Thick late Miocene nonmarine evaporite (mainly halite and gypsum) and related lacustrine limestone deposits compose the upper basin fill in half grabens within the Lake Mead region of the Basin and Range Province directly west of the Colorado Plateau in southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. Regional relations and geochronologic data indicate that these deposits are late synextensional to postextensional (ca. 12–5 Ma), with major extension bracketed between ca. 16 and 9 Ma and the abrupt western margin of the Colorado Plateau established by ca. 9 Ma. Significant accommodation space in the half grabens allowed for deposition of late Miocene lacustrine and evaporite sediments. Concurrently, waning extension promoted integration of initially isolated basins, progressive enlargement of drainage nets, and development of broad, low gradient plains and shallow water bodies with extensive clastic, carbonate, and/or evaporite sedimentation. The continued subsidence of basins under restricted conditions also allowed for the preservation of particularly thick, localized evaporite sequences prior to development of the through-going Colorado River.
The spatial and temporal patterns of deposition indicate increasing amounts of freshwater input during the late Miocene (ca. 12–6 Ma) immediately preceding arrival of the Colorado River between ca. 5.6 and 4.9 Ma. In axial basins along and proximal to the present course of the Colorado River, evaporite deposition (mainly gypsum) transitioned to lacustrine limestone progressively from east to west, beginning ca. 12–11 Ma in the Grand Wash Trough in the east and shortly after ca. 5.6 Ma in the western Lake Mead region. In several satellite basins to both the north and south of the axial basins, evaporite deposition was more extensive, with thick halite (>200 m to 2.5 km thick) accumulating in the Hualapai, Overton Arm, and northern Detrital basins. Gravity and magnetic lows suggest that thick halite may also lie within the northern Grand Wash, Mesquite, southern Detrital, and northeastern Las Vegas basins. New tephrochronologic data indicate that the upper part of the halite in the Hualapai basin is ca. 5.6 Ma, with rates of deposition of ∼190–450 m/m.y., assuming that deposition ceased approximately coincidental with the arrival of the Colorado River. A 2.5-km-thick halite sequence in the Hualapai basin may have accumulated in ∼5–7 m.y. or ca. 12–5 Ma, which coincides with lacustrine limestone deposition near the present course of the Colorado River in the region.
The distribution and similar age of the limestone and evaporite deposits in the region suggest a system of late Miocene axial lakes and extensive continental playas and salt pans. The playas and salt pans were probably fed by both groundwater discharge and evaporation from shallow lakes, as evidenced by sedimentary textures. The elevated terrain of the Colorado Plateau was likely a major source of water that fed the lakes and playas. The physical relationships in the Lake Mead region suggest that thick nonmarine evaporites are more likely to be late synextensional and accumulate in basins with relatively large catchments proximal to developing river systems or broad elevated terranes. Other basins adjacent to the lower Colorado River downstream of Lake Mead, such as the Dutch Flat, Blythe-McCoy, and Yuma basins, may also contain thick halite deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01143.1","usgsCitation":"Faulds, J., Schreiber, C., Langenheim, V., Hinz, N., Shaw, T., Heizler, M.T., Perkins, M.E., El Tabakh, M., and Kunk, M.J., 2016, Paleogeographic implications of Late Miocene lacustrine and nonmarine evaporite deposits in the Lake Mead region: Immediate precursors to the Colorado River: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 3, p. 721-767, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01143.1.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"767","ipdsId":"IP-060602","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01143.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Lake Mead region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.5,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 37.05\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 37.05\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 35.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b7eba1e4b01ccd5500bad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulds, James E.","contributorId":184258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faulds","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreiber, Charlotte","contributorId":184259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreiber","given":"Charlotte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":151042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinz, Nicholas H.","contributorId":184260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinz","given":"Nicholas H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shaw, Tom","contributorId":184257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaw","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heizler, Matthew T.","contributorId":184261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heizler","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Perkins, Michael E","contributorId":184262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"El Tabakh, Mohammed","contributorId":184263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"El Tabakh","given":"Mohammed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70182755,"text":"70182755 - 2016 - Elevated bladder cancer in northern New England: The role of drinking water and arsenic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:33:17","indexId":"70182755","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5036,"text":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated bladder cancer in northern New England: The role of drinking water and arsenic","docAbstract":"Background: Bladder cancer mortality rates have been elevated in northern New England for at least five decades. Incidence rates in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont are about 20% higher than the United States overall. We explored reasons for this excess, focusing on arsenic in drinking water from private wells, which are particularly prevalent in the region.
Methods: In a population-based case-control study in these three states, 1213 bladder cancer case patients and 1418 control subjects provided information on suspected risk factors. Log transformed arsenic concentrations were estimated by linear regression based on measurements in water samples from current and past homes. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results: Bladder cancer risk increased with increasing water intake ( Ptrend = .003). This trend was statistically significant among participants with a history of private well use ( Ptrend = .01). Among private well users, this trend was apparent if well water was derived exclusively from shallow dug wells (which are vulnerable to contamination from manmade sources, Ptrend = .002) but not if well water was supplied only by deeper drilled wells ( Ptrend = .48). If dug wells were used pre-1960, when arsenical pesticides were widely used in the region, heavier water consumers (>2.2 L/day) had double the risk of light users (<1.1 L/day, Ptrend = .01). Among all participants, cumulative arsenic exposure from all water sources, lagged 40 years, yielded a positive risk gradient ( Ptrend = .004); among the highest-exposed participants (97.5th percentile), risk was twice that of the lowest-exposure quartile (odds ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.29 to 3.89).
Conclusions: Our findings support an association between low-to-moderate levels of arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer risk in New England. In addition, historical consumption of water from private wells, particularly dug wells in an era when arsenical pesticides were widely used, was associated with increased bladder cancer risk and may have contributed to the New England excess.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jnci/djw099","usgsCitation":"Baris, D., Wadell, R., Freeman, L., Schwenn, M., Colt, J., Ayotte, J.D., Ward, M., Nuckols, J., Schned, A., Jackson, B., Clerkin, C., Rothman, N., Moore, L., Taylor, A., Robinson, G., Hosain, M.G., Armenti, C., McCoy, R., Samanic, C., Hoover, R., Fraumeni, J., Johnson, A., Karagas, M., and Silverman, D., 2016, Elevated bladder cancer in northern New England: The role of drinking water and arsenic: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, v. 108, no. 9, 9 p.; djw099, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw099.","productDescription":"9 p.; djw099","ipdsId":"IP-064069","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw099","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","volume":"108","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a3fe4b01ccd54ff3f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baris, Dalsu","contributorId":184111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baris","given":"Dalsu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wadell, Richard","contributorId":184112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wadell","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, Laura","contributorId":184113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwenn, Molly","contributorId":184114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwenn","given":"Molly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colt, Joanne","contributorId":184115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colt","given":"Joanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. 0000-0002-1892-2738 jayotte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1892-2738","contributorId":149619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ward, Mary","contributorId":184116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nuckols, John","contributorId":184117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nuckols","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schned, Alan","contributorId":184118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schned","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jackson, Brian","contributorId":184119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Clerkin, Castine","contributorId":184120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clerkin","given":"Castine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rothman, Nathanial","contributorId":184121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rothman","given":"Nathanial","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Moore, Lee","contributorId":184122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Taylor, Anne","contributorId":184123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin","contributorId":184124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Hosain, Monawar G.","contributorId":184125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hosain","given":"Monawar","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Armenti, Carla","contributorId":184126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Armenti","given":"Carla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"McCoy, Richard","contributorId":184127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCoy","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Samanic, Claudine","contributorId":184128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Samanic","given":"Claudine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Hoover, Robert","contributorId":184129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoover","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Fraumeni, Joseph","contributorId":184130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraumeni","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Johnson, Alison","contributorId":184131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Karagas, Margaret","contributorId":184132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karagas","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Silverman, Debra","contributorId":184133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silverman","given":"Debra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}} ,{"id":70175125,"text":"sim3362 - 2016 - Geologic map of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T11:12:20","indexId":"sim3362","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-16T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3362","title":"Geologic map of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping was begun after a range fire swept the area of what is now the Great Sand Dunes National Park in April 2000. The park spans an area of 437 square kilometers (or about 169 square miles), of which 98 percent is blanketed by sediment of Quaternary age, the Holocene and Pleistocene Epochs; hence, this geologic map of the Great Sand Dunes National Park is essentially a surficial geologic map. These surficial deposits are diverse and include sediment of eolian (windblown), alluvial (stream and sheetwash), palustrine (wetlands and marshes), lacustrine (lake), and mass-wasting (landslides) origin. Sediment of middle and late Holocene age, from about 8,000 years ago to the present, covers about 80 percent of the park.
Fluctuations in groundwater level during Holocene time caused wetlands on the nearby lowland that bounds the park on the west to alternately expand and contract. These fluctuations controlled the stability or instability of eolian sand deposits on the downwind (eastern) side of the lowland. When groundwater level rose, playas became lakes, and wet or marshy areas formed in many places. When the water table rose, spring-fed streams filled their channels and valley floors with sediment. Conversely, when groundwater level fell, spring-fed streams incised their valley floors, and lakes, ponds, and marshes dried up and became sources of windblown sand.
Discharge in streams draining the west flank of the Sangre de Cristo Range is controlled primarily by snowmelt and flow is perennial until it reaches the mountain front, beyond which streams begin losing water at a high rate as the water soaks into the creek beds. Even streams originating in the larger drainage basins, such as Sand and Medano Creeks, generally do not extend much more than 4 km (about 2.5 miles) beyond where they exit the mountains.
The Great Sand Dunes contain the tallest dunes (maximum height about 750 feet, or 230 m) in North America. These dunes cover an area of 72 square kilometers (28 square miles) and contain an estimated 10–13 billion cubic meters (2.4 to 3.1 cubic miles) of sand. The dunes accumulated in an embayment that formed where the trend of the Sangre de Cristo Range changes from southeasterly to southwesterly. They owe their exceptional height to a combination of factors including range-front geometry, topography, an abundant sand supply from the nearby basin, a complex wind regime, and the Sangre de Cristo Range, which prevents continued eastward migration of dune sand deposited by the prevailing southwesterly and westerly winds. Although the sand on the surface of the Great Sand Dunes is of late Holocene age, most of this massive sand body is a complex of deposits that accumulated episodically for more than 130,000 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3362","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F, VanSistine, D. Paco, and Romig, J.H., 2016, Geologic map of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado (ver. 1.1, August 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3362, 58 p., scale 1:35,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3362.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: viii, 57 p.; Sheet: 62.0 x 52.0 inches; Supplemental Map; Metadata; Read Me; Spatial Data: Geodatabase, Shapefiles","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-063960","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329723,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_readme.txt","text":"Read Me","size":"5.85 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3362 Read Me"},{"id":335673,"rank":9,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"4.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3362 Edit History"},{"id":329725,"rank":8,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_gsd_shapefiles.zip","text":"Shapefiles","size":"1.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3362 Shapefiles"},{"id":329721,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_map_supplemental.pdf","text":"Supplemental Map","size":"38.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3362 Supplemental Map"},{"id":329720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"21.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3362 Pamphlet"},{"id":329722,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_metadata.zip","text":"Metadata","size":"13.4 kB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3362 Metadata"},{"id":329724,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_gsd_geol.gdb.zip","text":"Geodatabase","size":"452 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3362 Geodatabase"},{"id":329718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":329719,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3362/sim3362_poster.pdf","text":"Geologic Map","size":"22.