The Western Phosphate Field (WPF), composed of Permian marine sedimentary strata that cover over 300,000 km2 in the middle Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming in the United States, contains vast resources of phosphate mined for fertilizer and a range of other industrial applications. The richest deposits of phosphate in the WPF occur in the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation in southeast Idaho.
Phosphate is an essential and even limiting nutrient of algal production, which occurs at the bottom of the marine food web in the oceanic photic zone. The high concentrations of phosphate and trace elements in the Phosphoria Formation reflect a low accumulation rate of diluting phases, such as terrigenous siliciclastic debris and carbonate, rather than an unusually high level of primary productivity at the time of deposition. Indeed, the mean rate of accumulation of PO43 required a continuous flux of PO43 into the basin and the photic zone of the water column, but only at a moderate level. This flux was maintained by upwelling of nutrient-rich seawater, imported at depth from the open ocean. Although only a fraction of the organic matter that hosted the PO43 and other nutrients (NO3, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Zn) actually escaped oxidation in the water column, their rate of accu- mulation on the sea floor defined the basin hydrography.
Rates of accumulation of Cr, U, V, and rare-earth elements by precipitation and adsorp- tion reactions identify redox conditions in the bottom water as having been denitrifying, maintained by a balance between the rate of oxidation of organic matter settling through the water column and the flux of open-ocean seawater at depth. Atmospheric mixing maintained oxygen respiration in the uppermost several tens of meters of the water column. This hydrography and seawater chemistry are present in several sedimentary envi- ronments in the ocean today.
In the WPF, there is an estimated surface mineable reserve base and subeconomic resource of 7.6 billion mt, at an average grade of 24% P2O5; a subeconomic underground- mineable resource of 17 billion mt, at a grade of 28%; and 507 billion mt of subresource- grade phosphatic material that underlie the WPF at a depth greater than 305 m. The relationship between phosphate-ore specifications and weathering suggests that significant changes in processing, with associated cost increases, will be required to extend recovery of ore below the relatively strongly weathered zone near the surface.
Four open pit mines currently extract phosphate from two moderately to steeply dipping ore zones that typically contain between 20% and 35% P2O5. Although the shales are enriched in trace elements, especially As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Se, U, V, Zn, and rare-earth elements, the relative concentration of organic carbon and selected major element oxides determines the suitability of phosphate-rich rock for feed to processing plants and its other applications. Selected specifications from the four operating mines include the following: minimum P2O5 of 18-20% and average of 26-27%; maximum A12O3 of 1.6-5.0%; maximum MgO of 0.3-0.6%; a CaO/P2O5 ratio of 1.5-1.6; and total carbon content of 4%-5%. Weathering to a depth of as much as 100 m significantly enhances ore quality by decreasing the proportions of calcite, dolomite, and organic matter relative to carbonate fluorapatite, the primary ore mineral
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80023-8","usgsCitation":"Moyle, P.R., and Piper, D.Z., 2004, Chapter 21 Western phosphate field - Depositional and economic deposit models: Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry, v. 8, p. 575-598, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80023-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Western Phosphate field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 40.04443758460856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217357,"text":"70217357 - 2004 - Posteruption suspended sediment transport at Mount St. Helens: Decadal‐scale relationships with landscape adjustments and river discharges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-20T13:37:16.556535","indexId":"70217357","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-20T07:35:05","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Posteruption suspended sediment transport at Mount St. Helens: Decadal‐scale relationships with landscape adjustments and river discharges","docAbstract":"Widespread landscape disturbance by the cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens abruptly increased sediment supply in surrounding watersheds. The magnitude and duration of the redistribution of sediment deposited by the eruption as well as decades‐ to centuries‐old sediment remobilized from storage have varied chiefly with the style of disturbance. Posteruption suspended sediment transport has been greater and more persistent from zones of channel disturbance than from zones of hillslope disturbance. Despite the severe landscape disturbances caused by the eruption, relationships between discharge magnitudes and frequencies and suspended sediment transport have been remarkably consistent. Discharges smaller than mean annual flows generally have transported <5%, but locally ∼15%, of the annual suspended sediment loads, and infrequent (p < 0.01), large floods have transported as much as 50% of the annual suspended sediment loads in a single day. However, moderate‐magnitude discharges (those greater than mean annual flows but less than 2‐year floods) have transported the greatest amounts of sediment from all disturbance zones. Such discharges have transported, on average, 60% to ∼95% of the annual suspended sediment loads, usually within cumulative periods of 1–3 weeks each year. Although small‐magnitude and large‐magnitude discharges have locally and episodically transported considerable amounts of suspended sediment, there has not been any notable change in the overall nature of the effective discharges; moderate‐magnitude flows have been the predominant discharges responsible for transporting the majority of suspended sediment during 20 years of posteruption landscape adjustment.
Microorganisms play an important role in the weathering of silicate minerals in many subsurface environments, but an unanswered question is whether the mineral plays an important role in the microbial ecology. Silicate minerals often contain nutrients necessary for microbial growth, but whether the microbial community benefits from their release during weathering is unclear. In this study, we used field and laboratory approaches to investigate microbial interactions with minerals and glasses containing beneficial nutrients and metals. Field experiments from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, where silicate weathering is substantially accelerated in the contaminated zone, revealed that phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe)-bearing silicate glasses were preferentially colonized and weathered, while glasses without these elements were typically barren of colonizing microorganisms, corroborating previous studies using feldspars. In laboratory studies, we investigated microbial weathering of silicates and the release of nutrients using a model ligand-promoted pathway. A metal-chelating organic ligand 3,4 dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4 DHBA) was used as a source of chelated ferric iron, and a carbon source, to investigate mineral weathering rate and microbial metabolism.
In the investigated aquifer, we hypothesize that microbes produce organic ligands to chelate metals, particularly Fe, for metabolic processes and also form stable complexes with Al and occasionally with Si. Further, the concentration of these ligands is apparently sufficient near an attached microorganism to destroy the silicate framework while releasing the nutrient of interest. In microcosms containing silicates and glasses with trace phosphate mineral inclusions, microbial biomass increased, indicating that the microbial community can use silicate-bound phosphate inclusions. The addition of a native microbial consortium to microcosms containing silicates or glasses with iron oxide inclusions correlated to accelerated weathering and release of Si into solution as well as the accelerated degradation of the model substrate 3,4 DHBA. We propose that silicate-bound P and Fe inclusions are bioavailable, and microorganisms may use organic ligands to dissolve the silicate matrix and access these otherwise limiting nutrients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.09.001","usgsCitation":"Roger, J.R., and Bennett, P.C., 2004, Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms: release of limiting nutrients from silicates: Chemical Geology, v. 203, no. 1-2, p. 91-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.09.001.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"203","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c942e4b0f37a93ee9b35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roger, Jennifer Roberts","contributorId":187989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roger","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"Roberts","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70258650,"text":"70258650 - 2004 - Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T16:33:26.568751","indexId":"70258650","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-07T11:26:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets","docAbstract":"The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extraction process traditionally uses a stereo pair of aerial photographs that are sequentially captured using an airborne metric camera. Standard DEM extraction techniques have been naturally extended to utilize satellite imagery. However, the particular characteristics of satellite imaging can cause difficulties in the DEM extraction process. The ephemeris of the spacecraft during the collects, with respect to the ground test site, is the most important factor in the elevation extraction process. When the angle of separation between the stereo images is small, the extraction process typically produces measurements with low accuracy. A large angle of separation can cause an excessive number of erroneous points in the output DEM. There is also a possibility of having occluded areas in the images when drastic topographic variation is present, making it impossible to calculate elevation in the blind spots. The use of three or more images registered to the same ground area can potentially reduce these problems and improve the accuracy of the extracted DEM. The pointing capability of the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) allows for multiple collects of the same area to be taken from different perspectives. This functionality of MTI makes it a good candidate for the implementation of DEM extraction using multiple images for improved accuracy. This paper describes a project to evaluate this capability and the algorithms used to extract DEMs from multi-look MTI imagery.
