Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Understanding the processes controlling the physics, chemistry, and biology of the San Francisco Estuary and their relation to climate variability is complicated by the combined influence on freshwater inflows of natural variability and upstream management. To distinguish these influences, alterations of estuarine inflow due to major reservoirs and freshwater pumping in the watershed were inferred from available data. Effects on salinity were estimated by using reconstructed estuarine inflows corresponding to differing levels of impairment to drive a numerical salinity model. Both natural and management inflow and salinity signals show strong interannual variability. Management effects raise salinities during the wet season, with maximum influence in spring. While year‐to‐year variations in all signals are very large, natural interannual variability can greatly exceed the range of management effects on salinity in the estuary.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000360","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., 2002, Natural and management influences on freshwater inflows and salinity in the San Francisco Estuary at monthly to interannual scales: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 12, p. 25-1-25-11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000360.","productDescription":"Article 1289; 11 p.","startPage":"25-1","endPage":"25-11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000360","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57876630e4b0d27deb36e196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174413,"text":"70174413 - 2002 - Annual primary production: Patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:57:53","indexId":"70174413","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual primary production: Patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem","docAbstract":"Although nutrient supply often underlies long-term changes in aquatic primary production, other regulatory processes can be important. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a complex of tidal waterways forming the landward portion of the San Francisco Estuary, has ample nutrient supplies, enabling us to examine alternate regulatory mechanisms over a 21-yr period. Delta-wide primary productivity was reconstructed from historical water quality data for 1975–1995. Annual primary production averaged 70 g C m−2, but it varied by over a factor of five among years. At least four processes contributed to this variability: (1) invasion of the clam Potamocorbula amurensis led to a persistent decrease in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) after 1986; (2) a long-term decline in total suspended solids—probably at least partly because of upstream dam construction—increased water transparency and phytoplankton growth rate; (3) river inflow, reflecting climate variability, affected biomass through fluctuations in flushing and growth rates through fluctuations in total suspended solids; and (4) an additional pathway manifesting as a long-term decline in winter phytoplankton biomass has been identified, but its genesis is uncertain. Overall, the Delta lost 43% in annual primary production during the period. Given the evidence for food limitation of primary consumers, these findings provide a partial explanation for widespread Delta species declines over the past few decades. Turbid nutrient-rich systems such as the Delta may be inherently more variable than other tidal systems because certain compensatory processes are absent. Comparisons among systems, however, can be tenuous because conclusions about the magnitude and mechanisms of variability are dependent on length of data record.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0698","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., and Cole, B., 2002, Annual primary production: Patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 3, p. 698-712, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0698.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"698","endPage":"712","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0698","text":"External Repository"},{"id":325062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.88507080078125,\n 37.74900069437069\n ],\n [\n -121.88507080078125,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -121.25610351562499,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -121.25610351562499,\n 37.74900069437069\n ],\n [\n -121.88507080078125,\n 37.74900069437069\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c336e4b0e02680be5900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159895,"text":"70159895 - 2002 - Aerial survey methodology for bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T09:48:28","indexId":"70159895","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-07T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Aerial survey methodology for bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"
I developed aerial survey methods for statistically rigorous bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park to support sound resource management decisions and to understand bison ecology. Survey protocols, data recording procedures, a geographic framework, and seasonal stratifications were based on field observations from February 1998-September 2000. The reliability of this framework and strata were tested with long-term data from 1970-1997. I simulated different sample survey designs and compared them to high-effort censuses of well-defined large areas to evaluate effort, precision, and bias. Sample survey designs require much effort and extensive information on the current spatial distribution of bison and therefore do not offer any substantial reduction in time and effort over censuses. I conducted concurrent ground surveys, or 'double sampling' to estimate detection probability during aerial surveys. Group size distribution and habitat strongly affected detection probability. In winter, 75% of the groups and 92% of individual bison were detected on average from