Water samples were collected from 24 public-supply wells and 13 private residential wells during the summer of 2003 and analyzed to describe the chemical quality of ground water throughout the Chemung River basin, upgradient from Waverly, N.Y, on the Pennsylvania border. Wells were selected to represent areas of heaviest ground-water use and greatest vulnerability to contamination, and to obtain a geographical distribution across the 1,130 square-mile basin. Samples were analyzed for physical properties, inorganic constituents, nutrients, metals and radionuclides, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and bacteria.
The cations that were detected in the highest concentrations were calcium and sodium; the anions that were detected in the greatest concentrations were bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. The predominant nutrient was nitrate. Nitrate concentrations in samples from wells finished in sand and gravel were greater than in those from wells finished in bedrock, except for one bedrock well, which had the highest nitrate concentration of any sample in this study. The most commonly detected metals were aluminum, barium, iron, manganese, and strontium. The range of tritium concentrations (0.6 to 12.5 tritium units) indicates that the water ages ranged from less than 10 years old to more than 50 years old. All but one of the 15 pesticides detected were herbicides; those detected most frequently were atrazine, deethylatrazine, and two degradation products of metolachlor (metachlor ESA and metachlor OA), which were the pesticides detected at the highest concentrations. Not every sample collected was analyzed for pesticides, and pesticides were detected only in wells finished in sand and gravel. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 15 samples, and the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limits. Total coliform were detected in 12 samples; fecal coliform were detected in 7 samples; and Escherichia coli was detected in 6 samples. These bacteria were detected in water from bedrock as well as sand-and-gravel aquifers.
Federal and State water-quality standards were exceeded in several samples. Two samples exceeded the chloride U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level of 250 milligrams per liter. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Advisory for sodium (30 to 60 milligrams per liter) was exceeded in 11 samples. The upper limit of the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level range for aluminum (200 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in one sample. The Maximum Contaminant Level for barium (2,000 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in one sample. The Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for iron (300 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in 11 samples. The Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for manganese (50 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in 20 samples. The proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon (300 picocuries per liter) was exceeded in 34 samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041329","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Hetcher-Aguila, K.K., 2005, Ground-water quality in the Chemung River Basin, New York, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1329, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041329.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1329/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":323423,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1329/ofr20041329.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"2.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1329"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Surface-geophysical surveys were conducted in February 2003 at a formerly used defense site in Maine, where residual chlorinated solvents are affecting off-site domestic water-supply wells. The U.S. Geological Survey and Argonne National Laboratory used surface-geophysical methods, including ground-penetrating radar and seismic-refraction tomography, to characterize the lithology and structure of the bedrock at the site and to identify highly fractured areas that may provide pathways for ground-water flow and contaminant transport. Multifrequency electromagnetic and inductive terrain-conductivity methods also were evaluated, but these techniques were adversely affected by a nearby naval computer and telecommunications station.
Interpretation of the data from ground-penetrating radar indicates that depth to the weathered bedrock surface is approximately 0.5 to 3 meters. Reflections from within the bedrock are visible throughout all ground-penetrating radar profiles, and zones of scattered electromagnetic energy may correlate to zones of highly fractured bedrock. Interpretation of the data from seismic-refraction tomography inversion indicates that zones of relatively low seismic velocity and topographic lows may correlate with fractured and water-producing intervals within the bedrock. Integrated interpretation of the results from ground-penetrating radar and seismic-refraction tomography was used to locate boreholes along the surface-geophysical profiles. An integrated analysis of information obtained from the surface- and borehole-geophysical surveys and test drilling will be used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop a conceptual model of ground-water flow and solute transport at the site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045099","usgsCitation":"White, E.A., 2005, Surface-geophysical investigation of a formerly used defense site, Machiasport, Maine, February 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5099, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045099.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":90521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":186699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5099/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Machiasport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.40416667,\n 44.6250000\n ],\n [\n -67.37916667,\n 44.6250000\n ],\n [\n -67.37916667,\n 44.65833333\n ],\n [\n -67.40416667,\n 44.65833333\n ],\n [\n -67.40416667,\n 44.6250000\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Eric A. 0000-0002-7782-146X eawhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-146X","contributorId":1737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Eric","email":"eawhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70438,"text":"sim2874 - 2005 - Principal faults in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-05T19:15:04.240718","indexId":"sim2874","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2874","title":"Principal faults in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area","docAbstract":"This report, prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District, documents and refines the locations of principal faults mapped in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area in previous studies. Numerous subsurface faults have been documented beneath the Houston metropolitan area at depths of 3,200 to 13,000 feet. Some of these subsurface faults have affected shallower sediments, offset the present land surface (which has resulted in substantial, costly damage), and produced recognizable fault scarps. Evidence from previous studies indicates that these faults are natural geologic features with histories of movement spanning tens of thousands to millions of years. Present-day scarps reflect only the most recent displacements of faults that were active long before the present land surface of the area was formed.
The precision of previously mapped fault locations was enhanced by overlaying mapped faults on a digital elevation model (DEM) of Harris County derived using light detection and ranging (Lidar). Lidar is a high-precision, laser-based system that enables collection of high-resolution topographic data. Previously mapped faults were adjusted to coincide with surface features that clearly indicate faults, which were made visible by the high-resolution topography depicted on the Lidar-derived DEM.
Results of a previous study, supported by this study, indicate that faults in the southeastern part of the metropolitan area primarily occur in well-defined groups of high fault density. Faults in northern and western parts of the metropolitan area tend to occur either individually or in pairs with little tendency to cluster in high-density groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2874","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District","usgsCitation":"Shah, S., and Lanning-Rush, J., 2005, Principal faults in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2874, HTML Document: 1 Plate: 35 x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2874.","productDescription":"HTML Document: 1 Plate: 35 x 23 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2874/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341823,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2005/2874/pdf/sim2874plate.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"20000","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.73333333333333,29.483333333333334 ], [ -95.73333333333333,30.083333333333332 ], [ -94.8,30.083333333333332 ], [ -94.8,29.483333333333334 ], [ -95.73333333333333,29.483333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Sachin D.","contributorId":60174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Sachin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanning-Rush, Jennifer","contributorId":38981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanning-Rush","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70444,"text":"sir20045247 - 2005 - Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 5 in central New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:12:09","indexId":"sir20045247","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5247","title":"Regionalized equations for bankfull-discharge and channel characteristics of streams in New York State—Hydrologic Region 5 in central New York","docAbstract":"Equations that relate drainage area to bankfull discharge and channel dimensions (width, depth, and cross-sectional area) at gaged sites are needed to define bankfull discharge and channel dimensions at ungaged sites and to provide information for the design of stream-restoration projects. Such equations are most accurate if derived from streams within an area of uniform hydrologic, climatic, and physiographic conditions and applied only within that region. A study to develop equations to predict bankfull data for ungaged streams in New York established eight regions that coincided with previously defined hydrologic regions. This report presents drainage areas and bankfull characteristics (discharge and channel dimensions) for streams in central New York (Region 5) selected for this pilot study.
