{"pageNumber":"107","pageRowStart":"2650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68760,"records":[{"id":70249412,"text":"70249412 - 2023 - Forecasting sea level rise-driven inundation in diked and tidally restricted coastal lowlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-06T15:44:12.015642","indexId":"70249412","displayToPublicDate":"2023-05-01T10:38:13","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting sea level rise-driven inundation in diked and tidally restricted coastal lowlands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Diked and drained coastal lowlands rely on hydraulic and protective infrastructure that may not function as designed in areas with relative sea-level rise. The slow and incremental loss of the hydraulic conditions required for a well-drained system make it difficult to identify if and when the flow structures no longer discharge enough water, especially in tidal settings where two-way flows occur through the dike. We developed and applied a hydraulic mass-balance model to quantify how water levels in the diked and tidally restricted coastal wetlands and water bodies dynamically respond to sea-level rise, specifically applied to the Herring River Estuary in MA, USA, from 2020 to 2100. Sensitivity testing of the model parameters indicated that primary outcomes were not sensitive to many of the chosen input values, though the terrestrial water input rate to the estuary and the flow coefficient for the hydraulic infrastructure were important. The relative importance of parameters, however, is expected to be site specific. We introduced a drainability metric that quantifies the net water volume drained over every tidal cycle to monitor and forecast how rising water levels on either side of the dike affected the net draining or impounding conditions of the system. Ensembles of model results across parameter and sea-level scenario uncertainties indicated that substantial impoundment of the Herring River Estuary was expected within ~ 20&nbsp;years with the existing flow structures, a sluice and two flap gates. Simulations with up to three additional gates did not dampen this trend toward impoundment, suggesting that rising impounded water levels are likely even with major construction upgrades. Increasingly impounded diked coastal waterbodies present a hydrologic challenge with socioecological implications due to projected flooding and ecosystem impacts. Solutions to this challenge may be to allow coastal wetland restoration pathways or require substantial and recurring infrastructure improvement projects.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-023-01174-1","usgsCitation":"Befus, K.A., Kurnizki, A., Kroeger, K.D., Eagle, M.J., and Smith, T.P., 2023, Forecasting sea level rise-driven inundation in diked and tidally restricted coastal lowlands: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 46, no. 6, p. 1157-1169, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-023-01174-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1157","endPage":"1169","ipdsId":"IP-145736","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-023-01174-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":421746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Herring River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.06356706053543,\n              41.92990690084844\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0599719567331,\n              41.93094108028947\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05877358879943,\n              41.93322334800044\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05954054427677,\n              41.93450708770192\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05915706653809,\n              41.9355411925597\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05752728614821,\n              41.93611172599333\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.057239677844,\n              41.93678922781737\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05786282916928,\n              41.937965924404836\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05656859180117,\n              41.937751981185585\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0528776185643,\n              41.939463506843225\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05426772536764,\n              41.94014097305953\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.057239677844,\n              41.93889300339495\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05862978464737,\n              41.93903562973523\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05934880540781,\n              41.93871472002016\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.05915706653809,\n              41.93760935197429\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.06025956503724,\n              41.93746672244353\n            ],\n      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Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurnizki, A","contributorId":330654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurnizki","given":"A","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78949,"text":"epartment of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kroeger, Kevin D. 0000-0002-4272-2349 kkroeger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-2349","contributorId":1603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"Kevin","email":"kkroeger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":41100,"text":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":885530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eagle, Meagan J. 0000-0001-5072-2755 meagle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-2755","contributorId":242890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagle","given":"Meagan","email":"meagle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":885531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Timothy P.","contributorId":220144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70248070,"text":"70248070 - 2023 - Constraints on the composition and thermal structure of Ariel’s icy crust as inferred from its largest observed impact crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-05T13:15:19.774773","indexId":"70248070","displayToPublicDate":"2023-05-01T08:10:39","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the composition and thermal structure of Ariel’s icy crust as inferred from its largest observed impact crater","docAbstract":"<p><span>The large graben-like troughs and smooth plains visible on the surface of Ariel are indicative of a period of high heat flow in the Uranian moon's past. High heat flows on