aircraft, while in summer, 79% of groups and 97% of individual bison were detected. I also used photography to quantify the bias due to counting large groups of bison accurately and found that undercounting increased with group size and could reach 15%. I compared survey conditions between seasons and identified optimal time windows for conducting surveys in both winter and summer. These windows account for the habitats and total area bison occupy, and group size distribution. Bison became increasingly scattered over the Yellowstone region in smaller groups and more occupied unfavorable habitats as winter progressed. Therefore, the best conditions for winter surveys occur early in the season (Dec-Jan). In summer, bison were most spatially aggregated and occurred in the largest groups by early August. Low variability between surveys and high detection probability provide population estimates with an overall coefficient of variation of approximately 8% and have high power for detecting trends in population change. I demonstrated how population estimates from winter and summer can be integrated into a comprehensive monitoring program to estimate annual growth rates, overall winter mortality, and an index of calf production, requiring about 30 hours of flight per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Montana State University","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., 2002, Aerial survey methodology for bison population estimation in Yellowstone National Park, 154 p.","productDescription":"154 p.","numberOfPages":"167","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8191?show=full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1431884765625,\n 44.09153051045218\n ],\n [\n -109.808349609375,\n 44.09153051045218\n ],\n [\n -109.808349609375,\n 45.061881623213026\n ],\n [\n -111.1431884765625,\n 45.061881623213026\n ],\n [\n -111.1431884765625,\n 44.09153051045218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements \nfor the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Fish and Wildlife Management \n\nMontana State University\nBozeman, Montana \nApril 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c2e4b06a3ea36c567a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Steven C.","contributorId":74462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Steven C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159906,"text":"70159906 - 2002 - Modeling and measuring snow for assessing climate change impacts in Glacier National Park, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T09:09:42","indexId":"70159906","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-17T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling and measuring snow for assessing climate change impacts in Glacier National Park, Montana","docAbstract":"A 12-year program of global change research at Glacier National Park by the U.S. Geological Survey and numerous collaborators has made progress in quantifying the role of snow as a driver of mountain ecosystem processes. Spatially extensive snow surveys during the annual accumulation/ablation cycle covered two mountain watersheds and approximately 1,000 km2 . Over 7,000 snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements have been made through spring 2002. These augment two SNOTEL sites, 9 NRCS snow courses, and approximately 150 snow pit analyses. Snow data were used to establish spatially-explicit interannual variability in snowpack SWE. East of the Continental Divide, snowpack SWE was lower but also less variable than west of the Divide. Analysis of snowpacks suggest downward trends in SWE, a reduction in snow cover duration, and earlier melt-out dates during the past 52 years. Concurrently, high elevation forests and treelines have responded with increased growth. However, the 80 year record of snow from 3 NRCS snow courses reflects a strong influence from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, resulting in 20-30 year phases of greater or lesser mean SWE. Coupled with the fine-resolution spatial snow data from the two watersheds, the ecological consequences of changes in snowpack can be empirically assessed at a habitat patch scale. This will be required because snow distribution models have had varied success in simulating snowpack accumulation/ablation dynamics in these mountain watersheds, ranging from R2=0.38 for individual south-facing forested snow survey routes to R2=0.95 when aggregated to the watershed scale. Key ecological responses to snowpack changes occur below the watershed scale, such as snow-mediated expansion of forest into subalpine meadows, making continued spatially-explicit snow surveys a necessity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Snow Science Workshop","conferenceDate":"September 29 - October 4, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Penticton, British Columbia","language":"English","publisher":"Montana State University","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D.B., Selkowitz, D.J., Reardon, B., Holzer, K., and McKeon, L., 2002, Modeling and measuring snow for assessing climate change impacts in Glacier National Park, Montana, in Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, British Columbia, September 29 - October 4, 2002, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/search.php?workshop=International+Snow+Science+Workshop+Proceedings+2002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.08178710937499,\n 49.005447494058096\n ],\n [\n -114.9609375,\n 48.73807825631017\n ],\n [\n -114.7796630859375,\n 48.669198799260045\n ],\n [\n -114.4940185546875,\n 48.50932644976633\n ],\n [\n -114.1754150390625,\n 48.381793961204984\n ],\n [\n -113.9996337890625,\n 48.06706753191901\n ],\n [\n -113.04931640625,\n 48.35989909002194\n ],\n [\n -113.2470703125,\n 48.53479452317522\n ],\n [\n -113.3843994140625,\n 48.75618876280552\n ],\n [\n -113.4613037109375,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -115.08178710937499,\n 49.005447494058096\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175dce4b06a3ea36c56d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selkowitz, David