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C.P., 2004, Simulated Water-Management Alternatives Using the Modular Modeling System for the Methow River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1051, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041051.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5208,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53953,"text":"ofr20041086 - 2004 - Catalog of significant historical earthquakes in the Central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"ofr20041086","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1086","title":"Catalog of significant historical earthquakes in the Central United States","docAbstract":"We use Modified Mercalli intensity assignments to estimate source locations and moment magnitude M for eighteen 19th-century and twenty early- 20th-century earthquakes in the central United States (CUS) for which estimates of M are otherwise not available. We use these estimates, and locations and M estimated elsewhere, to compile a catelog of significant historical earthquakes in the CUS. The 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes apparently dominated CUS seismicity in the first two decades of the 19th century. M5-6 earthquakes occurred in the New Madrid Seismic Zone in 1843 and 1878, but none have occurred since 1878. There has been persistent seismic activity in the Illinois Basin in southern Illinois and Indiana, with M > 5.0 earthquakes in 1895, 1909, 1917, 1968, and 1987. Four other M > 5.0 CUS historical earthquakes have occurred: in Kansas in 1867, in Nebraska in 1877, in Oklahoma in 1882, and in Kentucky in 1980.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041086","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and Hopper, M.G., 2004, Catalog of significant historical earthquakes in the Central United States (Version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1086, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041086.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4866,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70226939,"text":"70226939 - 2004 - Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 2. Experimental tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T17:26:29.923949","indexId":"70226939","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-27T11:23:22","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6503,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 2. Experimental tests","docAbstract":"<p><span>Scaling considerations indicate that miniature experiments can be used to test models of granular avalanches in which the effects of intergranular fluid and cohesion are negligible. To test predictions of a granular avalanche model described in a companion paper, we performed bench top experiments involving avalanches of dry sand across irregular basal topography that mimicked the complexity of natural terrain. The experiments employed a novel method of laser-assisted cartography to map the three-dimensional morphology of rapidly moving avalanches, thereby providing high-resolution data for comparison with model output. Model input consisted of two material properties (angles of internal and basal Coulomb friction of the sand), which were measured in independent tests, and of initial and boundary conditions that characterized the geometry of the experimental apparatus. Experimental results demonstrate that the model accurately predicts not only the gross behavior but also many details of avalanche motion, from initiation to deposition. We attribute this accuracy to a mathematical and computational formulation that conserves mass and momentum in three-dimensional physical space and satisfies the Coulomb equation in three-dimensional stress space. Our results support the hypothesis that a Coulomb proportionality between shear and normal stresses applies in moderately rapid granular flows and that complicated constitutive postulates are unnecessary if momentum conservation is strictly enforced in continuum avalanche models. Furthermore, predictions of our Coulomb continuum model contrast with those of a Coulomb point mass model, illustrating the importance of multidimensional modeling and model testing.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JF000084","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., Logan, M., and Denlinger, R.P., 2004, Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 2. Experimental tests: Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, v. 109, no. F1, F01015, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000084.","productDescription":"F01015, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jf000084","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"F1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70226938,"text":"70226938 - 2004 - Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 1. Theory and computation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T17:22:50.320389","indexId":"70226938","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-27T11:19:30","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6503,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 1. Theory and computation","docAbstract":"<p><span>To establish a theoretical basis for predicting and interpreting the behavior of rapid mass movements on Earth's surface, we develop and test a new computational model for gravity-driven motion of granular avalanches across irregular, three-dimensional (3-D) terrain. The principles embodied in the model are simple and few: continuum mass and momentum conservation and intergranular stress generation governed by Coulomb friction. However, significant challenges result from the necessity of satisfying these principles when deforming avalanches interact with steep and highly variable 3-D terrain. We address these challenges in four ways. (1) We formulate depth-averaged governing equations that are referenced to a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system (with&nbsp;</span><i>z</i><span>&nbsp;vertical) and that account explicitly for the effect of nonzero vertical accelerations on depth-averaged mass and momentum fluxes and stress states. (2) We compute fluxes of mass and momentum across vertical cell boundaries using a high-resolution finite volume method and Roe-type Riemann solver. Our algorithm incorporates flux difference splitting, an entropy correction for the flux, and eigenvector decomposition to embed the effects of driving and resisting forces in Riemann solutions. (3) We use a finite element method and avalanche displacements predicted by Riemann solutions to compute Coulomb stresses conjugate to the displacements in 3-D stress space. (4) We test the model output against analytical solutions, a sand cone conceptual experiment, and (in a companion paper) data from detailed laboratory experiments. Model results illustrate a complex interplay of basal traction and internal stress, and they successfully predict not only the gross behavior but also many details of avalanche motion from initiation to deposition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JF000085","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., and Iverson, R.M., 2004, Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 1. Theory and computation: Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, v. 109, no. F1, F01014, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000085.","productDescription":"F01014, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jf000085","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"F1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53624,"text":"ofr20041045 - 2004 - Surveying Cross Sections of the Kootenai River Between Libby