icy&nbsp;moons&nbsp;like Ariel can also enable&nbsp;viscous flow&nbsp;that removes impact crater topography, a process called viscous relaxation. Here we use&nbsp;numerical modeling&nbsp;to investigate the conditions necessary to viscously relax Ariel's largest impact crater, Yangoor, which is 80&nbsp;km in diameter and unusually shallow. If we assume that Ariel's crust consists of non-porous water ice, heat fluxes ≥60&nbsp;mW&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;are required to reduce an initially deep Yangoor-like crater to its current observed depth. Lower fluxes are required if a high-porosity (30%), low-conductivity surface layer several kilometers thick is assumed to exist, but in any case, fluxes in excess of 30&nbsp;mW&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;are necessary to substantially reduce Yangoor's topography. The inclusion of ammonia dihydrate has a negligible effect on our results despite decreasing the viscosity of Ariel's deep ice. Our results are consistent with previous inferences of high heat fluxes on Ariel, but exceed both expected radiogenic heat fluxes and known equilibrium tidal heat fluxes by an order of magnitude. If Yangoor's shallow depth is the result of tidal heating, then short-lived non-equilibrium tidal dissipation or some other source of energy is required. Notably, although our results do not require the presence of an ocean within Ariel, the thermal conditions necessary to viscously relax Yangoor also imply a relatively thin ice shell (∼10-km thick) if conductive&nbsp;heat transport&nbsp;is assumed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115452","usgsCitation":"Bland, M.T., Beddingfield, C.B., Nordheim, T.A., Patthoff, D.A., and Vance, S.D., 2023, Constraints on the composition and thermal structure of Ariel’s icy crust as inferred from its largest observed impact crater: Icarus, v. 395, 115452, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115452.","productDescription":"115452, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-144468","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115452","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":420471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ariel, Uranus, Yangoor","volume":"395","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bland, Michael T. 0000-0001-5543-1519 mbland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5543-1519","contributorId":146287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bland","given":"Michael","email":"mbland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beddingfield, Chloe B.","contributorId":328939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beddingfield","given":"Chloe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":78531,"text":"Seti Institute / NASA Ames","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":881747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordheim, Tom A.","contributorId":328940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordheim","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36392,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":881748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patthoff, Donald A.","contributorId":238744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patthoff","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":881749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vance, Steven D.","contributorId":328942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vance","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36392,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":881750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70243238,"text":"70243238 - 2023 - A multi-level assessment of biological effects associated with mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-05T12:19:24.061258","indexId":"70243238","displayToPublicDate":"2023-05-01T07:14:38","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multi-level assessment of biological effects associated with mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abs0010\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"abssec0010\"><p id=\"abspara0010\">Total mercury (THg) was measured in muscle (fillet) and liver tissue of adult smallmouth bass<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Micropterus dolomieu</i><span>&nbsp;collected at multiple sites in the Potomac and Susquehanna River drainages within the&nbsp;Chesapeake Bay&nbsp;watershed. Smallmouth bass in these drainages have experienced episodic mortality events, a high prevalence of skin lesions and reproductive endocrine disruption (intersex or testicular&nbsp;oocytes&nbsp;and plasma vitellogenin in males). A multi-level assessment of general and reproductive health including indicators at the organismal, organ, cellular and molecular levels was conducted on adult smallmouth bass during the spring (prespawn) season. Concentrations of THg were correlated with increased visible abnormalities, increased macrophage aggregates and tissue parasite burdens. In male bass positive correlations of THg were observed with plasma vitellogenin and hepatic transcript abundance of estrogen receptor β1 and androgen receptor α, while there was a negative association with estrogen receptors α and β2 and androgen receptors β. In female bass there was a negative correlation between THg and plasma vitellogenin as well as hepatic transcript abundance of vitellogenin, choriogenin, estrogen receptor β2 and 17β hydroxysteroid&nbsp;dehydrogenase. Associations of THg concentrations with various biological indicators suggest mercury may be an important environmental stressor contributing to the observed adverse effects in smallmouth bass populations.