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3362 Map"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Great Sand Dunes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.61637878417969,\n 37.87647939392142\n ],\n [\n -105.62667846679688,\n 37.88027325525864\n ],\n [\n -105.63560485839842,\n 37.88189913601145\n ],\n [\n -105.64590454101562,\n 37.88406692118164\n ],\n [\n -105.65208435058592,\n 37.89219554724437\n ],\n [\n -105.64590454101562,\n 37.900865092570065\n ],\n [\n -105.64933776855469,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -105.64933776855469,\n 37.91495092582022\n ],\n [\n -105.64041137695312,\n 37.9192844858339\n ],\n [\n -105.64384460449217,\n 37.9241594356582\n ],\n [\n -105.65071105957031,\n 37.92524271395636\n ],\n [\n -105.65895080566406,\n 37.920367835943516\n ],\n [\n -105.66581726074219,\n 37.9192844858339\n ],\n [\n -105.6671905517578,\n 37.91549263478459\n ],\n [\n -105.67474365234374,\n 37.91007536562636\n ],\n [\n -105.68984985351562,\n 37.90845010709064\n ],\n [\n -105.73036193847655,\n 37.91765943074889\n ],\n [\n -105.72761535644531,\n 37.694144372230845\n ],\n [\n -105.70976257324219,\n 37.69251435532741\n ],\n [\n -105.70770263671875,\n 37.66208079655377\n ],\n [\n -105.59234619140625,\n 37.6631679243197\n ],\n [\n -105.57655334472656,\n 37.66588567407962\n ],\n [\n -105.56625366210936,\n 37.67349484401166\n ],\n [\n -105.55526733398438,\n 37.6816466602918\n ],\n [\n -105.54771423339844,\n 37.68979758086211\n ],\n [\n -105.53878784179688,\n 37.70012079430599\n ],\n [\n -105.52162170410156,\n 37.70772645289049\n ],\n [\n -105.50994873046875,\n 37.70609673460725\n ],\n [\n -105.50308227539061,\n 37.7109857819458\n ],\n [\n -105.49484252929688,\n 37.719133477410494\n ],\n [\n -105.49484252929688,\n 37.72945260537779\n ],\n [\n -105.48660278320312,\n 37.73977029560411\n ],\n [\n -105.48110961914062,\n 37.75280111220671\n ],\n [\n -105.4804229736328,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -105.4852294921875,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -105.48454284667969,\n 37.82442958216432\n ],\n [\n -105.54908752441406,\n 37.8222600426766\n ],\n [\n -105.5511474609375,\n 37.837445479729666\n ],\n [\n -105.545654296875,\n 37.847748103485365\n ],\n [\n -105.55870056152342,\n 37.849916893514916\n ],\n [\n -105.56900024414062,\n 37.84937470198794\n ],\n [\n -105.58067321777344,\n 37.852627791344894\n ],\n [\n -105.59097290039062,\n 37.853712122567565\n ],\n [\n -105.59989929199219,\n 37.86347038587407\n ],\n [\n -105.6060791015625,\n 37.86618078529668\n ],\n [\n -105.61088562011719,\n 37.86780697709982\n ],\n [\n -105.61637878417969,\n 37.87647939392142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: August 2018","contact":"Center Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system constitutes one of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 15 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 17 percent. Organic constituents were not detected at high concentrations in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163078","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Valley and Ridge and Piedmont and Blue Ridge carbonate-rock aquifers constitute two of the important areas being evaluated. One or more inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in about 15 percent of the study area and at moderate concentrations in about 17 percent. Organic constituents were not detected at high concentrations in the study area. One or more organic constituents with human-health benchmarks were detected at moderate concentrations in about 2 percent of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163079","collaboration":"National Water Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Wind energy generation holds the potential to adversely affect wildlife populations. Species-wide effects are difficult to study and few, if any, studies examine effects of wind energy generation on any species across its entire range. One species that may be affected by wind energy generation is the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), which is found in the eastern and midwestern United States. In addition to mortality from wind energy generation, the species also faces range-wide threats from the emerging infectious fungal disease, white-nose syndrome (WNS). White-nose syndrome, caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, disturbs hibernating bats leading to high levels of mortality. We used a spatially explicit full-annual-cycle model to investigate how wind turbine mortality and WNS may singly and then together affect population dynamics of this species. In the simulation, wind turbine mortality impacted the metapopulation dynamics of the species by causing extirpation of some of the smaller winter colonies. In general, effects of wind turbines were localized and focused on specific spatial subpopulations. Conversely, WNS had a depressive effect on the species across its range. Wind turbine mortality interacted with WNS and together these stressors had a larger impact than would be expected from either alone, principally because these stressors together act to reduce species abundance across the spectrum of population sizes. Our findings illustrate the importance of not only prioritizing the protection of large winter colonies as is currently done, but also of protecting metapopulation dynamics and migratory connectivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"PeerJ","doi":"10.7717/peerj.2830","usgsCitation":"Erickson, R.A., Thogmartin, W.E., Diffendorfer, J., Russell, R.E., and Szymanski, J.A., 2016, Effects of wind energy generation and white-nose syndrome on the viability of the Indiana bat: PeerJ, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2830.","productDescription":"e2830; 19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","ipdsId":"IP-066589","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470274,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2830","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F75M63TN","text":"Indiana Bat Project data"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.6640625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -70.400390625,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -76.904296875,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -79.16748046874999,\n 43.46886761482925\n ],\n [\n -78.9697265625,\n 42.8115217450979\n ],\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 42.147114459220994\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -83.16650390625,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 42.4234565179383\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -83.38623046875,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -86.24267578125,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n -86.7041015625,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -86.33056640625,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -86.33056640625,\n 42.4234565179383\n ],\n [\n -86.7041015625,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -87.16552734375,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 43.723474896114794\n ],\n [\n -96.61376953125,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -95.97656249999999,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -98.67919921875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 33.52307880890422\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n -87.12158203125,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -87.0556640625,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -74.00390625,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -70.6640625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d3ee4b01dfadfff1531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, Richard A. 0000-0003-4649-482X rerickson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-482X","contributorId":5455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Richard","email":"rerickson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diffendorfer, James E. 0000-0003-1093-6948 jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-6948","contributorId":3208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffendorfer","given":"James E.","email":"jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Russell, Robin E. 0000-0001-8726-7303 rerussell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-7303","contributorId":3998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Robin","email":"rerussell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Szymanski, Jennifer A.","contributorId":51593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szymanski","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193153,"text":"70193153 - 2016 - Impacts of short-rotation early-growing season prescribed fire on a ground nesting bird in the central hardwoods region of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:31:47","indexId":"70193153","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of short-rotation early-growing season prescribed fire on a ground nesting bird in the central hardwoods region of North America","docAbstract":"Landscape-scale short-rotation early-growing season prescribed fire, hereafter prescribed fire, in upland hardwood forests represents a recent shift in management strategies across eastern upland forests. Not only does this strategy depart from dormant season to growing season prescriptions, but the strategy also moves from stand-scale to landscape-scale implementation (>1,000 ha). This being so, agencies are making considerable commitments in terms of time and resources to this management strategy, but the effects on wildlife in upland forests, especially those dominated by hardwood canopy species, are relatively unknown. We initiated our study to assess whether this management strategy affects eastern wild turkey reproductive ecology on the Ozark-St. Francis National Forest. We marked 67 wild turkey hens with Global Positioning System (GPS) Platform Transmitting Terminals in 2012 and 2013 to document exposure to prescribed fire, and estimate daily nest survival, nest success, and nest-site selection. We estimated these reproductive parameters in forest units managed with prescribed fire (treated) and units absent of prescribed fire (untreated). Of 60 initial nest attempts monitored, none were destroyed or exposed to prescribed fire because a majority of fires occurred early than a majority of the nesting activity. We found nest success was greater in untreated units than treated units (36.4% versus 14.6%). We did not find any habitat characteristic differences between successful and unsuccessful nest-sites. We found that nest-site selection criteria differed between treated and untreated units. Visual concealment and woody ground cover were common selection criteria in both treated and untreated units. However, in treated units wild turkey selected nest-sites with fewer small shrubs (<5 cm ground diameter) and large trees (>20 cm DBH) but not in untreated units. In untreated units wild turkey selected nest-sites with more large shrubs (≥5cm ground diameter) but did not select for small shrubs or large trees. Our findings suggest that wild turkey have not benefited from the reintroduction of prescribed fire to the WRERA.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0147317","usgsCitation":"Pittman, H.T., and Krementz, D.G., 2016, Impacts of short-rotation early-growing season prescribed fire on a ground nesting bird in the central hardwoods region of North America: PLoS ONE, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147317.","productDescription":" e0147317; 14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","ipdsId":"IP-059168","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147317","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"White Rock Ecosystem Restoration Area","volume":"11","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fc65e4b06e28e9c23e10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pittman, H. Tyler","contributorId":200530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pittman","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Tyler","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krementz, David G. 0000-0002-5661-4541 dkrementz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-4541","contributorId":2827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"David","email":"dkrementz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197253,"text":"70197253 - 2016 - Reconnaissance stratigraphy of the Red Glacier Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Hungryman Creek, Cook Inlet basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T10:28:40","indexId":"70197253","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5388,"text":"Preliminary Interpretive Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1-3","title":"Reconnaissance stratigraphy of the Red Glacier Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Hungryman Creek, Cook Inlet basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geochemical data suggest the source of oil in upper Cook Inlet fields is Middle Jurassic organic-rich shales in the Tuxedni Group (Magoon and Anders, 1992; Lillis and Stanley, 2011; LePain and others, 2012, 2013). Of the six formations in the group (Detterman, 1963), the basal Red Glacier Formation is the only unit that includes fine-grained rocks in outcrop that appear to be organic-rich (fig. 3-1). In an effort to better understand the stratigraphy and source-rock potential of the Red Glacier Formation, the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, in collaboration with the Alaska Division of Oil and Gas and the U.S. Geological Survey, has been investigating the unit in outcrop between Tuxedni Bay and the type section at Lateral and Red glaciers (Stanley and others, 2013; LePain and Stanley, 2015; Helmold and others, 2016 [this volume]). Fieldwork in 2015 focused on a southeast-trending ridge south of Hungryman Creek, where the lower 60–70 percent of the formation (400–500 m) is exposed and accessible, except for the near-vertical faces of three segments near the southeast end of the ridge (figs. 3-2 and 3-3). Three stratigraphic sections were measured along the ridge to document facies and depositional environments (figs. 3-3 and 3-4). Steep terrain precluded study of the upper part of the formation exposed east of the ridge. This report includes a preliminary summary of findings from the 2015 field season.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum-related geologic studies in lower Cook Inlet during 2015, Iniskin-Tuxedni region, south-central Alask","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys ","doi":"10.14509/29536","usgsCitation":"LePain, D., Stanley, R.G., and Helmold, K., 2016, Reconnaissance stratigraphy of the Red Glacier Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Hungryman Creek, Cook Inlet basin, Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report 2016-1-3, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.14509/29536.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"31","ipdsId":"IP-070340","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14509/29536","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 60.17977000114811\n ],\n [\n -148.919677734375,\n 60.17977000114811\n ],\n [\n -148.919677734375,\n 62.32920841458002\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 62.32920841458002\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 60.17977000114811\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b155f36e4b092d9651e1bf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LePain, D. L.","contributorId":104803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LePain","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helmold, K. P.","contributorId":67796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmold","given":"K. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193304,"text":"70193304 - 2016 - A special issue devoted to proterozoic iron oxide-apatite (±REE) and iron oxide copper-gold and affiliated deposits of Southeast Missouri, USA, and the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories, Canada: Preface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-28T12:43:14","indexId":"70193304","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A special issue devoted to proterozoic iron oxide-apatite (±REE) and iron oxide copper-gold and affiliated deposits of Southeast Missouri, USA, and the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories, Canada: Preface","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.111.8.1803","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Corriveau, L., and Hitzman, M., 2016, A special issue devoted to proterozoic iron oxide-apatite (±REE) and iron oxide copper-gold and affiliated deposits of Southeast Missouri, USA, and the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories, Canada: Preface: Economic Geology, v. 111, no. 8, p. 1803-1814, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.8.1803.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1803","endPage":"1814","ipdsId":"IP-079115","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Missouri, Northwest Territories","volume":"111","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fc65e4b06e28e9c23e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corriveau, L.","contributorId":199311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corriveau","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitzman, M.W.","contributorId":199312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hitzman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182766,"text":"70182766 - 2016 - Regional geologic and petrologic framework for iron oxide ± apatite ± rare earth element and iron oxide copper-gold deposits of the Mesoproterozoic St. Francois Mountains terrane, southeast Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T15:58:49","indexId":"70182766","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional geologic and petrologic framework for iron oxide ± apatite ± rare earth element and iron oxide copper-gold deposits of the Mesoproterozoic St. Francois Mountains terrane, southeast Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"This paper provides an overview on the genesis of Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks and associated iron oxide ± apatite (IOA) ± rare earth element, iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), and iron-rich sedimentary deposits in the St. Francois Mountains terrane of southeast Missouri, USA. The St. Francois Mountains terrane lies along the southeastern margin of Laurentia as part of the eastern granite-rhyolite province. The province formed during two major pulses of igneous activity: (1) an older early Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.50–1.44 Ga) episode of volcanism and granite plutonism, and (2) a younger middle Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.33–1.30 Ga) episode of bimodal gabbro and granite plutonism. The volcanic rocks are predominantly high-silica rhyolite pyroclastic flows, volcanogenic breccias, and associated volcanogenic sediments with lesser amounts of basaltic to andesitic volcanic and associated subvolcanic intrusive rocks. The iron oxide deposits are all hosted in the early Mesoproterozoic volcanic and volcaniclastic sequences. Previous studies have characterized the St. Francois Mountains terrane as a classic, A-type within-plate granitic terrane. However, our new whole-rock geochemical data indicate that the felsic volcanic rocks are effusive derivatives from multicomponent source types, having compositional similarities to A-type within-plate granites as well as to S- and I-type granites generated in an arc setting. In addition, the volcanic-hosted IOA and IOCG deposits occur within bimodal volcanic sequences, some of which have volcanic arc geochemical affinities, suggesting an extensional tectonic setting during volcanism prior to emplacement of the ore-forming systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.111.8.1825","usgsCitation":"Day, W.C., Slack, J.F., Ayuso, R.A., and Seeger, C.M., 2016, Regional geologic and petrologic framework for iron oxide ± apatite ± rare earth element and iron oxide copper-gold deposits of the Mesoproterozoic St. Francois Mountains terrane, southeast Missouri, USA: Economic Geology, v. 111, no. 8, p. 1825-1858, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.8.1825.","productDescription":"34 p. ","startPage":"1825","endPage":"1858","ipdsId":"IP-067457","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Mesoproterozoic St. Francois Mountains ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.97503662109375,\n 37.66425503616459\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 37.6816466602918\n ],\n [\n -91.4886474609375,\n 37.58594229860422\n ],\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 37.28716518793858\n ],\n [\n -91.571044921875,\n 36.760891249565624\n ],\n [\n -91.37603759765625,\n 36.53832942872818\n ],\n [\n -91.10687255859375,\n 36.58245213849012\n ],\n [\n -90.69488525390625,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -90.3900146484375,\n 36.551568887374\n ],\n [\n -90.076904296875,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -89.8846435546875,\n 36.56039393337068\n ],\n [\n -89.64569091796874,\n 36.53832942872818\n ],\n [\n -89.61273193359375,\n 36.586863023441836\n ],\n [\n -89.53582763671875,\n 36.62654964428433\n ],\n [\n -89.43145751953125,\n 36.57142382346277\n ],\n [\n -89.41497802734375,\n 36.63757008123925\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 36.66621584042748\n ],\n [\n -89.25018310546875,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -89.20623779296875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -89.197998046875,\n 36.83346996591303\n ],\n [\n -89.154052734375,\n 36.92793899776678\n ],\n [\n -89.17327880859375,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -89.2364501953125,\n 36.98280911070616\n ],\n [\n -89.25567626953125,\n 36.96964388918142\n ],\n [\n -89.373779296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -89.41223144531249,\n 37.046408899699564\n ],\n [\n -89.43145751953125,\n 37.092430683283474\n ],\n [\n -89.46990966796875,\n 37.19314268101434\n ],\n [\n -89.50286865234375,\n 37.23470197166817\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 37.26312408340919\n ],\n [\n -89.56878662109375,\n 37.33304051804567\n ],\n [\n -89.461669921875,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -89.46441650390625,\n 37.411618795843026\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 37.49883141715704\n ],\n [\n -89.593505859375,\n 37.65338320128765\n ],\n [\n -90.97503662109375,\n 37.66425503616459\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ba8ebde4b0bcef64f0b93b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seeger, Cheryl M.","contributorId":63848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeger","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187206,"text":"70187206 - 2016 - Establishing links between streamflow and ecological integrity in the Sudbury River (Northeastern U.S.