Dam, Montana, and Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-05T14:35:44","indexId":"ofr20041045","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1045","title":"Surveying Cross Sections of the Kootenai River Between Libby Dam, Montana, and Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"The declining population of Kootenai River white sturgeon, which was listed as an Endangered Species in 1994, has prompted a recovery team to assess the feasibility of various habitat enhancement scenarios to reestablish white sturgeon populations. As the first phase in this assessment, the U.S. Geological Survey collected stream channel cross-section and longitudinal data during 2002&mdash;03 at about 400 locations along the Kootenai River from Libby Dam near Libby, Montana, to where the river empties into Kootenay Lake near Creston, British Columbia, Canada. Survey control stations with a horizontal and vertical accuracy of less than 0.1 foot were established using a global positioning system (GPS) prior to collection of stream channel cross-section data along the Kootenai River. A total of 245 cross sections were surveyed. Six cross sections upstream from Kootenai Falls were surveyed using a total station where the river was too shallow or dangerous to navigate by vessel. The remaining 239 cross sections were surveyed by interfacing real-time GPS equipment with an echo sounder to obtain bathymetric data and with a laser range- finder to obtain streambank data. These data were merged, straightened, ordered, and reduced in size to be useful. Spacing between these cross sections ranged from about 600 feet in the valley flat near Deep Creek and Shorty Island and near bridges to as much as several miles in other areas. These stream channel cross sections will provide information that can be used to develop hydraulic flow models of the Kootenai River from Libby Dam, Montana, to Queens Bay on Kootenay Lake in British Columbia, Canada.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and Kootenai Tribe of Idaho","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., Moran, E.H., and Berenbrock, C., 2004, Surveying Cross Sections of the Kootenai River Between Libby Dam, Montana, and Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1045, Report: iv, 35 p.; Data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041045.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 35 p.; Data files","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262382,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1045/report.pdf"},{"id":262383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286889,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1045/data/"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Montana;Idaho","city":"Bonners Ferry;Creston;Porthill;Copeland;Moyie Springs;Crossport;Troy","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia;Kootenay Lake;Libby Dam;Bonnington Falls;Corra Lynn Dam;Lake Creek Dam;Kootenai Falls Dam;Moyie Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.9994,47.9788 ], [ -117.9994,49.8515 ], [ -113.9933,49.8515 ], [ -113.9933,47.9788 ], [ -117.9994,47.9788 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6885f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Edward H. emoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":5445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Edward","email":"emoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":53816,"text":"ofr20041032 - 2004 - Compilation of Data to Support Development of a Pesticide Management Plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe, Charles Mix County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041032","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1032","title":"Compilation of Data to Support Development of a Pesticide Management Plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe, Charles Mix County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working with the Yankton Sioux Tribe to develop a pesticide management plan to reduce potential for contamination of ground water that may result from the use of registered pesticides. The purpose of this study was to compile technical information to support development of a pesticide management plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe for the area within the Yankton Sioux Reservation, Charles Mix County, South Dakota. Five pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and simazine) were selected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the management plan approach because they had been identified as probable or possible human carcinogens and they often had been associated with ground-water contamination in many areas and at high concentrations.\r\n\r\nThis report provides a compilation of data to support development of a pesticide management plan. Available data sets are summarized in the text of this report, and actual data sets are provided in one Compact Disk?Read-Only Memory that is included with the report.\r\n\r\nThe compact disk contains data sets pertinent to the development of a pesticide management plan. Pesticide use for the study area is described using information from state and national databases. Within South Dakota, pesticides commonly are applied to corn and soybean crops, which are the primary row crops grown in the study area. Water-quality analyses for pesticides are summarized for several surface-water sites. Pesticide concentrations in most samples were found to be below minimum reporting levels. Topographic data are presented in the form of 30-meter digital elevation model grids and delineation of drainage basins. Geohydrologic data are provided for the surficial deposits and the bedrock units. A high-resolution (30-by-30 meters) land-cover and land-use database is provided and summarized in a tabular format. More than 91 percent of the study area is used for row crops, pasture, or hay, and almost 6 percent of the study area is covered by water or wetlands. Average monthly and yearly precipitation data are summarized in a tabular format. Irrigation information associated with permitted and licensed diversion points is provided. A composite of aerial photographs of Charles Mix County is provided. This report also describes and summarizes the data sets and files, and how the data are relevant to development of a pesticide management plan.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041032","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., 2004, Compilation of Data to Support Development of a Pesticide Management Plan by the Yankton Sioux Tribe, Charles Mix County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1032, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041032.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5228,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53815,"text":"ofr20041072 - 2004 - Emergency Assessment of Debris-Flow Hazards from Basins Burned by the Padua Fire of 2003, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041072","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1072","title":"Emergency Assessment of Debris-Flow Hazards from Basins Burned by the Padua Fire of 2003, Southern California","docAbstract":"Results of a present preliminary assessment of the probability of debris-flow activity and estimates of peak discharges that can potentially be generated by debris flows issuing from basins burned by the Padua Fire of October 2003 in southern California in response to 25-year, 10-year, and 2-year recurrence, 1-hour duration rain storms are presented. The resulting probability maps are based on the application of a logistic multiple-regression model (Cannon and others, 2004) that describes the percent chance of debris-flow production from an individual basin as a function of burned extent, soil properties, basin gradients, and storm rainfall. The resulting peak discharge maps are based on application of a multiple-regression model (Cannon and others, 2004) that can be used to estimate debris-flow peak discharge at a basin outlet as a function of basin gradient, burn extent, and storm rainfall. Probabilities of debris-flow occurrence for the Padua Fire range between 0 and 99% and estimates of debris-flow peak discharges range between 1211 and 6,096 ft3/s (34 to 173 m3/s). These maps are intended to identify those basins that are most prone to the largest debris-flow events and provide information for the preliminary design of mitigation measures and for the planning of evacuation timing and routes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041072","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S.H., Gartner, J.E., Rupert, M.G., and Michael, J.A., 2004, Emergency Assessment of Debris-Flow Hazards from Basins Burned by the Padua Fire of 2003, Southern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1072, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041072.