","conferenceTitle":"Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-8, 2003","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.509761","usgsCitation":"Mercier, J.A., Schowengerdt, R.A., Storey, J.C., and Smith, J.L., 2004, Digital elevation extraction from multiple MTI data sets, Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, v. 5159, San Diego, CA, August 3-8, 2003, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509761.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5159","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercier, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":149176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mercier","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, Robert A.","contributorId":41191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Jody L.","contributorId":86356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207860,"text":"70207860 - 2004 - Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Comment and Reply: Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T17:41:52","indexId":"70207860","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T17:38:51","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Comment and Reply: Comment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e64","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., and Johnson, C.A., 2004, Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Comment and Reply: Comment: Geology, v. 32, no. 1, p. e64-e65, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e64.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"e64","endPage":"e65","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e64","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145550,"text":"70145550 - 2004 - Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T14:03:11.711514","indexId":"70145550","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Brooks Range is a north-directed fold and thrust belt that forms the southern boundary of the North Slope petroleum province in northern Alaska. Field-based studies have long recognized that large-magnitude, thin-skinned folding and thrusting in the Brooks Range occurred during arc-continent collision in the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (Neocomian). Folds and thrusts, however, also deform middle and Upper Cretaceous strata of the Colville foreland basin and thus record a younger phase of deformation that apatite fission-track data have shown to occur primarily during the early Tertiary (~60 and ~45 Ma). A structural and kinematic model that reconciles these observations is critical to understanding the petroleum system of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt.
\nNew interpretations of outcrop and regional seismic reflection data indicate that from the modern mountain front northward to near the deformation front under the coastal plain, the basal thrust detachment for the orogen is located in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Kingak Shale in the upper part of the regionally extensive, gently south-dipping, north-derived Mississippian to Early Cretaceous Ellesmerian sequence. The frontal part of the orogen lies in middle Cretaceous foreland basin strata and consists of a thin-skinned fold belt at the deformation front and a fully developed passive-roof duplex to the south. Near the mountain front, the orogen is composed of a stacked series of allochthons and thrust duplexes and associated Neocomian syntectonic deposits that are unconformably overlain by proximal foreland basin strata. The foreland basin strata and underlying deformed rocks are truncated by a younger generation of folds and thrusts. Vitrinite reflectance and stable isotope compositions of veins provide evidence of two fluid events in these rocks, including an earlier higher temperature (~250-300°C) event that was buffered by limestone and a younger, lower temperature (~150°C) event that had distinctly lower δ13C values as a result of oxidation of organic matter and/or methane. Zircon fission-track data from the host rocks of the veins show that the higher temperature fluid event occurred at 160-120 Ma, whereas the lower temperature event probably occurred at about 60-45 Ma.
\nIt is proposed that the Brooks Range consists of two superposed contractional orogens that used many of the same mechanically incompetent stratigraphic units (e.g., Kayak Shale, Kingak Shale) as sites of thrust detachment. The older orogen formed in a north-directed arc-continent collisional zone that was active from 160 to 120 Ma. This deformation produced a thin-skinned deformational wedge that is characterized by far-traveled allochthons with relatively low structural relief, because it involved a thin (1-4-km [0.6-2.5-mi]-thick) stratigraphic section. Deeper parts of the deformational wedge are envisioned to have contained relatively high-temperature fluids that presumably migrated from or through limestone-rich source areas in the underlying autochthon or from deeper parts of the orogen. The younger orogen, which formed initially at about 60 Ma and reactivated at 45 Ma, produced a thrust belt and frontal triangle zone with low amounts of shortening and relatively high structural relief, because it involved a structural section 5-10 km (3-6 mi) thick. Fluids associated with this deformation were relatively of lower temperature and suggest that hydrocarbon migration occurred at this time.
\nWe conclude that hydrocarbon generation from Triassic and Jurassic source strata and migration into stratigraphic traps occurred primarily by sedimentary burial principally at 100-90 Ma, between the times of the two major episodes of deformation. Subsequent sedimentary burial caused deep stratigraphic traps to become overmature, cracking oil to gas, and initiated some new hydrocarbon generation progressively higher in the section. Structural disruption of the traps in the early Tertiary released sequestered hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons remigrated into newly formed structural traps, which formed at higher structural levels or were lost to the surface. Because of the generally high maturation of the Colville basin at the time of the deformation and remigration, most of the hydrocarbons available to fill traps were gas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts","doi":"10.1306/1025690H13116","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Potter, C.J., O'Sullivan, P., Shelton, K.L., and Underwood, M.B., 2004, Two stages of deformation and fluid migration in the west-central Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, Northern Alaska, v. 1, p. 157-186, https://doi.org/10.1306/1025690H13116.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"186","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1282/chapter-abstract/107111537/Two-Stages-of-Deformation-and-Fluid-Migration-in"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb7e4b027f0aee3d493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shelton, Kevin L.","contributorId":48632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Underwood, Michael B.","contributorId":6844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145216,"text":"70145216 - 2004 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:19:18","indexId":"70145216","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate, Kayak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kuna Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies), and the Pennsylvanian-Permian Siksikpuk Formation. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert, minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) and to average shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component.
\nGeochemical data (e.g., MnO <0.01 wt %; avg Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of framboidal pyrite grains, and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with up to 8.4 wt percent Corganic and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent Corganic typically have only sparse pyrite (<1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly <0.2). Immobile element plots (e.g., Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. High average values for the chemical index of alteration [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O)] ∞ 100 for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering in source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not require such weathering.
\nTextural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P, F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively low average Ce/Ce* value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (<0.05 wt % P2O5) and a similar Ce/Ce* value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kayak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing. Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K2O ∞ 100)/(K2O + Al2O3) ratios of 21.0 to 23.0, which contrast with low ratios of generally <18.0 for shales of the underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny, owing to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica.