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T09:59:13","indexId":"70187206","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5373,"text":"Cooperator Science Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"122-2016","title":"Establishing links between streamflow and ecological integrity in the Sudbury River (Northeastern U.S.)","docAbstract":"With increased pressure from a growing human population, managers are challenged to understand how novel disturbances (e.g., climate change, increased water withdrawals, urbanization) may affect natural resources. The Sudbury River is a National Wild and Scenic River located in suburban Boston, Massachusetts (Northeastern US) with myriad impairments (e.g., mainstem impoundments, withdrawals, and urbanization) that is under increasing pressure from hydrologic alteration. We sampled fish, mussel, and macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Sudbury River and used species traits to investigate potential effects of past and future flow alteration on biota. Analysis of 33 years of stream gage data indicates continued hydrologic alteration of the Sudbury River, likely related to increased urbanization and water withdrawals over that time. These changes include a roughly 200% increase in rise rates of flows, an approximate 65% decrease in 1-day minimum flows, and a trend towards increasing high flow pulse counts. Biotic sampling in summer of 2014 demonstrated that the Sudbury River is now dominated by generalist species. Of five mussel species sampled, all are generalists in their habitat requirements. Though one mussel species of special concern was sampled, the most abundant species collected were the widespread Eastern elliptio (58%) and Eastern lampmussel (40%). We used the target fish community (TFC) model to assess the degree to which the fish assemblage deviated from that expected for a river with similar zoogeographic and physical features. Overall, the current community has a 22.7% similarity to the TFC. Of the four fluvial specialist species present in the TFC, only fallfish was sampled in our study. While the TFC showed that the historical assemblage was likely dominated by fluvial specialist and fluvial dependent species, the current assemblage is overwhelmingly dominated by macrohabitat generalists (90.6% of fishes sampled). These results are consistent with other studies that show shifts in assemblages from fluvial specialists to habitat generalists with hydrologic alteration. If the current trends continue, it is likely that biotic assemblages will experience increasing pressure from hydrologic alteration. While hydrologic alteration is likely impacting biotic assemblages in the Sudbury River, other factors such as high temperatures, low dissolved oxygen, high nutrients, low availability of high-quality habitat, and poor habitat connectivity may also be negatively impacting biotic assemblages. Comparisons to other rivers and a complete longitudinal habitat survey could help to identify availability of unique habitats and representativeness of this study. While this study suggests impacts of flow on biota, future studies with quantitative, habitat-specific sampling during different flow levels could help to directly identify links between hydrologic alteration and biotic impairment in the Sudbury River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Roy, A.H., Jane, S.F., Hazelton, P.D., Richards, T.A., Finn, J.T., and Randhir, T.O., 2016, Establishing links between streamflow and ecological integrity in the Sudbury River (Northeastern U.S.): Cooperator Science Series 122-2016, vi, 78 p.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p.","ipdsId":"IP-065793","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/document/id/2152/rec/19"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachussetts","otherGeospatial":"Sudbury River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.63497924804688,\n 42.13998671872691\n ],\n [\n -71.17767333984375,\n 42.13998671872691\n ],\n [\n -71.17767333984375,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -71.63497924804688,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -71.63497924804688,\n 42.13998671872691\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1bae4b0c2e071a99b96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, Allison H. 0000-0002-8080-2729 aroy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-2729","contributorId":4240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Allison","email":"aroy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jane, Stephen F.","contributorId":191442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jane","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazelton, Peter D.","contributorId":171765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazelton","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richards, Todd A.","contributorId":52266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, John T.","contributorId":43398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16720,"text":"Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9485, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":693059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Randhir, Timothy O.","contributorId":191443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Randhir","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70181791,"text":"70181791 - 2016 - Lithobates sylvaticus (wood frog)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T11:50:44","indexId":"70181791","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5443,"text":"Collinsorum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithobates sylvaticus (wood frog)","docAbstract":"A single specimen found southwest of Hattiesburg in Timberton (31.270391oN, 89.327675oW; WGS 84). 23 July 2015. Gary, Kat, and Ron Lukens. Verifi ed by Kenneth Krysko, Florida Museum of Natural History (UF-Herpetology 176455).\r\nThis species has never been recorded from the state of Mississippi before (Dodd 2013. Frogs of the United States and Canada – Volume 2. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982 pp.). According to Dodd (2013),\r\nthe closest population is located in east central Alabama, approximately 400 km to the northeast, as documented by Davis and Folkerts (1986. Brimleyana 12:29-50).","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Herpetological Society","usgsCitation":"Fuller, P., 2016, Lithobates sylvaticus (wood frog): Collinsorum, v. 5, no. 4, p. 17-17.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"17","ipdsId":"IP-067478","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335326,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cnah.org/khs/khs_pubs/Collinsorum_5_4.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Forrest County","city":"Timberton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.35129165649414,\n 31.251038543971333\n ],\n [\n -89.3020248413086,\n 31.251038543971333\n ],\n [\n -89.3020248413086,\n 31.285152620835348\n ],\n [\n -89.35129165649414,\n 31.285152620835348\n ],\n [\n -89.35129165649414,\n 31.251038543971333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a4252ee4b0c825128ad3fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Pam 0000-0002-9389-9144 pfuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-9144","contributorId":167676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Pam","email":"pfuller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189528,"text":"70189528 - 2016 - Seismic‐hazard forecast for 2016 including induced and natural earthquakes in the central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-14T13:23:24","indexId":"70189528","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic‐hazard forecast for 2016 including induced and natural earthquakes in the central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced a one‐year (2016) probabilistic seismic‐hazard assessment for the central and eastern United States (CEUS) that includes contributions from both induced and natural earthquakes that are constructed with probabilistic methods using alternative data and inputs. This hazard assessment builds on our 2016 final model (Petersen et al., 2016) by adding sensitivity studies, illustrating hazard in new ways, incorporating new population data, and discussing potential improvements. The model considers short‐term seismic activity rates (primarily 2014–2015) and assumes that the activity rates will remain stationary over short time intervals. The final model considers different ways of categorizing induced and natural earthquakes by incorporating two equally weighted earthquake rate submodels that are composed of alternative earthquake inputs for catalog duration, smoothing parameters, maximum magnitudes, and ground‐motion models. These alternatives represent uncertainties on how we calculate earthquake occurrence and the diversity of opinion within the science community. In this article, we also test sensitivity to the minimum moment magnitude between M 4 and M 4.7 and the choice of applying a declustered catalog with b=1.0 rather than the full catalog with b=1.3. We incorporate two earthquake rate submodels: in the informed submodel we classify earthquakes as induced or natural, and in the adaptive submodel we do not differentiate. The alternative submodel hazard maps both depict high hazard and these are combined in the final model. Results depict several ground‐shaking measures as well as intensity and include maps showing a high‐hazard level (1% probability of exceedance in 1 year or greater). Ground motions reach 0.6g horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) in north‐central Oklahoma and southern Kansas, and about 0.2g PGA in the Raton basin of Colorado and New Mexico, in central Arkansas, and in north‐central Texas near Dallas–Fort Worth. The chance of having levels of ground motions corresponding to modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) VI or greater earthquake shaking is 2%–12% per year in north‐central Oklahoma and southern Kansas and New Madrid similar to the chance of damage at sites in high‐hazard portions of California caused by natural earthquakes. Hazard is also significant in the Raton basin of Colorado/New Mexico; north‐central Arkansas; Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas; and in a few other areas. Hazard probabilities are much lower (by about half or more) for exceeding MMI VII or VIII. Hazard is 3‐ to 10‐fold higher near some areas of active‐induced earthquakes than in the 2014 USGS National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM), which did not consider induced earthquakes. This study in conjunction with the LandScan TM Database (2013) indicates that about 8 million people live in areas of active injection wells that have a greater than 1% chance of experiencing damaging ground shaking (MMI≥VI) in 2016. The final model has high uncertainty, and engineers, regulators, and industry should use these assessments cautiously to make informed decisions on mitigating the potential effects of induced and natural earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220160072","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.D., Mueller, C., Moschetti, M.P., Hoover, S.M., Llenos, A.L., Ellsworth, W.L., Michael, A.J., Rubinstein, J.L., McGarr, A.F., and Rukstales, K.S., 2016, Seismic‐hazard forecast for 2016 including induced and natural earthquakes in the central and eastern United States: Seismological Research Letters, v. 87, no. 6, p. 1327-1341, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160072.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"1327","endPage":"1341","ipdsId":"IP-076730","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 30.789036751261136\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -75.3662109375,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -72.50976562499999,\n 40.3130432088809\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -69.2138671875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -70.400390625,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -69.0380859375,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -67.32421875,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -67.3681640625,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -68.203125,\n 47.30903424774781\n ],\n [\n -69.3896484375,\n 47.21956811231547\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -76.4208984375,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -78.914794921875,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -79.332275390625,\n 42.76314586689492\n ],\n [\n -80.277099609375,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -80.61767578124999,\n 42.48019996901214\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 42.49640294093705\n ],\n [\n -82.210693359375,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 46.9502622421856\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -115.04882812499999,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -100.5908203125,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -99.00878906249999,\n 26.54922257769204\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 25.681137335685307\n ],\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 28.497660832963472\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 29.19053283229458\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5969d82ae4b0d1f9f060a180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Charles 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":140380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoover, Susan M. 0000-0002-8682-6668 shoover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8682-6668","contributorId":5715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"Susan","email":"shoover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Llenos, Andrea L. 0000-0002-4088-6737 allenos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-6737","contributorId":4455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llenos","given":"Andrea","email":"allenos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rubinstein, Justin L. 0000-0003-1274-6785 jrubinstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-6785","contributorId":2404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubinstein","given":"Justin","email":"jrubinstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McGarr, Arthur F. 0000-0001-9769-4093 mcgarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":3178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Arthur","email":"mcgarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rukstales, Kenneth S. 0000-0003-2818-078X rukstales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-078X","contributorId":775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rukstales","given":"Kenneth","email":"rukstales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70211549,"text":"70211549 - 2016 - Thermal mapping of a pahoehoe lava flow, Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-30T15:01:51.901725","indexId":"70211549","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T09:56:32","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal mapping of a pahoehoe lava flow, Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"Pāhoehoe lava flows are a major component of Hawaiian eruptive activity, and an important part of basaltic volcanism worldwide. In recent years, pāhoehoe lava has destroyed homes and threatened parts of Hawai‘i with inundation and disruption. In this study, we use oblique helicopter-borne thermal images to create high spatial resolution (~1 m) georeferenced thermal maps of the active pāhoehoe flow on Kīlauea Volcano’s East Rift Zone. Thermal maps were created on 27 days during 2014–2016 in the course of operational monitoring, encompassing a phase of activity that threatened the town of Pāhoa. Our results illustrate and reinforce how pāhoehoe flows are multicomponent systems consisting of the vent, master tube, distributary tubes and surface breakouts. The thermal maps accurately depict the distribution and character of pāhoehoe breakouts through time, and also delineate the subsurface lava tube. Surface breakouts were distributed widely across the pāhoehoe flow, with significant portions concurrently active well upslope of the flow front, often concentrated in clusters of activity that evolved through time. Gradual changes to surface breakout distribution and migration relate to intrinsic processes in the flow, including the slow evolution of the distributary tube system. Abrupt disruptions to this system, and the creation of new breakouts (and associated hazards), were triggered by extrinsic forcing—namely fluctuations in lava supply rate at the vent which disrupted the master lava tube. Although the total area of a pāhoehoe flow has been suggested to relate to effusion rate, our results show that changes in the proportion of expansion vs. overplating can complicate this relationship. By modifying existing techniques, we estimate time-averaged discharge rates for the flow during 2014–2016 generally in the range of 1–2 m3 s-1 (mean: 1.3±0.4 m3 s-1) – less than half of Kīlauea’s typical eruption rate on the East Rift Zone and suggestive of a weak eruptive regime during 2014–2016. We caution, however, that this discharge rate approach requires further independent corroboration. The thermal maps provide the first synoptic characterization of pāhoehoe flow activity at high spatial resolution, essential both for operational hazard assessment and fundamental understanding of pāhoehoe behavior.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.12.007","usgsCitation":"Patrick, M.R., Orr, T.R., Fisher, G.B., Trusdell, F., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 2016, Thermal mapping of a pahoehoe lava flow, Kilauea Volcano: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 332, p. 71-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.12.007.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"87","ipdsId":"IP-076230","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3102874755859,\n 19.38759093442151\n ],\n [\n -155.2333831787109,\n 19.38759093442151\n ],\n [\n -155.2333831787109,\n 19.444579339485816\n ],\n [\n -155.3102874755859,\n 19.444579339485816\n ],\n [\n -155.3102874755859,\n 19.38759093442151\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"332","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orr, Tim R. 0000-0003-1157-7588 torr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-7588","contributorId":149803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Tim","email":"torr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Gary B. 0000-0001-8777-0216 gtfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8777-0216","contributorId":215627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Gary","email":"gtfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":794593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189632,"text":"70189632 - 2016 - 2016 Eastern Section SSA Annual Meeting Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T08:37:02","indexId":"70189632","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"2016 Eastern Section SSA Annual Meeting Report","docAbstract":"Report on the Eastern Section Seismological Society of America Meeting.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220160205","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Goulet, C.A., and Boyd, O.S., 2016, 2016 Eastern Section SSA Annual Meeting Report: Seismological Research Letters, v. 88, no. 1, p. 224-262, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160205.