{"pageNumber":"1065","pageRowStart":"26600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":5224376,"text":"5224376 - 2002 - Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"5224376","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3610,"text":"Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites","docAbstract":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants known to cause adverse health effects to biological systems. Limited data are available on their effects on the immune system of wildlife species. Previously, we found that 4 and 6-week-old white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) born from dams injected with a single dose (300 mg/kg) of Aroclor 1254, had altered immunological, hematological, and biochemical responses. Here, we examined the effect of transplacental lactational and postnatal exposure to Aroclor 1254, at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites, on various physiological parameters of 22-week-old white-footed mice. Liver weight and liver somatic index of PCB treated animals were significantly higher, the combined weights of the adrenal glands were significantly lower and EROD and BROD enzyme activity was significantly higher compared to control values. The number of thymocytes of the treated mice was significantly lower than that of the controls; however, thymocytes of treated mice had a higher proliferative response to the mitogen Con A. These alterations were correlated with the PCBs body burdens. Some toxic effects of chronic exposure to PCBs, at levels comparable to exposure found in contaminated sites in the USA, are still evident in adult P. leucopus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2","usgsCitation":"Segre, M., Arena, S., Greeley, E., Melancon, M.J., Graham, D., and French, J., 2002, Immunological and physiological effects of chronic exposure of Peromyscus leucopus to Aroclor 1254 at a concentration similar to that found at contaminated sites: Toxicology, v. 174, no. 3, p. 163-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2.","productDescription":"163-172","startPage":"163","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17081,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00039-2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"174","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segre, M.","contributorId":49483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segre","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arena, S.M.","contributorId":43880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arena","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greeley, E.H.","contributorId":74841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graham, D.A.","contributorId":11730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"French, J.B. 0000-0001-8901-7092","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-7092","contributorId":13944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5224369,"text":"5224369 - 2002 - Determining the trophic guilds of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a seagrass food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T16:52:56.937746","indexId":"5224369","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining the trophic guilds of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a seagrass food web","docAbstract":"