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5227,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1072/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6058e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, Joseph E. jegartner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Joseph","email":"jegartner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michael, John A. jmichael@usgs.gov","contributorId":1877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"John","email":"jmichael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":53821,"text":"fs20043028 - 2004 - SAM 2.1&mdash;A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T07:40:34","indexId":"fs20043028","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3028","title":"SAM 2.1&mdash;A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measures discharge in streams using several methods. However, measurement of peak discharges is often impossible or impractical due to difficult access, inherent danger of making measurements during flood events, and timing often associated with flood events. Thus, many peak discharge values often are calculated after the fact by use of indirect methods. The most common indirect method for estimating peak dis- charges in streams is the slope-area method. This, like other indirect methods, requires measuring the flood profile through detailed surveys. Processing the survey data for efficient entry into computer streamflow models can be time demanding; SAM 2.1 is a program designed to expedite that process. The SAM 2.1 computer program is designed to be run in the field on a portable computer. The program processes digital surveying data obtained from an electronic surveying instrument during slope- area measurements. After all measurements have been completed, the program generates files to be input into the SAC (Slope-Area Computation program; Fulford, 1994) or HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System; Brunner, 2001) computer streamflow models so that an estimate of the peak discharge can be calculated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043028","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., 2004, SAM 2.1&mdash;A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3028, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043028.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262388,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/report.pdf"},{"id":262389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":265418,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/data/fs20043028_SAM.zip"},{"id":265417,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/"},{"id":266781,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/sam.zip"}],"country":"United States","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69824c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, J.E.","contributorId":80984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53751,"text":"ofr20041002 - 2004 - Content Metadata Standards for Marine Science: A Case Study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T14:13:38","indexId":"ofr20041002","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1002","title":"Content Metadata Standards for Marine Science: A Case Study","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey developed a content metadata standard to meet the demands of organizing electronic resources in the marine sciences for a broad, heterogeneous audience. These metadata standards are used by the Marine Realms Information Bank project, a Web-based public distributed library of marine science from academic institutions and government agencies. The development and deployment of this metadata standard serve as a model, complete with lessons about mistakes, for the creation of similarly specialized metadata standards for digital libraries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041002","usgsCitation":"Riall, R.L., Marincioni, F., and Lightsom, F.L., 2004, Content Metadata Standards for Marine Science: A Case Study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1002, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041002.","productDescription":"42 p.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1002/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riall, Rebecca L.","contributorId":42655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riall","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marincioni, Fausto","contributorId":53879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincioni","given":"Fausto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lightsom, Frances L. 0000-0003-4043-3639 flightsom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-3639","contributorId":1535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lightsom","given":"Frances","email":"flightsom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70184512,"text":"70184512 - 2004 - Evaluation of volatilization as a natural attenuation pathway for MTBE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T10:37:33","indexId":"70184512","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of volatilization as a natural attenuation pathway for MTBE","docAbstract":"<p><span>Volatilization and diffusion through the unsaturated zone can be an important pathway for natural attenuation remediation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) at gasoline spill sites. The significance of this pathway depends primarily on the distribution of immiscible product within the unsaturated zone and the relative magnitude of aqueous-phase advection (ground water recharge) to gaseous-phase diffusion. At a gasoline spill site in Laurel Bay, South Carolina, rates of MTBE volatilization from ground water downgradient from the source are estimated by analyzing the distribution of MTBE in the unsaturated zone above a solute plume. Volatilization rates of MTBE from ground water determined by transport modeling ranged from 0.0020 to 0.0042 g m-</span><sup>2</sup><span>/year, depending on the assumed rate of ground water recharge. Although diffusive conditions at the Laurel Bay site are favorable for volatilization, mass loss of MTBE is insignificant over the length (230 m) of the solute plume. Based on this analysis, significant volatilization of MTBE from ground water downgradient from source areas at other sites is not likely. In contrast, model results indicate that volatilization coupled with diffusion to the atmosphere could be a significant mass loss pathway for MTBE in source areas where residual product resides above the capillary zone. Although not documented, mass loss of MTBE at the Laurel Bay site due to volatilization and diffusion to the atmosphere are predicted to be two to three times greater than mass loading of MTBE to ground water due to dissolution and recharge. This result would imply that volatilization in the source zone may be the critical natural attenuation pathway for MTBE at gasoline spill sites, especially when considering capillary zone limitations on volatilization of MTBE from ground water and the relative recalcitrance of MTBE to biodegradation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02672.x","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., Baehr, A.L., and Baker, R.J., 2004, Evaluation of volatilization as a natural attenuation pathway for MTBE: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 2, p. 258-267, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02672.