</span></p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121688","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., Walsh, H.L., Sperry, A., Raines, B., Willacker, J., and Eagles-Smith, C., 2023, A multi-level assessment of biological effects associated with mercury concentrations in smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu: Environmental Pollution, v. 392, 121688, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121688.","productDescription":"121688, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-142236","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":435354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9418S5I","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Biological Indicators and Mercury Concentrations in Smallmouth Bass"},{"id":416756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.7050690262425,\n              38.34492249955525\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7050690262425,\n              41.373316260150034\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34132806363009,\n              41.373316260150034\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34132806363009,\n              38.34492249955525\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7050690262425,\n              38.34492249955525\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"392","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":150384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Heather L. 0000-0001-6392-4604 hwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-4604","contributorId":4696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Heather","email":"hwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sperry, Adam 0000-0002-4815-3730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-3730","contributorId":203243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperry","given":"Adam","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raines, Brenna","contributorId":304802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raines","given":"Brenna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Willacker, James 0000-0002-6286-5224","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-5224","contributorId":221744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willacker","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":221745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70242056,"text":"70242056 - 2023 - Asteroid impacts and cascading hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T17:24:45.821145","indexId":"70242056","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-30T11:23:53","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Asteroid impacts and cascading hazards","docAbstract":"The initial effects from an asteroid impact are generally well characterized and include thermal radiation and blast waves. If the impactor is sufficiently large, either an earthquake or tsunami can also result, depending on whether the impact occurs over land or water.  However, the longer-term effects that extend beyond the area initially affected are less well characterized. Because regional effects not only depend on the size of the impactor, but also on the location and timing of the event, case studies of impact events in various regions should be conducted to better understand how asteroid impact induced cascading hazards may vary. For this study, we use the initial impact effects from an 800-m asteroid strike at two locations: Dallas, TX, USA and Jebba, Nigeria. A detailed analysis of the regional impacts on Texas and Nigeria will be presented at the time of the conference.","conferenceTitle":"8th IAA Planetary Defense Conference","conferenceDate":"April 3-7, 2023","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"International Academy of Astronautics","usgsCitation":"Titus, T.N., Robertson, D., Sankey, J., and Mastin, L.G., 2023, Asteroid impacts and cascading hazards, 8th IAA Planetary Defense Conference, Vienna, Austria, April 3-7, 2023, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151320","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iaaspace.org/event/8th-iaa-planetary-defense-conference-2023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, D. G.","contributorId":178727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robertson","given":"D. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":261248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":265985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70246973,"text":"70246973 - 2023 - First investigations on lamprey responses to elevated total dissolved gas exposure and risk of gas bubble trauma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-20T12:08:25.282241","indexId":"70246973","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-30T07:06:31","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"First investigations on lamprey responses to elevated total dissolved gas exposure and risk of gas bubble trauma","docAbstract":"A flexible spill program in the federal Columbia River power system increased the total dissolved gas (TDG) water quality standards (i.e., the gas cap) from 120% to 125%. Spill is used to pass juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) over dams, but it can generate elevated TDG, and exposed fish can develop gas bubble trauma (GBT) or experience mortality. Juvenile salmon are monitored for GBT through the Fish Passage Center’s (FPC), and under the flexible spill program, native non-salmonid fishes are also monitored. Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) are exposed to elevated TDG, but nothing is known about their risk for GBT. This project is the first to evaluate GBT in lamprey, beginning with larval and juvenile lamprey in a controlled laboratory setting. These early life stages were chosen for this initial work because they have been shown to be more sensitive to GBT in other fish species. We modified the FPC protocol for GBT exams to be specific to lamprey and ranked bubbles in the mouth, eyes (juveniles only), gill pores, first and second dorsal fins, caudal fin, anal fin, vent, and body. We followed the FPC ranking criteria and assigned rank based on the proportion of the area occluded with bubbles, as 0=no bubbles, 1=1-5%, 2=6-25%, 3=26-50%, and 4=>50%. \n\nFour experiments were completed with larval lamprey from January to September 2022 using small (70 mm total length or less) and large (86 mm total length or greater) larvae in approximately equal proportions. Experiments included: (1) 130% TDG for 31 d, (2) 125% TDG for 91 d, (3) 130% TDG for 20 d with assessments of burrowing performance, and (4) 128-138% TDG for 3-4 d with assessments of predator avoidance ability and the corresponding untreated control groups.