We established trophic guilds of macroinvertebrate and fish taxa using correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering strategy for a seagrass food web in winter in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. To create the diet matrix, we characterized the trophic linkages of macroinvertebrate and fish taxa. present in Hatodule wrightii seagrass habitat areas within the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge (Florida) using binary data, combining dietary links obtained from relevant literature for macroinvertebrates with stomach analysis of common fishes collected during January and February of 1994. Heirarchical average-linkage cluster analysis of the 73 taxa of fishes and macroinvertebrates in the diet matrix yielded 14 clusters with diet similarity greater than or equal to 0.60. We then used correspondence analysis with three factors to jointly plot the coordinates of the consumers (identified by cluster membership) and of the 33 food sources. Correspondence analysis served as a visualization tool for assigning each taxon to one of eight trophic guilds: herbivores, detritivores, suspension feeders, omnivores, molluscivores, meiobenthos consumers, macrobenthos consumers, and piscivores. These trophic groups, cross-classified with major taxonomic groups, were further used to develop consumer compartments in a network analysis model of carbon flow in this seagrass ecosystem. The method presented here should greatly improve the development of future network models of food webs by providing an objective procedure for aggregating trophic groups.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02692212","usgsCitation":"Luczkovich, J., Ward, G., Johnson, J.C., Christian, R., Baird, D., Neckles, H., and Rizzo, W., 2002, Determining the trophic guilds of fishes and macroinvertebrates in a seagrass food web: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 6A, p. 1143-1163, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692212.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1163","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.44847106933594,\n 30.034027713362217\n ],\n [\n -84.3804931640625,\n 30.034027713362217\n ],\n [\n -84.3804931640625,\n 30.073847754270204\n ],\n [\n -84.44847106933594,\n 30.073847754270204\n ],\n [\n -84.44847106933594,\n 30.034027713362217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"6A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66739e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luczkovich, J.J.","contributorId":35436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luczkovich","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, G.P.","contributorId":58748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, James C.","contributorId":78364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christian, R.R.","contributorId":8593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baird, D.","contributorId":57194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baird","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Neckles, H.","contributorId":65204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5224196,"text":"5224196 - 2002 - Narrowing historical uncertainty: probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224196","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Narrowing historical uncertainty: probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data","docAbstract":"Historical data have increasingly become appreciated for insight into the past conditions of ecosystems. Uses of such data include assessing the extent of ecosystem change; deriving ecological baselines for management, restoration, and modeling; and assessing the importance of past conditions on the composition and function of current systems. One historical data set of this type is the Public Land Survey (PLS) of the United States General Land Office, which contains data on multiple tree species, sizes, and distances recorded at each survey point, located at half-mile (0.8 km) intervals on a 1-mi (1.6 km) grid. This survey method was begun in the 1790s on US federal lands extending westward from Ohio. Thus, the data have the potential of providing a view of much of the US landscape from the mid-1800s, and they have been used extensively for this purpose. However, historical data sources, such as those describing the species composition of forests, can often be limited in the detail recorded and the reliability of the data, since the information was often not originally recorded for ecological purposes. Forest trees are sometimes recorded ambiguously, using generic or obscure common names. For the PLS data of northern Wisconsin, USA, we developed a method to classify ambiguously identified tree species using logistic regression analysis, using data on trees that were clearly identified to species and a set of independent predictor variables to build the models. The models were first created on partial data sets for each species and then tested for fit against the remaining data. Validations were conducted using repeated, random subsets of the data. Model prediction accuracy ranged from 81% to 96% in differentiating congeneric species among oak, pine, ash, maple, birch, and elm. Major predictor variables were tree size, associated species, landscape classes indicative of soil type, and spatial location within the study region. Results help to clarify ambiguities formerly present in maps of historic ecosystems for the region and can be applied to PLS datasets elsewhere, as well as other sources of ambiguous historical data. Mapping the newly classified data with ecological land units provides additional information on the distribution, abundance, and associations of tree species, as well as their relationships to environmental gradients before the industrial period, and clarifies the identities of species formerly mapped only to genus. We offer some caveats on the appropriate use of data derived in this way, as well as describing their potential.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5952_Mladenoff.pdf","usgsCitation":"Mladenoff, D., Dahir, S., Nordheim, E., Schulte, L., and Guntenspergen, G., 2002, Narrowing historical uncertainty: probabilistic classification of ambiguously identified tree species in historical forest survey data: Ecosystems, v. 5, p. 539-553.","productDescription":"539-553","startPage":"539","endPage":"553","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db6989f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mladenoff, D.J.","contributorId":18881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladenoff","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dahir, S.E.","contributorId":31878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahir","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordheim, E.V.","contributorId":97222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordheim","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schulte, L.A.","contributorId":10131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.R. 0000-0002-8593-0244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":95424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5224209,"text":"5224209 - 2002 - Estimating state-transition probabilities for unobservable states using capture-recapture/resighting data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T20:36:59.828982","indexId":"5224209","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating state-transition probabilities for unobservable states using capture-recapture/resighting data","docAbstract":"Temporary emigration was identified some time ago as causing potential problems in capture-recapture studies, and in the last five years approaches have been developed for dealing with special cases of this general problem. Temporary emigration can be viewed more generally as involving transitions to and from an unobservable state, and frequently the state itself is one of biological interest (e.g., 'nonbreeder'). Development of models that permit estimation of relevant parameters in the presence of an unobservable state requires either extra information (e.g., as supplied by Pollock's robust design) or the following classes of model constraints: reducing the order of Markovian transition probabilities, imposing a degree of determinism on transition probabilities, removing state specificity of survival probabilities, and imposing temporal constancy of parameters. The objective of the work described in this paper is to investigate estimability of model parameters under a variety of models that include an unobservable state. Beginning with a very general model and no extra information, we used numerical methods to systematically investigate the use of ancillary information and constraints to yield models that are useful for estimation. The result is a catalog of models for which estimation is possible. An example analysis of sea turtle capture-recapture data under two different models showed similar point estimates but increased precision for the model that incorporated ancillary data (the robust design) when compared to the model with deterministic transitions only. This comparison and the results of our numerical investigation of model structures lead to design suggestions for capture-recapture studies in the presence of an unobservable state.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3276:ESTPFU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Nichols, J., 2002, Estimating state-transition probabilities for unobservable states using capture-recapture/resighting data: Ecology, v. 83, no. 12, p. 3276-3284, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3276:ESTPFU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3276","endPage":"3284","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/CQIKD2N5","text":"External Repository"},{"id":201490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Antigua and Barbuda","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -61.767196655273445,\n 17.147351748174778\n ],\n [\n -61.744537353515625,\n 17.147351748174778\n ],\n [\n -61.744537353515625,\n 17.163426087651086\n ],\n [\n -61.767196655273445,\n 17.163426087651086\n ],\n [\n -61.767196655273445,\n 17.147351748174778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc83e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224174,"text":"5224174 - 2002 - FrogwatchUSA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:15:15","indexId":"5224174","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"FrogwatchUSA","docAbstract":"full text: Frogs and toads are perhaps the most approachable and available of all our wildlife. In many, if not most places, they are abundant. In wetter parts of the East, almost anyone outside on a warm rainy night in spring will hear their dream-like calls, bellows, trills and snores. Even in the deserts of the Southwest, a nocturnal trip after a summer monsoon will yield toads moving across the roads toward a cacophonous orgy of mating and calling in the roadside ditches and desert pools. Birds share with frogs and toads this same sense of presence in our daily lives. But the difference is that birds are like the attractive neighbor who just never gives you the time of day, while frogs are more like the troglodyte who appears regularly to chat, philosophize, and have a beer. Uninvited, frogs appear in our water gardens, toads are on our stoops in the morning, we catch them when we are kids, raise their babies in the aquarium, and feel sorry when we find we have run them over with the lawnmower. When concerns about declining populations of amphibians reached the mass media, the Secretaries' office became involved. In addition to using traditional research mechanisms to investigate the problem, the Secretary also wanted to involve the public directly. The combination of high public appeal and the relative ease with which frog calls can be learned made a large-scale monitoring program for frogs and toads possible. What emerged was a program called Frogwatch USA, modeled after a successful Canadian program with a similar name. A web site was created (www.frogwatch.org) that presented potential frogwatchers with directions and a way to register their site online as well as enter their data. Observers chose where to count frogs depending on what they felt was important. For some it was their backyard, others chose vulnerable wetlands in their neighborhoods, or spots on local refuges and parks. Initially funded at $8,000 a year and then after two years increased to $25,000, most of the first part of this program's life was spent developing the tools and web site to document counts of frogs online. Despite the lack of time available to promote the program, send out press releases and recruit observers, news of the program quickly spread by word of mouth and the electronic media. Many newspaper articles later, we found a large number of people had become involved with counting frogs in their neighborhoods and backyards. Current figures show 1,456 observers who have registered at 1,683 sites logging almost 5,000 visits. These visits yield information on when and what species are calling from wetlands throughout the United States. These records are usually the only records of information about frogs and toads for those sites and become a permanent record that can be revisited in future years. Additionally, when observers make a lot of visits or there are many sites in a region, a phenology of calls can be created that documents when it is most likely in that year for each species to be recorded. Finally, even for those observers whose data we may mistrust and therefore are likely to eliminate from analyses, these people have taken the time to leave their televisions, go outside, and directly experience frogs, toads, and all that occur in Nature. In 1999 it was decided that FrogwatchUSA needed to work with another group that specifically focused on environmental education and outreach. After talking to a number of organizations we found that the National Wildlife Federation, with their Backyard Wildlife Habitat, Endangered Species, and other programs along with their four million members who are interested in nature, would be an excellent match. Thus a partnership was born. After over a year of work between Interior and National Wildlife Federation biologists and lawyers, an agreement has been created that places the Federation as the lead of Frogwatch USA. It will now take care of res","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Droege, S., 2002, FrogwatchUSA: People, Land, and Water, v. 9, no. 1, p. 35-35.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224156,"text":"5224156 - 2002 - Using Christmas Bird Count data in analysis of population change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T10:06:27","indexId":"5224156","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using Christmas Bird Count data in analysis of population change","docAbstract":"The scientific credibility of Christmas Bird Count (CBC) results depend on the development and implementation of appropriate methods of statistical analysis. The key to any successful analysis of CBC data is to begin with a careful review of how the limitations of the data are likely to influence the results of the analysis, then to choose methods of analysis that accommodate as much as possible the limitations of the survey. For our analyses of CBC data, we develop a flexible model for effort adjustment and use information from the data to guide the selection of the best model. We include geographic structuring to accommodate the regional variation in number of samples, use a model that allows for overdispersed poisson data appropriate for counts, and employ empirical Bayes procedures to accommodate differences in quality of information in regional summaries. This generalized linear model approach is very flexible, and can be applied to a variety of studies focused on factors influencing wintering bird populations. In particular, the model can be easily modified to contain covariates, allowing for assessment of associations between CBC counts and winter weather, disturbance, and a variety of other environmental factors. These new survey analysis methods have added value in that they provide insights into changes in survey design that can enhance the value of the information. The CBC has been extremely successful as a tool for increasing public interest in birding and bird conservation. Use of the information for bird conservation creates new demands on quality of information, and it is important to maintain a dialogue between users of the information, information needs for the analyses, and survey coordinators and participants. Our work as survey analysts emphasizes the value and limitations of existing data, and provides some indications of what features of the survey could be modified to make the survey a more reliable source of bird population data. Surveys only remain useful if they adapt to current needs, while still maintaining consistency with historical goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Audubon Society","collaboration":"5910_Sauer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Link, W., 2002, Using Christmas Bird Count data in analysis of population change: American Birds, p. 10-14.","productDescription":"10-14","startPage":"10","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.audubon.org/bird/cbc/pdf/american_birds102A.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98363,"text":"wri024053 - 2002 - Louisiana Ground-Water Map No.13: Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Sparta Aquifer in Northern Louisiana, October 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"wri024053","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"02-4053","title":"Louisiana Ground-Water Map No.13: Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Sparta Aquifer in Northern Louisiana, October 1996","docAbstract":"This report describes the thickness and areal extent of the Sparta aquifer, identifies sands within the fresh-water extent of the aquifer, and presents data and a map that illustrate the generalized potentiometric surface (water levels) during October 1996. The report includes a detailed geophysical log, structure contour maps, hydrogeologic sections, and hydrographs of water levels in selected wells. The potentiometric surface-map can be used for determining direction of ground-water flow, hydraulic gradients, and the effects of withdrawals on the aquifer.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Public Works and Water Resources Division, Water Resources Section","usgsCitation":"Brantly, J.A., Seanor, R.C., and McCoy, K.L., 2002, Louisiana Ground-Water Map No.13: Hydrogeology and Potentiometric Surface of the Sparta Aquifer in Northern Louisiana, October 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4053, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024053.","productDescription":"3 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_02_4053.jpg"},{"id":13611,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,31 ], [ -94,33 ], [ -91,33 ], [ -91,31 ], [ -94,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantly, Jeffrey A. jbrantly@usgs.gov","contributorId":5405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantly","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbrantly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seanor, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5735-5580 rcseanor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-5580","contributorId":3731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seanor","given":"Ronald","email":"rcseanor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCoy, Kaycee L.","contributorId":32228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"Kaycee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230269,"text":"5230269 - 2002 - Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T12:53:32","indexId":"5230269","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations","docAbstract":"