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"262","ipdsId":"IP-081470","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.973607,37.835817],[-75.971705,37.830928],[-75.977301,37.825821],[-75.982158,37.806226],[-75.987301,37.804917],[-75.9983,37.812626],[-75.999658,37.848198],[-75.992556,37.848889],[-75.988018,37.841085],[-75.973607,37.835817]]],[[[-76.029405,37.953776],[-75.994739,37.953501],[-76.017592,37.935161],[-76.032491,37.915008],[-76.04653,37.953586],[-76.029405,37.953776]]],[[[-75.242266,38.027209],[-75.296871,37.959043],[-75.334296,37.893477],[-75.359036,37.864143],[-75.374642,37.859454],[-75.40054,37.874865],[-75.437868,37.872324],[-75.467951,37.851328],[-75.514921,37.799149],[-75.581333,37.683593],[-75.586136,37.660653],[-75.610808,37.605909],[-75.612237,37.585602],[-75.608123,37.578018],[-75.595716,37.576657],[-75.594044,37.569698],[-75.63337,37.52214],[-75.666178,37.472124],[-75.66179,37.455028],[-75.665957,37.439209],[-75.697914,37.405301],[-75.720739,37.373129],[-75.727335,37.360346],[-75.726691,37.350127],[-75.735829,37.335426],[-75.765401,37.305596],[-75.778817,37.297176],[-75.784634,37.300976],[-75.798448,37.296285],[-75.79083,37.276207],[-75.799343,37.251779],[-75.789929,37.228134],[-75.804446,37.208011],[-75.800755,37.197297],[-75.897298,37.118037],[-75.912308,37.115154],[-75.92552,37.133601],[-75.945872,37.120514],[-75.97043,37.118608],[-75.978083,37.157338],[-76.013071,37.205366],[-76.010535,37.231579],[-76.025753,37.257407],[-76.023664,37.268971],[-76.015507,37.280874],[-76.023475,37.289067],[-76.018645,37.31782],[-76.014251,37.331943],[-75.987122,37.368548],[-75.97997,37.404608],[-75.983105,37.415802],[-75.981624,37.434116],[-75.960877,37.467562],[-75.963326,37.481785],[-75.958966,37.500133],[-75.940318,37.534582],[-75.937665,37.549652],[-75.941182,37.563839],[-75.924756,37.600215],[-75.909586,37.622671],[-75.868481,37.668224],[-75.868355,37.687609],[-75.859262,37.703111],[-75.837685,37.712985],[-75.827922,37.737986],[-75.812155,37.749502],[-75.803041,37.762464],[-75.818125,37.791698],[-75.784599,37.806826],[-75.743097,37.806656],[-75.73588,37.816561],[-75.723224,37.820124],[-75.71659,37.826696],[-75.709114,37.8477],[-75.689837,37.861817],[-75.685293,37.873341],[-75.687584,37.88634],[-75.709626,37.900622],[-75.753048,37.896605],[-75.758796,37.897615],[-75.757694,37.903912],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.704318,37.92901],[-75.693942,37.930362],[-75.669711,37.950796],[-75.655681,37.945435],[-75.647606,37.947027],[-75.648229,37.966775],[-75.638221,37.979397],[-75.629532,37.975966],[-75.633712,37.983057],[-75.624342,37.994208],[-75.242266,38.027209]]],[[[-77.041898,38.741514],[-77.041398,38.724515],[-77.045498,38.714315],[-77.053199,38.709915],[-77.079499,38.709515],[-77.1059,38.696815],[-77.132501,38.673816],[-77.135901,38.649817],[-77.1302,38.635017],[-77.157501,38.636417],[-77.174902,38.624217],[-77.202002,38.617217],[-77.216303,38.637817],[-77.240604,38.638917],[-77.246704,38.635217],[-77.247003,38.590618],[-77.26443,38.582845],[-77.26083,38.56533],[-77.276603,38.54712],[-77.276303,38.53962],[-77.283503,38.525221],[-77.310334,38.493926],[-77.322622,38.467131],[-77.32544,38.44885],[-77.310719,38.397669],[-77.317288,38.383576],[-77.296077,38.369797],[-77.279633,38.339444],[-77.265295,38.333165],[-77.240072,38.331598],[-77.162692,38.345994],[-77.138224,38.367917],[-77.08481,38.368297],[-77.069956,38.377895],[-77.056032,38.3962],[-77.043526,38.400548],[-77.011827,38.374554],[-77.016932,38.341697],[-77.030683,38.311623],[-77.026304,38.302685],[-76.99767,38.278047],[-76.981372,38.274214],[-76.96215,38.256486],[-76.957417,38.236341],[-76.967335,38.227185],[-76.962311,38.214075],[-76.937134,38.202384],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.875272,38.172207],[-76.838795,38.163476],[-76.788445,38.169199],[-76.760241,38.166581],[-76.743064,38.156988],[-76.738938,38.14651],[-76.721722,38.137635],[-76.704048,38.149264],[-76.701297,38.155718],[-76.684892,38.156497],[-76.665127,38.147638],[-76.643448,38.14825],[-76.629476,38.15305],[-76.613939,38.148587],[-76.604131,38.128771],[-76.600937,38.110084],[-76.579497,38.09487],[-76.543155,38.076971],[-76.535919,38.069532],[-76.516547,38.026566],[-76.469343,38.013544],[-76.462542,37.998572],[-76.416299,37.966828],[-76.343848,37.947345],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.236725,37.889174],[-76.251358,37.833072],[-76.275178,37.812664],[-76.282592,37.814109],[-76.284904,37.822308],[-76.293525,37.822717],[-76.307482,37.81235],[-76.310307,37.794849],[-76.306489,37.788646],[-76.312108,37.750522],[-76.304917,37.729913],[-76.312858,37.720338],[-76.300067,37.695364],[-76.302545,37.689],[-76.324808,37.676983],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.332562,37.645817],[-76.292534,37.636098],[-76.279447,37.618225],[-76.28037,37.613715],[-76.309174,37.621892],[-76.36232,37.610368],[-76.381106,37.627003],[-76.390054,37.630326],[-76.399236,37.628636],[-76.472392,37.665772],[-76.489576,37.666201],[-76.497564,37.647056],[-76.510187,37.642324],[-76.536548,37.663574],[-76.537228,37.698892],[-76.560476,37.727827],[-76.584289,37.76889],[-76.602024,37.772731],[-76.651413,37.796239],[-76.680197,37.825654],[-76.701606,37.822677],[-76.72718,37.842263],[-76.747552,37.875864],[-76.765711,37.879274],[-76.784618,37.869569],[-76.766328,37.840437],[-76.723863,37.788503],[-76.689773,37.78519],[-76.683775,37.781391],[-76.683372,37.765507],[-76.677002,37.7561],[-76.61971,37.744795],[-76.61997,37.731271],[-76.597213,37.717269],[-76.597868,37.702918],[-76.579591,37.671508],[-76.583143,37.661986],[-76.574049,37.646781],[-76.542666,37.616857],[-76.527188,37.611315],[-76.435474,37.612807],[-76.420252,37.598686],[-76.410781,37.581815],[-76.383188,37.573056],[-76.357835,37.573699],[-76.300144,37.561734],[-76.29796,37.557636],[-76.302762,37.551295],[-76.330598,37.536391],[-76.348992,37.536548],[-76.360474,37.51924],[-76.352678,37.504913],[-76.32947,37.49492],[-76.306952,37.497488],[-76.297739,37.506863],[-76.297651,37.515424],[-76.293599,37.516499],[-76.281043,37.507821],[-76.265056,37.481365],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.245283,37.386839],[-76.24846,37.375135],[-76.264847,37.357399],[-76.272888,37.335174],[-76.275552,37.309964],[-76.282555,37.319107],[-76.308581,37.329366],[-76.31205,37.338088],[-76.337476,37.364014],[-76.387112,37.385061],[-76.393958,37.39594],[-76.415167,37.402133],[-76.418719,37.3978],[-76.418176,37.385064],[-76.437525,37.37975],[-76.445333,37.36646],[-76.406388,37.332924],[-76.38777,37.30767],[-76.381075,37.28534],[-76.369029,37.279311],[-76.352556,37.278334],[-76.349489,37.273963],[-76.392788,37.264973],[-76.417173,37.26395],[-76.421765,37.255198],[-76.429141,37.25331],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.48284,37.254831],[-76.493302,37.24947],[-76.50364,37.233856],[-76.494008,37.225408],[-76.471799,37.216016],[-76.394132,37.22515],[-76.389793,37.222981],[-76.396052,37.201087],[-76.389284,37.193503],[-76.391252,37.179887],[-76.399659,37.160272],[-76.381379,37.155711],[-76.35969,37.16858],[-76.348658,37.170655],[-76.343234,37.166207],[-76.34405,37.160367],[-76.334017,37.144223],[-76.311088,37.138495],[-76.292344,37.126615],[-76.271262,37.084544],[-76.304272,37.001378],[-76.315008,37.001683],[-76.318065,37.013846],[-76.34011,37.015212],[-76.348066,37.006747],[-76.383367,36.993347],[-76.411768,36.962847],[-76.428869,36.969947],[-76.452118,36.998163],[-76.452461,37.004603],[-76.448231,37.007705],[-76.464471,37.027547],[-76.518242,37.055351],[-76.526273,37.062947],[-76.526203,37.077773],[-76.536875,37.083942],[-76.555066,37.075859],[-76.564219,37.077507],[-76.579499,37.096627],[-76.618252,37.119347],[-76.62478,37.127091],[-76.622252,37.142146],[-76.604476,37.160034],[-76.606684,37.166674],[-76.610972,37.166994],[-76.623292,37.198738],[-76.649869,37.220914],[-76.689166,37.222866],[-76.730951,37.213813],[-76.74,37.195379],[-76.75047,37.190098],[-76.757765,37.191658],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.801023,37.206043],[-76.802511,37.198308],[-76.796905,37.189404],[-76.756899,37.161582],[-76.747632,37.150548],[-76.73032,37.145395],[-76.715295,37.148035],[-76.696735,37.174403],[-76.691918,37.195731],[-76.685614,37.198851],[-76.663774,37.173875],[-76.67147,37.158739],[-76.671588,37.14206],[-76.666542,37.138179],[-76.656894,37.109843],[-76.669822,37.06426],[-76.662558,37.045748],[-76.646013,37.036228],[-76.612124,37.035604],[-76.586491,37.02874],[-76.562923,37.003796],[-76.524853,36.983833],[-76.521006,36.973187],[-76.513363,36.968057],[-76.500355,36.965212],[-76.487559,36.952372],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-76.483369,36.896239],[-76.469914,36.882898],[-76.454692,36.884077],[-76.453941,36.89274],[-76.441605,36.906116],[-76.407507,36.897444],[-76.387567,36.899547],[-76.385867,36.923247],[-76.345569,36.924531],[-76.344663,36.919313],[-76.328864,36.918447],[-76.330765,36.938647],[-76.327365,36.959447],[-76.315867,36.955351],[-76.297663,36.968147],[-76.267962,36.964547],[-76.22166,36.939547],[-76.139557,36.923047],[-76.095508,36.908817],[-76.058154,36.916947],[-76.033454,36.931946],[-76.013753,36.930746],[-75.996252,36.922047],[-75.94955,36.76115],[-75.921748,36.692051],[-75.890946,36.630753],[-75.874145,36.583853],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-76.915897,36.552093],[-76.916048,36.543815],[-77.152691,36.544078],[-77.16966,36.547315],[-77.205156,36.544581],[-78.245462,36.544411],[-78.529722,36.540981],[-80.122183,36.542646],[-80.295243,36.543973],[-80.704831,36.562319],[-80.837089,36.559154],[-81.003802,36.563629],[-81.176712,36.571926],[-81.442228,36.576822],[-81.600934,36.587019],[-81.677535,36.588117],[-81.6469,36.611918],[-81.922644,36.616213],[-81.934144,36.594213],[-83.248933,36.593827],[-83.2763,36.598187],[-83.55681,36.597384],[-83.675413,36.600814],[-83.649513,36.616683],[-83.645213,36.624183],[-83.628913,36.624083],[-83.607913,36.637083],[-83.577312,36.641784],[-83.562612,36.651284],[-83.541812,36.656584],[-83.529612,36.666184],[-83.498011,36.670485],[-83.466483,36.6647],[-83.423707,36.667385],[-83.395806,36.676786],[-83.386099,36.686589],[-83.307103,36.711387],[-83.194597,36.739487],[-83.136395,36.743088],[-83.127833,36.750828],[-83.126719,36.761],[-83.132477,36.764398],[-83.128494,36.775588],[-83.131694,36.781488],[-83.103092,36.806689],[-83.098492,36.814289],[-83.101792,36.829089],[-83.07519,36.840889],[-83.07259,36.854589],[-83.047589,36.851789],[-83.026887,36.855489],[-83.021887,36.849989],[-83.009222,36.847295],[-82.998376,36.85663],[-82.970253,36.857686],[-82.951685,36.866152],[-82.907774,36.874706],[-82.906325,36.87974],[-82.879492,36.889085],[-82.870068,36.901735],[-82.877473,36.90796],[-82.858635,36.927785],[-82.861282,36.944848],[-82.856099,36.952471],[-82.87023,36.965498],[-82.868455,36.976481],[-82.862926,36.979975],[-82.857936,36.978276],[-82.853729,36.985178],[-82.845002,36.983812],[-82.836008,36.988837],[-82.830802,36.993445],[-82.828592,37.005707],[-82.782144,37.008242],[-82.759175,37.027333],[-82.747981,37.025214],[-82.743684,37.041397],[-82.722472,37.045101],[-82.727022,37.073019],[-82.718353,37.075706],[-82.717204,37.079544],[-82.724954,37.091905],[-82.721617,37.101276],[-82.726449,37.114985],[-82.722097,37.120168],[-82.684601,37.135835],[-82.676765,37.134965],[-82.651646,37.151908],[-82.633493,37.154264],[-82.592451,37.182847],[-82.550372,37.204458],[-82.531576,37.209163],[-82.528746,37.213742],[-82.520117,37.212906],[-82.498858,37.227044],[-82.491486,37.225086],[-82.487317,37.230578],[-82.457016,37.238288],[-82.449164,37.243908],[-82.350948,37.267077],[-82.342068,37.274109],[-82.341849,37.280886],[-82.324619,37.28318],[-82.309415,37.300066],[-81.968297,37.537798],[-81.969279,37.534325],[-81.959362,37.53522],[-81.953524,37.528056],[-81.943981,37.5303],[-81.94766,37.52508],[-81.943693,37.521212],[-81.944756,37.513657],[-81.938749,37.512902],[-81.933088,37.518968],[-81.926391,37.514207],[-81.941151,37.509483],[-81.943912,37.502929],[-81.951831,37.50205],[-81.953264,37.491763],[-81.964986,37.493488],[-81.977593,37.484603],[-81.992916,37.482969],[-81.995649,37.469833],[-81.987006,37.454878],[-81.976176,37.457186],[-81.965582,37.446918],[-81.949367,37.445687],[-81.945765,37.440214],[-81.935621,37.438397],[-81.940553,37.429058],[-81.93695,37.41992],[-81.923481,37.411379],[-81.930042,37.405291],[-81.928778,37.393845],[-81.936744,37.38073],[-81.926697,37.364618],[-81.928497,37.360645],[-81.916678,37.349346],[-81.899495,37.341102],[-81.893773,37.330105],[-81.880886,37.331146],[-81.860267,37.315715],[-81.865429,37.31012],[-81.859624,37.304765],[-81.856032,37.306742],[-81.853551,37.287701],[-81.849949,37.285227],[-81.838762,37.286343],[-81.834432,37.285416],[-81.83447,37.281763],[-81.819625,37.279411],[-81.805382,37.285622],[-81.793595,37.284838],[-81.793639,37.282188],[-81.789294,37.284416],[-81.774747,37.274847],[-81.76022,37.275254],[-81.745505,37.26133],[-81.744291,37.244178],[-81.739277,37.238837],[-81.723061,37.240493],[-81.716248,37.234321],[-81.71573,37.228771],[-81.695113,37.21357],[-81.683544,37.211452],[-81.683268,37.205649],[-81.678603,37.202467],[-81.5536,37.208443],[-81.545211,37.220165],[-81.508786,37.232564],[-81.498874,37.258025],[-81.492287,37.25096],[-81.480144,37.251121],[-81.449068,37.269583],[-81.416663,37.273214],[-81.40506,37.298794],[-81.398185,37.302965],[-81.394287,37.316411],[-81.388132,37.319903],[-81.374455,37.318614],[-81.362156,37.337687],[-81.320105,37.299323],[-81.225104,37.234874],[-81.167029,37.262881],[-81.112596,37.278497],[-80.979589,37.302279],[-80.981322,37.293465],[-80.966556,37.292158],[-80.947896,37.295872],[-80.900535,37.315],[-80.868986,37.338573],[-80.849451,37.346909],[-80.883248,37.383933],[-80.862761,37.411829],[-80.865148,37.419927],[-80.859563,37.429558],[-80.846324,37.423394],[-80.837678,37.425658],[-80.808769,37.406271],[-80.806129,37.398074],[-80.784188,37.394587],[-80.770082,37.372363],[-80.705203,37.394618],[-80.645893,37.422147],[-80.63439,37.431227],[-80.622664,37.433307],[-80.552036,37.473563],[-80.511391,37.481672],[-80.492981,37.457749],[-80.49728,37.444779],[-80.494867,37.43507],[-80.475601,37.422949],[-80.371952,37.474069],[-80.36317,37.480001],[-80.366838,37.484879],[-80.309331,37.50288],[-80.299789,37.508271],[-80.282385,37.533517],[-80.291644,37.536505],[-80.309346,37.527381],[-80.330306,37.536244],[-80.312393,37.546239],[-80.328504,37.564315],[-80.258919,37.595499],[-80.240272,37.606961],[-80.220984,37.627767],[-80.267228,37.646011],[-80.279372,37.657077],[-80.296138,37.691783],[-80.253077,37.725899],[-80.252024,37.729825],[-80.262765,37.738336],[-80.257411,37.756084],[-80.251622,37.755866],[-80.246902,37.768309],[-80.230458,37.778305],[-80.217634,37.776775],[-80.215892,37.781989],[-80.227965,37.791714],[-80.227092,37.798886],[-80.218611,37.809783],[-80.206482,37.81597],[-80.199633,37.827507],[-80.179391,37.839751],[-80.183062,37.850646],[-80.176712,37.854029],[-80.162202,37.875122],[-80.148951,37.886892],[-80.141947,37.882616],[-80.12362,37.897943],[-80.117747,37.89772],[-80.118967,37.903614],[-80.102931,37.918911],[-80.096563,37.918112],[-80.074514,37.942221],[-80.04841,37.957481],[-79.999384,37.995842],[-79.995901,38.005791],[-79.973701,38.032556],[-79.954369,38.080397],[-79.92633,38.107151],[-79.938051,38.110759],[-79.944843,38.131585],[-79.933751,38.135508],[-79.925512,38.150237],[-79.918662,38.15479],[-79.914884,38.167524],[-79.917924,38.168399],[-79.916622,38.177994],[-79.921026,38.179954],[-79.91441,38.188418],[-79.898426,38.193045],[-79.888045,38.20736],[-79.850324,38.233329],[-79.846445,38.240003],[-79.835124,38.241892],[-79.830882,38.249687],[-79.817149,38.249511],[-79.811987,38.260401],[-79.806333,38.259193],[-79.790134,38.267654],[-79.789791,38.281167],[-79.795448,38.290228],[-79.802778,38.292073],[-79.810115,38.305037],[-79.808711,38.309429],[-79.79655,38.32348],[-79.77309,38.335529],[-79.764432,38.356514],[-79.740615,38.354101],[-79.725973,38.363229],[-79.72679,38.370832],[-79.730494,38.372217],[-79.72635,38.38707],[-79.706634,38.41573],[-79.689675,38.431439],[-79.691478,38.446282],[-79.688365,38.45687],[-79.698929,38.469869],[-79.693424,38.481011],[-79.697572,38.487223],[-79.692273,38.496474],[-79.682974,38.501317],[-79.680374,38.510617],[-79.670474,38.507717],[-79.663474,38.514117],[-79.662974,38.518717],[-79.672974,38.528717],[-79.666874,38.538317],[-79.669275,38.549516],[-79.665075,38.560916],[-79.659275,38.562416],[-79.659375,38.572616],[-79.649075,38.591515],[-79.53827,38.551817],[-79.521469,38.533918],[-79.476638,38.457228],[-79.312276,38.411876],[-79.288432,38.42096],[-79.282971,38.418095],[-79.279678,38.424173],[-79.282762,38.431647],[-79.267414,38.438322],[-79.254435,38.455949],[-79.242641,38.454168],[-79.240059,38.469841],[-79.225669,38.476471],[-79.219067,38.487441],[-79.210591,38.492913],[-79.206959,38.503522],[-79.210959,38.507422],[-79.205859,38.524521],[-79.176658,38.56552],[-79.170958,38.56812],[-79.170858,38.574119],[-79.158657,38.592319],[-79.159158,38.601219],[-79.151257,38.620618],[-79.131057,38.653217],[-79.122256,38.659817],[-79.106356,38.656217],[-79.092955,38.659517],[-79.084355,38.686516],[-79.090755,38.692515],[-79.092755,38.702315],[-79.072555,38.747513],[-79.057554,38.760213],[-79.055654,38.770913],[-79.051554,38.772613],[-79.054954,38.785713],[-79.046554,38.792113],[-79.029253,38.791013],[-79.023053,38.798613],[-79.024053,38.809212],[-79.019553,38.817912],[-79.006152,38.824512],[-78.998171,38.847353],[-78.993997,38.850102],[-78.869276,38.762991],[-78.786025,38.887187],[-78.759085,38.900529],[-78.738921,38.927283],[-78.718482,38.934267],[-78.71981,38.905907],[-78.717178,38.904296],[-78.704323,38.915231],[-78.69738,38.915602],[-78.670679,38.9338],[-78.646589,38.968138],[-78.638423,38.966819],[-78.625672,38.982575],[-78.620453,38.982601],[-78.618676,38.974082],[-78.611184,38.976134],[-78.601655,38.964603],[-78.570462,39.001552],[-78.550467,39.018065],[-78.571901,39.031995],[-78.540216,39.060631],[-78.522714,39.071062],[-78.495984,39.09898],[-78.478426,39.109843],[-78.475376,39.107469],[-78.459869,39.113351],[-78.439429,39.132146],[-78.427294,39.152726],[-78.403697,39.167451],[-78.426315,39.182762],[-78.428697,39.187217],[-78.424292,39.192156],[-78.438651,39.198049],[-78.405585,39.231176],[-78.404214,39.241214],[-78.399669,39.243874],[-78.418584,39.256065],[-78.414204,39.26391],[-78.367242,39.310148],[-78.364686,39.317312],[-78.35894,39.319484],[-78.346301,39.339108],[-78.347634,39.34272],[-78.339284,39.348605],[-78.34048,39.353492],[-78.366867,39.35929],[-78.343214,39.388807],[-78.350014,39.392861],[-78.349436,39.397252],[-78.359918,39.409028],[-78.346718,39.427618],[-78.353227,39.436792],[-78.346061,39.445613],[-78.345143,39.459484],[-78.349476,39.462205],[-78.347087,39.466012],[-77.828157,39.132329],[-77.822182,39.139985],[-77.821413,39.15241],[-77.805991,39.172421],[-77.793631,39.210125],[-77.771415,39.236776],[-77.767277,39.24938],[-77.770589,39.249393],[-77.770669,39.255262],[-77.762844,39.258445],[-77.747287,39.295001],[-77.730047,39.315666],[-77.719029,39.321125],[-77.692984,39.31845],[-77.677123,39.324077],[-77.650997,39.310784],[-77.615939,39.302722],[-77.592739,39.30129],[-77.566596,39.306121],[-77.561826,39.301913],[-77.560854,39.286152],[-77.540581,39.264947],[-77.486813,39.247586],[-77.45812,39.22614],[-77.459883,39.218682],[-77.47361,39.208407],[-77.477362,39.190495],[-77.505162,39.18205],[-77.516426,39.170891],[-77.527282,39.146236],[-77.524559,39.127821],[-77.519929,39.120925],[-77.4858,39.109303],[-77.458202,39.073723],[-77.38568,39.061987],[-77.340287,39.062991],[-77.293105,39.046508],[-77.274706,39.034091],[-77.248403,39.026909],[-77.244603,39.020109],[-77.255703,39.002409],[-77.249203,38.993709],[-77.249803,38.985909],[-77.234803,38.97631],[-77.232268,38.979502],[-77.221502,38.97131],[-77.197502,38.96681],[-77.183002,38.96881],[-77.148179,38.965002],[-77.1034,38.912911],[-77.0902,38.904211],[-77.067299,38.899211],[-77.058254,38.880069],[-77.049099,38.870712],[-77.046599,38.874912],[-77.039099,38.868112],[-77.031698,38.850512],[-77.032798,38.841712],[-77.044199,38.840212],[-77.044899,38.834712],[-77.039199,38.832212],[-77.035798,38.814913],[-77.041898,38.741514]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Virginia\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"88","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fb6e4b0d1f9f065a892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goulet, Christine A. 0000-0002-7643-357X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-357X","contributorId":194805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goulet","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179205,"text":"pp1827 - 2016 - The Outer Banks of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:24:51","indexId":"pp1827","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-27T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1827","title":"The Outer Banks of North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Outer Banks of North Carolina are excellent examples of the nearly 300 barrier islands rimming the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. These low, sandy islands are among the most dynamic natural landscapes occupied by man. Beach sands move offshore, onshore, and along the shore in the direction of the prevailing longshore currents. In this way, sandy coasts continuously adjust to different tide, wave, and current conditions and to rising sea level that causes the islands to migrate landward.