\nThe distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have played a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model, deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios), which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H2S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H2S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. On the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Dumoulin, J.A., Schmidt, J., Young, L.E., and Rombach, C., 2004, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1385-1414, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1414","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70239870,"text":"70239870 - 2004 - A kinematic model for the southern Alaska orocline based on regional fault patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T20:05:42.16846","indexId":"70239870","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:55:12","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"A kinematic model for the southern Alaska orocline based on regional fault patterns","docAbstract":"Among the most prominent physiographic features of southern Alaska are a series of nested arcuate lineations, including the Denali fault, that parallel the concave-southward southern coastline of the state. These features are generally interpreted as major dextral shear zones that formed in the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary in response to stresses imposed on the western edge of North America by transcurrent motion and oblique subduction along the North American margin.
South-central Alaska consists of a collage of Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic terranes and overlap assemblages. Following accretion to the continent, these terranes were transported northward along its margin along strike-slip faults such as the ancestral Denali fault that formed by oblique subduction. The terranes would have arrived at about their present position by Eocene time. It is commonly held that southwestern Alaska rotated into its present configuration by the middle Eocene, in response to impingement of northeast Asia against western Alaska, to form the southern Alaska orocline. Subsequent to this rotation during the middle and late Tertiary, southern Alaska terranes were presumably transported through the Alaska orocline by continued dextral movement along faults on the east limb of the orocline, such as the Denali and Tintina.
Both initial bending of the crust to form the orocline and subsequent transport of crust through the orocline would result in significant crustal shortening within the bend. A model is suggested herein whereby shortening is accommodated by a system of secondary, northeast-trending thrust faults. The distribution of these faults shows a consistent pattern within the bend: the faults appear to splay off at or near the major dextral shear zones and generally occur west of the orocline’s axis. That these faults occur where deformation would be greatest to crust driven through the bend suggests that the faults are directly related to crustal dynamics within the bend. If this model is correct, one may infer the sense and timing of motion along many faults that otherwise lack or have limited documented histories.
The interaction of strike-slip and thrust faults suggested by the model is reflected in the rupture sequence of the November 3, 2002, M7.9 Denali earthquake, which involved both initiation of slip along a previously unknown east-northeast–trending thrust fault and subsequent strike-slip motion along the McKinley strand of the east-west–trending Denali fault. This event is likely due, in part, to stresses imposed by accretion of the Yakutat terrane that is presently working its way into the bend of the orocline and deforming as a result of collision. Faulting along the western margin of the Yakutat terrane resembles that seen in central Alaska within the hinge of the bend. As such, it likely represents a present-day analog for crustal deformation associated with the orocline and may therefore provide clues to earlier stages of crustal deformation in central Alaska.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Orogenic curvature: Integrating paleomagnetic and structural analyses","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2383-3(2004)383[161:AKMFTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Glen, J.M., 2004, A kinematic model for the southern Alaska orocline based on regional fault patterns, chap. of Orogenic curvature: Integrating paleomagnetic and structural analyses: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 383, p. 161-172, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2383-3(2004)383[161:AKMFTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.6558865053694,\n 61.62511631782783\n ],\n [\n -149.454401539696,\n 61.6384125473397\n ],\n [\n -149.01225397613476,\n 61.68092209678608\n ],\n [\n -148.42458949292046,\n 61.78164813521394\n ],\n [\n -148.20071730883896,\n 61.78694038774481\n ],\n [\n -148.0104259523696,\n 61.77635497156183\n ],\n [\n -147.84252181430827,\n 61.797522159888814\n ],\n [\n -147.46193910136952,\n 61.79223172926589\n ],\n [\n -147.2828413541042,\n 61.85037639130303\n ],\n [\n -147.0197915378083,\n 61.968965984895846\n ],\n [\n -147.04217875621652,\n 62.11066740735515\n ],\n [\n -146.98621071019616,\n 62.36614731645247\n ],\n [\n -147.10934041144094,\n 62.742762817680386\n ],\n [\n -147.0925499976348,\n 62.92928859566922\n ],\n [\n -147.39477744614544,\n 63.03606941046891\n ],\n [\n -147.47313271057405,\n 63.05636439164377\n ],\n [\n -147.4843263197781,\n 63.15257266921114\n ],\n [\n -147.42276146915563,\n 63.26105633664412\n ],\n [\n -147.47313271057405,\n 63.36160669058128\n ],\n [\n -147.7809569636863,\n 63.38919654057369\n ],\n [\n -148.05520038918624,\n 63.34905708668114\n ],\n [\n -148.17273328582908,\n 63.34905708668114\n ],\n [\n -148.5029447573494,\n 63.40423438219844\n ],\n [\n -148.81636581506376,\n 63.38919654057369\n ],\n [\n -149.01785078073718,\n 63.37665898500339\n ],\n [\n -149.34806225225768,\n 63.30383313056015\n ],\n [\n -149.46559514890052,\n 63.21064941139369\n ],\n [\n -149.60551526395147,\n 63.12981527528069\n ],\n [\n -149.76222579280855,\n 63.04875543034001\n ],\n [\n -149.76222579280855,\n 62.96492557132987\n ],\n [\n -150.08684045972694,\n 62.83745117375622\n ],\n [\n -150.29392223000247,\n 62.71711909313473\n ],\n [\n -150.4002615174413,\n 62.637481942242886\n ],\n [\n -150.24355098858402,\n 62.41542902475709\n ],\n [\n -150.14280850574733,\n 62.33238153159763\n ],\n [\n -150.15959891955345,\n 62.17343412214285\n ],\n [\n -150.12601809194118,\n 61.750827520785975\n ],\n [\n -149.97490436768618,\n 61.62607221186616\n ],\n [\n -149.6558865053694,\n 61.62511631782783\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"383","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sussman, Aviva J.","contributorId":301144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sussman","given":"Aviva","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862210,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weil, Arlo B.","contributorId":301145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weil","given":"Arlo","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862211,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70145196,"text":"70145196 - 2004 - Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T12:44:03","indexId":"70145196","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district in the western Brooks Range, northern Alaska, contains numerous shale-hosted Zn-Pb sulfide and barite deposits in organic-rich siliceous mudstone and shale, chert, and carbonate rocks of the Carboniferous Kuna Formation. The giant Red Dog shale-hosted deposits consist of a cluster of four orebodies (Main, Qanaiyaq, Aqqaluk, and Paalaaq) that lie within distinct thrust panels that offset a single ore deposit during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. These Zn-Pb-Ag-barite orebodies contain one of the world's largest reserves and resources of zinc.
\nFluid inclusions in samples of vein sphalerite, which accounts for about 20 percent of the ore in the Main deposit, and quartz that composes the bulk of the extensive silicification in the ore deposit, were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, and ion chromatography. The study of fluid inclusions in the vein sphalerite was limited by the intense postore deformation of the ore deposits. However, four primary aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages in vein sphalerite yield temperatures of homogenization of 115° to 120°C, 123° to 127°C, 110° to 120°C and 175° to 180°C. More abundant final-melting temperatures indicate that the fluid inclusions in sphalerite have salinities of about 14 to 19 wt percent NaCl equiv. The fluid inclusion electrolyte data show that the ore fluid responsible for the vein sphalerite derived its salinity from the evaporation of seawater. Considering the salinity of the fluid inclusions together with the electrolyte data, it is possible that the evaporative brine was initially about 30 wt percent saline fluid and that it mixed with a more dilute fluid somewhere along its flow path. The temperature, salinity, and electrolyte composition of vein sphalerite in the Red Dog deposits are remarkably similar to those characteristics in sphalerite veins near the Century zinc deposit, Australia. Together, these data compose the majority of information on the temperature and composition of sphalerite in deposits of this type.