\n \nThe first and second experiments had similar study designs and findings. First, we tested an acute exposure at 130% TDG and then we tested a chronic exposure at 125%, to represent a full spill season. None of the controls (exposed to normally saturated water) experienced mortality or showed GBT signs. Few lamprey in the treatment groups (5% in Experiment 1; 0% in Experiment 2) showed GBT signs, and there were no mortalities (n=200 fish experiment 1; n=100 fish Experiment 2). Lamprey with GBT signs had bubbles on the body, with low severity ranks. During external exams for Experiment 2, we observed bubbles in the gut of several lamprey. The light coloration and transparency of the body made these observations possible, and we confirmed the finding with internal exams. From day 9 to day 91, 70.8% of the lamprey examined had bubbles in the gut. We observed five lamprey that were positively buoyant in the test tanks, and we likely underestimated the prevalence of floating as our procedures were not \ninitially designed to document this sign. \n\nIn our third experiment, burrowing performance was not significantly different between lamprey exposed to 130% TDG and controls. Mortality was 4.2% in the treatment group, but no GBT signs were observed. The proportion of lamprey with positive buoyancy increased through time, with 87.5% of fish floating on day 20 (end of the test). Bubbles in the gut were observed for some lamprey on each of five sampling dates (day 2 to 20), with prevalence ranging from 50-100%. Median burrow times ranged from 28 to 154 sec for treatment fish and from 40 to 100 sec for controls. We noted some atypical behaviors during burrow performance tests, including lamprey that were positively buoyant and unable to descend through 0.5 m of water to reach the sediment as well as lamprey that were unable to complete burrowing (within 10 min test period). These lamprey were so buoyant that they repeatedly floated to the surface of the water when they stopped or slowed their burrowing movements.\n \nPredator avoidance ability was assessed in our fourth experiment by exposing lamprey with GBT signs (floating) and controls to sculpin (Cottus spp.) until about 50% of the fish had been consumed or 2 h had passed. We completed five predation trials, testing the hypothesis that an equal proportion of treatment and control lamprey would be consumed. Treatment groups were generated by exposing 15 lamprey to 128-138% TDG for 3-4 d, until at least 10 lamprey were floating. Overall, 41 treatment and 46 control fish were eaten and there was no evidence that sculpin preferentially preyed upon lamprey with GBT signs. Additional tests with another predator are recommended. \n\nTwo experiments were completed with juvenile lamprey from March to November 2022: Experiment 5 exposed fish to 125% TDG for 10 d and Experiment 6 exposed fish to 125% for 16 d. Mortality rates for the treatment groups were 21.7% and 20.0% for these experiments, respectively, and few lamprey (4 per experiment) showed GBT signs. With the results from experiments pooled, bubbles were observed in all body areas with low severity ranks (means 0-1). We observed some exophthalmia and bubbles behind the gill pores, in addition to bubbles in the gut and fish floating. The presence of bubbles in or near the gill pores was the likely cause of death as exam findings included enlarged gill pore areas and restricted openings.\n \nThis project provided the first insights into lamprey responses to elevated TDG, but substantial learning opportunities remain. Our findings highlight that lamprey are vulnerable to GBT, but the effects are generally sublethal and would not be detected using FPC exam procedures. For example, we observed larval and juvenile lamprey that had bubbles in the gut and/or were floating, although these conditions were not consistently linked. More data are needed, but we surmise that it takes some time for bubbles to form in sufficient quantity to create the floatation required to overcome the mass of the lamprey. Positive buoyancy in natural settings could have substantial impacts to the risk of mortality for lamprey. Future studies could test GBT risk for larval lamprey in burrows, investigate the influence of lamprey size, measure performance (e.g., burrowing, swimming, predator avoidance ability) after elevated TDG exposure, and describe the rate that GBT signs dissipate when lamprey are returned to normally saturated water.","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","collaboration":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Liedtke, T.L., Tiffan, K., Weiland, L.K., and Ekstrom, B.K., 2023, First investigations on lamprey responses to elevated total dissolved gas exposure and risk of gas bubble trauma, 39 p.","productDescription":"39 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151469","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":419173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/Document.mvc/Viewer/P199259"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth 0000-0002-5831-2846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":217812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiland, Lisa K. 0000-0002-9729-4062 lweiland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-4062","contributorId":3565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"Lisa","email":"lweiland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ekstrom, Brian K. 0000-0002-1162-1780 bekstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1162-1780","contributorId":3704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekstrom","given":"Brian","email":"bekstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70243276,"text":"70243276 - 2023 - So goes the snow: Alaska snowpack changes and impacts on pacific salmon in a warming climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-05T11:38:45.159335","indexId":"70243276","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-30T06:36:59","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"So goes the snow: Alaska snowpack changes and impacts on pacific salmon in a warming climate","docAbstract":"In Alaska’s watersheds, climate change is altering the nature and role of the snowpack, defined as snow accumulation that melts in spring. Generally, the amount of precipitation that falls as snow and the length of the snow-cover season both decrease as temperatures exceed 0°C (32°F) more frequently. The impacts of climate change on snowpack vary among watersheds. In southern, coastal parts of Alaska, large decreases in spring snowpack are expected by the mid-21st century, even with more winter precipitation because temperatures warm to above freezing, causing a shift from snow to rain or more melt during the winter. In contrast, modest early spring increases in the snowpack are expected in watersheds where temperatures remain below freezing. In these locations temperatures warm but remain cold enough for the extra winter precipitation to fall as snow, even though the snowpack will begin accumulating later in the fall and melt earlier in the spring as temperatures rise during those warmer seasons. Because potential impacts on hydrological and ecological systems will vary among watersheds, it is difficult to generalize the resulting ecological impacts at broad spatial scales. Here, we explore likely impacts on hydrology in critical anadromous fish habitat in southwest Alaska.","language":"English","publisher":"US National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Littell, J., Reynolds, J.H., Bartz, K.K., McAfee, S., and Hayward, G.D., 2023, So goes the snow: Alaska snowpack changes and impacts on pacific salmon in a warming climate: Alaska Park Science, v. 19, no. 1, p. 62-75.