Despite such changes, barrier islands are of considerable environmental importance. The Outer Banks are home to diverse natural ecosystems that are adapted to the harsh coastal environment. Native species tend to be robust and many are specifically adapted to withstand salt spray, periodic saltwater flooding, and the islands’ well-drained sandy soil. The Outer Banks provide an important stopover for birds on the Atlantic flyway, and many species inhabit the islands year round. In addition, Outer Banks beaches provide an important nesting habitat for five endangered or threatened sea turtle species.
European explorers discovered North Carolina’s barrier islands in the 16th century, although the islands were not permanently settled until the middle 17th century. By the early 19th century, shipbuilding and lumber industries were among the most successful, until forest resources were depleted. Commercial fishing eventually followed, and it expanded considerably after the Civil War. By the Great Depression, however, little industry existed on the Outer Banks. In response to the effects of a severe hurricane in 1933, the National Park Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps proposed a massive sand-fixation program to stabilize the moving sand and prevent storm waves from sweeping across the entire width of some sections of the islands. Between 1933 and 1940, this program constructed sand fencing on 185 kilometers (115 miles) of beach and planted grass seedlings, trees, and shrubs.
In 1937, Congress authorized the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, which was established in 1953. The national seashore preserved one of the world’s best examples of a barrier island environment, and minimized the effect of erosion that was becoming a serious problem. In 1966, Congress authorized the Cape Lookout National Seashore to ensure that Core and Shackleford Banks would not undergo major development and could be preserved in their natural state.
The rate of population growth along the Outer Banks in recent decades has been among the highest in North Carolina. More important, however, has been the growth in vacationers—in 2008, more than a quarter of a million visitors during a typical week. Municipalities now need to provide services to a transient population as much as six times as large as their permanent resident population.
Although human activities have dominated the landscape changes observed on the Outer Banks for the past century or two, these changes must be understood in the context of the prevailing atmospheric, oceanic, and geologic processes that have governed the form and function of these islands for thousands of years. It is these natural processes that imbue the Outer Banks with their unique and dichotomous qualities of tranquility and tumult. In the presence of human occupation, it is these same processes that make the islands one of the highest natural-hazard risk zones along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1827","isbn":"978-1-4113-4097-8","usgsCitation":"Dolan, R., Lins, H.F., and Smith, J.J., 2016, The Outer Banks of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1827, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1827","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 153 p.; Poster: 28 x 40 inches","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023871","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332434,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/pp1827.pdf","text":"Report","size":"53.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1827"},{"id":332435,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/pp1827_poster.pdf","text":"Poster","size":"5.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1827 Poster"},{"id":332433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 36.59347887826919\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 36.53170884914869\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 36.213255233061844\n ],\n [\n -75.4156494140625,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -75.3497314453125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -75.289306640625,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 35.27701633139884\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -75.970458984375,\n 34.8047829195724\n ],\n [\n -76.256103515625,\n 34.56538299699511\n ],\n [\n -76.4593505859375,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 34.511083202999714\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 34.655803905058974\n ],\n [\n -76.6021728515625,\n 34.7506398050501\n ],\n [\n -76.4263916015625,\n 34.84085858477277\n ],\n [\n -76.234130859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -75.7342529296875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -75.6573486328125,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -75.6683349609375,\n 35.737595151747826\n ],\n [\n -75.73974609375,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -75.8551025390625,\n 36.16005298551354\n ],\n [\n -75.98693847656249,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 36.50522086338427\n ],\n [\n -75.95947265625,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -75.82763671875,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 36.59347887826919\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Chief, Office of Surface Water
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 415
Reston, VA 20192
White-nose syndrome is a devastating wildlife disease that has killed millions of hibernating bats. This disease first appeared in New York during 2007 and has continued to spread at an alarming rate from the northeastern to the central United States and throughout eastern Canada. The disease is named for the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which often appears white when it infects the skin of the nose, ears, and wings of hibernating bats. This fact sheet provides updates on white-nose syndrome research and management efforts and highlights US Geological Survey scientists’ contributions to understanding and combating this disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163084","usgsCitation":"Lankau, E.W., and Moede-Rogall, Gail, 2016, White-nose syndrome in North American bats—U.S. Geological Survey updates: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3084, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20163084.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-079035","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3084/fs20163084.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3084 Fact Sheet PDF"},{"id":332549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3084/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55001],[-62.9393,46.41587],[-62.01208,46.44314],[-62.50391,46.03339],[-62.87433,45.96818],[-64.1428,46.39265],[-64.39261,46.72747],[-64.01486,47.03601],[-63.6645,46.55001]]],[[[-61.8063,49.10506],[-62.29318,49.08717],[-63.58926,49.40069],[-64.51912,49.87304],[-64.17322,49.95718],[-62.85829,49.70641],[-61.83559,49.28855],[-61.8063,49.10506]]],[[[-123.51,48.51001],[-124.01289,48.37085],[-125.65501,48.825],[-125.95499,49.18],[-126.85,49.53],[-127.02999,49.815],[-128.05934,49.99496],[-128.44458,50.53914],[-128.35841,50.77065],[-125.75501,50.29502],[-124.92077,49.47527],[-123.92251,49.06248],[-123.51,48.51001]]],[[[-56.13404,50.68701],[-56.79588,49.81231],[-56.14311,50.15012],[-55.47149,49.93582],[-55.8224,49.58713],[-54.93514,49.31301],[-54.47378,49.55669],[-53.47655,49.24914],[-53.78601,48.51678],[-53.08613,48.6878],[-52.6481,47.53555],[-53.06916,46.6555],[-53.52146,46.61829],[-54.17894,46.80707],[-53.96187,47.62521],[-54.24048,47.75228],[-55.40077,46.88499],[-55.99748,46.91972],[-55.29122,47.38956],[-56.2508,47.63255],[-59.26602,47.60335],[-59.41949,47.89945],[-58.79659,48.25153],[-59.23162,48.52319],[-58.3918,49.12558],[-57.35869,50.71827],[-56.73865,51.28744],[-55.87098,51.63209],[-55.40697,51.58827],[-56.13404,50.68701]]],[[[-133.18,54.16998],[-132.71001,54.04001],[-131.74999,54.12],[-132.04948,52.98462],[-131.17904,52.18043],[-131.57783,52.18237],[-132.18043,52.63971],[-132.54999,53.10001],[-133.05461,53.41147],[-133.23966,53.85108],[-133.18,54.16998]]],[[[-79.26582,62.15868],[-79.65752,61.63308],[-80.09956,61.7181],[-80.36215,62.01649],[-79.92939,62.3856],[-79.52002,62.36371],[-79.26582,62.15868]]],[[[-81.89825,62.7108],[-83.06857,62.15922],[-83.77462,62.18231],[-83.99367,62.4528],[-83.25048,62.91409],[-81.87699,62.90458],[-81.89825,62.7108]]],[[[-85.16131,65.65728],[-84.97576,65.21752],[-84.46401,65.37177],[-81.64201,64.45514],[-81.55344,63.97961],[-80.81736,64.05749],[-80.10345,63.72598],[-80.99102,63.41125],[-82.54718,63.65172],[-83.1088,64.10188],[-84.10042,63.56971],[-85.5234,63.05238],[-85.86677,63.63725],[-87.22198,63.54124],[-86.35276,64.03583],[-86.22489,64.82292],[-85.88385,65.73878],[-85.16131,65.65728]]],[[[-75.86588,67.14886],[-76.98687,67.09873],[-77.2364,67.58809],[-76.81166,68.14856],[-75.89521,68.28721],[-75.1145,68.01036],[-75.10333,67.58202],[-75.21597,67.44425],[-75.86588,67.14886]]],[[[-95.64768,69.10769],[-96.26952,68.75704],[-97.6174,69.06003],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.40003],[-98.9174,69.71003],[-98.21826,70.14354],[-96.5574,69.68003],[-95.64768,69.10769]]],[[[-90.5471,69.49766],[-90.55151,68.47499],[-89.21515,69.25873],[-88.01966,68.61508],[-88.31749,67.87338],[-87.35017,67.19872],[-86.30607,67.92146],[-85.57664,68.78456],[-85.52197,69.88211],[-82.62258,69.65826],[-81.28043,69.16202],[-81.2202,68.66567],[-81.96436,68.13253],[-81.25928,67.59716],[-81.38653,67.11078],[-83.34456,66.41154],[-84.73542,66.2573],[-85.76943,66.55833],[-86.0676,66.05625],[-87.03143,65.21297],[-87.32324,64.77563],[-88.48296,64.09897],[-89.91444,64.03273],[-90.70398,63.61017],[-90.77004,62.96021],[-91.93342,62.83508],[-93.15698,62.02469],[-94.24153,60.89865],[-94.62931,60.11021],[-94.6846,58.94882],[-93.21502,58.78212],[-92.29703,57.08709],[-90.89769,57.28468],[-89.03953,56.85172],[-88.03978,56.47162],[-87.32421,55.99914],[-86.07121,55.72383],[-85.01181,55.3026],[-82.27285,55.14832],[-82.4362,54.28227],[-82.12502,53.27703],[-81.40075,52.15788],[-79.91289,51.20842],[-79.14301,51.53393],[-78.60191,52.56208],[-79.12421,54.14145],[-79.82958,54.66772],[-78.22874,55.13645],[-77.0956,55.83741],[-76.54137,56.53423],[-76.62319,57.20263],[-77.30226,58.05209],[-78.51688,58.80458],[-77.33676,59.85261],[-77.77272,60.75788],[-78.10687,62.31964],[-77.41067,62.55053],[-74.6682,62.18111],[-73.83988,62.4438],[-71.67708,61.52535],[-71.37369,61.13717],[-69.59042,61.06141],[-69.62033,60.22125],[-69.2879,58.95736],[-68.37455,58.80106],[-67.64976,58.21206],[-66.20178,58.76731],[-65.24517,59.87071],[-64.58352,60.33558],[-61.39655,56.96745],[-61.79866,56.33945],[-60.46853,55.77548],[-59.56962,55.20407],[-57.97508,54.94549],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.93689,53.78032],[-56.15811,53.64749],[-55.75632,53.27036],[-55.68338,52.14664],[-57.12691,51.41972],[-58.77482,51.0643],[-60.03309,50.24277],[-61.72366,50.08046],[-63.86251,50.29099],[-66.39905,50.22897],[-67.23631,49.51156],[-68.51114,49.06836],[-71.10458,46.82171],[-70.25522,46.98606],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.55243,49.1331],[-65.05626,49.23278],[-64.17099,48.74248],[-65.11545,48.07085],[-64.47219,46.23849],[-63.17329,45.73902],[-61.52072,45.88377],[-60.51815,47.00793],[-60.4486,46.28264],[-59.80287,45.9204],[-61.03988,45.26525],[-63.25471,44.67014],[-64.24656,44.26553],[-65.36406,43.54523],[-66.1234,43.61867],[-66.16173,44.46512],[-64.42549,45.29204],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-125.62461,50.41656],[-127.43561,50.83061],[-127.99276,51.71583],[-127.85032,52.32961],[-129.12979,52.75538],[-129.30523,53.56159],[-130.51497,54.28757],[-130.53610881133997,54.802751030769095],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-139.12052,69.47102],[-137.54636,68.99002],[-136.50358,68.89804],[-135.62576,69.31512],[-134.41464,69.62743],[-132.92925,69.50534],[-131.43136,69.94451],[-129.79471,70.19369],[-129.10773,69.77927],[-128.36156,70.01286],[-128.13817,70.48384],[-127.44712,70.37721],[-125.75632,69.48058],[-124.42483,70.1584],[-124.28968,69.39969],[-123.06108,69.56372],[-122.6835,69.85553],[-121.47226,69.79778],[-119.94288,69.37786],[-117.60268,69.01128],[-116.22643,68.84151],[-115.2469,68.90591],[-113.89794,68.3989],[-115.30489,67.90261],[-113.49727,67.68815],[-110.798,67.80612],[-109.94619,67.98104],[-108.8802,67.38144],[-107.79239,67.88736],[-108.81299,68.31164],[-108.16721,68.65392],[-106.15,68.8],[-105.34282,68.56122],[-104.33791,68.018],[-103.22115,68.09775],[-101.45433,67.64689],[-99.90195,67.80566],[-98.4432,67.78165],[-98.5586,68.40394],[-97.66948,68.57864],[-96.11991,68.23939],[-96.12588,67.29338],[-95.48943,68.0907],[-94.685,68.06383],[-94.23282,69.06903],[-95.30408,69.68571],[-96.47131,70.08976],[-96.39115,71.19482],[-95.2088,71.92053],[-93.88997,71.76015],[-92.87818,71.31869],[-91.51964,70.19129],[-92.40692,69.69997],[-90.5471,69.49766]]],[[[-114.16717,73.12145],[-114.66634,72.65277],[-112.44102,72.9554],[-111.05039,72.4504],[-109.92035,72.96113],[-109.00654,72.63335],[-108.18835,71.65089],[-107.68599,72.06548],[-108.39639,73.08953],[-107.51645,73.23598],[-106.52259,73.07601],[-105.40246,72.67259],[-104.77484,71.6984],[-104.46476,70.99297],[-100.98078,70.02432],[-101.08929,69.58447],[-102.73116,69.50402],[-102.09329,69.11962],[-102.43024,68.75282],[-105.96,69.18],[-107.12254,69.11922],[-109,68.78],[-113.3132,68.53554],[-113.85496,69.00744],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.10794,69.16821],[-117.34,69.96],[-115.13112,70.2373],[-113.72141,70.19237],[-112.4161,70.36638],[-114.35,70.6],[-117.9048,70.54056],[-118.43238,70.9092],[-116.11311,71.30918],[-117.65568,71.2952],[-119.40199,71.55859],[-118.56267,72.30785],[-117.86642,72.70594],[-115.18909,73.31459],[-114.16717,73.12145]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-106.6,73.6],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.10268],[-76.2514,72.82639],[-78.39167,72.87666],[-79.48625,72.7422],[-80.8761,73.33318],[-80.83389,73.69318],[-80.35306,73.75972],[-78.06444,73.65193],[-76.34,73.10268]]],[[[-86.56218,73.15745],[-85.77437,72.53413],[-84.85011,73.34028],[-82.31559,73.75095],[-80.60009,72.71654],[-80.74894,72.06191],[-78.77064,72.35217],[-77.82462,72.74962],[-75.60584,72.24368],[-74.22862,71.76714],[-74.09914,71.33084],[-72.24223,71.55692],[-71.20002,70.92001],[-68.78605,70.52502],[-67.91497,70.12195],[-66.96903,69.18609],[-68.80512,68.7202],[-66.44987,68.06716],[-64.86231,67.84754],[-63.42493,66.92847],[-61.85198,66.86212],[-62.16318,66.16025],[-63.91844,64.99867],[-65.14886,65.42603],[-66.72122,66.38804],[-68.01502,66.26273],[-68.14129,65.68979],[-67.08965,65.10846],[-65.73208,64.64841],[-65.32017,64.38274],[-64.66941,63.39293],[-65.0138,62.67419],[-66.27504,62.9451],[-68.78319,63.74567],[-66.3283,62.28007],[-66.16557,61.9309],[-68.87737,62.33015],[-71.02344,62.91071],[-72.23538,63.39784],[-71.88628,63.67999],[-74.83442,64.67908],[-74.8185,64.38909],[-77.70998,64.22954],[-78.55595,64.57291],[-77.89728,65.30919],[-73.9598,65.45476],[-74.29388,65.81177],[-73.94491,66.31058],[-72.65117,67.28458],[-72.92606,67.72693],[-73.31162,68.06944],[-74.84331,68.55463],[-76.8691,68.89474],[-76.22865,69.14777],[-77.28737,69.76954],[-78.16863,69.82649],[-78.95724,70.16688],[-79.49246,69.87181],[-81.30547,69.74319],[-84.94471,69.96663],[-88.68171,70.41074],[-89.51342,70.76204],[-88.46772,71.21819],[-89.88815,71.22255],[-90.20516,72.23507],[-89.43658,73.12946],[-88.40824,73.53789],[-85.82615,73.80382],[-86.56218,73.15745]]],[[[-100.35642,73.84389],[-99.16387,73.63339],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.05359,72.99052],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.35966,71.27285],[-99.32286,71.35639],[-100.01482,71.73827],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.43836,72.70588],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.35642,73.84389]]],[[[-93.1963,72.77199],[-94.26905,72.0246],[-95.40986,72.06188],[-96.03375,72.94028],[-96.01827,73.43743],[-95.49579,73.86242],[-94.50366,74.13491],[-92.42001,74.10003],[-90.50979,73.85673],[-92.00397,72.96624],[-93.1963,72.77199]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.09219,70.90164],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.92895,71.86869],[-124.80729,73.02256],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.91775,74.29275],[-121.53788,74.44893],[-120.10978,74.24135],[-117.55564,74.18577],[-115.51081,73.47519],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.61276,74.98],[-94.15691,74.59235],[-95.60868,74.66686],[-96.82093,74.92762],[-96.28859,75.37783],[-94.85082,75.64722],[-93.97775,75.29649],[-93.61276,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.73558,76.25656],[-97.70441,75.74344],[-98.16,75],[-99.80874,74.89744],[-100.88366,75.05736],[-100.86292,75.64075],[-102.50209,75.5638],[-102.56552,76.3366],[-101.48973,76.30537],[-99.98349,76.64634],[-98.57699,76.58859],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.21141,76.20168],[-107.81943,75.84552],[-106.92893,76.01282],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.70498,75.47951],[-106.31347,75.00527],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.22307,74.41696],[-113.74381,74.39427],[-113.87135,74.72029],[-111.79421,75.1625],[-116.31221,75.04343],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.34602,76.19903],[-115.40487,76.47887