\nOn the basis of data describing fluid inclusions in sphalerite and the geologic setting of the ore deposits, a \"reflux brine\" model is suggested for the Red Dog deposits. In this model, brines were produced in evaporative environments in supratidal carbonate facies of the Lisburne Group less than 100 km from the Red Dog deposits. These reflux brines may have infiltrated the underlying rocks of Endicott Group or fractured metasedimentary basement rocks. In the absence of a local heat source at the Red Dog deposits, the temperature of the ore fluids (~100° to <200°C) requires that the fluids circulated at depths between ~ 2.4 and 7.4 km.
\nIn the Red Dog area, the metalliferous fluids ascended into the organic-rich rocks of the Kuna Formation, probably along zones of active extensional faults or breaches in the shale aquitards overlying the aquifers in the Endicott Group. Fluid inclusions were also studied in the abundant quartz that constitutes the majority of the silica rock in the ore deposits. This postore quartz extensively replaced barite and was traditionally thought to be part of the main ore event. Primary fluid inclusion assemblages contain two-phase aqueous inclusions, single-phase inclusions of dense methane, or both. Primary assemblages that contain single-phase, dense-methane inclusions together with two-phase aqueous inclusions yield consistent homogenization temperatures that provide unequivocal evidence for the coeval trapping of immiscible gas and aqueous fluids.
\nThe densities of the methane inclusions, together with the temperature of homogenization of coexisting aqueous fluid inclusions, show that these fluid inclusions were trapped between pressures of 800 and 3,400 bars and temperatures between 187° and 214°C. The pressures obtained provide unequivocal evidence that the quartz formed after ore deposition in the Carboniferous because such high fluid pressures could only have been produced from thrust loading during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. The observed large variation in pressure is best explained by transient fluid pressures from hydrostatic to lithostatic conditions during thrust loading. The 3,400 bars pressure corresponds with about 12 km of lithostatic burial, whereas the lower pressures (800 bars) correspond with about 8 km of hydrostatic pressure. Because of their low salinity (0-5 wt % NaCl equiv) the electrolyte compositions of the quartz fluid inclusions do not constrain their origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Marsh, E., Emsbo, P., Rombach, C., Kelley, K.D., and Anthony, M.W., 2004, Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1449-1480, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1449","endPage":"1480","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae3ee4b027f0aee3d13a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":58765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anthony, Michael W. manthony@usgs.gov","contributorId":1232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Michael","email":"manthony@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":544088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70140090,"text":"70140090 - 2004 - The Colorado front range: anatomy of a Laramide uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-03T11:52:32","indexId":"70140090","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Colorado front range: anatomy of a Laramide uplift","docAbstract":"Along a transect across the Front Range from Denver to the Blue River valley near Dillon, the trip explores the geologic framework and Laramide (Late Cretaceous to early Eocene) uplift history of this basement-cored mountain range. Specific items for discussion at various stops are (1) the sedimentary and structural record along the upturned eastern margin of the range, which contains several discontinuous, east-directed reverse faults; (2) the western structural margin of the range, which contains a minimum of 9 km of thrust overhang and is significantly different in structural style from the eastern margin; (3) mid- to late-Tertiary modifications to the western margin of the range from extensional faulting along the northern Rio Grande rift trend; (4) the thermal and uplift history of the range as revealed by apatite fission track analysis; (5) the Proterozoic basement of the range, including the significance of northeast-trending shear zones; and (6) the geologic setting of the Colorado mineral belt, formed during Laramide and mid-Tertiary igneous activity.
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This paper presents a new model for the structural development of the area and shows that understanding the structure is crucial for future exploration efforts and new mineral discoveries in the district. In the Red Dog district, a telescoped Late Devonian through Jurassic continental passive margin is exposed in a series of subhorizontally stacked, internally imbricated, and regionally folded thrust sheets. These sheets were emplaced during the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous Brookian orogeny and subsequently were uplifted by late tectonic activity in the Tertiary. The thrust sheet stack comprises seven tectonostratigraphically distinct allochthonous sheets, three of which have been subject to regional and detailed structural analysis. The lowermost of these is the Endicott Mountains allochthon, which is overlain by the structurally higher Picnic Creek and Kelly River allochthons. Each individual allochthon is itself internally imbricated into a series of tectonostratigraphically coherent and distinct thrust plates and subplates. This structural style gives rise to duplex development and imbrication at a range of scales, from a few meters to tens of kilometers. The variable mechanical properties of the lithologic units of the ancient passive margin resulted in changes in structural styles and scales of structures across allochthon boundaries. Structural mapping and analysis of the district indicate a dominant northwest to west-northwest direction of regional tectonic transport. Local north to north-northeast transport of thrust sheets is interpreted to reflect the influence of underlying lateral and/or oblique ramps, which may have been controlled by inherited basin margin structures. Some thrust-sheet stacking patterns suggest out-of-sequence thrusting. The west-northwest-east-southeast-trending Wrench Creek and Sivukat Mountain faults were previously interpreted to be strike-slip faults, but this study shows that they are Tertiary (Eocene?) late extensional faults with little or no lateral displacement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1415","usgsCitation":"de Vera, J.P., and McClay, K.R., 2004, Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1415-1434, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1415.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1415","endPage":"1434","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae45e4b027f0aee3d151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Vera, Jean-Pierre P.","contributorId":127517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vera","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7018,"text":"German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McClay, K. R.","contributorId":140063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClay","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217356,"text":"70217356 - 2004 - Landslides triggered by the 13 January and 13 February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-19T17:54:13.605173","indexId":"70217356","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T11:47:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides triggered by the 13 January and 13 February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador","docAbstract":"During a one-month period in early 2001, El Salvador experienced two devastating earthquakes. On 13 January, a M-7.7 earthquake centered ∼40 km off the southern coast in the Pacific Ocean caused widespread damage and fatalities throughout much of the country. The earthquake triggered thousands of landslides that were broadly scattered across the southern half of the country. The most damaging landslide, a rapidly moving mass of ∼130, 000 m 3, occurred in the Las Colinas neighborhood of Santa Tecla, where ∼585 people were killed. Another large landslide (∼750, 000 m 3) near the city of San Vicente blocked the Pan-American Highway for several weeks. One month later, on 13 February, a M-6.6 earthquake occurred ∼40 km east-southeast of San Salvador and triggered additional thousands of landslides in the area east of Lake Ilopango. The landslides were concentrated in a 2500 km2 area and were particularly abundant in areas underlain by thick deposits of poorly consolidated, late Pleistocene and Holocene Tierra Blanca rhyolitic tephras erupted from Ilopango caldera. Most of the triggered landslides were relatively small, shallow failures, but two large landslides occurred that blocked the El Desagüe River and the Jiboa River. The two earthquakes triggered similar types of landslides, but the distribution of triggered landslides differed because of different earthquake source parameters. The largemagnitude, deep, offshore earthquake triggered broadly scattered landslides over a large region, whereas the shallow, moderate-magnitude earthquake centered within the country triggered a much smaller, denser concentration of landslides. These results are significant in the context of seismic-hazard mitigation for various earthquake scenarios.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2375-2.69","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., Crone, A.J., Harp, E., Baum, R., Major, J.J., Pullinger, C., Escobar, C., Martinez, M., and Smith, M.E., 2004, Landslides triggered by the 13 January and 13 February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 375, p. 69-88, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2375-2.69.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382297,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"El Salvador","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 13.81674404684894\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 12.983147716796578\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 12.983147716796578\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 14.519780046326085\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 14.519780046326085\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 13.81674404684894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"375","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, Randall W.","contributorId":247850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jibson","given":"Randall W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":808493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harp, Edwin harp@usgs.gov","contributorId":202660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"Edwin","email":"harp@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baum, Rex 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":207518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pullinger, Carlos","contributorId":57511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullinger","given":"Carlos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Escobar, C.D.","contributorId":54640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Martinez, Mauricio","contributorId":74041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"Mauricio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, Mark E.","contributorId":75584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70217355,"text":"70217355 - 2004 - Debris-flow hazards at San Salvador, San Vicente, and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-19T17:42:46.635598","indexId":"70217355","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T11:34:18","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow hazards at San Salvador, San Vicente, and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador","docAbstract":"Volcanic debris flows (lahars) in El Salvador pose a significant risk to tens of thousands of people as well as to property and important infrastructure. Major cities and nearly a third of the country's population are located near San Salvador, San Vicente, and San Miguel volcanoes. Debris flows traveling as little as 4 km from source at these volcanoes put hundreds to thousands of lives, property, and infrastructure at risk.