Stream-survey data and discharge records from seven active (currently gaged) sites and nine inactive (discontinued gaged) sites were used in regression analyses to relate size of drainage area to bankfull discharge and bankfull channel width, depth, and cross-sectional area. The resulting equations are:
(1) bankfull discharge, in cubic feet per second = 45.3*(drainage area, in square miles)0.856;
(2) bankfull channel width, in feet = 13.5*(drainage area, in square miles)0.449;
(3) bankfull channel depth, in feet = 0.801*(drainage area, in square miles)0.373; and
(4) bankfull channel cross-sectional area, in square feet = 10.8*(drainage area, in square miles)0.823.
The high correlation coefficients (R2) for these four equations (0.96, 0.92, 0.91, 0.98, respectively) indicate that much of the variation in the variables is explained by the size of the drainage area. Recurrence intervals for the estimated bankfull discharge of each stream ranged from 1.11 to 3.40 years; the mean recurrence interval was 1.51 years. The 16 surveyed streams were classified by Rosgen stream type; most were mainly C-type reaches, with occasional B- and F-type reaches. The Region 5 equation was compared with equations developed for six other large areas in the Northeast. The major differences among results indicate a need to refine equations so they can be applied by water-resources managers to local planning and design efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045247","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental ConservationDirector, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The South Coastal Drainage Basin includes approximately 59.14 square miles in southern Rhode Island. The basin was divided into three subbasins to assess the water use and availability: the Saugatucket, Point Judith Pond, and the Southwestern Coastal Drainage subbasins. Because there is limited information on the ground-water system in this basin, the water use and availability evaluations for these subbasins were derived from delineated surface-water drainage areas. An assessment was completed to estimate water withdrawals, use, and return flow over a 5-year study period from 1995 through 1999 in the basin. During the study period, one major water supplier in the basin withdrew an average of 0.389 million gallons per day from the sand and gravel deposits. Most of the potable water is imported (about 2.152 million gallons per day) from the adjacent Pawcatuck Basin to the northwest. The estimated water withdrawals from the minor water suppliers, which are all in Charlestown, during the study period were 0.064 million gallons per day. The self-supplied domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural withdrawals from the basin were 0.574 million gallons per day. Water use in the basin was 2.874 million gallons per day. The average return flow in the basin was 1.190 million gallons per day, which was entirely from self-disposed water users. In this basin, wastewater from service collection areas was exported (about 1.139 million gallons per day) to the Narragansett Bay Drainage Basin for treatment and discharge.
During times of little to no recharge, in the form of precipitation, the surface- and ground-water system flows are from storage primarily in the stratified sand and gravel deposits, although there is flow moving through the till deposits at a slower rate. The ground water discharging to the streams, during times of little to no precipitation, is referred to as base flow. The PART program, a computerized hydrograph-separation application, was used at the selected index stream-gaging station to determine water availability based on the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow, the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow criteria, and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow criteria at the index station. The base flow calculated at the selected index station was subdivided into two rates on the basis of the percent contributions from sandand-gravel and till deposits. There has been no long-term collection of surface-water data in this study area and therefore an index stream-gaging station in the Pawcatuck Basin was used for the South Coastal Drainage Basin.
The Pawcatuck River at Wood River Junction was chosen as the index station for the South Coastal Drainage Basin because the station is representative of the basin on the basis of the percentage of sand and gravel deposits and the average extent of thickness of the sand and gravel deposits. The baseflow contributions from sand and gravel deposits at the index station were computed for June, July, August, and September, and applied to the percentage of surficial deposits at the index station. The base-flow contributions were converted to a per unit area at the station for the till, and for the sand and gravel deposits and applied to the South Coastal Drainage Basin to determine the water availability. The results from the index station, the Pawcatuck River at Wood River Junction streamgaging station, were lowest for the summer in September. To determine water availability in the South Coastal Drainage Basin, the per unit area of the estimated base flows from sand and gravel deposits and till deposits at the index station was applied to the subbasin areas, and the resultant flows were lowest in September. The base flow at the 75th percentile in the basin was 56.95 million gallons per day in June; 32.78 million gallons per day in July; 30.22 million gallons per day in August; and 23.94 million gallons per day in September. The base flow at the 50th percentile in the basin was 44.59 million gallons per day in June; 25.31 million gallons per day in July; 20.75 million gallons per day in August; and 17.01 million gallons per day in September. The base flow at the 25th percentile in the basin was 35.52 million gallons per day in June; 20.40 million gallons per day in July; 14.94 million gallons per day in August; and 12.00 million gallons per day in September. There are some limitations in the application of this method along the coast, because saltwater intrusion can change the amount of fresh ground-water discharge to the coastal saltwater ecosystem. A ground-water system analysis evaluating these variances would provide additional information to assess the water availability along the coast.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during the summer than other times of the year, water availability in June, July, August, and September was assessed and compared to water withdrawals in the basin. The ratios were calculated by dividing the water withdrawals by the water-availability flow scenarios at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for the basin, which are based on total water available from base-flow contributions from till and sand and gravel deposits in the basin. The closer the ratio is to one, the closer the withdrawals are to the estimated water available, and the net water available decreases. For the study period, the withdrawals in July were higher than the other summer months. The ratios in the basin for the base-flow scenario, with no low-flow criteria removed, ranged from 0.029 to 0.046 in June; 0.059 to 0.094 in July; 0.050 to 0.100 in August; and 0.040 to 0.079 in September.