],[-112.59056,76.14134],[-110.81422,75.54919],[-109.0671,75.47321],[-110.49726,76.42982],[-109.5811,76.79417],[-108.54859,76.67832],[-108.21141,76.20168]]],[[[-94.68409,77.09788],[-93.57392,76.7763],[-91.60502,76.77852],[-90.74185,76.4496],[-90.96966,76.07401],[-89.18708,75.61017],[-86.37919,75.48242],[-84.78963,75.6992],[-82.75344,75.78432],[-81.12853,75.71398],[-80.05751,75.33685],[-79.83393,74.92313],[-80.45777,74.6573],[-81.94884,74.44246],[-83.22889,74.56403],[-88.15035,74.39231],[-89.76472,74.51556],[-92.42244,74.83776],[-92.76829,75.38682],[-92.88991,75.88266],[-93.89382,76.31924],[-95.96246,76.44138],[-97.12138,76.75108],[-96.74512,77.16139],[-94.68409,77.09788]]],[[[-116.19859,77.64529],[-116.33581,76.87696],[-117.10605,76.53003],[-118.04041,76.48117],[-119.89932,76.05321],[-121.5,75.90002],[-122.85492,76.11654],[-121.15754,76.86451],[-119.10394,77.51222],[-117.57013,77.49832],[-116.19859,77.64529]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.16965,77.55511],[-96.4363,77.83463],[-94.42258,77.82],[-93.72066,77.63433],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.18694,77.69701],[-112.05119,77.40923],[-113.53428,77.73221],[-112.72459,78.05105],[-111.26444,78.15296],[-109.85445,77.99632],[-110.18694,77.69701]]],[[[-109.66315,78.60197],[-110.88131,78.40692],[-112.54209,78.4079],[-112.52589,78.55055],[-111.50001,78.84999],[-109.66315,78.60197]]],[[[-95.83029,78.05694],[-97.30984,77.8506],[-98.12429,78.08286],[-98.55287,78.45811],[-98.63198,78.87193],[-96.7544,78.76581],[-95.55928,78.41831],[-95.83029,78.05694]]],[[[-100.06019,78.32475],[-99.67094,77.90754],[-101.30394,78.01898],[-102.94981,78.34323],[-105.17613,78.38033],[-104.21043,78.67742],[-105.41958,78.91834],[-105.49229,79.30159],[-103.52928,79.16535],[-100.82516,78.80046],[-100.06019,78.32475]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.81435,79.3369],[-87.18756,79.0393],[-89.03535,78.28723],[-90.80436,78.21533],[-92.87669,78.34333],[-93.95116,78.75099],[-93.93574,79.11373],[-93.14524,79.3801],[-94.974,79.37248],[-96.07614,79.70502],[-96.70972,80.15777],[-95.32345,80.90729],[-94.29843,80.97727],[-94.73542,81.20646],[-92.40984,81.25739],[-91.13289,80.72345],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.10632],[-63.68,82.9],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.89388,82.36165],[-64.334,81.92775],[-66.75342,81.72527],[-67.65755,81.50141],[-65.48031,81.50657],[-67.84,80.9],[-69.4697,80.61683],[-71.18,79.8],[-73.2428,79.63415],[-73.88,79.43016],[-76.90773,79.32309],[-75.52924,79.19766],[-76.22046,79.01907],[-75.39345,78.52581],[-76.34354,78.18296],[-77.88851,77.89991],[-78.36269,77.50859],[-79.75951,77.20968],[-79.61965,76.98336],[-77.91089,77.02205],[-77.88911,76.77796],[-80.56125,76.17812],[-83.17439,76.45403],[-86.11184,76.29901],[-89.49068,76.47239],[-89.6161,76.95213],[-87.76739,77.17833],[-88.26,77.9],[-87.65,77.97022],[-84.97634,77.53873],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.96192,78.37181],[-87.15198,78.75867],[-85.37868,78.9969],[-85.09495,79.34543],[-86.50734,79.73624],[-86.93179,80.25145],[-84.19844,80.20836],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.84823,80.46442],[-84.1,80.58],[-87.59895,80.51627],[-89.36663,80.85569],[-90.2,81.26],[-91.36786,81.5531],[-91.58702,81.89429],[-86.97024,82.27961],[-85.5,82.65227],[-84.26,82.6],[-83.18,82.32],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.30664,83.13056],[-76.25,83.17206],[-75.71878,83.06404],[-72.83153,83.23324],[-68.5,83.10632]]],[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Canada\"}}]}","contact":"USGS National Wildlife Health Center
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
(608) 270-2400
http://www.usgs.gov/nwhc
Recovery of large carnivores remains a challenge because complex spatial dynamics that facilitate population persistence are poorly understood. In particular, recovery of the critically endangered red wolf (Canis rufus) has been challenging because of its vulnerability to extinction via human-caused mortality and hybridization with coyotes (Canis latrans). Therefore, understanding red wolf space use and habitat selection is important to assist recovery because key aspects of wolf ecology such as interspecific competition, foraging, and habitat selection are well-known to influence population dynamics and persistence. During 2009–2011, we used global positioning system (GPS) radio-telemetry to quantify space use and 3rd-order habitat selection for resident and transient red wolves on the Albemarle Peninsula of eastern North Carolina. The Albemarle Peninsula was a predominantly agricultural landscape in which red wolves maintained spatially stable home ranges that varied between 25 km2 and 190 km2. Conversely, transient red wolves did not maintain home ranges and traversed areas between 122 km2 and 681 km2. Space use by transient red wolves was not spatially stable and exhibited shifting patterns until residency was achieved by individual wolves. Habitat selection was similar between resident and transient red wolves in which agricultural habitats were selected over forested habitats. However, transients showed stronger selection for edges and roads than resident red wolves. Behaviors of transient wolves are rarely reported in studies of space use and habitat selection because of technological limitations to observed extensive space use and because they do not contribute reproductively to populations. Transients in our study comprised displaced red wolves and younger dispersers that competed for limited space and mating opportunities. Therefore, our results suggest that transiency is likely an important life-history strategy for red wolves that facilitates metapopulation dynamics through short- and long-distance movements and eventual replacement of breeding residents lost to mortality.
The passage of Hurricane Matthew across the central and eastern regions of North Carolina and South Carolina during October 7–9, 2016, resulted in heavy rainfall that caused major flooding in parts of the eastern Piedmont in North Carolina and coastal regions of both States. Rainfall totals of 3 to 8 inches and 8 to more than 15 inches were widespread throughout the central and eastern regions, respectively. U.S. Geological Survey streamgages recorded peaks of record at 26 locations, including 11 sites with long-term periods of 30 or more years of record. A total of 44 additional locations had peak streamflows that ranked in the top 5 for the period of record. Additionally, among 23 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages within the affected basins in North Carolina where stage-only data are collected, new peak stages were recorded at 5 locations during the flooding. U.S. Geological Survey personnel made 102 streamflow measurements at 60 locations in both States to verify, update, or extend existing rating curves (which are used to determine stage-discharge relations) during the October 2016 flood event.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161205","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.C., Feaster, T.D., and Robbins, J.C., 2016, Preliminary peak stage and streamflow data at selected streamgaging stations in North Carolina and South Carolina for flooding following Hurricane Matthew, October 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1205, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161205.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-081734","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332170,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1205/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1205/ofr20161205.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1205"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.718015,35.209377],[-75.684006,35.232913],[-75.664512,35.227514],[-75.630358,35.238487],[-75.599005,35.256253],[-75.596915,35.269491],[-75.581935,35.263917],[-75.535741,35.272856],[-75.529393,35.288272],[-75.487678,35.485056],[-75.487528,35.525889],[-75.47861,35.553069],[-75.48133,35.622896],[-75.487678,35.648287],[-75.507385,35.680564],[-75.515397,35.73038],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.522232,35.774178],[-75.496086,35.728515],[-75.458659,35.596597],[-75.471355,35.479615],[-75.486771,35.391652],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-75.533627,35.225825],[-75.560225,35.232048],[-75.610101,35.227514],[-75.769705,35.180359],[-75.944725,35.105091],[-76.013145,35.061855],[-76.013561,35.068832],[-75.99188,35.092395],[-75.989175,35.115165],[-75.98395,35.120042],[-75.9547,35.1196],[-75.893942,35.150433],[-75.801444,35.183079],[-75.785729,35.194244],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-75.675245,35.929024],[-75.65954,35.919564],[-75.662019,35.906522],[-75.64512,35.905788],[-75.62767,35.883149],[-75.616833,35.856331],[-75.619772,35.847606],[-75.614361,35.815659],[-75.620454,35.809253],[-75.63898,35.818639],[-75.667891,35.82354],[-75.675054,35.830204],[-75.660086,35.83861],[-75.663356,35.869835],[-75.697672,35.901639],[-75.702165,35.915428],[-75.723782,35.925569],[-75.727251,35.93362],[-75.718266,35.939714],[-75.705323,35.939403],[-75.675245,35.929024]]],[[[-76.12236,36.550621],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.818735,36.357579],[-75.773329,36.231529],[-75.71831,36.113674],[-75.658537,36.02043],[-75.569794,35.863301],[-75.533012,35.787377],[-75.536428,35.780118],[-75.543259,35.779691],[-75.573083,35.828867],[-75.619151,35.889415],[-75.620114,35.925288],[-75.648899,35.965758],[-75.668379,35.978394],[-75.678909,35.993925],[-75.723662,36.003139],[-75.727084,36.01051],[-75.722609,36.037362],[-75.737088,36.040784],[-75.74051,36.046839],[-75.73972,36.07527],[-75.75572,36.153922],[-75.783676,36.215949],[-75.811588,36.244014],[-75.808165,36.259545],[-75.814483,36.285344],[-75.837913,36.294558],[-75.845284,36.305614],[-75.841335,36.328517],[-75.831595,36.346418],[-75.836201,36.363135],[-75.85147,36.379456],[-75.85147,36.415785],[-75.864106,36.430527],[-75.888325,36.441583],[-75.899908,36.482124],[-75.913071,36.486336],[-75.927333,36.482815],[-75.935473,36.490601],[-75.972545,36.494671],[-76.003708,36.506235],[-76.019261,36.503506],[-76.029221,36.494365],[-76.031949,36.482496],[-76.012337,36.447462],[-75.98005,36.435464],[-75.962285,36.41724],[-75.940676,36.41885],[-75.928369,36.428588],[-75.923601,36.425788],[-75.916409,36.38901],[-75.923331,36.361863],[-75.895285,36.319615],[-75.882154,36.284674],[-75.86052,36.280607],[-75.867356,36.252483],[-75.864154,36.235522],[-75.838367,36.200129],[-75.839924,36.17711],[-75.823915,36.158332],[-75.822531,36.145957],[-75.800378,36.112728],[-75.791637,36.082267],[-75.793974,36.07171],[-75.836084,36.092616],[-75.867792,36.127262],[-75.863914,36.159226],[-75.882987,36.186807],[-75.910658,36.212157],[-75.922344,36.244122],[-75.94984,36.25787],[-75.96462,36.254433],[-75.945372,36.222468],[-75.956027,36.198065],[-75.936436,36.18088],[-75.904999,36.164188],[-75.939047,36.165518],[-76.016984,36.186367],[-76.029086,36.202036],[-76.043838,36.210126],[-76.054308,36.229162],[-76.08148,36.237935],[-76.132005,36.287773],[-76.184702,36.298166],[-76.188717,36.281242],[-76.171378,36.265806],[-76.149486,36.263902],[-76.115851,36.214219],[-76.080106,36.19944],[-76.05992,36.15514],[-76.064224,36.143775],[-76.178946,36.123424],[-76.206873,36.137521],[-76.254064,36.18419],[-76.273316,36.189062],[-76.27699,36.184952],[-76.247401,36.161823],[-76.228527,36.130647],[-76.191715,36.107197],[-76.216599,36.095409],[-76.265037,36.104886],[-76.329921,36.133396],[-76.373571,36.138208],[-76.3935,36.163251],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.456061,36.183577],[-76.375892,36.12042],[-76.346418,36.121023],[-76.334965,36.110903],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.303998,36.092776],[-76.323478,36.084879],[-76.355069,36.086458],[-76.410878,36.078034],[-76.420881,36.06066],[-76.451418,36.039073],[-76.459316,36.024331],[-76.491959,36.018013],[-76.514335,36.00564],[-76.547505,36.009852],[-76.580674,36.00722],[-76.60384,36.033018],[-76.615423,36.037757],[-76.653332,36.035124],[-76.676484,36.043612],[-76.721445,36.147838],[-76.719401,36.199441],[-76.675462,36.266882],[-76.693253,36.278357],[-76.744436,36.212725],[-76.7521,36.147328],[-76.722996,36.066585],[-76.679657,35.991951],[-76.70019,35.964573],[-76.697558,35.951937],[-76.667547,35.933509],[-76.528551,35.944039],[-76.473795,35.960888],[-76.460632,35.970365],[-76.398242,35.984317],[-76.38192,35.971681],[-76.381394,35.96273],[-76.362966,35.942197],[-76.317687,35.946935],[-76.272408,35.972734],[-76.176585,35.993267],[-76.062071,35.993004],[-76.024162,35.970891],[-76.014685,35.960361],[-76.01995,35.934036],[-76.014353,35.920746],[-76.063203,35.853433],[-76.050485,35.806689],[-76.046813,35.717935],[-76.036393,35.690344],[-76.046361,35.659067],[-76.04015,35.65131],[-76.029863,35.649443],[-76.013808,35.669103],[-75.9869,35.768194],[-75.987148,35.836967],[-75.97783,35.897181],[-75.962562,35.901393],[-75.94782,35.920347],[-75.927286,35.93193],[-75.92676,35.940354],[-75.947293,35.959835],[-75.899382,35.977209],[-75.879374,35.978789],[-75.84989,35.976156],[-75.80935,35.959308],[-75.800926,35.944566],[-75.782498,35.935615],[-75.778813,35.918241],[-75.751961,35.878227],[-75.748276,35.852428],[-75.734587,35.839266],[-75.727216,35.822703],[-75.739357,35.770994],[-75.724743,35.742892],[-75.71294,35.69849],[-75.741605,35.672073],[-75.742167,35.655212],[-75.729802,35.625985],[-75.778138,35.592262],[-75.775328,35.579335],[-75.837154,35.570904],[-75.859636,35.586641],[-75.895045,35.573152],[-75.916403,35.538305],[-75.950126,35.530998],[-75.964178,35.511326],[-75.963053,35.493903],[-75.987222,35.484348],[-75.995652,35.475355],[-75.997901,35.453435],[-76.009704,35.442194],[-76.01139,35.423084],[-76.020945,35.410719],[-76.050171,35.415778],[-76.059726,35.410157],[-76.063661,35.405099],[-76.059726,35.383741],[-76.069281,35.370813],[-76.132793,35.349455],[-76.14291,35.338776],[-76.14291,35.32866],[-76.149655,35.326411],[-76.182254,35.336528],[-76.20586,35.336528],[-76.235087,35.350017],[-76.253072,35.350017],[-76.265437,35.343273],[-76.304781,35.355638],[-76.327263,35.356762],[-76.349745,35.345521],[-76.382344,35.356762],[-76.399206,35.348893],[-76.408199,35.350017],[-76.431805,35.362383],[-76.436301,35.37812],[-76.448666,35.383741],[-76.472273,35.371375],[-76.485762,35.371375],[-76.540292,35.410657],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.476706,35.511707],[-76.456427,35.550546],[-76.471207,35.55742],[-76.48358,35.538172],[-76.55679,35.528892],[-76.600441,35.538516],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.601472,35.460838],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-76.606041,35.387113],[-76.710083,35.427155],[-76.759234,35.418906],[-76.830897,35.447949],[-76.942022,35.473529],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-77.026638,35.490569],[-76.967214,35.438296],[-76.891938,35.433649],[-76.664027,35.345696],[-76.500375,35.321915],[-76.482389,35.314046],[-76.467776,35.276951],[-76.467776,35.261213],[-76.477893,35.243228],[-76.490258,35.233111],[-76.494755,35.212877],[-76.521733,35.192643],[-76.536346,35.174657],[-76.539719,35.166788],[-76.536346,35.142058],[-76.546463,35.122948],[-76.557704,35.116204],[-76.568945,35.097094],[-76.60042,35.067867],[-76.631895,35.056626],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.982904,35.060607],[-76.989778,35.045484],[-76.977404,35.004926],[-76.89354,34.957495],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.635072,34.989116],[-76.588055,34.991428],[-76.502623,35.007166],[-76.491382,35.017283],[-76.490258,35.034144],[-76.474521,35.070116],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.435762,35.057941],[-76.425461,35.001464],[-76.395625,34.975179],[-76.332044,34.970917],[-76.326361,34.976245],[-76.364367,35.034853],[-76.288354,35.005726],[-76.296524,34.976245],[-76.275567,34.960971],[-76.277698,34.940014],[-76.347673,34.872171],[-76.368274,34.872881],[-76.379641,34.86258],[-76.400242,34.855476],[-76.463016,34.785076],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.586236,34.698805],[-76.582421,34.767757],[-76.604796,34.787482],[-76.620606,34.784389],[-76.616567,34.714059],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.673537,34.70757],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.383827,34.807906],[-76.322808,34.86116],[-76.233672,34.925926],[-76.093349,35.048705],[-76.069906,35.075701],[-76.043621,35.070017],[-76.035933,35.058987],[-76.137269,34.987858],[-76.233088,34.905477],[-76.31021,34.852309],[-76.386804,34.784579],[-76.494068,34.66197],[-76.535946,34.588577],[-76.555196,34.615993],[-76.549343,34.645585],[-76.676312,34.693151],[-76.770044,34.696899],[-76.817453,34.693722],[-76.990262,34.669623],[-77.136843,34.632926],[-77.209161,34.605032],[-77.322524,34.535574],[-77.462922,34.471354],[-77.556943,34.417218],[-77.661673,34.341868],[-77.740136,34.272546],[-77.829209,34.162618],[-77.878161,34.067963],[-77.915536,33.971723],[-77.946568,33.912261],[-77.960172,33.853315],[-77.970606,33.844517],[-78.009973,33.861406],[-78.018689,33.888289],[-78.136952,33.912178],[-78.276147,33.912364],[-78.383964,33.901946],[-78.509042,33.865515],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-78.584841,33.844282],[-78.67226,33.817587],[-78.714116,33.800138],[-78.812931,33.743472],[-78.938076,33.639826],[-79.007356,33.566565],[-79.028516,33.533365],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.147496,33.378243],[-79.180318,33.