We used a statistically based model that relates debris-flow volume to cross-sectional and planimetric inundation areas to evaluate spatial patterns of inundation from a suite of debris flows ranging in volume from 100,000 m3 to as large as 100 million m3 and examined prehistoric deposits and a limited number of historical events at these volcanoes to estimate probable frequencies of recurrence. Our analyses show that zones of greatest debris-flow hazard generally are focused within 10 km of the summits of the volcanoes. For typical debris-flow velocities (3–10 m/s), these hazard areas can be inundated within a few minutes to a few tens of minutes after the onset of a debris flow. Our analyses of debris-flow recurrence at these volcanoes suggest that debris flows with volumes of 100,000 m3 to as large as 500,000 m3 have probable return periods broadly in the range of ∼10 to 100 yr. Debris flows having volumes less than 100,000 m3 probably recur more frequently, especially at San Miguel volcano.
Despite the limited extents of the hazard zones portrayed in our analyses, even the smallest debris flows could be devastating. Urban and agricultural expansions have encroached onto the flanks of the volcanoes, and debris-flow–hazard zones extend well into areas that are settled densely or used for agriculture. Therefore, people living, working, or recreating along channels that drain the volcanoes must learn to recognize potentially hazardous conditions, be aware of the extents of debris-flow–hazard zones, and be prepared to evacuate to safer ground when hazardous conditions develop.
","largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards in El Salvador","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2375-2.89","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., Schilling, S.P., Pullinger, C., and Escobar, C., 2004, Debris-flow hazards at San Salvador, San Vicente, and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 375, p. 89-108, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2375-2.89.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"108","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"San Salvador","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 13.81674404684894\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 12.983147716796578\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 12.983147716796578\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 14.519780046326085\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 14.519780046326085\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 13.81674404684894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"375","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pullinger, Carlos","contributorId":57511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullinger","given":"Carlos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Escobar, C.D.","contributorId":54640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70239131,"text":"70239131 - 2004 - Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T17:06:48.875537","indexId":"70239131","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:55:27","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry","docAbstract":"This chapter reviews the recent developments and refinements of analytical methods for preparing waters and other aqueous samples of different origins for the measurement of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes by conventional dual-inlet, dynamic gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The emerging techniques of continuous-flow mass-spectrometry are discussed as they are employed in both dual-inlet and continuous-flow mass-spectrometry. The size, chemical composition, and isotopic abundance of aqueous samples vary widely depending on their type, origin, and history. Automated gas equilibration methods are very suitable and are becoming standard techniques in many isotope hydrology laboratories. The increased analytical precisions are due to the subsequent development of modern gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometers with dual-inlets and multi-collectors, have caused the proliferation of new analytical methods and applications for the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of water. For natural hydrologic samples and new developments of continuous-flow mass spectrometry, it is possible to determine both δD and δ18O values, as they can provide two-dimensional information. The most significant progress in analytical techniques for stable isotope analysis of water is witnessed. Hence, overall quality control of isotopic data is becoming an important issue.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50003-X","usgsCitation":"Horita, J., and Kendall, C., 2004, Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry, chap. 1 of Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques, v. 1, p. 1-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50003-X.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"de Groot, P. A.","contributorId":300475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Groot","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":860295,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Horita, Juske","contributorId":300474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horita","given":"Juske","affiliations":[{"id":32968,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":860294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199879,"text":"70199879 - 2004 - Hydrology: Chapter D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T10:42:34","indexId":"70199879","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:42:11","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology: Chapter D","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California--hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model","language":"English","publisher":"US Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C.C., D’Agnese, F.A., and O’Brien, G.M., 2004, Hydrology: Chapter D, chap. of Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California--hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f58","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747113,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":130958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747114,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. ccfaunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":149018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, Grady M.","contributorId":71197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Grady","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199407,"text":"70199407 - 2004 - Selenium, iron, and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:24:04","indexId":"70199407","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:22:24","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"29","title":"Selenium, iron, and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method","docAbstract":"This chapter focuses on the double-spike calibrated thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) methods for measurement of mass dependent isotope fractionation in Se, Fe, and Cr. Current measurement precision is approximately ± 0.2 per mil on 80Se / 76Se, 56Fe / 54Fe, and 53Cr / 52Cr. Sample size requirements are 500ng, 1μg, and 250ng for Se, Fe, and Cr respectively. These measurements have been developed recently, and further improvements in precision and sample size are likely. The present purification procedures for these elements and the geochemical applications of the measurements are reviewed. TIMS instruments were usually limited to measurement of positive ions. One of the major recent developments in TIMS is the development of methods for measuring negative ions. An important future direction in mass spectrometry of Se, Fe, and Cr, is multi-collector inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). This recent technique has a number of advantages over TIMS techniques and may eventually dominate. Instrumental discrimination is very large with MC-ICP-MS and must be monitored and modeled correctly.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50031-4","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T.M., and Bullen, T.D., 2004, Selenium, iron, and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method, chap. 29 of Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques, v. 1, p. 623-651, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50031-4.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"623","endPage":"651","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Thomas M.","contributorId":174200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16984,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199404,"text":"70199404 - 2004 - Modeling microbial enhancement of Zn (II) and Pb (II) transport in columns packed with geologic media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:03:31","indexId":"70199404","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:56:56","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling microbial enhancement of Zn (II) and Pb (II) transport in columns packed with geologic media","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water rock interaction","language":"English","publisher":"A.A. Balkema","publisherLocation":"Exton, Pennsylvania","usgsCitation":"Landkamer, L.L., Harvey, R., Metge, D.W., and J. N. Ryan, 2004, Modeling microbial enhancement of Zn (II) and Pb (II) transport in columns packed with geologic media, chap. of Water rock interaction, p. 1139-1140.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1140","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f62","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Alder, Jay R. 0000-0003-2378-2853 jalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2378-2853","contributorId":5118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alder","given":"Jay","email":"jalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745146,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. 0000-0003-0901-2529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":90331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745147,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Landkamer, Lee L.","contributorId":65679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landkamer","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metge, D. W.","contributorId":194244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metge","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"J. N. Ryan","contributorId":194240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"J. N. Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199402,"text":"70199402 - 2004 - Evaluating remedial alternatives for the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, near Summitville Mine, Colorado: Application of a reactive transport model to low- and high-flow simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T09:36:38","indexId":"70199402","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:34:33","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Evaluating remedial alternatives for the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, near Summitville Mine, Colorado: Application of a reactive transport model to low- and high-flow simulations","docAbstract":"Reactive-transport processes in Wightman Fork and the Alamosa River downstream from the Summitville
Mine, south-central Colorado, were simulated at low and high flow using the OTEQ reactive-transport model.