J. 0000-0003-0824-7051 dselkowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-7051","contributorId":3259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selkowitz","given":"David","email":"dselkowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reardon, Blase","contributorId":150198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"Blase","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holzer, Karen","contributorId":89055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKeon, Lisa 0000-0002-1760-0235 lisa_mckeon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-0235","contributorId":3683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeon","given":"Lisa","email":"lisa_mckeon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159902,"text":"70159902 - 2002 - Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:29:22","indexId":"70159902","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"Den entrance and emergence dates of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem are important to management agencies that wish to minimize impacts of human activities on bears. Current estimates for grizzly bear denning events use data that were collected from 1975–80. We update these estimates by including data obtained from 1981–99. We used aerial telemetry data to estimate week of den entry and emergence by determining the midpoint between the last known active date and the first known date denned, as well as the last known date denned and the first known active date. We also investigated post emergence movement patterns relative to den locations. Mean earliest and latest week of den entry and emergence were also determined. Den entry for females began during the fourth week in September, with 90% denned by the fourth week of November. Earliest den entry for males occurred during the second week of October, with 90% denned by the second week of December. Mean week of den entry for known pregnant females was earlier than males. Earliest week of den entry for known pregnant females was earlier than other females and males. Earliest den emergence for males occurred during the first week of February, with 90% of males out of dens by the fourth week of April. Earliest den emergence for females occurred during the third week of March; by the first week of May, 90% of females had emerged. Male bears emerged from dens earlier than females. Denning period differed among classes and averaged 171 days for females that emerged from dens with cubs, 151 days for other females, and 131 days for males. Known pregnant females tended to den at higher elevations and, following emergence, remained at higher elevation until late May. Females with cubs remained relatively close (<3 km) to den sites until the last 2 weeks in May. Timing of denning events was similar to previous estimates for this and other grizzly bear populations in the southern Rocky Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Haroldson, M.A., Ternent, M.A., Gunther, K.A., and Schwartz, C.C., 2002, Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Ursus, v. 13, p. 29-38.","productDescription":"10 p","startPage":"29","endPage":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.org/publications/ursus-archive/grizzly-bear-denning-chronology-and-movements-in-the-greater-yellowstone-ecosystem/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -109.94018554687499,\n 44.1151978766043\n ],\n [\n -109.94018554687499,\n 45.00365115687186\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 45.00365115687186\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.1151978766043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175d2e4b06a3ea36c56b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ternent, Mark A.","contributorId":150194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ternent","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6917,"text":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunther, Kerry A.","contributorId":84621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunther","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5118,"text":"Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Bear Management Office, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159756,"text":"70159756 - 2002 - History of pronghorn population monitoring, research, and management in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T14:43:01","indexId":"70159756","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":360,"text":"Final Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"History of pronghorn population monitoring, research, and management in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Pronghorn antelope in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) persist in a small population that historically has experienced recurrent, sometimes dramatic declines. They apparently are isolated from other pronghorns, depend partly on private lands for winter range, experience heavy predation of fawns, and concentrate during winter in a relatively small area, thereby increasing their vulnerability to factors like disease or locally extreme weather. Overall, the situation raises serious concerns about the long-term viability of this population. Although such concerns are not new, evidence of a dramatic population decline since 1991 and continued poor recruitment has created a renewed sense of urgency.
\nRecent efforts to revitalize pronghorn research in YNP began with fawn recruitment and habitat use studies, initiated in 1999 and 2000. With those studies drawing to a close, YNP is reviewing the status and direction of its pronghorn program. The Yellowstone Pronghorn Conservation Assessment Workshop was convened in YNP in January, 2002, to appraise the current state of knowledge about this pronghorn population and make recommendations about future management and research needs. A review of pronghorn population change, management, and research in YNP was commissioned in May, 2001, to provide historical background for workshop participants. Following is a written summary of that review.