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"75","ipdsId":"IP-112750","costCenters":[{"id":49028,"text":"Alaska Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/aps-19-1-10.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -167.0502487962713,\n              69.32812262696825\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.0502487962713,\n              63.68078746979131\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.31697991983825,\n              63.68078746979131\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.31697991983825,\n              69.32812262696825\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.0502487962713,\n              69.32812262696825\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littell, Jeremy S. 0000-0002-5302-8280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-8280","contributorId":205907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littell","given":"Jeremy","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Joel H.","contributorId":140498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartz, Krista K.","contributorId":200705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartz","given":"Krista","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McAfee, Stephanie A.","contributorId":167115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAfee","given":"Stephanie A.","affiliations":[{"id":24618,"text":"Department of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hayward, Gregory D.","contributorId":209846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayward","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":38010,"text":"US Forest Service, Alaska Region","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242743,"text":"fs20233011 - 2023 - Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-06T21:55:12.110532","indexId":"fs20233011","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T13:18:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-3011","displayTitle":"Magnitude and Frequency of Floods for Rural Streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Summary","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Summary","docAbstract":"<p>Reliable flood-frequency estimates are important for hydraulic structure design and floodplain management in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Annual peak streamflows (hereafter, referred to as peak flows) measured at 965 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages were used to compute flood-frequency estimates with annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) of 50, 20, 10, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.2 percent. These AEPs correspond to flood-recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively. A subset of these streamgages (801) were used to develop equations to predict the AEP flood flows at ungaged stream locations. This study was completed by the USGS in cooperation with the Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina Departments of Transportation and the North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety, and the results are summarized in this fact sheet. The complete results and the supporting data are presented in the companion scientific investigations report and data release.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20233011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Transportation (Engineering Division, Office of Bridge Design and Maintenance), South Carolina Department of Transportation (Hydraulic Design Support Office), North Carolina Department of Transportation (Division of Highways, Hydraulics Unit), and the North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety (Division of Emergency Management, Floodplain Mapping Program)","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T.D., Gotvald, A.J., Musser, J.W., Weaver, J.C., and Kolb, K.R., 2023, Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2023–3011, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20233011.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-127484","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416437,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TSBPFS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Data"},{"id":415850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2023/3011/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":415851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2023/3011/fs20233011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.52 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2023-3011"},{"id":415852,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235006","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5006","linkHelpText":"- Magnitude and Frequency of Floods for Rural Streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Results"},{"id":415803,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20233011/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 2023-3011"},{"id":499661,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114704.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416438,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AQ2AX1","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive for magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017"},{"id":415805,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sawsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sawsc\">South Atlantic Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1770 Corporate Drive, Suite 500<br>Norcross, GA 30093</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Overview</li><li>Trends in Annual Peak Streamflows</li><li>Flood-Frequency Estimates at Streamgage Locations</li><li>Update of Regional Skew</li><li>Regionalization: Estimating Peak Streamflows at Ungaged Locations</li><li>Possible Future Studies</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":205647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musser, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-3543-0807 jwmusser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-0807","contributorId":2266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musser","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwmusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis 0000-0001-7068-5445 jcweaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-5445","contributorId":2229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.","email":"jcweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Curtis","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":869637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolb, Katharine 