A long-term hydrologic budget (60 years) was calculated for the South Coastal Drainage Basin to identify and assess the basin and subbasin inflow and outflows. This coastal basin is different than other study areas because all three of the subbasins drain into salt water, Point Judith Point, Long Island Sound, and Rhode Island Sound towards the Atlantic Ocean, or internally within the subbasin to the salt ponds. The hydrologic budgets, therefore, were compiled by subbasin. The basin hydrologic budget is the sum of the three subbasin budgets. Unlike a river subbasin drainage system, however, the estimated streamflows out of the subbasins were also considered outflows from the basin. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. For the hydrologic budget, it was assumed that inflow equals outflow, where the estimated inflows were from precipitation and wastewater-return flow, and the estimated outflows were from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045288","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2005, Estimated water use and availability in the South Coastal Drainage Basin, southern Rhode Island, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5288, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045288.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20045288.JPG"},{"id":6971,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"South Coastal Drainage Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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-71.60751342773438,\n 41.36289548584906\n ],\n [\n -71.57661437988281,\n 41.368048825311206\n ],\n [\n -71.55738830566406,\n 41.370110046816414\n ],\n [\n -71.53472900390625,\n 41.37165592008984\n ],\n [\n -71.52992248535156,\n 41.3757780692323\n ],\n [\n -71.51962280273436,\n 41.37371702731337\n ],\n [\n -71.5045166015625,\n 41.37165592008984\n ],\n [\n -71.49284362792969,\n 41.369594747562275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70411,"text":"wdrWY042 - 2005 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 2004; Volume 2. Ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"wdrWY042","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-04-2","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 2004; Volume 2. Ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2004 water year for Wyoming consist of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 1 of this report contains discharge records for 164 gaging stations; water quality for 43 gaging stations and 45 ungaged stations, and stage and contents for one reservoir. Volume 2 of this report contains water levels records for 64 wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent part of the National Water Information System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWY042","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., Woodruff, R.E., Laidlaw, G., Clark, M.L., and Miller, K.A., 2005, Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 2004; Volume 2. Ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WY-04-2, 193 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWY042.","productDescription":"193 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6967,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-wy-04/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0a73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.R.","contributorId":79544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, R. E.","contributorId":102556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laidlaw, G.A.","contributorId":31819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laidlaw","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, M. L.","contributorId":19595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, K. A.","contributorId":81848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70415,"text":"ofr20041412 - 2005 - Correlation analysis of a ground-water level monitoring network, Miami-Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"ofr20041412","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1412","title":"Correlation analysis of a ground-water level monitoring network, Miami-Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey cooperative ground-water monitoring program in Miami-Dade County, Florida, expanded from 4 to 98 continuously recording water-level monitoring wells during the 1939-2001 period. Network design was based on area specific assessments; however, no countywide statistical assessments of network coverage had been performed for the purpose of assessing network redundancy.\r\n\r\nTo aid in the assessment of network redundancy, correlation analyses were performed using S-PLUS 2000 statistical analysis software for daily maximum water-level data from 98 monitoring wells for the November 1, 1973, to October 31, 2000 period. Because of the complexities of the hydrologic, water-supply, and water-management systems in Miami-Dade County and the changes that have occurred to these systems through time, spatial and temporal variations in the degree of correlation had to be considered. To assess temporal variation in correlation, water-level data from each well were subdivided by year and by wet and dry seasons. For each well, year, and season, correlation analyses were performed on the data from those wells that had available data. For selected wells, the resulting correlation coefficients from each year and season were plotted with respect to time. To assess spatial variation in correlation, the coefficients determined from the correlation analysis were averaged. These average wet- and dry-season correlation coefficients were plotted spatially using geographic information system software.\r\n\r\nWells with water-level data that correlated with a coefficient of 0.95 or greater were almost always located in relatively close proximity to each other. Five areas were identified where the water-level data from wells within the area remained correlated with that of other wells in the area during the wet and dry seasons. These areas are located in or near the C-1 and C-102 basins (2 wells), in or near the C-6 and C-7 basins (2 wells), near the Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority Well Field (2 wells), near the Hialeah-Miami Springs Well Field (6 wells), and near the West Well Field (21 wells). Data from the remaining 65 wells (most of the wells in the network) generally were not correlated with those of other wells during both the wet and dry seasons with an average coefficient of 0.95 or greater for the comparison.\r\n\r\nBecause many of the wells near the West Well Field and some near the Hialeah-Miami Springs Well Field had not been in operation for very long (most having been installed in 1994), the averaged correlation coefficients for these wells were often determined using only a few seasons of data. For the few instances where water-level data were found to be well correlated on average for a lengthy period of record, short-term declines in correlation were often identified. In general, it would be beneficial to compare data for longer periods of record than currently available.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041412","usgsCitation":"Prinos, S.T., 2005, Correlation analysis of a ground-water level monitoring network, Miami-Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1412, 3 p. online publication, illus., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041412.","productDescription":"3 p. online publication, illus.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6970,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1412/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prinos, Scott T. 0000-0002-5776-8956 stprinos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-8956","contributorId":4045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"Scott","email":"stprinos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70410,"text":"wdrMT042 - 2005 - Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 2. Yellowstone and upper Columbia River basins and ground-water levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"wdrMT042","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MT-04-2","title":"Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 2. Yellowstone and upper Columbia River basins and ground-water levels","docAbstract":"Water resources data for Montana for the 2004 water year, volumes 1 and 2, consist of records of \r\nstage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and \r\nreservoirs; and water levels in wells. This volume contains discharge records for 119 \r\nstreamflow-gaging stations; stage or content records for 21 lakes and reservoirs; and \r\nwater-quality records for 69 streamflow stations (17 ungaged), and 3 lake sites; water-level \r\nrecords for 51 observation wells; and precipitation and water-quality records for 2 \r\natmospheric-deposition stations. Additional water year 2004 data collected at crest-stage \r\ngage and miscellaneous-measurement sites were collected but are not published in this report. \r\nThese data are stored within the District office files in Helena and are available on request. \r\nThese data represent part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological \r\nSurvey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Montana.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMT042","usgsCitation":"Berkas, W.R., White, M.K., Ladd, P.B., Bailey, F.A., and Dodge, K.A., 2005, Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 2. Yellowstone and upper Columbia River basins and ground-water levels: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MT-04-2, 560 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMT042.","productDescription":"560 p.","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-mt-04/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f1090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Melvin K. mwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":1563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Melvin","email":"mwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladd, Patricia B.","contributorId":64321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Fred A. fbailey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Fred","email":"fbailey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dodge, Kent A. kdodge@usgs.gov","contributorId":1036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"Kent","email":"kdodge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70405,"text":"sir20045299 - 2005 - Response curves for phosphorus plume lengths from reactive-solute-transport simulations of onland disposal of wastewater in noncarbonate sand and gravel aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T16:52:28.621667","indexId":"sir20045299","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5299","title":"Response curves for phosphorus plume lengths from reactive-solute-transport simulations of onland disposal of wastewater in noncarbonate sand and gravel aquifers","docAbstract":"Surface-water resources in Massachusetts often are affected by eutrophication, excessive plant growth, which has resulted in impaired use for a majority of the freshwater ponds and lakes and a substantial number of river-miles in the State. Because supply of phosphorus usually is limiting to plant growth in freshwater systems, control of phosphorus input to surface waters is critical to solving the impairment problem. Wastewater is a substantial source of phosphorus for surface water, and removal of phosphorus before disposal may be necessary. Wastewater disposed onland by infiltration loses phosphorus from the dissolved phase during transport through the subsurface and may be an effective disposal method; quantification of the phosphorus loss can be simulated to determine disposal feasibility. In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, initiated a project to simulate distance of phosphorus transport in the subsurface for plausible conditions of onland wastewater disposal and subsurface properties. A coupled one-dimensional unsaturated-zone and three-dimensional saturated-zone reactive-solute-transport model (PHAST) was used to simulate lengths of phosphorus plumes. Knowledge of phosphorus plume length could facilitate estimates of setback distances for wastewater-infiltration sites from surface water that would be sufficient to protect the surface water from eutrophication caused by phosphorus transport through the subsurface and ultimate discharge to surface water.