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"258","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c942e4b0f37a93ee9b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156284,"text":"70156284 - 2004 - Gross primary productivity of the true steppe in central Asia in relation to NDVI: scaling up CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-18T15:57:40","indexId":"70156284","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gross primary productivity of the true steppe in central Asia in relation to NDVI: scaling up CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Compared to other characteristics of CO</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;exchange, gross primary productivity (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>) is most directly related to photosynthetic activity. Until recently, it was considered difficult to obtain measurement-based&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>. The objective of our study was to evaluate if&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>can be estimated from continuous CO</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;flux measurements using nonlinear identification of the nonrectangular hyperbolic model of ecosystem-scale, light-response curves. Estimates of&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>and ecosystem respiration (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">R</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">e</i>&nbsp;</span><span>) were obtained using Bowen ratio&ndash; energy-balance measurements of CO</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;exchange in a true-steppe ecosystem in northern Kazakhstan during four growing seasons (1998&ndash;2001). The maximum mean weekly apparent quantum yield (&alpha;</span><span>max</span><span>) was 0.0388 mol CO</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;mol photons and the maximum mean weekly&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>was 28 g CO</span><span>2</span><span>/m</span><span>2</span><span>/day in July 2000. The highest mean weekly&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">R</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>e</span><span>&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">max</i><span>&nbsp;(20 g CO</span><span>2</span><span>m</span><span>2</span><span>/day) was observed in July of both 1999 and 2000. Nighttime respiration calculated from daily respiration corrected for length of the dark period and temperature (using&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>10</span><span>&nbsp;= 2) was closely associated with measured nighttime respiration (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">R</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;= 0.67 to 0.93). The 4-year average annual gross primary production (GPP) was 1617 g CO</span><span>2</span><span>/m</span><span>2</span><span>/ year (range = 1308&ndash;1957). Ten-day normalized difference vegetation index corrected for the start of the season (NDVI</span><span>sos</span><span>) was closely associated with 10-day average&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>(</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">R</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;= 0.66 to 0.83), which was higher than&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">R</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;values for regressions of mean 10-day net daytime fluxes on NDVI</span><span>sos</span><span>&nbsp;(0.55&ndash;0.72). This demonstrates the advantage of using</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">P</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">g</i>&nbsp;</span><span>in scaling up flux-tower measurements compared to other characteristics (net daytime flux or net 24-h flux).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-9157-7","usgsCitation":"Gilmanov, T.G., Johnson, D.A., Saliendra, N.Z., Akshalov, K., and Wylie, B.K., 2004, Gross primary productivity of the true steppe in central Asia in relation to NDVI: scaling up CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. 1, p. S492-S508, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9157-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"S492","endPage":"S508","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d45731e4b0518e354694c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmanov, Tagir G.","contributorId":146124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilmanov","given":"Tagir","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas A.","contributorId":146626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saliendra, Nicanor Z.","contributorId":16623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saliendra","given":"Nicanor","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akshalov, Kanat","contributorId":146627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akshalov","given":"Kanat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70209655,"text":"70209655 - 2004 - Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T14:29:22.327878","indexId":"70209655","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-28T12:15:44","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the late Wisconsin, glacial flour from alpine glaciers along the east side of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon was deposited in Upper Klamath Lake. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic properties and grain-size data of cored sediments from Caledonia Marsh on the west side of the lake provides a continuous record of the flux of glacial flour spanning the last ≈37 000 calendar years. For modeling purposes, the lake sediments from the 13-m core were divided into three sedimentary components defined from magnetic, geochemical, petrographic, and grain-size data. The components are (1) strongly magnetic, glacial flour made up of extremely fine-grained, fresh volcanic rock particles, (2) less magnetic lithic material made up of coarser, weathered volcanic detritus, and (3) non-magnetic biogenic material (largely biogenic silica). Quantitative interpretation is possible because there has been no significant postdepositional destruction or formation of magnetic minerals, nor alteration affecting grain-size distributions. Major steps involved in the interpretation include: (1) computation of biogenic and lithic components; (2) determination of magnetic properties and grain-size distributions of the non-glacial and glacial flour end-members; (3) computation of the contents of weathered and glacial flour components for each sample; (4) development of an age model based on the mass accumulation of the non-glacial lithic component; and (5) use of the age model and glacial flour contents to compute the flux of glacial flour. Comparison of the glacial flour record from Upper Klamath Lake to mapped glacial features suggests a nearly linear relation between flux of glacial flour and the extent of nearby glaciers. At ≈22 ka, following an extended period during which glaciers of limited size waxed and waned, late Wisconsin (Waban) glaciers began to grow, reaching their maximum extent at ≈19 ka. Glaciers remained near their maximum extent for ≈1000 years. During this period, lake sediments were made up of ≈80% glacial flour. The content of glacial flour decreased as the glaciers receded, and reached undetectable levels by 14 ka.