The simulations were calibrated using data from synoptic studies conducted during October 1998 and June
1999. Discharge over the 30-km reach from just below the mine site to the Alamosa River above Terrace
Reservoir ranged from 0.077 to 1.3 m3/s at low flow and from 1.17 to 17.0 m3/s at high flow. Travel time was
about 28 hours at low flow and about 8.5 hours at high flow; pH ranged from 4.6 to 5.7 at low flow and from
3.7 to 6.7 at high flow. Simulations revealed that pH, Fe, Al, and Cu were non-conservative. Simulations
included Fe(II) oxidation, constrained using measured values of Fe(II) and Fe(total). Precipitation of hydrous Fe oxides and hydrous Al oxides and hydroxysulfates match observed conditions more closely in simulations that included Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) precipitation than in simulations without Fe(II) oxidation or Fe(III)
precipitation. Simulation results indicate that sorption is controlling Cu concentrations in the Alamosa River.
The calibrated models were used to evaluate nine remediation alternatives.
We present a catalog of subduction zone earthquakes along the Pacific coast from central El Salvador to eastern Chiapas, Mexico, from 1526 to 2000. We estimate that the catalog is complete since 1690 for MS ≥7.4 thrust events and M ≥ 7.4 normal-faulting events within the upper 60 km of the down-going slab. New intensity maps were constructed for the 27 earthquakes since 1690, using mostly primary data sources. By calibrating with recent events we find that the long axis of the (MM) VII intensity contour for such large earthquakes well approximates the length and location of rupture along the subduction zone and can thus be used to estimate the locations and magnitudes of older events.
The section from western El Salvador to Chiapas appears to have ruptured completely in a series of four to five earthquakes during each of the periods 1902–1915, 1743–1776, and possibly 1565–1577. Earthquakes of MW 7.75 ± 0.3 have caused major damage along the 200 km long section from San Salvador to Guatemala City every 71 ± 17 yr, apparently since at least 1575. Although the January 2001 El Salvador earthquake caused damage within part of this zone, no major thrust earthquake has occurred there since at least 1915. We find that much of this section has been relatively quiescent for moderate earthquakes shallower that 50 km since at least 1963. The conditional probability that an earthquake of MW 7.75 ± 0.3 will occur at this location in the next 20 yr is estimated at 50% (±30%).
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I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862685,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bommer, Julian J.","contributorId":301830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bommer","given":"Julian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862686,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopez, Dina L.","contributorId":10323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Dina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862687,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, Michael J.","contributorId":45924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862688,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ligorria, Juan Pablo","contributorId":301831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ligorria","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"Pablo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cifuentes, I.L.","contributorId":41850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cifuentes","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198695,"text":"70198695 - 2004 - Selenium loading through the Blackfoot River watershed--linking sources to ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T08:25:44","indexId":"70198695","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:22:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Selenium loading through the Blackfoot River watershed--linking sources to ecosystem","docAbstract":"The upper Blackfoot River watershed in southeast Idaho receives drainage from 11 of 16 phosphate mines that have extracted ore from the Phosphoria Formation, three of which are presently active. Toxic effects from selenium (Se), including death of livestock and deformity in aquatic birds, were documented locally in areas where phosphatic shales are exposed (Piper et al., 2000; Presser et al., Chapter 11). Current drainage conditions are leading to Se bioaccumulation at concentrations that pose a risk to fish in the Blackfoot River and its tributaries (Hamilton et al., Chapter 18). A gaging station on the Blackfoot River was re-activated in April 2001 to assess hydrologic conditions and concentration, load, and speciation for Se discharges on a watershed scale. The gaging-station data are considered to represent regional drainage conditions in the upper Blackfoot River water- shed because of its location near the outlet of the watershed and directly upstream of the Blackfoot Reservoir.
Watershed discharges for 2001 and 2002 were below minimum hydrologic conditions for the gage as documented by the historical record. Drought emergencies were declared in the area in both 2001 and 2002. Unmonitored diversions for irrigation that routinely take place during the snowmelt season also affected conditions downstream. Annual cycles in Se concentration, load, and selenate (Se6+) reached maxima in the spring during the period of maximum flow at the gaging station. Thirty-seven to 44% of annual flow occurred dur- ing the three-month high-flow season (April through June) in 2001 and 56% of annual flow occurred during that time period in 2002. Extrapolation from historical hydrographs for average and wet years and a limited data set of regional Se concentrations for 2001 and 2002 indicated potential for a 3.6- to 7.4-fold increase in Se loading because of increased seasonal flows in the Blackfoot River watershed.
Supplementation data indicate that: (a) the difference between total Se and dissolved Se, as a measure of the contribution of particulate Se, was < 10% except at the peak of con- centration when total Se was 18% more than dissolved Se; (b) selenite (Se4+) represented less than 10% of the dissolved species during all months of 2001; and (c) dissolved Se was approximately a 50:50 mixture of selenate and organic selenide (operationally defined Se2-) during summer 2001 (June through August).
Ecological risk based on regional Se drainage occurred during both the high- and low-flow seasons. Seventy to 83% of the Se load occurred during the high-flow season. During early May of both years, dissolved-Se concentrations exceeded the criterion for the protection of aquatic life and the ecological threshold of 5 gL1 Se at which sub- stantive risk occurs. During the majority of the three-month high-flow season, dissolved- Se concentrations exceeded the 2 gL1 Se concern level for aquatic biota. The Se concentration in suspended material during high flow in 2002 was within the range of marginal risk to aquatic life (2-4 gg1Se, dry weight). Selenate was the major species during peak flows, with both selenate and organic selenide being major species during relatively low-flow periods in summer. A change in speciation to reduced Se may indicate elevated biotic productivity during summer months and could result in enhanced Se uptake in food webs.