The reactive-solute-transport model PHAST was used to simulate ground-water flow, solute transport, equilibrium chemistry for dissolved and sorbed species, and kinetic regulation of organic carbon decomposition and phosphate mineral formation. The phosphorus plume length was defined for the simulations as the maximum extent of the contour for the 0.015 milligram-per-liter concentration of dissolved phosphorus downgradient from the infiltration bed after disposal cessation. Duration of disposal before cessation was assumed to be 50 years into an infiltration bed of 20,000 square feet at the rate of 3 gallons per square foot per day. Time for the maximum extent of the phosphorus plume to develop is on the order of 100 years after disposal cessation. Simulations indicated that phosphorus transport beyond the extent of the 0.015 milligram-per-liter concentration contour was never more than 0.18 kilogram per year, an amount that would likely not alter the ecology of most surface water.
Simulations of phosphorus plume lengths were summarized in a series of response curves. Simulated plume lengths ranged from 200 feet for low phosphorus-concentration effluents (0.25 milligram per liter) and thick (50 feet) unsaturated zones to 3,400 feet for high phosphorus-concentration effluents (14 milligrams per liter) discharged directly into the aquifer (unsaturated-zone thickness of 0 feet). Plume length was nearly independent of unsaturated-zone thickness at phosphorus concentrations in the wastewater that were less than 2 milligrams per liter because little or no phosphorus mineral formed at low phosphorus concentrations. For effluents of high phosphorus concentration, plume length varied from 3,400 feet for unsaturated-zone thickness of 0 to 2,550 feet for unsaturated-zone thickness of 50 feet.
Model treatments of flow and equilibrium-controlled chemistry likely were more accurate than rates of kinetically controlled reactions, notably precipitation of iron-phosphate minerals; the kinetics of such reactions are less well known and thus less well defined in the model. Sensitivity analysis indicated that many chemical and physical aquifer properties, such as hydraulic gradient and model width, did not affect the simulated plume length appreciably, but duration of discharge, size of infiltration bed, amount of dispersion, and number of sorption sites on the aquifer sediments did affect plume length appreciably.
Because simulation of plume length in carbonate-mineral sediments indicated that the plume would be substantially longer than in noncarbonate-mineral sediments, the application of the response curves in locations with carbonate-mineral sediments would be inappropriate. The effect of carbonate minerals in sediments is to increase pH, which causes decreased sorption of phosphorus on aquifer sediments.
Phosphorus removal from solution by precipitation onto aquifer sediments is more efficient at high concentrations of disposed phosphorus than at low concentrations. At very low phosphorus concentrations, the solubility product of phosphorus minerals is not exceeded and no phosphorus mineral forms. An important consequence is that removal of dissolved phosphorus from the plume by processes in the subsurface is decreased the more that removal efforts are applied in treatment before wastewater is disposed.
Model simulations indicate that removal of phosphorus from wastewater disposed through septic systems would have the advantage of efficient phosphorus removal in the subsurface because phosphorus concentrations are high in septic-system effluent. Short plume lengths result from wastewater disposal through septic systems because of the efficient phosphorus removal and because of the low volume of wastewater involved. The simulation results for small-volume systems are not quantitative, however, because wastewater-infiltration rates are much lower than those of the higher-volume system that was used to calibrate the model and to create the plume-length response curves.
The response curves for phosphorus plume lengths, as defined by the maximum extent of the 0.015 milligram-per-liter concentration contour, is clearly defined in the model simulations, although the relation between simulated plume length and protective setback distance is subject to interpretation. Phosphorus does move beyond the point at which the simulated 0.015 milligram-per-liter concentration contour has stopped, so that a determination of protective setback distance must include a consideration of whether that continued flux, or some other flux amount, is appropriate. Also, simulations indicate that phosphorus plumes do not reach their full extent until 50 to 200 years after disposal cessation, depending on concentration of phosphorus disposed. No phosphorus plume has been monitored for that long after cessation, so there is no way to verify the long-term simulation results.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045299","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., 2005, Response curves for phosphorus plume lengths from reactive-solute-transport simulations of onland disposal of wastewater in noncarbonate sand and gravel aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5299, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045299.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6963,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5299.jpg"},{"id":408044,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_71622.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.69677734375,\n 41.43449030894922\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 41.43449030894922\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -71.69677734375,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -71.69677734375,\n 41.43449030894922\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6288cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70407,"text":"wdrWY041 - 2005 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 2004; Volume 1. Surface water; with List of discontinued and active surface-water, water-quality, sediment, and biological stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"wdrWY041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-04-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 2004; Volume 1. Surface water; with List of discontinued and active surface-water, water-quality, sediment, and biological stations","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2004 water year for Wyoming consist of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 1 of this report contains discharge records for 164 gaging stations; water quality for 43 gaging stations and 45 ungaged stations, and stage and contents for one reservoir. Volume 2 of this report contains water levels records for 64 wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent part of the National Water Information System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWY041","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., Woodruff, R.E., Laidlaw, G., Clark, M.L., and Miller, K.A., 2005, Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 2004; Volume 1. Surface water; with List of discontinued and active surface-water, water-quality, sediment, and biological stations: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WY-04-1, 592 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWY041.","productDescription":"592 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6965,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-wy-04/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.R.","contributorId":79544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, R. E.","contributorId":102556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laidlaw, G.A.","contributorId":31819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laidlaw","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, M. L.","contributorId":19595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, K. A.","contributorId":81848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70406,"text":"sir20045301 - 2005 - Effects of alternative instream-flow criteria and water-supply demands on ground-water development options in the Big River Area, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"sir20045301","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5301","title":"Effects of alternative instream-flow criteria and water-supply demands on ground-water development options in the Big River Area, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Transient numerical ground-water-flow simulation and optimization techniques were used to evaluate potential effects of instream-flow criteria and water-supply demands on ground-water development options and resultant streamflow depletions in the Big River Area, Rhode Island. The 35.7 square-mile (mi2) study area includes three river basins, the Big River Basin (30.9 mi2), the Carr River Basin (which drains to the Big River Basin and is 7.33 mi2 in area), the Mishnock River Basin (3.32 mi2), and a small area that drains directly to the Flat River Reservoir. The overall objective of the simulations was to determine the amount of ground water that could be withdrawn from the three basins when constrained by streamflow requirements at four locations in the study area and by maximum rates of withdrawal at 13 existing and hypothetical well sites. The instream-flow requirement for the outlet of each basin and the outfall of Lake Mishnock were the primary variables that limited the amount of ground water that could be withdrawn. A requirement to meet seasonal ground-water-demand patterns also limits the amount of ground water that could be withdrawn by up to about 50 percent of the total withdrawals without the demand-pattern constraint. Minimum water-supply demands from a public water supplier in the Mishnock River Basin, however, did not have a substantial effect on withdrawals in the Big River Basin. Hypothetical dry-period instream-flow requirements and the effects of artificial recharge also affected the amount of ground water that could be withdrawn.