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a","usgsCitation":"Rosenbaum, J.G., and Reynolds, R.L., 2004, Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern Cascade Range: II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 235-252, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.14874267578125,\n              42.216313604344776\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75598144531251,\n              42.216313604344776\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75598144531251,\n              42.595554553719204\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14874267578125,\n              42.595554553719204\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14874267578125,\n              42.216313604344776\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph G. jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","contributorId":1524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53623,"text":"wri034261 - 2004 - Estimating the magnitude of bankfull flows for streams in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T07:39:39","indexId":"wri034261","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4261","title":"Estimating the magnitude of bankfull flows for streams in Idaho","docAbstract":"Methods for estimating magnitudes of peak\nflows with recurrence intervals of 1.5 and 2.33\nyears were developed for ungaged sites on streams\nthroughout Idaho. These peak flows represent the\nmagnitudes at and near bankfull stage and are\nneeded for quantification of water rights required\nto maintain or restore fish and wildlife habitats and\nriparian vegetation. Data from a previous report\ndetailing methods for estimating magnitudes with\nrecurrence intervals of 2 to 500 years were used in\nthis study.\n\nGeneralized least-squares regression techniques\nwere used to calculate the final coefficients\nand measures of accuracy for the regression equations\nfor each of nine regions. The equations relate\nbasin and climatic characteristics to peak flows\nwith recurrence intervals of 1.5 and 2.33 years. The\nbasin and climatic characteristics used to develop\nthe equations included drainage area, mean basin\nelevation, forested area, mean annual precipitation,\nbasin slope, north-facing slopes greater than 30 percent,\nand slopes greater than 30 percent. Average\nstandard errors of the regression model ranged from\n+150 to -60.1 percent, and average standard errors\nof prediction ranged from +165 to -62.2 percent.\nThe range of prediction errors was narrowest,\n-48.9 to -32.9 percent, for region 5.\nA computer program was developed to automate\nthe calculations required for the regional\nregression calculations. Results from this program\ncomprised calculated peak flows, site-specific standard\nerrors of prediction, and the 90-percent confidence intervals for the estimates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034261","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., and Berenbrock, C., 2004, Estimating the magnitude of bankfull flows for streams in Idaho (Revised June 16, 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4261, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034261.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262380,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4261/report.pdf"},{"id":262381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":266780,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4261/idregeq.zip"}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Nevada;Oregon;Washington;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.07,41.02 ], [ -119.07,49.0 ], [ -109.74,49.0 ], [ -109.74,41.02 ], [ -119.07,41.02 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised June 16, 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69bb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70156739,"text":"70156739 - 2004 - A spatial regression procedure for evaluating the relationship between AVHRR-NDVI and climate in the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:40:01","indexId":"70156739","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial regression procedure for evaluating the relationship between AVHRR-NDVI and climate in the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationship between vegetation and climate in the grassland and cropland of the northern US Great Plains was investigated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (1989&ndash;1993) images derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and climate data from automated weather stations. The relationship was quantified using a spatial regression technique that adjusts for spatial autocorrelation inherent in these data. Conventional regression techniques used frequently in previous studies are not adequate, because they are based on the assumption of independent observations. Six climate variables during the growing season; precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, daily maximum and minimum air temperature, soil temperature, solar irradiation were regressed on NDVI derived from a 10-km weather station buffer. The regression model identified precipitation and potential evapotranspiration as the most significant climatic variables, indicating that the water balance is the most important factor controlling vegetation condition at an annual timescale. The model indicates that 46% and 24% of variation in NDVI is accounted for by climate in grassland and cropland, respectively, indicating that grassland vegetation has a more pronounced response to climate variation than cropland. Other factors contributing to NDVI variation include environmental factors (soil, groundwater and terrain), human manipulation of crops, and sensor variation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylore & Francis","doi":"10.1080/0143116031000102548","usgsCitation":"Ji, L., and Peters, A.J., 2004, A spatial regression procedure for evaluating the relationship between AVHRR-NDVI and climate in the northern Great Plains: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 25, no. 2, p. 297-311, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000102548.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"311","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034abe4b0f42e3d040de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":139587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, Albert J.","contributorId":92517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206481,"text":"70206481 - 2004 - A Floristic Quality Assessment system for the coastal prairie of Louisiana ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T06:55:31","indexId":"70206481","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-31T13:09:02","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A Floristic Quality Assessment system for the coastal prairie of Louisiana ","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">Evaluation systems to assess the biotic integrity of plant communities exist for some ecosystems, but not the increasingly rare coastal prairies of Louisiana. A list of plant species occurring in Louisiana's coastal prairie was created and coefficients of conservatism (C) were assigned for each species. A Floristic Quality Index (FQI), which is calculated using the C values provided by a panel of experts, can be used to evaluate prairie remnants and restorations. We assigned C values from 0-10 based on their estimated