\nThe process of locating materials for this review was limited to 3 months. Not all relevant materials were discovered or reviewed in that time. In particular, it was not possible to find and review all original sources of information. Also, except for occasional anecdotal accounts, weather records were not reviewed, leaving a potentially serious gap in our understanding of the forces driving changes in pronghorn population counts and estimates 2
\nover time. Despite these deficiencies, considerable information was reviewed, earlier summaries of population classification and count data were updated, and previously uncited sources of information were identified that challenge important aspects of previous interpretations of the history of pronghorns and pronghorn management in YNP. Information is grouped into 4 major subject areas: distribution and habitat use, demographics and management, genetics, and disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159756","usgsCitation":"Keating, K.A., 2002, History of pronghorn population monitoring, research, and management in Yellowstone National Park: Final Report, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159756.","productDescription":"70 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/files/norock/products/Pronghorn_History_YNP_Final.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 45.158800738352134\n ],\n [\n -108.336181640625,\n 45.158800738352134\n ],\n [\n -108.336181640625,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 42.99661231842139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Final report submitted in fulfillment of:\nNPS Agreement #1443-IA-1248-01-006\nUSGS Agreement # 1-3303-IA05","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c8e4b064dd1d095587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keating, Kim A.","contributorId":44660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159831,"text":"70159831 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:35:07","indexId":"70159831","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. 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The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159831","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.A., Goldade, C., Jamison, B.E., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Black tern, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159831.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"69","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159831.PNG"},{"id":312398,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159831/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813ee4b071e7ea543470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas A.","contributorId":146626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159751,"text":"70159751 - 2002 - Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:27:50","indexId":"70159751","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"Increasing winter use of steep, high-elevation terrain by backcountry recreationists has elevated concern about disturbance of denning grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). To help identify areas where such conflicts might occur, we developed a spatially explicit model to predict potential denning areas in the GYE. Using a scan area of 630 m around each location, we assigned site attributes to 344 den locations of radio-trackedg rizzly bears from 1975-99. Attributesi dentified as predictorsf or the analysis included elevation, slope, an index of solar radiation, and forest cover. We used the Mahalanobis distance statistic to model the similarity between sites used by denning bears and each cell in the data layers. We used the final Mahalanobis distance model to produce maps of the study area. Potential denning habitat, based upon the model, is abundantw ithin the GYE. Ourr esultsc an be used by land managementa gencies to identifyp otentialc onflict sites and minimize effects of regulated activities on denning grizzly bears. We illustrate how the Gallatin National Forest (GNF) used the model to examine the overlap between potential snowmobile use areas and potential denning habitat as part of a Biological Assessment submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research & Management.","usgsCitation":"Podruzny, S., Cherry, S., Schwartz, C.C., and Landenburger, L., 2002, Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Ursus, v. 13, p. 19-28.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol13_10"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 45.3868773482704\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 43.20517581723733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564f00c7e4b064dd1d095585","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Podruzny, Shannon","contributorId":45614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Steve","contributorId":90450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landenburger, Lisa 0000-0002-4325-3652 lisa_landenburger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-3652","contributorId":4106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landenburger","given":"Lisa","email":"lisa_landenburger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159826,"text":"70159826 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T12:31:11","indexId":"70159826","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Yellow Rail","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. 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The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
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The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
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The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