\r\nResults of simulations indicate that annual average ground-water withdrawal rates that range up to 16 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) can be withdrawn from the study area under simulated average hydrologic conditions depending on instream-flow criteria and water-supply demand patterns. Annual average withdrawals of 10 to 12 Mgal/d are possible for proposed demands of 3.4 Mgal/d in the Mishnock Basin, and for a constant annual instream-flow criterion of 0.5 cubic foot per second per square mile (ft3/s/mi2) at the four streamflow-constraint locations. An average withdrawal rate of 10 Mgal/d can meet estimates of future (2020) water-supply needs of surrounding communities in Rhode Island. This withdrawal rate represents about 13 percent of the average 2002 daily withdrawal from the Scituate Reservoir (76 Mgal/d), the State?s largest water supply. Average annual withdrawal rates of 6 to 7 Mgal/d are possible for more stringent instream-flow criteria that might be used during dry-period hydrologic conditions. Two example scenarios of dry-period instream-flow constraints were evaluated: first, a minimum instream flow of 0.1 cubic foot per second at any of the four constraint locations; and second, a minimum instream flow of 10 percent of the minimum monthly streamflow estimate for each streamflow-constraint location during the period 1961?2000.\r\nThe State of Rhode Island is currently (2004) considering methods for establishing instream-flow criteria for streams within the State. Twelve alternative annual, seasonal, or monthly instream-flow criteria that have been or are being considered for application in southeastern New England were used as hypothetical constraints on maximum ground-water-withdrawal rates in management-model calculations. Maximum ground-water-withdrawal rates ranged from 5 to 16 Mgal/d under five alternative annual instream-flow criteria. Maximum ground-water-withdrawal rates ranged from 0 to 13.6 Mgal/d under seven alternative seasonal or monthly instream-flow criteria. The effect of ground-water withdrawals on seasonal variations in monthly average streamflows under each criterion also were compared. Evaluation of management-model results indicates that a single annual instream-flowcriterion may be sufficient to preserve seasonal variations in monthly average streamflows and meet water-supply demands in the Big River Area, because withdrawals from wells in the Big ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045301","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., and Barlow, P.M., 2005, Effects of alternative instream-flow criteria and water-supply demands on ground-water development options in the Big River Area, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5301, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045301.","productDescription":"118 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6964,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5301/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624471","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70404,"text":"wdrMT041 - 2005 - Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 1. Hudson Bay and upper Missouri River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"wdrMT041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MT-04-1","title":"Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 1. Hudson Bay and upper Missouri River basins","docAbstract":"Water resources data for Montana for the 2004 water year, volumes 1 and 2, consist of records of \r\nstage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and \r\nreservoirs; and water levels in wells. This volume contains discharge records for 134 \r\nstreamflow-gaging stations; stage or content records for 18 lakes and reservoirs; and \r\nwater-quality records for 66 streamflow stations (34 ungaged), and 13 ground-water wells. \r\nAdditional water year 2004 data collected at crest-stage gage and miscellaneous-measurement \r\nsites were collected but are not published in this report. These data are stored within \r\nthe District office files in Helena and are available on request. These data represent \r\npart of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and \r\ncooperating State and Federal agencies in Montana.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMT041","usgsCitation":"Berkas, W.R., White, M.K., Ladd, P.B., Bailey, F.A., and Dodge, K.A., 2005, Water resources data, Montana, water year 2005: Volume 1. Hudson Bay and upper Missouri River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MT-04-1, 505 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMT041.","productDescription":"505 p.","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6962,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-mt-04/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f123f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Melvin K. mwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":1563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Melvin","email":"mwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladd, Patricia B.","contributorId":64321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Fred A. fbailey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Fred","email":"fbailey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dodge, Kent A. kdodge@usgs.gov","contributorId":1036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"Kent","email":"kdodge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70398,"text":"sir20045272 - 2005 - Monitoring channel morphology and bluff erosion at two installations of flow-deflecting vanes, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin, 2000-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T09:05:53","indexId":"sir20045272","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5272","title":"Monitoring channel morphology and bluff erosion at two installations of flow-deflecting vanes, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin, 2000-03","docAbstract":"Flow-deflecting vanes were installed in the streambed along two meander bends with eroding bluffs in 2000 and 2001 in the upper main stem of North Fish Creek, a tributary to Lake Superior in Wisconsin. About 45 vanes were arranged in 15 arrays at each site to deflect the flow away from the eroding toe or base of the bluff (outside of a bend) and toward the point bar (inside of a bend). Channel cross-section and bluff-erosion surveys were done and streamflow and stage were measured before, during, and after vane installation to monitor changes in channel morphology and bluff erosion in the context of hydrologic conditions. There were two large floods in the study area in spring 2001 (recurrence interval of approximately 100 years) and in spring 2002 (recurrence intervals of approximately 50 years). Some maintenance and replacement of vanes were needed after the floods. Most of the channel-morphology changes resulted from the large floods, and fewer changes resulted from near-bankfull or at-bankfull flows (one in October 2002 and four in April and May 2003). At the bluff located 16.4 river miles upstream of the creek mouth (site 16.4), the vanes deflected flow and caused the channel to migrate away from the base of the bluff and toward the point bar, allowing sediment to deposit along the bluff base. The 361-foot reach at site 16.4 had a net gain of 6,740 cubic feet of sediment over the entire monitoring period (2000?03). Deposition (10,660 cubic feet) occurred mainly along the base of the bluff in the downstream part of the bend. Erosion occurred at site 16.4 along the streambed, the point bar side of the channel, and along a midchannel bar (1,220, 1,610, and 1,090 cubic feet, respectively). Less channel migration was observed during 2001-03 at another bluff located 12.2 river miles upstream of the creek mouth (site 12.2), which had a net loss of sediment through the 439-foot reach of 2,800 cubic feet over the monitored time period. The main volume of sediment was lost from the bluff toe in the downstream part of the bend (7,100 cubic feet). Monitored channel-morphology changes at site 12.2 were less than at site 16.4, most likely because installation was done after the April 2001 flood, which caused major changes in channel morphology at site 16.4, and because the monitoring period was shorter than at site 16.4. Bluff-erosion data from both sites indicate that mass wasting and block failures from the bluff top occur episodically and will continue to occur for decades or more.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045272","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Peppler, M.C., Schwar, H.E., Hoopes, J.A., and Diebel, M.W., 2005, Monitoring channel morphology and bluff erosion at two installations of flow-deflecting vanes, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin, 2000-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5272, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045272.