degree of association with prairies of various levels of natural quality and their tolerance of disturbance. Those species given a rank of 0-3 are deemed to be colonizing species found in a variety of habitats and are adapted to fairly severe disturbance. Species with C values of 4-6 are those that are often common in fairly high quality coastal prairie, occur in other community types and are moderately tolerant of disturbance. Species with rankings of 7-8 are associated with high quality natural prairie habitat and slight disturbance. Those species ranking 9-10 are those restricted to very high-quality habitat and have a high fidelity to coastal prairie. </span></p><p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">Unlike FQI systems devised for other areas, we also weight the coefficients assigned to nonnative species found in coastal prairie. We believe that the presence of exotic species in a native plant community lowers the conservation value of that community. Consequently, we assigned C values from -1 to -3 to nonnative species based on the perceived threat of their invasive potential and ability to exclude native species. Including the C values of exotic species allows the calculation of an adjusted floral quality index that provides an additional dimension to floristic quality analysis. This index will be of value to restorationists, managers and others involved in assessing the integrity of natural areas and developing management strategies based on these criteria.&nbsp;</span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 19th North American prairie conference: The conservation legacy lives on","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"19th North American Prairie Conference","conferenceDate":"August 8-12, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Madison, WI","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","usgsCitation":"Allain, L.K., Smith, L., Allen, C., Vidrine, M., and Grace, J.B., 2004, A Floristic Quality Assessment system for the coastal prairie of Louisiana , <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 19th North American prairie conference: The conservation legacy lives on, Madison, WI, August 8-12, 2004, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368988,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.02099609375,\n              29.726222319395504\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.878173828125,\n              29.673735421779128\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.37280273437499,\n              29.76914573606667\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.26318359375,\n              29.54000879252545\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.8182373046875,\n              29.482643134466617\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.07666015625,\n              29.180941290001776\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2362060546875,\n              29.07057414581467\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2529296875,\n              28.969700808694157\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.0057373046875,\n              29.28160772298835\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.1650390625,\n              30.197366063272245\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.6868896484375,\n              30.35391637229704\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.769287109375,\n              30.59536556558809\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9832763671875,\n              30.420256142845158\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              30.36813582872057\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4222412109375,\n              30.339694848974247\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.119873046875,\n              30.24957724046765\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.02099609375,\n              29.726222319395504\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allain, Larry K. 0000-0002-7717-9761 allainl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7717-9761","contributorId":2414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allain","given":"Larry","email":"allainl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Latimore","contributorId":192704,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Latimore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Charles","contributorId":119821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vidrine, Malcolm","contributorId":79015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidrine","given":"Malcolm","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70208083,"text":"70208083 - 2004 - Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T13:11:37","indexId":"70208083","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-27T13:00:30","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Gravity, magnetic, and seismicity data profiled across the Hayward Fault Zone were generated as part of ongoing studies to help determine the geologic and tectonic setting of the San Francisco Bay region. These data, combined with previous geophysical studies that indicate that the Hayward Fault Zone dips 75°NE near San Leandro and follows a preexisting structure, reveal a possible direct connection between the seismogenic portion of the Hayward and Calaveras Faults at depth. Although the relocated seismicity data are regional in nature, they suggest that the dip of the Hayward Fault Zone may vary from near vertical in the northwestern part of the fault to about 75°NE at San Leandro in the central part of the fault to about 50°NE in the southeastern part of the fault. Gravity and magnetic data, profiled across the Hayward Fault Zone, were processed using standard geophysical techniques. Cross sections of high‐precision relocated hypocenters were constructed along each profile from the northwestern to the southeastern end of the Hayward Fault Zone. Profiles and cross sections are referenced to Pinole Point, where the Hayward Fault enters San Pablo Bay, and are spaced 2.5 km apart. Topographic profiles shown on the seismicity cross sections were generated using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5‐min, 30‐m digital elevation models. Relocation of seismicity data was accomplished using a regional double‐difference method. The double‐difference method incorporates ordinary travel time measurements and cross correlation of&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave differential travel time measurements. Relative locations between earthquakes have hypocentral errors of about 100 m horizontally and 250 m vertically. Absolute location uncertainties were not determined but are probably dramatically improved compared to the USGS's Northern California Seismic Network catalog data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GC000684","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D.A., Simpson, R.W., Graymer, R.W., and Jachens, R.C., 2004, Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, no. 7, p. 1-39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000684.