254141],[-79.172394,33.206577],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.238262,33.137055],[-79.24609,33.124865],[-79.290754,33.110051],[-79.329909,33.089986],[-79.339313,33.050336],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.403712,33.003903],[-79.416515,33.006815],[-79.423447,33.015085],[-79.483499,33.001265],[-79.488727,33.015832],[-79.506923,33.032813],[-79.522449,33.03535],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.580725,33.006447],[-79.58659,32.991334],[-79.60102,32.979282],[-79.617611,32.952726],[-79.606194,32.925953],[-79.585897,32.926461],[-79.572614,32.933885],[-79.569762,32.926692],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.631149,32.888606],[-79.695141,32.850398],[-79.702956,32.835781],[-79.719879,32.825796],[-79.716761,32.813627],[-79.726389,32.805996],[-79.811021,32.77696],[-79.818237,32.766352],[-79.84035,32.756816],[-79.866742,32.757422],[-79.873605,32.745657],[-79.870336,32.727777],[-79.888028,32.695177],[-79.884961,32.684402],[-79.915682,32.664915],[-79.975248,32.639537],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.077039,32.603319],[-80.121368,32.590523],[-80.148406,32.578479],[-80.167286,32.559885],[-80.171764,32.546118],[-80.20523,32.555547],[-80.277681,32.516161],[-80.332438,32.478104],[-80.338354,32.47873],[-80.343883,32.490795],[-80.363956,32.496098],[-80.392561,32.475332],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.423454,32.497989],[-80.439407,32.503472],[-80.452078,32.497286],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.484617,32.460976],[-80.480156,32.447048],[-80.467588,32.425259],[-80.446075,32.423721],[-80.429941,32.401782],[-80.434303,32.375193],[-80.456814,32.336884],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.545688,32.282076],[-80.571096,32.273278],[-80.596394,32.273549],[-80.618286,32.260183],[-80.658634,32.248638],[-80.669166,32.216783],[-80.688857,32.200971],[-80.721463,32.160427],[-80.749091,32.140137],[-80.812503,32.109746],[-80.831531,32.112709],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-80.954482,32.068622],[-80.983133,32.079609],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-81.011961,32.100176],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.050234,32.085308],[-81.066906,32.090351],[-81.091498,32.110782],[-81.111134,32.112005],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.122034,32.161803],[-81.129402,32.166922],[-81.119361,32.177142],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.156587,32.24391],[-81.145834,32.263397],[-81.119633,32.287596],[-81.122333,32.305395],[-81.137633,32.328194],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.144032,32.351093],[-81.154812,32.346412],[-81.170126,32.361318],[-81.168722,32.367544],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.20843,32.435987],[-81.188129,32.465386],[-81.200029,32.467985],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.238728,32.508896],[-81.23466,32.51627],[-81.252882,32.51833],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.274927,32.544158],[-81.281298,32.55644],[-81.29676,32.562648],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.368982,32.590025],[-81.379216,32.589022],[-81.389261,32.595383],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.414761,32.63744],[-81.40933,32.631096],[-81.402846,32.63621],[-81.405109,32.64269],[-81.393033,32.651543],[-81.407193,32.660519],[-81.401029,32.677494],[-81.40831,32.694908],[-81.4131,32.692648],[-81.426735,32.700867],[-81.418542,32.732586],[-81.410281,32.744653],[-81.417606,32.762684],[-81.426481,32.770291],[-81.421128,32.778039],[-81.429017,32.785505],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.442671,32.850107],[-81.452573,32.84795],[-81.455978,32.854107],[-81.452883,32.872964],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.464655,32.895999],[-81.465924,32.899889],[-81.479184,32.905638],[-81.483198,32.921802],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.499566,32.943722],[-81.508536,32.957156],[-81.49983,32.963816],[-81.491419,33.008078],[-81.511245,33.027786],[-81.538789,33.039185],[-81.544258,33.046905],[-81.557013,33.0451],[-81.560502,33.055207],[-81.57288,33.05418],[-81.588539,33.07085],[-81.599248,33.071813],[-81.600211,33.083966],[-81.609837,33.082161],[-81.614298,33.094661],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.658433,33.103152],[-81.703134,33.116151],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.763135,33.159449],[-81.772435,33.180449],[-81.756935,33.197848],[-81.767635,33.215747],[-81.778435,33.221847],[-81.777535,33.211347],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.809636,33.222647],[-81.827936,33.228746],[-81.851979,33.247382],[-81.847336,33.266345],[-81.840078,33.26704],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.861536,33.297944],[-81.849636,33.299544],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.867936,33.314043],[-81.875836,33.307443],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.900301,33.331117],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.918337,33.332842],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.930634,33.368165],[-81.924837,33.37414],[-81.930861,33.380076],[-81.936961,33.404197],[-81.920121,33.410753],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.094128,33.582742],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.12908,33.589925],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.156288,33.60863],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.285804,33.780058],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.29928,33.798939],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.492929,33.909754],[-82.50764,33.931456],[-82.524515,33.94336],[-82.543128,33.940949],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.568288,33.968772],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.575351,33.990904],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.595655,34.016118],[-82.594555,34.028717],[-82.609655,34.039917],[-82.626963,34.063457],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.658561,34.103118],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.74238,34.213766],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.794054,34.339772],[-82.833702,34.364242],[-82.860707,34.457428],[-82.875463,34.463503],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.922866,34.481402],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-82.954667,34.477302],[-82.960668,34.482002],[-82.979568,34.482702],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-83.032513,34.483032],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.087189,34.515939],[-83.077995,34.523746],[-83.087789,34.532078],[-83.102179,34.532179],[-83.103987,34.540166],[-83.122901,34.560129],[-83.152577,34.578299],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.243381,34.617997],[-83.240676,34.624307],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.292883,34.654196],[-83.304641,34.669561],[-83.314394,34.668944],[-83.321463,34.677543],[-83.33869,34.682002],[-83.349975,34.699155],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.301368,34.814154],[-83.294292,34.814725],[-83.29112,34.822508],[-83.275656,34.816862],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.255718,34.845592],[-83.245602,34.865522],[-83.238419,34.869771],[-83.239081,34.875661],[-83.213323,34.882796],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.201183,34.884653],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.186541,34.899534],[-83.153253,34.926342],[-83.140621,34.924915],[-83.122585,34.938062],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-83.620185,34.992091],[-83.619985,34.986592],[-84.321869,34.988408],[-84.29024,35.225572],[-84.223718,35.269078],[-84.211818,35.266078],[-84.200117,35.244679],[-84.188417,35.239979],[-84.170416,35.245779],[-84.13057,35.243364],[-84.12115,35.250644],[-84.097508,35.247382],[-84.081117,35.261146],[-84.052612,35.269982],[-84.02141,35.301383],[-84.03501,35.311983],[-84.029377,35.333197],[-84.038081,35.348363],[-84.024756,35.353896],[-84.007586,35.371661],[-84.008207,35.389683],[-84.021507,35.404183],[-84.020633,35.409843],[-83.961054,35.462838],[-83.949389,35.461164],[-83.937015,35.471511],[-83.911773,35.476028],[-83.901381,35.496553],[-83.880074,35.518745],[-83.827428,35.524653],[-83.780129,35.550387],[-83.771736,35.562118],[-83.735669,35.565455],[-83.723459,35.561874],[-83.707199,35.568533],[-83.676268,35.570289],[-83.640498,35.566075],[-83.608889,35.579451],[-83.582,35.562684],[-83.498335,35.562981],[-83.485527,35.568204],[-83.479317,35.582764],[-83.455722,35.598045],[-83.445802,35.611803],[-83.421576,35.611186],[-83.396626,35.62272],[-83.388602,35.632352],[-83.366941,35.638728],[-83.35156,35.659858],[-83.334965,35.665471],[-83.321101,35.662815],[-83.312757,35.654809],[-83.297154,35.65775],[-83.289165,35.674509],[-83.258117,35.691924],[-83.251247,35.719916],[-83.240669,35.72676],[-83.214501,35.724434],[-83.185685,35.72989],[-83.159208,35.764892],[-83.120183,35.766234],[-83.07403,35.790016],[-83.036209,35.787405],[-82.992053,35.773948],[-82.964088,35.78998],[-82.945515,35.824662],[-82.920171,35.841664],[-82.918312,35.863977],[-82.899718,35.874602],[-82.911936,35.921618],[-82.901577,35.931446],[-82.898506,35.9451],[-82.874159,35.952698],[-82.852554,35.949089],[-82.82257,35.922531],[-82.804997,35.927168],[-82.805851,35.937938],[-82.787465,35.952163],[-82.785356,35.96253],[-82.774905,35.971978],[-82.785558,35.977795],[-82.785267,35.987927],[-82.776001,36.000103],[-82.750065,36.006004],[-82.688865,36.038604],[-82.684765,36.045004],[-82.637165,36.065805],[-82.618664,36.056105],[-82.618164,36.047005],[-82.609663,36.044906],[-82.594873,36.029598],[-82.615062,36.000306],[-82.604239,35.987319],[-82.610889,35.967409],[-82.581003,35.965557],[-82.576678,35.959255],[-82.557874,35.953901],[-82.549682,35.964275],[-82.507068,35.977475],[-82.460658,36.007809],[-82.409458,36.083409],[-82.355157,36.115609],[-82.321448,36.119551],[-82.289455,36.13571],[-82.270954,36.12761],[-82.260353,36.13371],[-82.247521,36.130865],[-82.222052,36.156911],[-82.213852,36.159112],[-82.182549,36.143714],[-82.147948,36.149516],[-82.136547,36.128817],[-82.137974,36.119576],[-82.127146,36.104417],[-82.080303,36.105728],[-82.061342,36.113121],[-82.054142,36.126821],[-82.033141,36.120422],[-81.908137,36.302013],[-81.879382,36.313767],[-81.841268,36.343321],[-81.800812,36.358073],[-81.766102,36.338517],[-81.730976,36.341187],[-81.707438,36.335171],[-81.707785,36.346007],[-81.721334,36.353101],[-81.732865,36.376502],[-81.729813,36.388033],[-81.739648,36.406686],[-81.720734,36.422537],[-81.71489,36.45722],[-81.695311,36.467912],[-81.697829,36.507544],[-81.707963,36.536209],[-81.699962,36.536829],[-81.69003,36.552154],[-81.690236,36.568718],[-81.677036,36.570718],[-81.677535,36.588117],[-81.003802,36.563629],[-80.837954,36.559131],[-80.704831,36.562319],[-80.295243,36.543973],[-80.122183,36.542646],[-78.529722,36.540981],[-77.16966,36.547315],[-76.916048,36.543815],[-76.916989,36.550742],[-76.12236,36.550621]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"North Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Stephenson Center, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
Owens River Gorge, today rimmed exclusively in 767-ka Bishop Tuff, was first cut during the Neogene through a ridge of Triassic granodiorite to a depth as great as its present-day floor and was then filled to its rim by a small basaltic shield at 3.3 Ma. The gorge-filling basalt, 200 m thick, blocked a 5-km-long reach of the upper gorge, diverting the Owens River southward around the shield into Rock Creek where another 200-m-deep gorge was cut through the same basement ridge. Much later, during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 22 (~900–866 ka), a piedmont glacier buried the diversion and deposited a thick sheet of Sherwin Till atop the basalt on both sides of the original gorge, showing that the basalt-filled reach had not, by then, been reexcavated. At 767 ka, eruption of the Bishop Tuff blanketed the landscape with welded ignimbrite, deeply covering the till, basalt, and granodiorite and completely filling all additional reaches of both Rock Creek canyon and Owens River Gorge. The ignimbrite rests directly on the basalt and till along the walls of Owens Gorge, but nowhere was it inset against either, showing that the basalt-blocked reach had still not been reexcavated. Subsidence of Long Valley Caldera at 767 ka produced a steep-walled depression at least 700 m deeper than the precaldera floor of Owens Gorge, which was beheaded at the caldera’s southeast rim. Caldera collapse reoriented proximal drainages that had formerly joined east-flowing Owens River, abruptly reversing flow westward into the caldera. It took 600,000 years of sedimentation in the 26-km-long, usually shallow, caldera lake to fill the deep basin and raise lake level to its threshold for overflow. Not until then did reestablishment of Owens River Gorge begin, by incision of the gorge-filling ignimbrite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165120","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, Wes, and Fierstein, Judy, 2016, Long Valley Caldera lake and reincision of Owens River\nGorge: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5120, 63 p.,\nhttps://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165120.","productDescription":"Report: v, 63 p.; Appendixes: 1-2.","numberOfPages":"74","ipdsId":"IP-068987","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332247,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5120/sir20165120_appendix2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"134 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5120 Appendix 2"},{"id":332186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5120/sir20165120_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"60 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5120 Appendix 1 xlsx"},{"id":332185,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5120/sir20165120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5120"},{"id":332184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332187,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5120/sir20165120_appendix1.csv","text":"Appendix 1","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"SIR 2016-5120 Appendix 1 csv"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono County","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera, Owens River Gorge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.20578002929688,\n 37.35924242260126\n ],\n [\n -119.20578002929688,\n 37.97343243999255\n ],\n [\n -118.35159301757811,\n 37.97343243999255\n ],\n [\n -118.35159301757811,\n 37.35924242260126\n ],\n [\n -119.20578002929688,\n 37.35924242260126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/
An effort to build a unified collection of geospatial data for use in land-change modeling (LCM) led to new insights into the requirements and challenges of building an LCM data infrastructure. A case study of data compilation and unification for the Richmond, Va., Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) delineated the problems of combining and unifying heterogeneous data from many independent localities such as counties and cities. The study also produced conclusions and recommendations for use by the national LCM community, emphasizing the critical need for simple, practical data standards and conventions for use by localities. This report contributes an uncopyrighted core glossary and a much needed operational definition of data unification.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161176","usgsCitation":"Donato, D.I., and Shapiro, J.L., 2016, Building unified geospatial data for land-change modeling—A case study in the area of Richmond, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016‒1176, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161176.","productDescription":"v, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069929","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331929,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1176/ofr20161176.