In addition to the magnitude of regional Se release in the Blackfoot River watershed, Se concentrations in individual source drains and waste-rock seeps, and those predicted by experimental column leaching of proposed mining overburden materials, also indicate that drainage options that currently meet existing demands for phosphate mining cause eco- logical risk thresholds to be exceeded. At times, the drinking-water Se standard (50 g L1 Se) and the criterion for hazardous Se waste (1000 L-1 Se) (US Department of the Interior, 1998; US Environmental Protection Agency, 1987) are also exceeded.
For water-years 2001 and 2002, seasonal increased input of water in the mining area resulted in increased Se transport, suggesting a mechanism of contamination that involves a significant Se reservoir. Hence, recognition and monitoring of Se loading to the envi- ronment on a mass balance basis (i.e. inputs, fluxes and storage within environmental media, and outputs) are essential to evaluating how to control Se concentrations within environmentally protective ranges (Presser and Piper, 1998). In areas where release of Se to aquatic systems is anticipated as a product of future expansion of phosphate mining, continuous monitoring of flow and development of seasonal Se loading patterns would help to model watersheds in terms of sources, flow periods, and environmental-Se con- centrations that most influence bioavailability. These data, in turn, could be linked to Se- bioaccumulation models specific to food webs and vulnerable species of the impacted areas to accurately project ecological effects. Gaging at this site on the Blackfoot River is planned to continue in order to establish a long-term (>10 year) record of hydrologic conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80018-4","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., Hardy, M., Huebner, M., and Lamothe, P.J., 2004, Selenium loading through the Blackfoot River watershed--linking sources to ecosystem, chap. 16 of Handbook of exploration and environmental geochemistry, v. 8, p. 437-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-2734(04)80018-4.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"466","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Upper Blackfoot River Watershed ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.63414001464844,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -111.63414001464844,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -111.63414001464844,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ca93e4b0702d0e846931","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742613,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardy, Matthew 0000-0003-0144-2970 mwhardy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0144-2970","contributorId":168348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Matthew","email":"mwhardy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huebner, Mark mhuebner@usgs.gov","contributorId":4349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"Mark","email":"mhuebner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamothe, Paul J. plamothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","email":"plamothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":742612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199897,"text":"70199897 - 2004 - Fundamental concepts of recharge in the Desert Southwest: A regional modeling perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T08:20:43","indexId":"70199897","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T08:20:13","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5612,"text":"Water Science and Application","printIssn":"1526-758X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Fundamental concepts of recharge in the Desert Southwest: A regional modeling perspective","docAbstract":"Recharge in arid basins does not occur in all years or at all locations within a basin. In the desert Southwest potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation on an average annual basis and, in many basins, on an average monthly basis. Ground-water traveltime from the surface to the water table and recharge to the water table vary temporally and spatially owing to variations in precipitation, air temperature, root zone and soil properties and thickness, faults and fractures, and hydrologic properties of geologic strata in the unsaturated zone. To highlight the fundamental concepts controlling recharge in the Southwest, and address the temporal and spatial variability of recharge, a basin characterization model was developed using a straightforward water balance approach to estimate potential recharge and runoff and allow for determination of the location of recharge within a basin. It provides a means for interbasin comparison of the mechanisms and processes that result in recharge and calculates the potential for recharge under current, wetter, and drier climates. Model estimates of recharge compare favorably with other methods estimating recharge in the Great Basin. Results indicate that net infiltration occurs in less than 5 percent of the area of a typical southwestern basin. Decadal-scale climatic cycles have substantially different influences over the extent of the Great Basin, with the southern portion receiving 220 percent higher recharge than the mean recharge during El Niño years in a positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, whereas the northern portion receives only 48 percent higher recharge. In addition, climatic influences result in ground-water travel times that are expected to vary on time scales of days to centuries, making decadal-scale climate cycles significant for understanding recharge in arid lands.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/009WSA10","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., and Hevesi, J., 2004, Fundamental concepts of recharge in the Desert Southwest: A regional modeling perspective, chap. of Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States: Water Science and Application, v. 9, p. 159-184, https://doi.org/10.1029/009WSA10.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e878e4b034bf6a800f79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hevesi, J.A. 0000-0003-2898-1800","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":43320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70240121,"text":"70240121 - 2004 - Age and evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T14:16:08.369052","indexId":"70240121","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T07:50:21","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Age and evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"U-Pb analyses of zircons from gneisses, anatectic leucosome, metasedimentary rocks, and a younger (metamorphosed) mafic dike from the Tobacco Root Mountains of southwestern Montana document a Precambrian history that extends from at least 3.90–1.77 Ga. The oldest U-Pb age reported here (3.8 Ga) is from a detrital zircon from a quartzite within the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite, although younger ages of clearly detrital grains suggest the protolith was deposited subsequent to 3.2 Ga. Alternatively, a Pb-Pb age of ca. 2.45 Ga from a single subhedral zircon from this quartzite suggests the quartzite, and perhaps other Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite lithologies, may have formed in the Proterozoic. An Archean age, however, seems most compatible with the Archean Sm-Nd model ages of mafic and metasedimentary components of the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite and the age distribution of zircons from the quartzite, which is very similar to the age distribution present in Archean quartzites in the region.
The Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite lies in tectonic contact with volumetrically dominant, Archean, quartzofeldspathic gneisses and intercalated metasedimentary rocks. The protoliths of these gneisses were apparently emplaced 3.2–3.4 Ga, and are interpreted to be the basement upon which the intercalated (meta)sedimentary rocks were deposited. U-Pb analyses of zircons from anatectic leucosome near the boundary between the gneisses and the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite, however, yield a significant population of 1.77 Ga grains, which are interpreted to have crystallized from the leucosome. All other grains are Archean (to 3.48 Ga) and interpreted to derive from the metasedimentary source of the leucosome. In addition, U-Pb analyses of zircons extracted from a granulite facies mafic dike that cuts across Archean gneissic banding indicate the dike was intruded at 2.06 Ga, but reached granulite facies at 1.76 Ga. Structural, petrologic, and geochronologic data suggest all lithologies experienced granulite facies metamorphism at ca. 1.77 Ga and that the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite was tectonically emplaced after 2.06 Ga, but before 1.77 Ga. This Paleoproterozoic tectonic activity is most likely a result of burial during terrane collision (e.g., the juxtaposition of the Wyoming and Hearne provinces) and/or to postcollisional mafic underplating.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2377-9.181","usgsCitation":"Mueller, P.A., Burger, H.R., Wooden, J., Heatherington, A.L., Mogk, D.W., and D’Arcy, K., 2004, Age and evolution of the Precambrian crust of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, chap. of Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 377, p. 181-202, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2377-9.181.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"202","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Tobacco Root Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.03379808728381,\n 45.32263035688371\n ],\n [\n -111.94453417126824,\n 45.30041766399464\n ],\n [\n -111.87861620251813,\n 45.25403269702883\n ],\n [\n -111.8223112708776,\n 45.25499943724924\n ],\n [\n -111.7495268470494,\n 45.35834555236028\n ],\n [\n -111.76463304822119,\n 45.45572369873824\n ],\n [\n -111.77424608533076,\n 45.52600141246265\n ],\n [\n -111.79209886853401,\n 45.586581548548565\n ],\n [\n -111.80995165173692,\n 45.651896344254\n ],\n [\n -111.88960253064326,\n 45.67876855808504\n ],\n [\n -111.90333544079951,\n 45.69891425326668\n ],\n [\n -111.84565721814309,\n 45.73918387653018\n ],\n [\n -111.93629442517457,\n 45.808149996573206\n ],\n [\n -111.97199999158072,\n 45.82346421912621\n ],\n [\n -112.05577074353374,\n 45.8071927178282\n ],\n [\n -112.12855516736195,\n 45.80240607733444\n ],\n [\n -112.14503465954931,\n 45.72384648981324\n ],\n [\n -112.13954149548708,\n 45.69124055828016\n ],\n [\n -112.1958464271276,\n 45.641335873831196\n ],\n [\n -112.19859300915871,\n 45.60964251710891\n ],\n [\n -112.22056566540898,\n 45.592347679218705\n ],\n [\n -112.2425383216589,\n 45.52407716397468\n ],\n [\n -112.20545946423684,\n 45.488466694525044\n ],\n [\n -112.15327440564332,\n 45.41717817269756\n ],\n [\n -112.07774339978398,\n 45.37667703297461\n ],\n [\n -112.03379808728381,\n 45.32263035688371\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"377","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brady, John B.","contributorId":301827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brady","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheney, John T.","contributorId":301828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheney","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harms, Tekla","contributorId":205706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Tekla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862673,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Paul A.","contributorId":191457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, Henry Robert","contributorId":65860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heatherington, Ann L.","contributorId":191458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heatherington","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mogk, David W.","contributorId":99687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mogk","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"D’Arcy, Kimberly","contributorId":301824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Arcy","given":"Kimberly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12558,"text":"University of Florida, Gainesville","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":2002233,"text":"2002233 - 2004 - Designing monitoring programs in an adaptive management context for regional multiple species conservation plans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"2002233","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":383,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Designing monitoring programs in an adaptive management context for regional multiple species conservation plans","docAbstract":"Increasing numbers of regional, multiple species conservation plans have been developed in California since the early 1990s. However, building effective monitoring and adaptive management programs to support these plans has remained a challenge. In addition to collecting data on the status of resources and the results of management actions, monitoring programs for these plans need to resolve critical uncertainties and channel information into effective decisionmaking. Because of the broad goals of many regional conservation plans, monitoring programs need to address ecosystem integrity and biodiversity while also tracking species ?covered? by plan permits.\n\nIn this document we provide a step-by-step procedure for developing effective monitoring programs in an adaptive management context. The guidance provided here has been gleaned from experience with large multiple species plans in southern California. The process begins with clearly defining program objectives, partitioning the program into manageable but meaningful pieces, and developing management-oriented conceptual models of system function. Then, based on the objectives and conceptual models, monitoring recommendations and critical uncertainties can be identified and a coordinated program designed. We include practical examples and insights from programs in southern California and discuss the evolution of monitoring and adaptive management programs through three successive stages: 1) inventorying resources and identifying relationships; 2) pilot testing of long-term monitoring and resolving\ncritical management uncertainties; and 3) implementing long-term monitoring and adaptive management. Ultimately, the success of regional conservation planning depends on the ability of monitoring programs to confront the challenges of adaptively managing and monitoring complex ecosystems and diverse arrays of sensitive species.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/2002233","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, A., Trenham, P., Fisher, R., Hathaway, S., Johnson, B., Torres, S., and Moore, Y., 2004, Designing monitoring programs in an adaptive management context for regional multiple species conservation plans: Technical Report, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/2002233.","productDescription":"69 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112257,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=6386","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":198986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, A.J.","contributorId":15950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trenham, P.C.","contributorId":13197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trenham","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hathaway, S.A.","contributorId":56990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, B.S.","contributorId":38676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Torres, S.G.","contributorId":9376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Y.C.","contributorId":17728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Y.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1015207,"text":"1015207 - 2004 - Linking intended visitation to regional economic impact models of bison and elk management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T12:02:28","indexId":"1015207","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1909,"text":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking intended visitation to regional economic impact models of bison and elk management","docAbstract":"This article links intended National Park visitation estimates to regional economic models to calculate the employment impacts of alternative bison and elk management strategies. The survey described alternative National Elk Refuge (NER) management actions and the effects on elk and bison populations at the NER and adjacent Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). Park visitors were then asked if they would change their number of visits with each potential management action. Results indicate there would be a 10% decrease in visitation if bison populations were reduced from 600 to 400 animals and elk populations were reduced in GTNP and the NER. The related decrease in jobs in Teton counties of Wyoming and Idaho is estimated at 5.5%. Adopting a “no active management” option of never feeding elk and bison on the NER yields about one-third the current bison population (200 bison) and about half the elk population. Visitors surveyed about this management option would take about 20% fewer trips, resulting in an 11.3% decrease in employment. Linking intended visitation surveys and regional economic models represents a useful tool for natural resource planners who must present the consequences of potential actions in Environmental Impact Statements and plans to the public and decision makers prior to any action being implemented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10871200490272151","usgsCitation":"Loomis, J., and Caughlan, L., 2004, Linking intended visitation to regional economic impact models of bison and elk management: Human Dimensions of Wildlife, v. 9, no. 1, p. 17-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490272151.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5025","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loomis, J.","contributorId":41785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caughlan, L.","contributorId":38498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008329,"text":"1008329 - 2004 - Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T19:17:07","indexId":"1008329","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes","docAbstract":"Plant invasions are widely recognized as significant threats to biodiversity conservation worldwide. One way invasions can affect native ecosystems is by changing fuel properties, which can in turn affect fire behavior and, ultimately, alter fire regime characteristics such as frequency, intensity, extent, type, and seasonality of fire. If the regime changes subsequently promote the dominance of the invaders, then an invasive plant–fire regime cycle can be established. As more ecosystem components and interactions are altered, restoration of preinvasion conditions becomes more difficult. Restoration may require managing fuel conditions, fire regimes, native plant communities, and other ecosystem properties in addition to the invaders that caused the changes in the first place. We present a multiphase model describing the interrelationships between plant invaders and fire regimes, provide a system for evaluating the relative effects of invaders and prioritizing them for control, and recommend ways to restore pre-invasion fire regime properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., D’Antonio, C.M., Richardson, D., DiTomaso, J., Grace, J., Hobbs, R., Keeley, J., Pellant, M., and Pyke, D., 2004, Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes: BioScience, v. 54, no. 7, p. 677-688, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"688","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:eoiapo]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Antonio, C. M.","contributorId":90419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Antonio","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, D.M.","contributorId":26660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiTomaso, J.M.","contributorId":25406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiTomaso","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hobbs, R.J.","contributorId":77491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pellant, M.","contributorId":54062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellant","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pyke, D.","contributorId":57567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}