We reviewed the literature on factors potentially affecting the population status of American black ducks (Anas rupribes). Our review suggests that there is some support for the influence of 4 major, continental-scope factors in limiting or regulating black duck populations: 1) loss in the quantity or quality of breeding habitats; 2) loss in the quantity or quality of wintering habitats; 3) harvest, and 4) interactions (competition, hybridization) with mallards (Anas platyrhychos) during the breeding and/or wintering periods.

\n
\n

These factors were used as the basis of an annual life cycle model in which reproduction rates and survival rates were modeled as functions of the above factors, with parameters of the model describing the strength of these relationships. Variation in the model parameter values allows for consideration of scientific uncertainty as to the degree each of these factors may be contributing to declines in black duck populations, and thus allows for the investigation of the possible effects of management (e.g., habitat improvement, harvest reductions) under different assumptions.

\n
\n

We then used available, historical data on black duck populations (abundance, annual reproduction rates, and survival rates) and possible driving factors (trends in breeding and wintering habitats, harvest rates, and abundance of mallards) to estimate model parameters. Our estimated reproduction submodel included parameters describing negative density feedback of black ducks, positive influence of breeding habitat, and negative influence of mallard densities; our survival submodel included terms for positive influence of winter habitat on reproduction rates, and negative influences of black duck density (i.e., compensation to harvest mortality). Individual models within each group (reproduction, survival) involved various combinations of these factors, and each was given an information theoretic weight for use in subsequent prediction. The reproduction model with highest AIC weight (0.70) predicted black duck age ratios increasing as a function of decreasing mallard abundance and increasing acreage of breeding habitat; all models considered involved negative density dependence for black ducks. The survival model with highest AIC weight (0.51) predicted nonharvest survival increasing as a function of increasing acreage of wintering habitat and decreasing harvest rates (additive mortality); models involving compensatory mortality effects received ≈0.12 total weight, vs. 0.88 for additive models.

\n
\n

We used the combined model, together with our historical data set, to perform a series of 1-year population forecasts, similar to those that might be performed under adaptive management. Initial model forecasts over-predicted observed breeding populations by ≈25%. Least-squares calibration reduced the bias to ≈0.5% under prediction. After calibration, model-averaged predictions over the 16 alternative models (4 reproduction × 4 survival, weighted by AIC model weights) explained 67% of the variation in annual breeding population abundance for black ducks, suggesting that it might have utility as a predictive tool in adaptive management.

\n
\n

We investigated the effects of statistical uncertainty in parameter values on predicted population growth rates for the combined annual model, via sensitivity analyses. Parameter sensitivity varied in relation to the parameter values over the estimated confidence intervals, and in relation to harvest rates and mallard abundance. Forecasts of black duck abundance were extremely sensitive to variation in parameter values for the coefficients for breeding and wintering habitat effects. Model-averaged forecasts of black duck abundance were also sensitive to changes in harvest rate and mallard abundance, with rapid declines in black duck abundance predicted for a range of harvest rates and mallard abundance higher than current levels of either factor, but easily envisaged, particularly given current rates of growth for mallard populations.

\n
\n

Because of concerns about sensitivity to habitat coefficients, and particularly in light of deficiencies in the historical data used to estimate these parameters, we developed a simplified model that excludes habitat effects. We also developed alternative models involving a calibration adjustment for reproduction rates, survival rates, or neither. Calibration of survival rates performed best (AIC weight 0.59, % BIAS = -0.280, R2=0.679), with reproduction calibration somewhat inferior (AIC weight 0.41, % BIAS = -0.267, R2=0.672); models without calibration received virtually no AIC weight and were discarded. We recommend that the simplified model set (4 biological models × 2 alternative calibration factors) be retained as the best working set of alternative models for research and management.