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The approach involves surveying a large sample of plots using a rapid method such as uncorrected point counts, variable circular plot counts, or the recently suggested double-observer method. A subsample of those plots is also surveyed using intensive methods to determine actual density. The ratio of the mean count on those plots (using the rapid method) to the mean actual density (as determined by the intensive searches) is used to adjust results from the rapid method. The approach works well when results from the rapid method are highly correlated with actual density. We illustrate the method with three years of shorebird surveys from the tundra in northern Alaska. In the rapid method, surveyors covered ~10 ha h-1 and surveyed each plot a single time. The intensive surveys involved three thorough searches, required ~3 h ha-1, and took 20% of the study effort. Surveyors using the rapid method detected an average of 79% of birds present. 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In ducks, in contrast to most bird species, fidelity is thought to be greater among females than males. Researchers have suggested that fidelity in ducks is positively correlated with pond availability. However, most estimates of fidelity on which these inferences have been based represent functions of survival and recapture-resighting probabilities in addition to fidelity. We applied the modeling approach developed by Burnham to recapture and band recovery data of mallard ducks to test the above hypotheses about fidelity. We found little evidence of sex differences in adult philopatry, with females being slightly more philopatric than males in one study area, but not in a second study area. However, yearling females were more philopatric than yearling males in both study areas. We found that adults were generally more philopatric than yearlings. We could find no relationship between fidelity and pond availability. Our results, while partially supporting current theory concerning sex and age differences in philopatry, suggest that adult male mallards are more philopatric than once thought, and we recommend that other generalizations about philopatry be revisited with proper estimation techniques.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/beheco/13.4.543","collaboration":"5919_Doherty.pdf","usgsCitation":"Doherty, P., Nichols, J., Tautin, J., Voelzer, J., Smith, G., Benning, D., Bentley, V., Bidwell, J., Bollinger, K., Brazda, A., Buelna, E., Goldsberry, J., King, R., Roetker, F., Solberg, J., Thorpe, P., and Wortham, J., 2002, Sources of variation in breeding-ground fidelity of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos): Behavioral Ecology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 543-550, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.4.543.","productDescription":"543-550","startPage":"543","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478587,"rank":201,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.4.543","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":201907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17586,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.4.543","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc4dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doherty, P.F. 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Recent evidence had indicated that Minnesota wolves might be more closely related to red wolves and coyotes. Samples from wild-caught Minnesota wolves and from captive wolves, at least some of which originated in Alaska and western Canada, were similarly polymorphic for α1AT, whereas coyote and red wolf samples were all monomorphic. Our findings, in conjunction with earlier results, are consistent with the Minnesota wolf being a gray wolf of Eurasian origin or possibly a hybrid between the gray wolf of Eurasian origin and the proposed North American wolf.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z02-066","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., and Federoff, N., 2002, α1-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 961-963, https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-066.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"961","endPage":"963","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b45c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Federoff, N.E.","contributorId":50492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Federoff","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224154,"text":"5224154 - 2002 - Sources of variation in survival and breeding site fidelity in three species of European ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T16:21:15.34541","indexId":"5224154","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of variation in survival and breeding site fidelity in three species of European ducks","docAbstract":"1. We used long-term capture-recapture-recovery data and a modelling approach developed by Burnham (1993) to test a priori predictions about sources of variation in annual survival rates and fidelity within a population of individually marked females in three species of European ducks from a breeding ground study site in Latvia. 2. True annual survival was higher for diving ducks (tufted duck 0-72, common pochard 0-65) and lower for northern shoveler (0-52). Survival of female diving ducks was positively correlated with mean winter temperatures at Western European wintering areas, the relationship being much stronger for pochard. 3. We present the first unbiased estimates of breeding fidelity and permanent emigration in European ducks. Estimated fidelity rates were high (0'88-1-0) and emigration rates low (0-0-12) for all three species, and we found strong evidence for age-specific differences in fidelity of pochards. Unusual long-distance (up to 2500 km) breeding dispersal movements that we found in female tufted ducks have not been documented in any other European waterfowl and are most probably a result of saturated nesting habitats. 4. Fidelity was a function of patch reproductive success in the previous year for all three species providing support for the idea that patch success is an important cue influencing fidelity. 