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.14599609375001,\n              36.99377838872517\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.387939453125,\n              37.36142550190517\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40966796874999,\n              38.33303882235456\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.89306640624999,\n              38.12591462924157\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14599609375001,\n              36.99377838872517\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, David A. 0000-0003-4785-7354 ponce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":1049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"David","email":"ponce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graymer, Russell W. 0000-0003-4910-5682 rgraymer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-5682","contributorId":1052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"Russell","email":"rgraymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70208052,"text":"70208052 - 2004 - Chapter 11 The phosphoria formation: A model for forecasting global selenium sources to the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T16:22:02.433829","indexId":"70208052","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-25T09:30:01","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3872,"text":"Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 11 The phosphoria formation: A model for forecasting global selenium sources to the environment","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Mining of the Permian Phosphoria Formation — a marine, oil-generating, phosphatic shale — provided the selenium (Se) source implicated in the recent deaths of livestock in southeast Idaho. Field studies and the geohydrologic balance of Se in southeast Idaho confirm risk to animals from exposure to Se through leaching of mined waste shale into streams, discharge of regional drainage, and impoundment of drainage in wetland areas. Forage grown to stabilize waste rock contoured into hills or used as cross-valley fill provides an additional mechanism of Se exposure for the environment (Mackowiak et al., Chapter 19). The average Se concentration of the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation is an order of magnitude higher than those of other exploited marine shales that have been linked to incidences of Se toxicosis via oil refining and irrigation in the western United States.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">The Phosphoria Formation accumulated in an environment that preserved organic matter and contributed to the formation of economic-grade phosphate and oil deposits. The addition of this phosphate-mining case study enables a comprehensive approach to the identification of marine sedimentary Se sources and a more complete range of ecotoxic field studies on which to establish the conditions and anthropogenic connections that determine uptake, release, and recycling of Se in food webs. A constructed conceptual model of Se pollution indicates that ancient organic-rich depositional marine basins, unre- stricted by age, are linked to the contemporary global distribution of Se source rocks. A global plot shows (a) the areal association of major basins hosting phosphate deposits and petroleum source rocks and (b) the importance of paleo-latitudinal setting in influencing the composition of the deposits. Given the geographic patterns, Se emerges as a contami- nant within specific regions of the globe that may limit phosphate mining, oil refining, and drainage of agricultural lands because of potential ecological risks to vulnerable food webs. Selenium also may serve as a geochemical exploration tool that signals an ancient productive biological environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80013-5","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., Piper, D.Z., Bird, K.J., Skorupa, J.P., Hamilton, S.J., Detwiler, S.J., and Huebner, M., 2004, Chapter 11 The phosphoria formation: A model for forecasting global selenium sources to the environment: Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry, v. 8, p. 299-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80013-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"319","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skorupa, J. P.","contributorId":93002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skorupa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Detwiler, S. J.","contributorId":207068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Detwiler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huebner, M.A.","contributorId":59950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70208044,"text":"70208044 - 2004 - Chapter 14 Rex Chert member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Composition, with emphasis on elements of environmental concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T15:46:52.229752","indexId":"70208044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-24T15:50:19","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Chapter 14 Rex Chert member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Composition, with emphasis on elements of environmental concern","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">We present bulk chemical and mineralogical compositions, as well as petrographic and outcrop descriptions, of rocks collected from three measured outcrop sections of the Rex Chert Member of the Phosphoria Formation in southeast Idaho. The three measured sections were chosen from 10 outcrops of Rex Chert that were described in the field. The Rex Chert overlies the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation, the source of phosphate ore in the region. Rex Chert removed as overburden constitutes part of the material transferred to waste-rock piles during phosphate mining. It is also used to surface roads in the mining district. It has been proposed that the chert be used to cap and isolate waste piles, thereby inhibiting the leaching of potentially toxic elements into the environment. The rock samples studied here are from individual chert beds representative of each stratigraphic section sampled. The Cherty Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation that overlies the Rex Chert in measured section 1 and the upper Meade Peak and the transition zone to the Rex Chert in section 7 were also described and sampled.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">The cherts are predominantly spiculite composed of granular and mosaic quartz, and sponge spicules, with various but minor amounts of other fossils and detrital grains. The Cherty Shale Member and transition rocks between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert are siliceous siltstones and argillaceous cherts with ghosts of sponge spicules and somewhat more detrital grains than the chert. The dominant mineral is quartz. Carbonate beds are rare in each section and are composed predominantly of calcite and dolomite in addition to quartz. Feldspar, mica, clay minerals, calcite, dolomite, and carbonate fluorapatite are minor to trace minerals in the chert.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0020\">The concentration of SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in the chert averages 94.6 wt.%. Organic-carbon content is generally very low, but can be as much as 1.8% in Cherty Shale Member samples and as much as 3.3% in samples from the transition between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert. Likewise, phosphate (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) is generally low in the chert, but can be as much as 3.1% in individual chert beds. Selenium concentrations in Rex Chert and Cherty Shale Member samples vary from &lt;0.2 to 138 ppm, with a mean concentration of 7.0 ppm. This mean Se content is heavily dependent on two values of 101 and 138 ppm for siliceous siltstone from the lower part of the Rex Chert, which contains rocks that are transitional in character between the Meade Peak and Rex Chert Members. Without those two samples, the mean Se concentration is &lt; 1.0 ppm. Other elements of environmental interest, As, Cr, V, Zn, Hg, and Cd, generally occur in concentrations near or below that in average continental shale. Stratigraphic changes, equivalent to temporal changes in the depositional basin, in chemical composition of rocks are notable either as uniform changes through the sections or as distinct differences in the mean composition of rocks that comprise the upper and lower halves of the sections.