\n
\n

Finally, we provide some preliminary guidance for the development of adaptive harvest management for black ducks, using our working set of models.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M.J., Miller, M., and Hines, J., 2002, Identification and synthetic modeling of factors affecting American black duck populations, v. 150, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292086,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830767"}],"country":"Canada;United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,56.86 ], [ -66.95,56.86 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"150","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faa89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, Michael J.","contributorId":20871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conroy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13266,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":343886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Mark W.","contributorId":83642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211161,"text":"5211161 - 2002 - Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211161","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"We first consider the estimation of the finite rate of population increase or population growth rate, lambda sub i, using capture-recapture data from open populations. We review estimation and modelling of lambda sub i under three main approaches to modelling open-population data: the classic approach of Jolly (1965) and Seber (1965), the superpopulation approach of Crosbie & Manly (1985) and Schwarz & Arnason (1996), and the temporal symmetry approach of Pradel (1996). Next, we consider the contributions of different demographic components to lambda sub i using a probabilistic approach based on the composition of the population at time i + 1 (Nichols et al., 2000b). The parameters of interest are identical to the seniority parameters, gamma sub i, of Pradel (1996). We review estimation of gamma sub i under the classic, superpopulation, and temporal symmetry approaches. We then compare these direct estimation approaches for lambda sub i and gamma sub i with analogues computed using projection matrix asymptotics. We also discuss various extensions of the estimation approaches to multistate applications and to joint likelihoods involving multiple data types.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. PDF on file: 5828_Nichols.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 2002, Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 539-568.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"539","endPage":"568","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a2bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211163,"text":"5211163 - 2002 - The use of resighting data to estimate the rate of population growth of the snail kite in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T14:34:53","indexId":"5211163","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of resighting data to estimate the rate of population growth of the snail kite in Florida","docAbstract":"