5. Fidelity probability increased to 1.0 for shovelers during the last 12 years of study following provision of critical improvements in nesting habitats and suggested that habitat conditions and reproductive success determined site fidelity and settling patterns for shoveler and probably also influenced fidelity of the two other species. In predictable habitats, fidelity is a parameter that reflects the integration of fitness components and is thus a good quantity for assessing the effectiveness of habitat management actions.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00613.x","usgsCitation":"Blums, P., Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 2002, Sources of variation in survival and breeding site fidelity in three species of European ducks: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 71, no. 3, p. 438-450, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00613.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"450","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00613.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blums, Peter","contributorId":25652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blums","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224155,"text":"5224155 - 2002 - Hierarchical modeling of population stability and species group attributes from survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T19:47:01.925392","indexId":"5224155","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchical modeling of population stability and species group attributes from survey data","docAbstract":"Many ecological studies require analysis of collections of estimates. For example, population change is routinely estimated for many species from surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), and the species are grouped and used in comparative analyses. We developed a hierarchical model for estimation of group attributes from a collection of estimates of population trend. The model uses information from predefined groups of species to provide a context and to supplement data for individual species; summaries of group attributes are improved by statistical methods that simultaneously analyze collections of trend estimates. The model is Bayesian; trends are treated as random variables rather than fixed parameters. We use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to fit the model. Standard assessments of population stability cannot distinguish magnitude of trend and statistical significance of trend estimates, but the hierarchical model allows us to legitimately describe the probability that a trend is within given bounds. Thus we define population stability in terms of the probability that the magnitude of population change for a species is less than or equal to a predefined threshold. We applied the model to estimates of trend for 399 species from the BBS to estimate the proportion of species with increasing populations and to identify species with unstable populations. Analyses are presented for the collection of all species and for 12 species groups commonly used in BBS summaries. Overall, we estimated that 49% of species in the BBS have positive trends and 33 species have unstable populations. However, the proportion of species with increasing trends differs among habitat groups, with grassland birds having only 19% of species with positive trend estimates and wetland birds having 68% of species with positive trend estimates.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1743:HMOPSA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Link, W., 2002, Hierarchical modeling of population stability and species group attributes from survey data: Ecology, v. 83, no. 6, p. 1743-1751, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1743:HMOPSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1751","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae22b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223938,"text":"5223938 - 2002 - Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T15:51:35.822","indexId":"5223938","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle","docAbstract":"1. Demographic data from both breeding and non-breeding periods are needed to manage populations of migratory birds, many of which are declining in abundance and are of conservation concern. Although habitat associations, and to a lesser extent, reproductive biology, are known for many migratory species, few studies have measured survival rates of these birds at different parts of their annual cycle.
2. Cormack–Jolly–Seber models and Akaike’s information criterion model selection were used to investigate seasonal variation in survival of a Nearctic – Neotropical migrant songbird, the black-throated blue warbler, Dendroica caerulescens. Seasonal and annual survival were estimated from resightings of colour-ringed individuals on breeding grounds in New Hampshire, USA from 1986 to 2000 and on winter quarters in Jamaica, West Indies from 1986 to 1999. Warblers were studied each year during the May–August breeding period in New Hampshire and during the October–March overwinter period in Jamaica.
3. In New Hampshire, males had higher annual survival (0·51 ± 0·03) and recapture probabilities (0·93 ± 0·03) than did females (survival: 0·40 ± 0·04; recapture: 0·87 ± 0·06). In Jamaica, annual survival (0·43 ± 0·03) and recapture (0·95 ± 0·04) probabilities did not differ between sexes. Annual survival and recapture probabilities of young birds (i.e. yearlings in New Hampshire and hatch-year birds in Jamaica) did not differ from adults, indicating that from the time hatch-year individuals acquire territories on winter quarters in mid-October, they survive as well as adults within the same habitat.
4. Monthly survival probabilities during the summer (May–August) and winter (October–March) stationary periods were high: 1·0 for males in New Hampshire, and 0·99 ± 0·01 for males in Jamaica and for females in both locations.
5. These annual and seasonal survival estimates were used to calculate warbler survival for the migratory periods. Monthly survival probability during migration ranged from 0·77 to 0·81 ± 0·02. Thus, apparent mortality rates were at least 15 times higher during migration compared to that in the stationary periods, and more than 85% of apparent annual mortality of D. caerulescens occurred during migration.