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311332,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5272/pdf/SIR_2004-5272.pdf"},{"id":6943,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045272/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"North Fish Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.81828308105469,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -88.81828308105469,\n 46.854086972433336\n ],\n [\n -88.44818115234375,\n 46.854086972433336\n ],\n [\n -88.44818115234375,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -88.81828308105469,\n 46.67582559793001\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peppler, Marie C. 0000-0002-1120-9673 mpeppler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-9673","contributorId":825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peppler","given":"Marie","email":"mpeppler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwar, Heather E.","contributorId":82804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwar","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoopes, John A.","contributorId":16516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoopes","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diebel, Matthew W. 0000-0002-5164-598X mdiebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-598X","contributorId":33762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diebel","given":"Matthew","email":"mdiebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70401,"text":"sir20055038 - 2005 - Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water recharge and base flow at a small watershed underlain by fractured bedrock in the Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-10T10:47:56","indexId":"sir20055038","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5038","title":"Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water recharge and base flow at a small watershed underlain by fractured bedrock in the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"This study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, compared multiple methods for estimating ground-water recharge and base flow (as a proxy for recharge) at sites in east-central Pennsylvania underlain by fractured bedrock and representative of a humid-continental climate. This study was one of several within the USGS Ground-Water Resources Program designed to provide an improved understanding of methods for estimating recharge in the eastern United States.\r\n\r\nRecharge was estimated on a monthly and annual basis using four methods?(1) unsaturated-zone drainage collected in gravity lysimeters, (2) daily water balance, (3) water-table fluctuations in wells, and (4) equations of Rorabaugh. Base flow was estimated by streamflow-hydrograph separation using the computer programs PART and HYSEP. Estimates of recharge and base flow were compared for an 8-year period (1994-2001) coinciding with operation of the gravity lysimeters at an experimental recharge site (Masser Recharge Site) and a longer 34-year period (1968-2001), for which climate and streamflow data were available on a 2.8-square-mile watershed (WE-38 watershed). \r\n\r\nEstimates of mean-annual recharge at the Masser Recharge Site and WE-38 watershed for 1994-2001 ranged from 9.9 to 14.0 inches (24 to 33 percent of precipitation). Recharge, in inches, from the various methods was: unsaturated-zone drainage, 12.2; daily water balance, 12.3; Rorabaugh equations with PULSE, 10.2, or RORA, 14.0; and water-table fluctuations, 9.9. Mean-annual base flow from streamflow-hydrograph separation ranged from 9.0 to 11.6 inches (21-28 percent of precipitation). Base flow, in inches, from the various methods was: PART, 10.7; HYSEP Local Minimum, 9.0; HYSEP Sliding Interval, 11.5; and HYSEP Fixed Interval, 11.6.\r\n\r\nEstimating recharge from multiple methods is useful, but the inherent differences of the methods must be considered when comparing results. For example, although unsaturated-zone drainage from the gravity lysimeters provided the most direct measure of potential recharge, it does not incorporate spatial variability that is contained in watershed-wide estimates of net recharge from the Rorabaugh equations or base flow from streamflow-hydrograph separation. This study showed that water-level fluctuations, in particular, should be used with caution to estimate recharge in low-storage fractured-rock aquifers because of the variability of water-level response among wells and sensitivity of recharge to small errors in estimating specific yield. To bracket the largest range of plausible recharge, results from this study indicate that recharge derived from RORA should be compared with base flow from the Local-Minimum version of HYSEP.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055038","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., Gburek, W.J., and Folmar, G.J., 2005, Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water recharge and base flow at a small watershed underlain by fractured bedrock in the Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5038, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055038.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.11666666666666,41.11666666666667 ], [ -77.11666666666666,41.25 ], [ -76.83333333333333,41.25 ], [ -76.83333333333333,41.11666666666667 ], [ -77.11666666666666,41.11666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gburek, William J.","contributorId":51381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gburek","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Folmar, Gordon J.","contributorId":77601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folmar","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70399,"text":"fs20053012 - 2005 - Firearms safety program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"fs20053012","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3012","title":"Firearms safety program","docAbstract":"The USGS provides appropriate firearms safety training for any employee or USGS volunteer who uses, handles, carries, or stores a firearm as part of his or her official duties. An employee or volunteer can be authorized to carry a firearm while on official duty once he or she has completed specified training requirements and a certificate of need and qualification inquiry. Knowledge of details for firearms storage, security, and transport is also necessary.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20053012","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Firearms safety program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3012, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053012.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3012.bmp"},{"id":6944,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e76b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70400,"text":"wdrWV041 - 2005 - Water resources data-West Virginia, water year 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"wdrWV041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-04-1","title":"Water resources data-West Virginia, water year 2004","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2004 water year for West Virginia consist of records of stream discharge, reservoir and ground-water levels, and water quality of streams and ground-water wells. This report contains discharge records for 65 streamflow-gaging stations; discharge records provided by adjacent states for 8 streamflow-gaging stations; annual maximum discharge at 17 crest-stage partial-record stations; stage records for 14 detention reservoirs; water-quality records for 2 stations; and water-level records for 10 observation wells. Locations of streamflow, detention reservoir, and water-quality stations are shown on figure 4. Locations of ground-water observation wells are shown on figure 5. Additional water-quality data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in West Virginia.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWV041","usgsCitation":"Ward, S., Rosier, M., and Crosby, G., 2005, Water resources data-West Virginia, water year 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WV-04-1, 312 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWV041.","productDescription":"312 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6945,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-wv-04-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, S.M.","contributorId":93920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosier, M.T.","contributorId":66341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosier","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crosby, G.R.","contributorId":59875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70393,"text":"sir20045266 - 2005 - Statistical summaries of streamflow in Montana and adjacent areas, water years 1900 through 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"sir20045266","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5266","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow in Montana and adjacent areas, water years 1900 through 2002","docAbstract":"In response to the need to have more current information about streamflow characteristics in Montana, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, and Bureau of Land Management, conducted a study to analyze streamflow data. Updated statistical summaries of streamflow characteristics are presented for 286 streamflow-gaging sites in Montana and adjacent areas having 10 or more years of record for water years 1900 through 2002. Data include the magnitude and probability of annual low and high flow, the magnitude and probability of low flow for three seasons (March-June, July-October, and November-February), flow duration of the daily mean discharge, and the monthly and annual mean discharges. For streamflow-gaging stations where 20 percent or more of the contributing drainage basin is affected by dams or other large-scale human modification, streamflow is considered regulated. Separate streamflow characteristics are presented for the unregulated and regulated periods of record for sites with sufficient data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045266","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, P., 2005, Statistical summaries of streamflow in Montana and adjacent areas, water years 1900 through 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5266, 317 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045266.","productDescription":"317 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6940,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f3e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Peter 0000-0002-2396-7463 pmccarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-7463","contributorId":2504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Peter","email":"pmccarth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70394,"text":"ofr20041392 - 2005 - The stability of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ground-water samples archived in borosilicate ampoules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:30:58","indexId":"ofr20041392","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1392","title":"The stability of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ground-water samples archived in borosilicate ampoules","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Laboratory in Reston, Va., has been measuring concentrations of CFCs in ground-water samples since 1989 to estimate the year that a water sample was recharged to a ground-water flow system. The water samples have been collected in flame-sealed borosilicate ampoules. Typically for each site, three samples were analyzed within days to a few months after collection, and additional samples were archived for extended periods of time (up to four years). The stability of CFC concentrations in the archived water samples from the USGS CFC Laboratory was investigated by analyzing the CFC concentrations in archived water samples and comparing them with the CFC concentrations that were obtained soon after the samples were collected. The archived samples selected for analysis were chosen from sites with a wide variety of hydrogeologic and geochemical conditions. For CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations, approximately 14% and 10.5%, respectively, of the archived samples were statistically different (both higher and lower) from the concentrations obtained from analyses conducted soon after the sample collection. Most of the extraneous values were attributed to natural variability of CFC concentrations originally in the water discharged from wells, rather than to microbial degradation within the ampoule on storage.