The rate of population growth (lambda) is an important demographic parameter used to assess the viability of a population and to develop management and conservation agendas. We examined the use of resighting data to estimate lambda for the snail kite population in Florida from 1997-2000. The analyses consisted of (1) a robust design approach that derives an estimate of lambda from estimates of population size and (2) the Pradel (1996) temporal symmetry (TSM) approach that directly estimates lambda using an open-population capture-recapture model. Besides resighting data, both approaches required information on the number of unmarked individuals that were sighted during the sampling periods. The point estimates of lambda differed between the robust design and TSM approaches, but the 95% confidence intervals overlapped substantially. We believe the differences may be the result of sparse data and do not indicate the inappropriateness of either modelling technique. We focused on the results of the robust design because this approach provided estimates for all study years. Variation among these estimates was smaller than levels of variation among ad hoc estimates based on previously reported index statistics. We recommend that lambda of snail kites be estimated using capture-resighting methods rather than ad hoc counts.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108854","usgsCitation":"Dreitz, V., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Bennetts, R., Kitchens, W., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, The use of resighting data to estimate the rate of population growth of the snail kite in Florida: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 609-623, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108854.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"623","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dreitz, V.J.","contributorId":65432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreitz","given":"V.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennetts, R.E.","contributorId":103214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211225,"text":"5211225 - 2002 - The exotic mute swan (Cygnus olor) in Chesapeake Bay, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211225","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The exotic mute swan (Cygnus olor) in Chesapeake Bay, USA","docAbstract":"The exotic mute swan (Cygnus olor) has increased its population size in Chesapeake Bay (Maryland and Virginia) to approximately 4,500 since 1962 when five swans were released in the Bay. The Bay population of mute swans now represents 30% of the total Atlantic Flyway population (12,600) and has had a phenomenal increase of 1,200% from 1986 to 1999. Unlike the tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) that migrate to the Bay for the winter, the mute swan is a year-long resident, and, therefore, reports of conflicts with nesting native waterbirds and the consumption of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) have raised concerns among resource managers. Populations of black skimmers (Rynchops niger) and least terns (Sterna antillarum) nesting on beaches and oyster shell bars have been eliminated by molting mute swans. Although data on the reduction of SAV by nesting mute swans and their offspring during the spring and summer are limited, food habits data show that mute swans rely heavily on SAV during these months. Widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima) constituted 56% and eel grass (Zostera marina) constituted 43% of the gullet food of mute swans. Other SAV and invertebrates (including bryozoans, shrimp, and amphipods) formed a much smaller amount of the food percentage (1%). Invertebrates are believed to have been selected accidently within the vegetation eaten by the swans. Corn (Zea mays) fed to swans by Bay residents during the winter probably supplement limited vegetative food resources in late winter. A program to control swan numbers by the addling of eggs and the killing of adult swans has been a contentious issue with some residents of the Bay area. A management plan is being prepared by a diverse group of citizens appointed by the Governor to advise the Maryland Department of Natural Resources on viable and optimum options to manage mute swans in the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay. Hopefully, the implementation of the plan will alleviate the existing conflicts to the betterment of all resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Black ducks and their Chesapeake Bay habitats : proceedings of a symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Va.","collaboration":"Held in Grasonville, Maryland, October 4, 2000. Symposium dedicated to Veron D. Stotts. OCLC: 51171874 PDF on file: see 6039_Perry.pdf 1.3 MB also 6039_Perry_searchable.pdf 5 MB","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., 2002, The exotic mute swan (Cygnus olor) in Chesapeake Bay, USA, chap. of Black ducks and their Chesapeake Bay habitats : proceedings of a symposium, p. 38-39(abs).","productDescription":"vii, 44","startPage":"38","endPage":"39(abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dc50","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507820,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211162,"text":"5211162 - 2002 - Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211162","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"Pradel's (1996) temporal symmetry model permitting direct estimation and modelling of population growth rate, lambda sub i provides a potentially useful tool for the study of population dynamics using marked animals. Because of its recent publication date, the approach has not seen much use, and there have been virtually no investigations directed at robustness of the resulting estimators. Here we consider several potential sources of bias, all motivated by specific uses of this estimation approach. We consider sampling situations in which the study area expands with time and present an analytic expression for the bias in lambda hat sub i. We next consider trap response in capture probabilities and heterogeneous capture probabilities and compute large-sample and simulation-based approximations of resulting bias in lambda hat sub i. These approximations indicate that trap response is an especially important assumption violation that can produce substantial bias. Finally, we consider losses on capture and emphasize the importance of selecting the estimator for lambda sub i that is appropriate to the question being addressed. For studies based on only sighting and resighting data, Pradel's (1996) lambda hat prime sub i is the appropriate estimator.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. PDF on file: 5829_Hines.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hines, J., and Nichols, J., 2002, Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 573-587.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"573","endPage":"587","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4779e4b07f02db47f3f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211160,"text":"5211160 - 2002 - Random effects and shrinkage estimation in capture-recapture models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211160","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Random effects and shrinkage estimation in capture-recapture models","docAbstract":"We discuss the analysis of random effects in capture-recapture models, and outline Bayesian and frequentists approaches to their analysis. Under a normal model, random effects estimators derived from Bayesian or frequentist considerations have a common form as shrinkage estimators. We discuss some of the difficulties of analysing random effects using traditional methods, and argue that a Bayesian formulation provides a rigorous framework for dealing with these difficulties. In capture-recapture models, random effects may provide a parsimonious compromise between constant and completely time-dependent models for the parameters (e.g. survival probability). We consider application of random effects to band-recovery models, although the principles apply to more general situations, such as Cormack-Jolly-Seber models. We illustrate these ideas using a commonly analysed band recovery data set.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7. PDF on file: 5826_Royle.pdf","usgsCitation":"Royle, J., and Link, W., 2002, Random effects and shrinkage estimation in capture-recapture models, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 329-351.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"329","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211157,"text":"5211157 - 2002 - Test for age-specificity in survival of the common tern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211157","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Test for age-specificity in survival of the common tern","docAbstract":"Much effort in life-history theory has been addressed to the dependence of life-history traits on age, especially the phenomenon of senescence and its evolution. Although senescent declines in survival are well documented in humans and in domestic and laboratory animals, evidence for their occurrence and importance in wild animal species remains limited and equivocal. Several recent papers have suggested that methodological issues may contribute to this problem, and have encouraged investigators to improve sampling designs and to analyse their data using recently developed approaches to modelling of capture-mark-recapture data. Here we report on a three-year, two-site, mark-recapture study of known-aged common terns (Sterna hirundo) in the north-eastern USA. The study was nested within a long-term ecological study in which large numbers of chicks had been banded in each year for > 25 years. We used a range of models to test the hypothesis of an influence of age on survival probability. We also tested for a possible influence of sex on survival. The cross-sectional design of the study (one year's parameter estimates) avoided the possible confounding of effects of age and time. The study was conducted at a time when one of the study sites was being colonized and numbers were increasing rapidly. We detected two-way movements between the sites and estimated movement probabilities in the year for which they could be modelled. We also obtained limited data on emigration from our study area to more distant sites. We found no evidence that survival depended on either sex or age, except that survival was lower among the youngest birds (ages 2-3 years). Despite the large number of birds included in the study (1599 known-aged birds, 2367 total), confidence limits on estimates of survival probability were wide, especially for the oldest age-classes, so that a slight decline in survival late in life could not have been detected. In addition, the cross-sectional design of this study meant that a decline in survival probability within individuals (actuarial senescence) could have been masked by heterogeneity in survival probability among individuals (mortality selection). This emphasizes the need for the development of modelling tools permitting separation of these two phenomena, valid under field conditions in which the recapture probabilities are less than one.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"EURING 2000 Conference, Point Reyes, California, October 1-7.","usgsCitation":"Nisbet, I., and Cam, E., 2002, Test for age-specificity in survival of the common tern, chap. of Statistical analysis of data from marked bird populations, p. 65-83.","productDescription":"669","startPage":"65","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"669","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211186,"text":"5211186 - 2002 - Toxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystems: application to watercraft contaminants in shallow water environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5211186","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Toxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystems: application to watercraft contaminants in shallow water environments","docAbstract":"Recreational boating and personal watercraft use have the potential to adversely impact shallow water systems through contaminant release and physical disturbance of bottom sediments. These nearshore areas are often already degraded by surface runoff, municipal and industrial effluents, and other anthropogenic activities. For proper management, information is needed on the level of contamination and environmental quality of these systems. A number of field and laboratory procedures can be used to provide this much needed information. Contaminants, such as metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, entering aquatic environments generally attach to particulate matter that eventually settles and becomes incorporated into the bottom sediments. Because bottom sediments serve as a sink and as a source for contaminants, environmental assessments generally focus on this matrix. While contaminant residues in sediments and sediment pore waters can reflect environmental quality, characteristics of sediment (redox potential, sediment/pore-water chemistry, acid volatile sulfides, percent organic matter, and sediment particle size) influence their bioavailability and make interpretation of environmental significance difficult. Comparisons of contaminant concentrations in pore water (interstitial water) and sediment with water quality criteria and sediment quality guidelines, respectively, can provide insight into potential biological effects. Laboratory bioaccumulation studies and residue concentrations in resident or caged biota also yield information on potential biological impacts. The usefulness of these measurements may increase as data are developed relating in-situ concentrations, tissue residue levels, and biological responses. Exposure of test organisms in situ or to field-collected sediment and pore water are additional procedures that can be used to assess the biological effects of contaminants. A battery of tests using multi-species and/or various life stages with different sensitivities to contaminants may offer a more conservative assessment of toxicity than single species testing. Using a ?weight of evidence? approach, the Sediment Quality Trial produces a robust evaluation of habitat quality and includes a measure of contaminant concentrations in the sediment, an assessment of sediment/pore-water toxicity to laboratory animals, and an evaluation of in situ biological assemblages. Field and laboratory procedures are available that can be used to ascertain habitat quality, identify contaminants causing environmental degradation and delineate aquatic systems requiring mitigation of protective efforts. These studies provide the scientific data that are integral to developing an environmental risk assessment of contaminants from watercraft use in shallow water systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Impacts of Motorized Watercraft on Shallow Estuarine and Coastal Marine Environments.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"See URL for ordering location.","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., 2002, Toxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystems: application to watercraft contaminants in shallow water environments, chap. of Impacts of Motorized Watercraft on Shallow Estuarine and Coastal Marine Environments., p. 179-191.","productDescription":"202","startPage":"179","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"202","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627f03","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kemmish, Michael J.","contributorId":111600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemmish","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507708,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211184,"text":"5211184 - 2002 - Field surveys: Estimating absolute densities of tigers using capture-recapture sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5211184","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Field surveys: Estimating absolute densities of tigers using capture-recapture sampling","docAbstract":"Contents: -- Introduction -- Choice of camera trap equipment -- Conducting camera trap surveys -- Analysis of capture-recapture data -- References","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring tigers and their prey: A manual for wildlife researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical Asia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Centre for Wildlife Studies","publisherLocation":"Bangalore, India","collaboration":"OCLC: 50263727 ISBN 81-901442-1-9. Center for Wildlife Studies, 26-2 Aga Abbas Ali Road, (Apt: 403), Bangalore, Karnataka-560 042, India. E-mail: wcsind@bgl.vsnl.net.in","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K.U., Kumar, S., and Nichols, J., 2002, Field surveys: Estimating absolute densities of tigers using capture-recapture sampling, chap. of Monitoring tigers and their prey: A manual for wildlife researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical Asia, p. 139-152.","productDescription":"xv, 193","startPage":"139","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f52dc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Karanth, K.Ullas","contributorId":112954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.Ullas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507705,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":507704,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K. U.","contributorId":23645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":17714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211209,"text":"5211209 - 2002 - Integrated management of waterbirds: Beyond the conventional","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5211209","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Integrated management of waterbirds: Beyond the conventional","docAbstract":"Integrated waterbird management over the past few decades has implicitly referred to methods for managing wetlands that usually attempt to enhance habitat for taxonomic groups such as shorebirds and wading birds, in addition to waterfowl, the traditional focus group. Here I describe five elements of integration in management: taxonomic, spatial, temporal, population and habitat, and multiple-use management objectives. Spatial integration simply expands the scale of management concern. Rather than emphasizing management on a very limited number of impoundments or wetlands in small refuges or wildlife management areas, the vision is beginning to shift to connectivity within larger landscapes on the order of many square kilometers as telemetry data on daily and seasonal movements for many species become available. Temporal integration refers to the potential for either simultaneous management for waterbirds and commercial 'crops' (e.g., crayfish and rice) or for temporally-staggered management such as row crop production in spring-summer growing seasons and waterbird management on fallow fields in the non-growing (winter) season. Integrating population dynamics with habitats has become a major research focus over the past decade. Identifying which wetlands are ?sources? or ?sinks? for specific populations provides managers with critical information about effective management. Further, the applications of spatially explicit population models place heavy demands on researchers to identify use patterns for breeding and dispersing individuals by age, sex, and reproductive class. Population viability analysis models require much the same information. Finally, multiple-use management integration refers to trying to optimize the uses of wetlands, when only one (perhaps secondary) use may include waterbird management. Depending upon the ownership and primary land use of a particular parcel of land containing wetlands and/or water bodies, managing for waterbirds may be an ?easy sell? (e.g., public natural resource lands) or a very contentious one, where wetlands are created for industrial, aquaculture or urban uses. In the latter case, careful planning and implementation require broad stakeholder participation and education.