0000-0002-1663-1662 kkolb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-1662","contributorId":5537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolb","given":"Katharine","email":"kkolb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":869638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70241229,"text":"sir20235006 - 2023 - Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-02T18:01:49.725089","indexId":"sir20235006","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T13:18:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5006","displayTitle":"Magnitude and Frequency of Floods for Rural Streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Results","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Results","docAbstract":"<p>Reliable estimates of the magnitude and frequency of floods are an important part of the framework for hydraulic-structure design and flood-plain management in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Annual peak flows measured at U.S. Geological Survey streamgages are used to compute flood‑frequency estimates at those streamgages. However, flood‑frequency estimates also are needed at ungaged stream locations. A process known as regionalization was used to develop regression equations to estimate the magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged locations.</p><p>A multistate approach was used to update estimates of the magnitude and frequency of floods in rural, ungaged basins in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Annual peak-flow data through September 2017 were analyzed for 965 streamgages with 10 or more years of data on rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and adjacent parts of Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, and Virginia. Flood‑frequency estimates of the 50‑, 20‑, 10‑, 4‑, 2‑, 1‑, 0.5‑, and 0.2‑percent annual exceedance probability streamflows, which correspond to flood-recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively, were computed for the 965 streamgages following national guidelines. As part of the computation of flood‑frequency estimates for the streamgages, an updated value for the regional skew coefficient (0.048) was developed using a Bayesian generalized least squares regression model. The new regional skew has a mean square error or average variance of prediction of 0.092. Additionally, basin characteristics for these stations were computed using a geographical information system.</p><p>Exploratory analyses on the 965 streamgages confirmed the five hydrologic regions for Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina defined in a previous rural flood‑frequency study. From the 965 streamgages, streamgages with 30 or more years of record were used to complete a peak-flow trend analysis. Of the 965 streamgages, 164 streamgages were found to be redundant and were excluded from the regional regression analyses. Data from the remaining 801 streamgages (292 in Georgia, 75 in South Carolina, 303 in North Carolina, 15 in Alabama, 12 in Florida, 39 in Tennessee, and 65 in Virginia) were used in a regional regression analysis relating basin characteristics to flood‑frequency estimates. This analysis, based on generalized least squares regression, was used to develop a set of predictive equations to estimate the 50‑, 20‑, 10‑, 4‑, 2‑, 1‑, 0.5‑, and 0.2‑percent annual exceedance probability streamflows for rural, ungaged basins in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The final set of predictive equations are all functions of drainage area and percentage of the drainage basin within each of the five hydrologic regions. Average errors of prediction for these regression equations range from 35.8 to 44.4 percent.</p><p>Flood‑frequency estimates also were computed for 72 regulated (for example, a streamgage where flow is altered by a dam or weir) streamgages in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina with 20 or more years of post-regulation record using data through water year 2019. The water year is the annual period from October 1 through September 30 and is designated by the year in which the period ends. Of the 72 regulated streamgages, 18 had pre-regulated periods of record that also were analyzed as part of this study. Flow adjustments were applied to historic peaks and large floods from the pre-regulated period, if available, for use in the post-regulation frequency analysis. Estimates of large floods provide valuable information in frequency analysis and, thus, were included in the post-regulation frequency analysis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Transportation (Engineering Division, Office of Bridge Design and Maintenance), South Carolina Department of Transportation (Hydraulic Design Support Office), North Carolina Department of Transportation (Division of Highways, Hydraulics Unit), and the North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety (Division of Emergency Management, Floodplain Mapping Program)","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T.D., Gotvald, A.J., Musser, J.W., Weaver, J.C., Kolb, K.R., Veilleux, A.G., and Wagner, D.M., 2023, Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Results: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5006, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235006.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 75 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"75","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-115205","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414229,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TSBPFS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2017—Data"},{"id":414230,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AQ2AX1","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive for magnitude and frequency of floods for rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sawsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sawsc\">South Atlantic Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1770 Corporate Drive, Suite 500<br>Norcross, GA 30093</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Data Compilation</li><li>Estimation of Flood Magnitude and Frequency at Streamgages</li><li>Comparison of Selected Flood-Frequency Estimates with the Previous Estimates</li><li>Streamgages Affected by Regulation</li><li>Estimation of Flood Magnitude and Frequency at Ungaged Sites</li><li>Application of Flood-Frequency Methods</li><li>StreamStats</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Regional Skew Regression Analysis for Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":205647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":866592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":866593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musser, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-3543-0807 jwmusser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-0807","contributorId":2266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musser","given":"Jonathan","email":"jwmusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":866594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis 0000-0001-7068-5445 jcweaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-5445","contributorId":2229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.","email":"jcweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Curtis","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":866595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolb, Katharine 0000-0002-1663-1662 kkolb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-1662","contributorId":5537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolb","given":"Katharine","email":"kkolb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":866596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Veilleux, Andrea G. 0000-0002-8742-4660 aveilleux@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-4660","contributorId":203278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"aveilleux@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wagner, Daniel M. 0000-0002-0432-450X dwagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-450X","contributorId":4531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Daniel","email":"dwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70262374,"text":"70262374 - 2023 - Remote characterization of the 12 January 2020 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines, using seismo-acoustic, volcanic lightning, and satellite observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-16T16:53:12.932796","indexId":"70262374","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T10:47:11","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote characterization of the 12 January 2020 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines, using seismo-acoustic, volcanic lightning, and satellite observations","docAbstract":"<p><span>On 12 January 2020, an eruption began on the shores of the Main Crater Lake (MCL) of Taal Volcano—a caldera system on the southern end of Luzon Island in the Philippines. Taal, one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines, is located 30&nbsp;km south of Manila—a major metropolitan area with a population of 13.5 million people. Eruptive activity intensified throughout the day on 12 January, producing prolific volcanic lightning, ashfall, and a sustained plume that reached 16–17&nbsp;km altitude. The chronology of events was well documented by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center. The wealth of data collected during the eruption provides a unique opportunity to investigate how the combination of different remote sensing methods may complement local observations and monitoring. Remote systems tend to provide lower resolution data but are also less likely to be compromised by the eruptive activity, thus providing continuous records of eruptive processes. Here, we present a postevent analysis of the 12 January activity, including data from long‐range lightning, infrasound, and seismic arrays located at distances up to several thousands of kilometers from the volcano. By combining these datasets, we distinguish five phases of activity and infer a major shift in eruption behavior around 12:00 on 12 January (UTC). The remote observations suggest that the most of the water within the MCL (</span><span class=\"inline-formula no-formula-id\">⁠∼42  million m<sup>3⁠</sup></span><span>) was vaporized and incorporated into the volcanic plume within the first 12&nbsp;hr of the eruption.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120220223","usgsCitation":"Perttu, A., Assink, J.D., Van Eaton, A.R., Caudron, C., Vagasky, C., Krippner, J., McKee, K., De Angelis, S., Perttu, B., Taisne, B., and Lube, G., 2023, Remote characterization of the 12 January 2020 eruption of Taal Volcano, Philippines, using seismo-acoustic, volcanic lightning, and satellite observations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 113, no. 4, p. 1471-1492, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120220223.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1492","ipdsId":"IP-146744","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/365748","text":"External Repository"},{"id":466642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"Taal Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              121.2,\n              13.8755\n            ],\n            [\n              121.2,\n              14.15\n            ],\n            [\n              120.9,\n              14.15\n            ],\n            [\n              120.9,\n              13.8755\n            ],\n            [\n              121.2,\n              13.8755\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perttu, Anna 0000-0003-3590-1549","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3590-1549","contributorId":265984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perttu","given":"Anna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48937,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Assink, Jelle D.","contributorId":236650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Assink","given":"Jelle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":47493,"text":"R and D Seismology and Acoustics, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":184079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":923967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caudron, Corentin 0000-0002-3748-0007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3748-0007","contributorId":224799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caudron","given":"Corentin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40942,"text":"Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie, ISTerre, Grenoble, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vagasky, Chris","contributorId":311231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vagasky","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":67366,"text":"Vaisala Inc., Louisville, Colorado, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krippner, Janine","contributorId":349058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krippner","given":"Janine","affiliations":[{"id":35780,"text":"University of