6. Additional data from multiple species, especially measures of habitat-specific demography and dispersal, will improve our understanding of the relative impacts of the breeding, migratory, and winter periods on population dynamics of migratory birds and thus enhance future conservation efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00599.x","usgsCitation":"Sillett, T., and Holmes, R.T., 2002, Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 71, p. 296-308, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00599.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sillett, T. Scott","contributorId":80788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sillett","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":340016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Richard T.","contributorId":45269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224132,"text":"5224132 - 2002 - On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T16:23:56.284528","indexId":"5224132","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species","docAbstract":"Estimation of species richness of local communities has become an important topic in community ecology and monitoring. Investigators can seldom enumerate all the species present in the area of interest during sampling sessions. If the location of interest is sampled repeatedly within a short time period, the number of new species recorded is typically largest in the initial sample and decreases as sampling proceeds, but new species may be detected if sampling sessions are added. The question is how to estimate the total number of species. The data collected by sampling the area of interest repeatedly can be used to build species-accumulation curves: the cumulative number of species recorded as a function of the number of sampling sessions (which we refer to as ?species-accumulation data?). A classic approach used to compute total species richness is to fit curves to the data on species accumulation with sampling effort. This approach does not rest on direct estimation of the probability of detecting species during sampling sessions and has no underlying basis regarding the sampling process that gave rise to the data. Here we recommend a probabilistic, nonparametric estimator for species richness for use with species-accumulation data. We use estimators of population size that were developed for capture-recapture data, but that can be used to estimate the size of species assemblages using species-accumulation data. Models of detection probability account for the underlying sampling process. They permit variation in detection probability among species. We illustrate this approach using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). We describe other situations where species accumulation data are collected under different designs (e.g., over longer periods of time, or over spatial replicates) and that lend themselves to use of capture-recapture models for estimating the size of the community of interest. We discuss the assumptions and interpretations corresponding to each situation.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250112.x","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Nichols, J., Sauer, J., and Hines, J., 2002, On the estimation of species richness based on the accumulation of previously unrecorded species: Ecography, v. 25, no. 1, p. 102-108, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250112.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224134,"text":"5224134 - 2002 - Of bugs and birds: Markov Chain Monte Carlo for hierarchical modeling in wildlife research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T17:04:23.313037","indexId":"5224134","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Of bugs and birds: Markov Chain Monte Carlo for hierarchical modeling in wildlife research","docAbstract":"Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a statistical innovation that allows researchers to fit far more complex models to data than is feasible using conventional methods. Despite its widespread use in a variety of scientific fields, MCMC appears to be underutilized in wildlife applications. This may be due to a misconception that MCMC requires the adoption of a subjective Bayesian analysis, or perhaps simply to its lack of familiarity among wildlife researchers. We introduce the basic ideas of MCMC and software BUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling), stressing that a simple and satisfactory intuition for MCMC does not require extraordinary mathematical sophistication. We illustrate the use of MCMC with an analysis of the association between latent factors governing individual heterogeneity in breeding and survival rates of kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). We conclude with a discussion of the importance of individual heterogeneity for understanding population dynamics and designing management plans.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803160","usgsCitation":"Link, W.A., Cam, E., Nichols, J.D., and Cooch, E.G., 2002, Of bugs and birds: Markov Chain Monte Carlo for hierarchical modeling in wildlife research: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 2, p. 277-291, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803160.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691f01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cam, Emmanuelle","contributorId":78069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"Emmanuelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooch, Evan G.","contributorId":100673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooch","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224140,"text":"5224140 - 2002 - A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T15:18:40","indexId":"5224140","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys","docAbstract":"Use of point-count surveys is a popular method for collecting data on abundance and distribution of birds. However, analyses of such data often ignore potential differences in detection probability. We adapted a removal model to directly estimate detection probability during point-count surveys. The model assumes that singing frequency is a major factor influencing probability of detection when birds are surveyed using point counts. This may be appropriate for surveys in which most detections are by sound. The model requires counts to be divided into several time intervals. Point counts are often conducted for 10 min, where the number of birds recorded is divided into those first observed in the first 3 min, the subsequent 2 min, and the last 5 min. We developed a maximum-likelihood estimator for the detectability of birds recorded during counts divided into those intervals. This technique can easily be adapted to point counts divided into intervals of any length. We applied this method to unlimited-radius counts conducted in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We used model selection criteria to identify whether detection probabilities varied among species, throughout the morning, throughout the season, and among different observers. We found differences in detection probability among species. Species that sing frequently such as Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) had high detection probabilities (∼90%) and species that call infrequently such as Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) had low detection probability (36%). We also found detection probabilities varied with the time of day for some species (e.g. thrushes) and between observers for other species. We used the same approach to estimate detection probability and density for a subset of the observations with limited-radius point counts.