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Managing wetlands for waterbirds: Integrated approaches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":" PDF on file: 5982_Erwin.pdf","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 2002, Integrated management of waterbirds: Beyond the conventional, chap. of Managing wetlands for waterbirds: Integrated approaches, p. 5-12.","productDescription":"127","startPage":"5","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"127","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d659","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Parsons, Katharine C.","contributorId":113691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507788,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Stephen C.","contributorId":38457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507784,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael 0000-0003-2108-9502","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-9502","contributorId":57125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507785,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Czech, Helen A.","contributorId":111905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czech","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507787,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coulson, John C.","contributorId":111815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507786,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211252,"text":"5211252 - 2002 - Field testing of immunocontraception on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5211252","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"60","title":"Field testing of immunocontraception on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA","docAbstract":"Application of contraception for the control of suburban populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has been much debated, but few data are available on field applications and even fewer on population effects. Between 1993 and 1997, 74-164 individually known female deer living on Fire Island, New York, USA, were treated remotely with an initial shot of 65 microg porcine zona pellucida (PZP) in Freund's complete adjuvant followed by booster injections of 65 microg PZP in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Starting in 1996, progressively increasing numbers of deer were treated with vaccinating/marking darts. Estimates of population density and composition, using distance sampling methods, began in 1995 in selected portions of the study area. Between 1993 and 1997, fawning rates among individually known, treated adult females decreased by 78.9% from pretreatment rates. Population density in the most heavily treated area increased by 11% per year from 1995 to March 1998 and then decreased at 23% per year to October 2000. In 1999-2000 surveys, fawns comprised 13-14% of the total population in the most heavily treated area, versus 16-33% in nearby untreated areas. These results show that PZP can be delivered effectively to sufficient deer to affect population density and composition in some environments, but that technical and logistical improvements are needed before contraception can be used widely to manage suburban deer populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fertility Control in Wildlife: Fifth International Symposium on Fertility Control in Wildlife, Skukuza, The Kruger National Park, South Africa, August 2001","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Reproduction and Fertility","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, UK","collaboration":"OCLC: 50778934 ; ISBN: 0-906545-40-4 ; ISSN: 1477-0415 ","usgsCitation":"Naugle, R., Rutberg, A., Underwood, H., Turner, J., and Liu, I., 2002, Field testing of immunocontraception on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA, chap. of Fertility Control in Wildlife: Fifth International Symposium on Fertility Control in Wildlife, Skukuza, The Kruger National Park, South Africa, August 2001, p. 143-153.","productDescription":"209","startPage":"143","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"209","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f556c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kirkpatrick, J.F.","contributorId":112570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkpatrick","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507877,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasley, B.L.","contributorId":113009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasley","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507878,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, W.R.","contributorId":111669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507875,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doberska, C.","contributorId":112524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doberska","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507876,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Naugle, R.E.","contributorId":55563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naugle","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rutberg, A.T.","contributorId":20874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutberg","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":77639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, I.K.","contributorId":108232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"I.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211173,"text":"5211173 - 2002 - Contrasting determinants of abundance in ancestral and colonized ranges of an invasive brood parasite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211173","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contrasting determinants of abundance in ancestral and colonized ranges of an invasive brood parasite","docAbstract":"Avian species distributions are typically regarded as constrained by spatially extensive variables such as climate, habitat, spatial patchiness, and microhabitat attributes. We hypothesized that the distribution of a brood parasite depends as strongly on host distribution patterns as on biophysical factors and examined this hypothesis with respect to the national distribution of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). We applied a classification and regression (CART) analysis to data from the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and the Christmas Bird Count (CBC) and derived hierarchically organized statistical models of the influence of climate and weather, cropping and land use, and host abundance and distribution on the distribution of the Brown-headed Cowbird within the conterminous United States. The model accounted for 47.2% of the variation in cowbird incidence, and host abundance was the top predictor with an R2 of 18.9%. The other predictors identified by the model (crops 15.7%, weather and climate 14.3%, and region 9.6%) fit the ecological profile of this cowbird. We showed that host abundance was independent of these environmental predictors of cowbird distribution. At the regional scale host abundance played a very strong role in determining cowbird abundance in the cowbird?s colonized range east and west of their ancestral range in the Great Plains (26.6%). Crops were not a major predictor for cowbirds in their ancestral range, although they are the most important predictive factor (33%) for the grassland passerines that are the cowbird?s ancestral hosts. Consequently our findings suggest that the distribution of hosts does indeed take precedence over habitat attributes in shaping the cowbird?s distribution at a national scale, within an envelope of constraint set by biophysical factors.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting Species Occurrences : Issues of Accuracy and Scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC: 48501074 PDF on file: 5878_Hahn.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hahn, D., and O’Connor, R., 2002, Contrasting determinants of abundance in ancestral and colonized ranges of an invasive brood parasite, chap. of Predicting Species Occurrences : Issues of Accuracy and Scale, p. 219-228.","productDescription":"xvii, 868","startPage":"219","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db6919fe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507670,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Michael L.","contributorId":111417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haufler, Jonathan B.","contributorId":112340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haufler","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507673,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wall, William A.","contributorId":113497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507674,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hahn, D.C. 0000-0002-5242-2059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2059","contributorId":46447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, R.J.","contributorId":37861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211174,"text":"5211174 - 2002 - Statistical mapping of count survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:30","indexId":"5211174","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Statistical mapping of count survey data","docAbstract":"We apply a Poisson mixed model to the problem of mapping (or predicting) bird relative abundance from counts collected from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). The model expresses the logarithm of the Poisson mean as a sum of a fixed term (which may depend on habitat variables) and a random effect which accounts for remaining unexplained variation. The random effect is assumed to be spatially correlated, thus providing a more general model than the traditional Poisson regression approach. Consequently, the model is capable of improved prediction when data are autocorrelated. Moreover, formulation of the mapping problem in terms of a statistical model facilitates a wide variety of inference problems which are cumbersome or even impossible using standard methods of mapping. For example, assessment of prediction uncertainty, including the formal comparison of predictions at different locations, or through time, using the model-based prediction variance is straightforward under the Poisson model (not so with many nominally model-free methods). Also, ecologists may generally be interested in quantifying the response of a species to particular habitat covariates or other landscape attributes. Proper accounting for the uncertainty in these estimated effects is crucially dependent on specification of a meaningful statistical model. Finally, the model may be used to aid in sampling design, by modifying the existing sampling plan in a manner which minimizes some variance-based criterion. Model fitting under this model is carried out using a simulation technique known as Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Application of the model is illustrated using Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) counts from Pennsylvania BBS routes. We produce both a model-based map depicting relative abundance, and the corresponding map of prediction uncertainty. We briefly address the issue of spatial sampling design under this model. Finally, we close with some discussion of mapping in relation to habitat structure. Although our models were fit in the absence of habitat information, the resulting predictions show a strong inverse relation with a map of forest cover in the state, as expected. Consequently, the results suggest that the correlated random effect in the model is broadly representing ecological variation, and that BBS data may be generally useful for studying bird-habitat relationships, even in the presence of observer errors and other widely recognized deficiencies of the BBS. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting species occurrences : issues of accuracy and scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC: 48501074 PDF on file: 5879_Royle.pdf","usgsCitation":"Royle, J., Link, W., and Sauer, J., 2002, Statistical mapping of count survey data, chap. of Predicting species occurrences : issues of accuracy and scale, p. 625-638.","productDescription":"xvii, 868","startPage":"625","endPage":"638","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4986e4b07f02db5aef41","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507676,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507675,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Michael L.","contributorId":111417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507677,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haufler, Jonathan B.","contributorId":112340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haufler","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507678,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wall, William A.","contributorId":113497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507679,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211150,"text":"5211150 - 2002 - Modelling postfledging survival and age-specific breeding probabilities in species with delayed maturity: A case study of Roseate Terns at Falkner Island, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T16:10:42.999751","indexId":"5211150","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling postfledging survival and age-specific breeding probabilities in species with delayed maturity: A case study of Roseate Terns at Falkner Island, Connecticut","docAbstract":"We modeled postfledging survival and age-specific breeding probabilities in endangered Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA using capture-recapture data from 1988-1998 of birds ringed as chicks and as adults. While no individuals bred as 2-yr-olds during this period, about three-quarters of the young that survived and returned as 3-yr-olds nested, and virtually all surviving birds had begun breeding by the time they reached 5 years of age. We found no evidence of temporal variation in age of first breeding of birds from different cohorts. There was significant temporal variation in the annual survival of adults and the survival over the typical 3-yr maturation period of prebreeding birds, with extremely low values for both groups from the 1991 breeding season. The estimated overwinter survival rate (0.62) for adults from 1991-1992 was about three-quarters the usual rate of about 0.83, but the low survival of fledglings from 1991 resulted in less than 25% of the otherwise expected number of young from that cohort returning as breeding birds; this suggests that fledglings suffered a greater proportional decrease in survival than did adults. The survival estimates of young from 1989 and 1990 show that these cohorts were not negatively influenced by the events that decimated the young from 1991, and the young from 1992 and 1993 had above-average survival estimates. The apparent decrease since 1996 in development of fidelity of new recruits to this site is suspected due mainly to nocturnal disturbance and predation of chicks causing low productivity.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108764","usgsCitation":"Spendelow, J.A., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Lebreton, J., and Pradel, R., 2002, Modelling postfledging survival and age-specific breeding probabilities in species with delayed maturity: A case study of Roseate Terns at Falkner Island, Connecticut: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 385-405, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108764.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Falkner Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65531301498413,\n 41.21052697828058\n ],\n [\n -72.6528239250183,\n 41.21052697828058\n ],\n [\n -72.6528239250183,\n 41.21402980164528\n ],\n [\n -72.65531301498413,\n 41.21402980164528\n ],\n [\n -72.65531301498413,\n 41.21052697828058\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613efa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spendelow, Jeffrey A. 0000-0001-8167-0898 jspendelow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":4355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jspendelow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lebreton, Jean-Dominique","contributorId":172792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lebreton","given":"Jean-Dominique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pradel, Roger","contributorId":176008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pradel","given":"Roger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210151,"text":"70210151 - 2002 - Seismic velocity structure of the continental lithosphere from controlled source data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T13:23:14.090875","indexId":"70210151","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-02T08:19:10","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5944,"text":"International Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic velocity structure of the continental lithosphere from controlled source data","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of the seismic velocity structure of the continental lithosphere, i.e., the crust and uppermost mantle. We define the crust as the outer layer of the Earth that is separated from the underlying mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho). We adopted the usual convention of defining the seismic Moho as the level in the Earth where the seismic compressional-wave (P-wave) velocity increases rapidly or gradually to a value greater than or equal to 7.6 km sec−1 (Steinhart, 1967), defined in the data by the so-called “Pn” phase (P-normal). Here we use the term uppermost mantle to refer to the 50–200+ km thick lithospheric mantle that forms the root of the continents and that is attached to the crust (i.e., moves with the continental plates).