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041392","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, S.D., Busenberg, E., and Plummer, N., 2005, The stability of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ground-water samples archived in borosilicate ampoules: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1392, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041392.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6941,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr20041392/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia ","county":"Fairfax County","city":"Reston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.40898132324219,\n 38.92843409820933\n ],\n [\n -77.31834411621094,\n 38.92843409820933\n ],\n [\n -77.31834411621094,\n 38.982897808179985\n ],\n [\n -77.40898132324219,\n 38.982897808179985\n ],\n [\n -77.40898132324219,\n 38.92843409820933\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Stephanie Dunkle","contributorId":82738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"Dunkle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70395,"text":"sir20055042 - 2005 - Effects of historical coal mining and drainage from abandoned mines on streamflow and water quality in Bear Creek, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania — March 1999–December 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T20:41:46.353971","indexId":"sir20055042","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5042","title":"Effects of historical coal mining and drainage from abandoned mines on streamflow and water quality in Bear Creek, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania — March 1999–December 2002","docAbstract":"More than 100 years of anthracite coal mining has changed surface- and ground-water hydrology and contaminated streams draining the Southern Anthracite Coal Field in east-central Pennsylvania. Bear Creek drains the western prong of the Southern Anthracite Coal Field and is affected by metals in drainage from abandoned mines and streamwater losses. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) developed for dissolved iron of about 5 lb/d (pounds per day) commonly are exceeded in the reach downstream of mine discharges. Restoration of Bear Creek using aerobic ponds to passively remove iron in abandoned mine drainage is under consideration (2004) by the Dauphin County Conservation District. This report, prepared in cooperation with the Dauphin County Conservation District, evaluates chemical and hydrologic data collected in Bear Creek and its receiving waters prior to implementation of mine-drainage treatment. The data collected represent the type of baseline information needed for documentation of water-quality changes following passive treatment of mine drainage in Pennsylvania and in other similar hydrogeologic settings.\r\n\r\nSeven surface-water sites on Bear Creek and two mine discharges were monitored for nearly three years to characterize the chemistry and hydrology of the following: (1) Bear Creek upstream of the mine discharges (BC-UMD), (2) water draining from the Lykens-Williamstown Mine Pool at the Lykens Water-Level Tunnel (LWLT) and Lykens Drift (LD) discharges, (3) Bear Creek after mixing with the mine discharges (BC-DMD), and (4) Bear Creek prior to mixing with Wiconisco Creek (BCM). Two sites on Wiconisco Creek, upstream and downstream of Bear Creek (WC-UBC and WC-DBC, respectively), were selected to evaluate changes in streamflow and water quality upon mixing with Bear Creek. \r\n\r\nDuring periods of below-normal precipitation, streamwater loss was commonly 100 percent upstream of site BC-UMD (streamflow range = 0 to 9.7 ft3/s (cubic feet per second)) but no loss was detected downstream owing to sustained mine water drainage from the Lykens Water-Level Tunnel (range = 0.41 to 3.7 ft3/s), Lykens Drift (range = 0.40 to 6.1 ft3/s), and diffuse zones of seepage. Collectively, mine water inputs contributed about 84 percent of base flow and 53 percent of stormflow measured in the downstream reach. \r\nAn option under consideration by the Dauphin County Conservation District for treatment of the discharge from the LWLT requires the source of the discharge to be captured and rerouted downstream, bypassing approximately 1,000 feet of stream channel. Because streamwater loss upstream of the tunnel was commonly 100 percent, rerouting the discharge from the LWLT may extend the reach of Bear Creek that is subject to dryness. \r\n\r\nDifferences in the chemistry of water discharging from the LWLT compared to the LD suggest that the flow path through the Lykens-Williamstown Mine Pool to each mine discharge is unique. The LWLT is marginally alkaline (median net acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) = 9 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as CaCO3; median pH = 5.9), commonly becomes acidic (minimum net ANC = -74 mg/L as CaCO3) at low flow, and may benefit from alkaline amendments prior to passive treatment. Water discharging from the LD provides excess ANC (median net ANC = 123 mg/L as CaCO3; median pH = 6.5) to the downstream reach and is nearly anoxic at its source (median dissolved oxygen = 0.5 mg/L). Low dissolved oxygen water with relatively high ANC and metals concentrations discharging from the LD is characteristic of a deeper flow path and longer residence time within the mine pool than the more acidic, oxygenated water discharging from the LWLT.\r\n\r\nTMDLs for iron have been developed for dissolved species only. Consequently, distinguishing between dissolved and suspended iron in Bear Creek is important for evaluating water-quality improvement through TMDL attainment. Median total iron concentration increased from 550 mg/L (micrograms per liter) at site BC-UM","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055042","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, J.J., 2005, Effects of historical coal mining and drainage from abandoned mines on streamflow and water quality in Bear Creek, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania — March 1999–December 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5042, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055042.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6942,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394211,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_71628.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Dauphin County","otherGeospatial":"Bear Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.7061,\n 40.5667\n ],\n [\n -76.6894,\n 40.5667\n ],\n [\n -76.6894,\n 40.5892\n ],\n [\n -76.7061,\n 40.5892\n ],\n [\n -76.7061,\n 40.5667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-0617-5050 jchaplin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-5050","contributorId":147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchaplin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70391,"text":"sir20055024 - 2005 - Evaluation of ground-water flow and land-surface subsidence caused by hypothetical withdrawals in the northern part of the Gulf Coast Aquifer system, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T17:40:14","indexId":"sir20055024","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5024","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow and land-surface subsidence caused by hypothetical withdrawals in the northern part of the Gulf Coast Aquifer system, Texas","docAbstract":"During 2003–04 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) and the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District (HGCSD), used the previously developed Northern Gulf Coast Ground-Water Availability Modeling (NGC GAM) model to evaluate the effects of hypothetical projected withdrawals on ground-water flow in the northern part of the Gulf Coast aquifer system and land-surface subsidence in the NGC GAM model area of Texas. The Gulf Coast aquifer system comprises, from the surface, the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, the Burkeville confining unit, the Jasper aquifer, and the Catahoula confining unit. Two withdrawal scenarios were simulated. The first scenario comprises historical withdrawals from the aquifer system for 1891–2000 and hypothetical projected withdrawals for 2001–50 compiled by the TWDB (TWDB scenario). The projected withdrawals compiled by the TWDB are based on ground-water demands estimated by regional water planning groups. The second scenario is a “merge” of the TWDB scenario with an alternate set of projected withdrawals from the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston metropolitan area for 1995–2030 provided by the HGCSD (HGCSD scenario).