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1176"},{"id":329532,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1176/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Richmond","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-78.2386,37.2951],[-78.2383,37.3821],[-78.1827,37.4446],[-78.1322,37.4558],[-78.0755,37.6551],[-78.1169,37.6791],[-78.0974,37.6952],[-78.0994,37.712],[-78.1628,37.7449],[-78.1542,37.7711],[-78.0631,37.9056],[-78.1702,37.9508],[-78.1964,37.9538],[-78.2211,37.9763],[-78.3058,38.007],[-78.2079,38.1307],[-78.1444,38.1445],[-78.1187,38.1415],[-78.094,38.1521],[-78.0562,38.1381],[-78.0018,38.1365],[-77.9845,38.1227],[-77.96,38.1192],[-77.7269,38.325],[-77.7043,38.3619],[-77.6791,38.3601],[-77.6493,38.3778],[-77.638,38.3591],[-77.6184,38.3688],[-77.6127,38.3637],[-77.604,38.3336],[-77.5714,38.3485],[-77.54,38.3136],[-77.5152,38.3053],[-77.5178,38.2952],[-77.5073,38.2923],[-77.5121,38.2803],[-77.4732,38.2703],[-77.4656,38.2794],[-77.4574,38.2711],[-77.4481,38.2867],[-77.4196,38.2577],[-77.3596,38.2426],[-77.3453,38.2523],[-77.3332,38.2457],[-77.3295,38.2529],[-77.3456,38.2618],[-77.3408,38.2871],[-77.3509,38.3027],[-77.3268,38.3213],[-77.3282,38.3359],[-77.3176,38.3415],[-77.2858,38.3428],[-77.2426,38.3308],[-77.1788,38.3414],[-77.1411,38.3647],[-77.0907,38.3654],[-77.0431,38.4],[-77.0162,38.3785],[-77.0153,38.335],[-77.0314,38.3189],[-77.0495,38.3223],[-77.0583,38.3369],[-77.0558,38.3256],[-77.0687,38.3095],[-77.0569,38.2922],[-77.0717,38.2867],[-77.0524,38.2938],[-77.0658,38.3069],[-77.0601,38.3157],[-77.0334,38.3102],[-77.005,38.2836],[-77.0338,38.2591],[-77.0525,38.26],[-77.054,38.1793],[-77.0741,38.1561],[-77.0883,38.1714],[-77.1139,38.1569],[-77.1209,38.1752],[-77.169,38.1725],[-77.2031,38.1872],[-77.1725,38.1558],[-77.1493,38.168],[-77.1343,38.1591],[-77.1263,38.1367],[-77.1054,38.13],[-77.1203,38.1212],[-77.1425,38.1226],[-77.1456,38.1004],[-77.1691,38.0777],[-77.1277,38.0379],[-77.1325,38.0163],[-77.0882,38.0122],[-77.0792,38.0003],[-77.066,37.9596],[-77.0728,37.948],[-77.039,37.9278],[-77.0263,37.9058],[-77.032,37.8928],[-77.0265,37.8849],[-77.0449,37.8731],[-77.0248,37.8641],[-77.0168,37.843],[-76.9485,37.8289],[-76.9459,37.7845],[-76.914,37.7974],[-76.8796,37.783],[-76.8429,37.7995],[-76.7965,37.7935],[-76.7936,37.7757],[-76.7596,37.7514],[-76.7469,37.7012],[-76.7182,37.6598],[-76.6853,37.6209],[-76.6541,37.6007],[-76.6707,37.5326],[-76.6458,37.4858],[-76.6672,37.4559],[-76.6751,37.462],[-76.7108,37.4442],[-76.74,37.4889],[-76.7769,37.5111],[-76.7883,37.5392],[-76.7928,37.5267],[-76.8036,37.5239],[-76.8056,37.5008],[-76.762,37.4807],[-76.7439,37.4392],[-76.6983,37.4056],[-76.6733,37.3744],[-76.7101,37.3653],[-76.7417,37.3705],[-76.7551,37.3545],[-76.7539,37.3391],[-76.7356,37.3323],[-76.7294,37.3122],[-76.7408,37.3016],[-76.7266,37.2799],[-76.7376,37.2802],[-76.7367,37.2575],[-76.719,37.2489],[-76.6734,37.2469],[-76.6658,37.249],[-76.681,37.2603],[-76.671,37.2664],[-76.6545,37.2415],[-76.6254,37.2336],[-76.6015,37.2384],[-76.5785,37.1903],[-76.6117,37.1697],[-76.6279,37.2039],[-76.6536,37.2215],[-76.7583,37.215],[-76.7347,37.2028],[-76.7505,37.1899],[-76.7793,37.2079],[-76.7967,37.2334],[-76.8192,37.2425],[-76.8664,37.2425],[-76.8786,37.2542],[-76.9183,37.2372],[-76.9417,37.2381],[-76.9837,37.2758],[-76.99,37.3],[-77.0108,37.31],[-77.0733,37.2725],[-77.0786,37.3258],[-77.1303,37.3094],[-77.1389,37.3164],[-77.1431,37.31],[-77.1844,37.3136],[-77.2028,37.3272],[-77.2651,37.3242],[-77.2714,37.3142],[-77.2522,37.2939],[-77.2261,37.3014],[-77.2231,37.3119],[-77.1917,37.2853],[-77.1653,37.2983],[-77.1211,37.2961],[-77.0936,37.3081],[-77.0833,37.2717],[-77.0606,37.2611],[-77.0119,37.3033],[-77.0011,37.3003],[-76.9853,37.2447],[-77.0142,37.2297],[-77.0235,37.2075],[-77.0177,37.2061],[-77.0125,37.2275],[-76.9772,37.2397],[-76.9019,37.1999],[-76.8669,37.2086],[-76.8015,37.2056],[-76.8103,37.1783],[-76.7897,37.187],[-76.7323,37.1459],[-76.7142,37.1494],[-76.6856,37.197],[-76.664,37.1741],[-76.6808,37.1683],[-76.6686,37.1664],[-76.6805,37.1215],[-76.6758,37.1087],[-76.7014,37.0567],[-76.8494,36.9978],[-77.4321,36.7076],[-77.492,36.7214],[-77.4601,36.8623],[-77.5031,36.8454],[-77.538,36.8536],[-77.564,36.8468],[-77.632,36.8873],[-77.6385,36.8829],[-77.6335,36.876],[-77.6455,36.8771],[-77.6463,36.8939],[-77.7137,36.9126],[-77.7185,36.9299],[-77.7593,36.9582],[-77.7704,36.9756],[-77.8397,36.9956],[-77.9125,36.9852],[-77.9701,36.9887],[-78.0022,37.0263],[-78.0722,37.0126],[-78.1483,37.0429],[-78.18,37.0755],[-78.2024,37.0794],[-78.241,37.1197],[-78.2386,37.2951]],[[-77.5955,37.556],[-77.6015,37.5448],[-77.5949,37.5329],[-77.5564,37.5414],[-77.5468,37.5308],[-77.5283,37.5282],[-77.5123,37.4731],[-77.4947,37.461],[-77.4598,37.4641],[-77.4225,37.4489],[-77.4166,37.5141],[-77.396,37.506],[-77.3859,37.5349],[-77.4079,37.5579],[-77.4142,37.5798],[-77.4367,37.5838],[-77.4381,37.5988],[-77.4484,37.6026],[-77.477,37.599],[-77.4794,37.575],[-77.5318,37.5917],[-77.5474,37.5725],[-77.5272,37.5681],[-77.5303,37.5595],[-77.5955,37.556]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Amelia\",\"state\":\"VA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Eastern Geographic Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
521 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Telephone: 703–648–4230
http://egsc.usgs.gov/
Freshwater flow to the Ten Thousand Islands estuary has been altered by the construction of the Tamiami Trail and the Southern Golden Gate Estates. The Picayune Strand Restoration Project, which is associated with the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, has been implemented to improve freshwater delivery to the Ten Thousand Islands estuary by removing hundreds of miles of roads, emplacing hundreds of canal plugs, removing exotic vegetation, and constructing three pump stations. Quantifying the tributary flows and salinity patterns prior to, during, and after the restoration is essential to assessing the effectiveness of upstream restoration efforts.
Tributary flow and salinity patterns during preliminary restoration efforts and prior to the installation of pump stations were analyzed to provide baseline data and preliminary analysis of changes due to restoration efforts. The study assessed streamflow and salinity data for water years1 2007–2014 for the Faka Union River (canal flow included), East River, Little Wood River, Pumpkin River, and Blackwater River. Salinity data from the Palm River and Faka Union Boundary water-quality stations were also assessed.
Faka Union River was the dominant contributor of freshwater during water years 2007–14 to the Ten Thousand Islands estuary, followed by Little Wood and East Rivers. Pumpkin River and Blackwater River were the least substantial contributors of freshwater flow. The lowest annual flow volumes, the highest annual mean salinities, and the highest percentage of salinity values greater than 35 parts per thousand (ppt) occurred in water year 2011 at all sites with available data, corresponding with the lowest annual rainfall during the study. The highest annual flow volumes and the lowest percentage of salinities greater than 35 ppt occurred in water year 2013 for all sites with available data, corresponding with the highest rainfall during the study.
In water year 2014, the percentage of monitored annual flow contributed by East River increased and the percentage of flow contributed by Faka Union River decreased, compared to the earlier years. No changes in annual flow occurred at any sites west of Faka Union River. No changes in the relative flow contributions were observed during the wet season; however, the relative amounts of streamflow increased during the dry season at East River in 2014. East River had only 1 month of negative flow in 2014 compared to 6 months in 2011 and 7 months in 2008. Higher dry season flows in East River may be in response to restoration efforts. The sites to the west of Faka Union River had higher salinities on average than Faka Union River and East River. Faka Union River had the highest range in salinities, and Faka Union Boundary had the lowest range in salinities. Pumpkin River was the tributary with the lowest range in salinities.
1Water year is defined as the 12-month period from October 1, for any given year, through September 30 of the following year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165158","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science","usgsCitation":"Booth, A.C., and Soderqvist, L.E., 2016, Flow characteristics and salinity patterns of tidal rivers within the northern Ten Thousand Islands, southwest Florida, water years 2007–14: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific\nInvestigations Report 2016–5158, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165158.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-072364","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5158/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":331583,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5158/sir20165158.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5158"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Ten Thousand Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 25.79370901679868\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 26.16776399795339\n ],\n [\n -81.34002685546875,\n 26.16776399795339\n ],\n [\n -81.34002685546875,\n 25.79370901679868\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 25.79370901679868\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) performed tests to evaluate the hydrologic connection between the open interval of the well and the surrounding Calumet aquifer in response to fouling of extraction well pumps onsite. Two rounds of air slug testing were performed on seven monitoring wells and step drawdown and subsequent recovery tests on three extraction wells on a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) in East Chicago, Indiana. The wells were tested in 2014 and again in 2015. The extraction and monitoring wells are part of the gradient control system that establishes an inward gradient around the perimeter of the facility. The testing established a set of protocols that site personnel can use to evaluate onsite well integrity and develop a maintenance procedure to evaluate future well performance.
The results of the slug test analysis data indicate that the hydraulic connection of the well screen to the surrounding aquifer material in monitoring wells on the CDF and the reliability of hydraulic conductivity estimates of the surrounding geologic media could be increased by implementing well development maintenance. Repeated air slug tests showed increasing hydraulic conductivity until, in the case of the monitoring wells located outside of the groundwater cutoff wall (MW–4B, MW–11B, MW–14B), the difference in hydraulic conductivity from test to test decreased, indicating the results were approaching the optimal hydraulic connection between the aquifer and the well screen. Hydraulic conductivity values derived from successive tests in monitoring well D40, approximately 0.25 mile south of the CDF, were substantially higher than those derived from wells on the CDF property. Also, values did not vary from test to test like those measured in monitoring wells located on the CDF property, which indicated that a process may be affecting the connectivity of the wells on the CDF property to the Calumet aquifer. Derived hydraulic conductivity values from the initial air slug test during the 2015 testing period for MW–11A and MW–14A are an order of magnitude less than those derived from the final test during the 2014 testing period indicating the development of a low conductivity skin between the final test of the 2014 testing period and the beginning of the 2015 testing period that created a decrease in the connection of the monitoring well screen to the surrounding aquifer material.
Repeated step drawdown and recovery testing of the extraction wells tested during this study provided results that indicate a slight increase in the development of a skin and a decrease in the connectivity of the extraction wells with the Calumet aquifer. Hydraulic conductivity values obtained from the test results were relatively similar in EW–4B and EW–14A but were substantially lower for EW–11C. This difference may be due to the presence of finer grained silt deposits in the area surrounding well nest 11. Skin factors calculated during the step drawdown and recovery analysis were lowest in EW–11C and relatively similar in EW–4B and EW–14A. Calculated skin factors increased slightly in the analysis of data collected in 2015 from that collected in 2014.
Comparisons of the specific-capacity values calculated from well development data collected following extraction well installation to those calculated during the single well aquifer tests at EW–4B, EW–14A and EW–11C indicate that the productivity of extraction wells on the CDF property has diminished since 2008. Values calculated for monitoring wells MW–4A, MW–11A, and MW–14A were used to evaluate the decrease in air slug derived hydraulic conductivity for monitoring wells within the groundwater cutoff wall between testing in 2014 and 2015.
Results from testing by this study indicate that implementation of an air slug testing regimen of the monitoring wells that control the gradient control system at the CDF throughout the course of a year may help sustain the connectivity between the monitoring wells and the surrounding aquifer and provide data to evaluate the need for different types of well development approaches to address chemical or biological fouling issues. Repeated step drawdown and recovery testing of the extraction wells tested during this study provided results that indicate a slight increase in the development of a skin and a decrease in the connectivity of the extraction wells with the Calumet aquifer. Implementation of a specific capacity testing regimen can provide data to record and track well condition through time for individual extraction wells. Results from aquifer testing by this study indicate that specific capacity test results, when paired with recovery testing, provide useful data to measure the development of any low conductivity wellbore skin through the skin factors derived for the individual extraction wells. An initial annual schedule of specific capacity and recovery tests would provide sufficient data to identify substantial short-term changes in the operating condition of the extraction wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lampe, D.C., and Unthank, M.D., 2016, Performance evaluation testing of wells in the gradient control system at a federally operated Confined Disposal Facility using single well aquifer tests, East Chicago, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5125, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165125.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 50 p.; Appendixes 1-2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-067101","costCenters":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5125/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":331514,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5125/sir20165125_appendix2-aq-test.zip","text":"Appendix 2","size":"8.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Aquifer Test Field Log Sheets and Graphs of Aquifer-Test Data with Fitted Analytical-Solution Lines"},{"id":331512,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5125/sir20165125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5125"},{"id":331513,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5125/sir20165125_appendix1-slug-tests.zip","text":"Appendix 1 ","size":"8.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Air Slug Test Field Log Sheets and Graphs of Air Slug Test Data with Fitted Analytical-Solution Lines"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"East Chicago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.533333,\n 41.716667\n ],\n [\n -87.533333,\n 41.583333\n ],\n [\n -87.366667,\n 41.583333\n ],\n [\n -87.366667,\n 41.716667\n ],\n [\n -87.533333,\n 41.716667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center
5957 Lakeside Boulevard
Indianapolis IN 46278
http://in.water.usgs.gov
Despite 30 years of basin-wide nutrient-reduction efforts, severe hypoxia continues to be observed in the Chesapeake Bay. Here we demonstrate the critical influence of climate variability, interacting with accumulated nitrogen (N) over multidecades, on Susquehanna River dissolved nitrogen (DN) loads, known precursors of the hypoxia in the Bay. We used the process model LM3-TAN (Terrestrial and Aquatic Nitrogen), which is capable of capturing both seasonal and decadal-to-century changes in vegetation-soil-river N storage, and produced nine scenarios of DN-load distributions under different short-term scenarios of climate variability and extremes. We illustrate that after 1 to 3 yearlong dry spells, the likelihood of exceeding a threshold DN load (56 kt yr−1) increases by 40 to 65% due to flushing of N accumulated throughout the dry spells and altered microbial processes. Our analyses suggest that possible future increases in climate variability/extremes—specifically, high precipitation occurring after multiyear dry spells—could likely lead to high DN-load anomalies and hypoxia.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2016GL069254","usgsCitation":"Lee, M., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., Milly, P., and Jaffe, P.R., 2016, Climate variability and extremes, interacting with nitrogen storage, amplify eutrophication risk: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 43, no. 14, p. 7520-7528, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069254.","startPage":"7520","endPage":"7528","ipdsId":"IP-075092","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069254","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":331671,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","volume":"43","issue":"14","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584a7f7ce4b07e29c706dd31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Minjin","contributorId":177261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Minjin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shevliakova, Elena","contributorId":9596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shevliakova","given":"Elena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malyshev, Sergey","contributorId":22175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malyshev","given":"Sergey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaffe, Peter R.","contributorId":22503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}