This summary has been preceded by 90 y of intense scientific activity. Mohorovičić (1910) was the first to publish an estimate for crustal thickness (54 km near Zagreb, Croatia), and to describe the seismically defined boundary between the crust and mantle that now bears his name (often shortened to “the Moho”). The fact that the oceanic crust is significantly thinner than continental crust (5 km versus about 40 km) was documented 40 y later (e.g., Hersey et al., 1952). Numerous later studies demonstrated that the continental crust varies in thickness from about 15 km to greater than 70 km beneath the Tibet plateau. Jarchow and Thompson (1989) provide a useful summary of early crustal studies, and Table 1 provides additional references. We emphasize results from active-source seismic refraction profiles that provide detailed P-wave velocity information. The shear-wave (S-wave) structure of the crust and uppermost mantle, as determined by surface waves, is discussed, for example, by Ekström et al. (1997) and Ritzwoller et al. (1998).

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80261-3","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., Prodehl, C., and Pavlenkova, N., 2002, Seismic velocity structure of the continental lithosphere from controlled source data: International Geophysics, v. 81, no. A, p. 887-910, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80261-3.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"910","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prodehl, Claus","contributorId":224738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prodehl","given":"Claus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pavlenkova, Nina","contributorId":224739,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pavlenkova","given":"Nina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209171,"text":"70209171 - 2002 - Challenges in observational seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-20T09:34:06","indexId":"70209171","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-20T09:32:01","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5944,"text":"International Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges in observational seismology","docAbstract":"