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0025\">Q-mode factors are interpreted to represent the following rock and mineral components: chert-silica component consisting of Si (±Ba); phosphorite-carbonate fluorapatite component composed of P, Ca, As, Y, V, Cr, Sr, and La (± Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Li, Se, Nd, Hg); shale component composed of Al, Na, Zr, K, Ba, Li, and organic C (± Ti, Mg, Se, Ni, Fe, Sr, V, Mn, Zn); carbonate component (dolomite, calcite, silicified carbonates) composed of carbonate C, Mg, Ca, and Si (±Mn); and, tentatively, organic matter-hosted elements (and/or sulfide-sulfate phases) composed of Cu (± organic C, Zn, Mn, Si, Ni, Hg, Li). Selenium shows a dominant association with organic matter and to lesser degrees associations with other shale components and carbonate fluorapatite. Consideration of larger numbers of factors in Q-mode analysis indicates that native Se (a factor containing Se (± Ba)) may also comprise a minor component of the Se complement.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0030\">Comparison of our data with those from newly exposed outcrops in active phosphate mines indicates that weathering of typical Rex Chert outcrops likely plays an important role in removing environmentally sensitive elements.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80016-0","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., McIntyre, B., Perkins, R., Piper, D.Z., and Evans, J.G., 2004, Chapter 14 Rex Chert member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Composition, with emphasis on elements of environmental concern, chap. 14 <i>of</i> Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry, v. 8, p. 399-426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80016-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"426","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371535,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Southeast Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.8623046875,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09374999999999,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09374999999999,\n              44.465151013519616\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.8623046875,\n              44.465151013519616\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.8623046875,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, B.R.","contributorId":80485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, R.B.","contributorId":49501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, J. G.","contributorId":60214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70208042,"text":"70208042 - 2004 - Chapter 4 The meade peak member of the phosphoria formation: Temporal and spatial variations in sediment geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-24T15:49:58","indexId":"70208042","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-24T15:44:17","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3872,"text":"Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 4 The meade peak member of the phosphoria formation: Temporal and spatial variations in sediment geochemistry","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Variations in the geochemistry of rocks from the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation were examined using ratios of elements associated with either the +terrigenous or marine sediment fractions. Inter-element relationships in the terrigenous fraction appear useful for chemo-stratigraphic correlation. A sharp decrease upsection in K<sub>2</sub>O/AI<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios occurs in the lower half of all but the most northeasterly section, wherein an offset is still evident in average and minimum values. These offsets correspond closely to the lower Guadalupian Series boundary as defined by conodont zonations, coincident with a change from major low-stand to transgressive conditions. The offsets are possibly the result of increased transport distances or flooding of source areas related to transgres- sion of the Phosphoria sea on the Wyoming shelf. A series of intervals displaying high Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Ba/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and Sc/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios occur in the upper beds of the easternmost sections. The intervals do not appear to reflect amplified marine signals, but rather the introduction of terrigenous sediment from a secondary source, or, simply, reworking of sediments under higher energy conditions. The westernmost section, presumably repre- senting the deepest parts of the Phosphoria basin, contains intervals with high Ba/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. We suggest these horizons represent periods of low sediment accumulation during maxi- mum flooding and high-stand conditions.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">Inter-element relationships in the marine-derived sediment fraction indicate that bottom waters of the Phosphoria basin were dominantly denitrifying (suboxic). Ratios of Cd and Mo to Zn and Cu closely approach those in modern plankton in most of the sections, implying a major biogenic source for these elements. Exceptions occur through- out the westernmost (distal) section, possibly due to changes in the dominant plankton populations and relative nutrient uptakes, and in the upper part of the most northeasterly (shoreward, ramp) section, which we suggest is due to increased oxygen levels.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0020\">Relatively thick phosphatic layers occur in basinal areas due largely to lack of terrig- enous dilution during deposition. These basinal deposits appear to have lower concentra- tions of many trace elements than more shoreward deposits. This may reflect deposition away from areas of peak primary production. Alternatively, biogenic detritus in these areas may have been derived from differing populations of primary producers with differing nutrient requirements. Both mid-shelf (middle ramp) and marginal environments were sites of accumulation of rich phosphatic units with high concentrations of trace elements. Deposits from marginal areas have the most varied geochemistry, largely because they experienced greater variability in terrigenous sediment influx. Even moderate changes in sea level may have dramatically altered energy levels, sediment mixing, and the amount of organic detritus reaching the sediment surface in these shallower marginal areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80006-8","usgsCitation":"Perkins, R., and Piper, D.Z., 2004, Chapter 4 The meade peak member of the phosphoria formation: Temporal and spatial variations in sediment geochemistry: Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry, v. 8, p. 73-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80006-8.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northwest United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.48828125000001,\n              40.04443758460856\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6015625,\n              40.04443758460856\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6015625,\n              46.86019101567027\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.48828125000001,\n              46.86019101567027\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.48828125000001,\n              40.04443758460856\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, R.B.","contributorId":49501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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