Under the TWDB scenario withdrawals from the entire system are projected to be about the same in 2050 as in 2000. The simulated potentiometric surfaces of the Chicot aquifer for 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050 show relatively little change in configuration from the simulated 2000 potentiometric surface (maximum water-level depths in southern Harris County 150–200 feet below NGVD 29). The simulated decadal potentiometric surfaces of the Evangeline aquifer show the most change between 2000 and 2010. The area of water levels 250– 400 feet below NGVD 29 in western Harris County in 2000 shifts southeastward to southern Harris County, and water levels recover to 200–250 feet below NGVD 29 by 2010. Water levels in southern Harris County recover to 150–200 feet below NGVD 29 by 2020 and remain in that range through 2050. A relatively small cone of depression in southern Montgomery County that did not appear in the 2000 surface develops and enlarges during the projected period, with a maximum depth of 250–300 feet below NGVD 29 in 2030, 2040, and 2050. The simulated decadal potentiometric surfaces of the Jasper aquifer each have a major cone of depression centered in southern Montgomery County that was minimally developed in 2000 but reaches depths of 550–650 feet below NGVD 29 in the 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050 surfaces. Under the TWDB scenario the percentage of withdrawals supplied by net recharge increases from 75 percent in 2000 to 87 percent in 2050, and the percentage of withdrawals supplied by storage decreases from 25 percent in 2000 to 13 percent in 2050.
Under the HGCSD scenario, withdrawals from the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers increase about 74 percent during 1995–2030; Jasper aquifer withdrawals are unchanged from those of the TWDB scenario. For the 2010, 2020, and 2030 potentiometric surfaces of the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, the substantially greater withdrawals of the HGCSD scenario relative to those of the TWDB scenario result in progressively deeper cones of depression than those in the potentiometric surfaces associated with the TWDB scenario—for the Chicot aquifer in southern Harris County, 400–450 feet below NGVD 29 in 2030; for the Evangeline aquifer in southern Montgomery County, 700–750 feet below NGVD 29 in 2030. Although Jasper aquifer withdrawals are the same for both scenarios, the major cone of depression centered in southern Montgomery County in the 2030 potentiometric surface is 50 feet deeper at its center (600–700 feet below NGVD 29) than the cone in the 2030 surface under the TWDB scenario. Under the HGCSD scenario, the percentage of withdrawals supplied by net recharge decreases from 72 percent in 1995 to 57 percent in 2030, and the percentage of withdrawals supplied by storage increases from 28 percent in 2000 to 43 percent in 2030. About 85 percent of the increase supplied by storage is from the compaction of clay.
Land-surface subsidence in the major area of subsidence centered in Harris and Galveston Counties during 2000–50 that results from simulating the TWDB withdrawal scenario expands slightly to the west and increases in places. The maximum change occurs in the Conroe area where subsidence increases from about 4 to about 13 feet during the projected period. Land-surface subsidence in the major area of subsidence during 1995–2030 that results from simulating the HGCSD withdrawal scenario increases substantially. For example, in east-central Harris County maximum subsidence increases from about 10–11 feet in 1995 to 22 feet in 2030.
The hypothetical projected withdrawal scenarios are estimates of future withdrawals and might not represent actual future withdrawals. The simplifying assumptions that the downdip limit of freshwater flow in each hydrogeologic unit is a stable, sharp interface across which no flow occurs and that the base of the system is a no-flow boundary become less realistic and thus increase the uncertainty in results as drawdowns increase. The presence of uncertainty dictates that the results of the predictive simulations described in this report be used with caution in any decision-making process.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board and the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District ","usgsCitation":"Kasmarek, M.C., Reece, B.D., and Houston, N.A., 2005, Evaluation of ground-water flow and land-surface subsidence caused by hypothetical withdrawals in the northern part of the Gulf Coast Aquifer system, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5024, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055024.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5024/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341752,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5024/pdf/sir2005-5024.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -96.26220703125,\n 28.110748760633534\n ],\n [\n -92.867431640625,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 31.89621446335144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasmarek, Mark C. 0000-0003-2808-2506 mckasmar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2808-2506","contributorId":1968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasmarek","given":"Mark","email":"mckasmar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70392,"text":"ofr20051148 - 2005 - Acid-rock drainage at Skytop, Centre County, Pennsylvania, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:04:08","indexId":"ofr20051148","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1148","title":"Acid-rock drainage at Skytop, Centre County, Pennsylvania, 2004","docAbstract":"Recent construction for Interstate Highway 99 (I?99) exposed pyrite and associated Zn-Pb sulfide minerals beneath a >10-m thick gossan to oxidative weathering along a 40-60-m deep roadcut through a 270-m long section of the Ordovician Bald Eagle Formation at Skytop, near State College, Centre County, Pennsylvania. Nearby Zn-Pb deposits hosted in associated sandstone and limestone in Blair and Centre Counties were prospected in the past; however, these deposits generally were not viable as commercial mines. The pyritic sandstone from the roadcut was crushed and used locally as road base and fill for adjoining segments of I?99. Within months, acidic (pH<3), metal-laden seeps and runoff from the exposed cut and crushed sandstone raised concerns about surface- and ground-water contamination and prompted a halt in road construction and the beginning of costly remediation. Mineralized sandstones from the cut contain as much as 34 wt. % Fe, 28 wt. % S, 3.5 wt. % Zn, 1% wt. Pb, 88 ppm As, and 32 ppm Cd. A composite of <2 mm material sampled from the cut face contains 8.1 wt. % total sulfide S, 0.6 wt. % sulfate S, and is net acidic by acid-base accounting (net neutralization potential ?234 kg CaCO3/t). Primary sulfide minerals include pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite (2 to 12 wt. % Fe) and traces of chalcopyrite and galena. Pyrite occurs in mm- to cm-scale veinlets and disseminated grains in sandstone, as needles, and in a locally massive pyrite-cemented breccia along a fault. Inclusions (<10 ?m) of CdS and Ni-Co-As minerals in pyrite and minor amounts of Cd in sphalerite (0.1 wt. % or less) explain the primary source of trace metals in the rock and in associated secondary minerals and seepage. Wet/dry cycles associated with intermittent rainfall promoted oxidative weathering and dissolution of primary sulfides and their oxidation products. Resulting sulfate solutions evaporated during dry periods to form intermittent ?blooms? of soluble, yellow and white efflorescent sulfate salts (copiapite, melanterite, and halotrichite) on exposed rock and other surfaces. Salts coating the cut face incorporated Fe, Al, S, and minor Zn. They readily dissolved in deionized water in the laboratory to form solutions with pH <2.5, consistent with field observations. In addition to elevated dissolved Fe and sulfate concentrations (>1,000 mg/L), seep waters at the base of the cut contain >100 mg/L dissolved Zn and >1 mg/L As, Co, Cu, and Ni. Lead is relatively immobile (<10 ?g/L in seep waters). The salts sequester metals and acidity between rainfall events. Episodic salt dissolution then contributes pulses of contamination including acid to surface runoff and ground water. The Skytop experience highlights the need to understand dynamic interactions of mineralogy and hydrology in order to avoid potentially negative environmental impacts associated with excavation in sulfidic rocks.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051148","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J.M., Brady, K., and Cravotta, C.A., 2005, Acid-rock drainage at Skytop, Centre County, Pennsylvania, 2004 (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1148, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051148.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6939,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, Keith","contributorId":92764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}