Earthquake seismology became a quantitative scientific discipline after instruments were developed to record seismic waves in the late 19th century (Dewey and Byerly, 1969; Chapter 1 by Agnew). Earthquake seismology is essentially based on field observations. The great progress made in the past several decades was primarily due to increasingly plentiful and high-quality data that are readily distributed. Our ability to collect, process, and analyze earthquake data has been accelerated by advances in electronics, communications, computers, and software (see Chapter 85 edited by Snoke and Garcia-Fernandez).

Instrumental observation of earthquakes has been carried out for a little over 100 years by seismic stations and networks of various sizes, from local to global scales (see Chapter 87 edited by Lahr and van Eck). The observed data have been used, for example, (1) to compute the source parameters of earthquakes, (2) to determine the physical properties of the Earth's interior, (3) to test the theory of plate tectonics, (4) to map active faults, (5) to infer the nature of damaging ground shaking, and (6) to carry out seismic hazard analysis. Construction of a satisfactory theory of the earthquake process has not yet been achieved within the context of physical laws. Good progress, however, has been made in building a physical foundation of the earthquake source process, partly as a result of research directed toward earthquake prediction.

This chapter is intended for a general audience. Technical details are not given, but relevant references and chapters in this Handbook are referred to. The first part of this chapter presents a brief overview of the observational aspects of earthquake seismology, concentrating on instrumental observations of seismic waves generated by earthquakes (i.e., seismic monitoring), and readers are referred to Chapter 49 by Musson and Cecic for noninstrumental observations. A few key developments and practices are summarized by taking a general view, since many national and regional developments have been chronicled in national and institutional reports (see Chapter 79 edited by Kisslinger). In the latter part of this chapter, the nature of seismic monitoring and some challenges in observational seismology are discussed from a personal perspective. Comments of a technical or philosophical nature are given in the Notes at the end of the chapter, and they are referenced by superscript numbers in the text.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80220-0","usgsCitation":"Lee, W., 2002, Challenges in observational seismology: International Geophysics, v. 81, no. A, p. 269-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80220-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"281","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":78992,"text":"wdrID012 - 2002 - Water resources data, Idaho, water year 2001, Volume 2. Upper Columbia River Basin and Snake River Basin below King Hill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T18:55:17.376545","indexId":"wdrID012","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ID-01-2","title":"Water resources data, Idaho, water year 2001, Volume 2. Upper Columbia River Basin and Snake River Basin below King Hill","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrID012","usgsCitation":"O’Dell, I.O., Lehmann, A., Campbell, A., Beattie, S., and Brennan, T., 2002, Water resources data, Idaho, water year 2001, Volume 2. 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Mountain Creek Lake is a reservoir adjacent to the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant and the former Naval Air Station in Dallas, Texas. The U.S. Geological Survey began studies of water, sediment, and biota in the reservoir in 1994 after a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Facility Investigation detected concentrations of organic chemicals on both facilities. Additional reservoir bottom sediment samples were collected during December 1999–January 2000 at the request of the Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command to further define the occurrence and distribution of selected constituents and to supplement available data. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory analyzed bottom-sediment samples from 16 box cores and 5 gravity cores for major and trace elements, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, grain size, and cesium-137.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., 2002, Chemical data for bottom sediment in Mountain Creek Lake, Dallas, Texas, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-53, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0253.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7049,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341864,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02053/pdf/ofr02-053.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Creek Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -96.93,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -96.93,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 32.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3e9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}