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Farnsworth, G., Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J., Simons, T., Hines, J., and Sauer, J., 2002, A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys: The Auk, v. 119, no. 2, p. 414-425, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:ARMFED]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0414:armfed]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8485","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farnsworth, G.L.","contributorId":29533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simons, T.R.","contributorId":56334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224125,"text":"5224125 - 2002 - Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T20:18:59.372253","indexId":"5224125","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships","docAbstract":"We used a probabilistic approach to address the influence of sampling artifacts on the form of species-area relationships (SARs). We developed a model in which the increase in observed species richness is a function of sampling effort exclusively. We assumed that effort depends on area sampled, and we generated species-area curves under that model. These curves can be realistic looking. We then generated SARs from avian data, comparing SARs based on counts with those based on richness estimates. We used an approach to estimation of species richness that accounts for species detection probability and, hence, for variation in sampling effort. The slopes of SARs based on counts are steeper than those of curves based on estimates of richness, indicating that the former partly reflect failure to account for species detection probability. SARs based on estimates reflect ecological processes exclusively, not sampling processes. This approach permits investigation of ecologically relevant hypotheses. The slope of SARs is not influenced by the slope of the relationship between habitat diversity and area. In situations in which not all of the species are detected during sampling sessions, approaches to estimation of species richness integrating species detection probability should be used to investigate the rate of increase in species richness with area.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1118:DSAEEU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Alpizar-Jara, R., and Flather, C., 2002, Disentangling sampling and ecological explanations underlying species-area relationships: Ecology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 1118-1130, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1118:DSAEEU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1118","endPage":"1130","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 39.26628442213066\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -77.255859375,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 39.67337039176558\n ],\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 39.16414104768742\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alpizar-Jara, R.","contributorId":35434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpizar-Jara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flather, C.H.","contributorId":73161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flather","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224133,"text":"5224133 - 2002 - The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T19:57:17.547467","indexId":"5224133","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics","docAbstract":"Optimal control theory is finding increased application in both theoretical and applied ecology, and it is a central element of adaptive resource management. One of the steps in an adaptive management process is to develop alternative models of system dynamics, models that are all reasonable in light of available data, but that differ substantially in their implications for optimal control of the resource. We explored how the form of the recruitment and survival functions in a general population model for ducks affected the patterns in the optimal harvest strategy, using a combination of analytical, numerical, and simulation techniques. We compared three relationships between recruitment and population density (linear, exponential, and hyperbolic) and three relationships between survival during the nonharvest season and population density (constant, logistic, and one related to the compensatory harvest mortality hypothesis). We found that the form of the component functions had a dramatic influence on the optimal harvest strategy and the ultimate equilibrium state of the system. For instance, while it is commonly assumed that a compensatory hypothesis leads to higher optimal harvest rates than an additive hypothesis, we found this to depend on the form of the recruitment function, in part because of differences in the optimal steady-state population density. This work has strong direct consequences for those developing alternative models to describe harvested systems, but it is relevant to a larger class of problems applying optimal control at the population level. Often, different functional forms will not be statistically distinguishable in the range of the data. Nevertheless, differences between the functions outside the range of the data can have an important impact on the optimal harvest strategy. Thus, development of alternative models by identifying a single functional form, then choosing different parameter combinations from extremes on the likelihood profile may end up producing alternatives that do not differ as importantly as if different functional forms had been used. We recommend that biological knowledge be used to bracket a range of possible functional forms, and robustness of conclusions be checked over this range.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1357:TIOFFI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Runge, M., and Johnson, F., 2002, The importance of functional form in optimal control solutions of problems in population dynamics: Ecology, v. 83, no. 5, p. 1357-1371, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1357:TIOFFI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1357","endPage":"1371","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}