Waikato, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McKee, Kathleen 0000-0003-3189-9189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-9189","contributorId":265977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKee","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54848,"text":"Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"De Angelis, Silvio","contributorId":172953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Silvio","affiliations":[{"id":27128,"text":"Univ. of Liverpool","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Perttu, Brian","contributorId":349059,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perttu","given":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":83419,"text":"Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Taisne, Benoit","contributorId":255664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taisne","given":"Benoit","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51637,"text":"EOS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lube, Gert","contributorId":349061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lube","given":"Gert","affiliations":[{"id":83419,"text":"Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70246330,"text":"70246330 - 2023 - Simulating the migration dynamics of juvenile salmonids through rivers and estuaries using a hydrodynamically driven enhanced particle tracking model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-05T11:58:56.545753","indexId":"70246330","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T06:54:32","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":16139,"text":"Ecological Modeling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the migration dynamics of juvenile salmonids through rivers and estuaries using a hydrodynamically driven enhanced particle tracking model","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"abs0002\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"abss0002\"><p id=\"spara021\"><span>Juvenile salmonids migrate hundreds of kilometers from their natal streams to mature in the ocean. Throughout this migration, they respond to environmental cues such as local water velocities and other stimuli to direct and modulate their movements, often through heavily modified riverine and estuarine habitats. Management strategies in an uncertain future of climate change and altered&nbsp;land use regimes&nbsp;depend heavily on being able to reliably predict their ocean entry timings, route use, and survival rates through rivers and&nbsp;</span>estuaries. We developed a spatially-explicit agent-based model of fish movement in response to hydrodynamic flows that uses movement dynamics gleaned from multi-dimensional tracking datasets of acoustically tagged juveniles moving through an urbanized, branched tidal estuary. We demonstrate how such models can be calibrated, and we apply it to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in Central California. The quality of the out-of-sample validation of the model to predict juvenile salmon survival and route selection indicates that the model is versatile and flexible enough to be used in novel hydroclimatological conditions.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110393","usgsCitation":"Sridharan, V.K., Jackson, D., Hein, A.M., Perry, R., Pope, A., Hendrix, N., Danner, E.M., and Lindley, S.T., 2023, Simulating the migration dynamics of juvenile salmonids through rivers and estuaries using a hydrodynamically driven enhanced particle tracking model: Ecological Modeling, v. 482, 110393, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110393.","productDescription":"110393, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-144118","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3298p440","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":418684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay-Delta system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.41195439667275,\n              38.415598404027605\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.41195439667275,\n              37.69791363010357\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25888467133896,\n              37.69791363010357\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25888467133896,\n              38.415598404027605\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.41195439667275,\n              38.415598404027605\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"482","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sridharan, Vamsi Krishna","contributorId":315555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sridharan","given":"Vamsi","email":"","middleInitial":"Krishna","affiliations":[{"id":68351,"text":"Fisheries Collaborative Program, University of California, Santa Cruz; Affiliated with: Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Doug","contributorId":315556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":68352,"text":"QEDA Consulting, LLC., 4007 Densmore Avenue N., Seattle, WA, 98103","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hein, Andrew M.","contributorId":315557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hein","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":68353,"text":"Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":220177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pope, Adam C. 0000-0002-7253-2247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7253-2247","contributorId":223237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Adam","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hendrix, Noble","contributorId":289658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendrix","given":"Noble","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62214,"text":"QEDA Consulting, 4007 Densmore Ave N, Seattle, WA 98103, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Danner, Eric M.","contributorId":315558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danner","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":68353,"text":"Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lindley, Steven T.","contributorId":302835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindley","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70243957,"text":"70243957 - 2023 - Benchmarking high-resolution hydrologic model performance of long-term retrospective streamflow simulations in the contiguous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T11:56:26.603617","indexId":"70243957","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T06:53:45","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benchmarking high-resolution hydrologic model performance of long-term retrospective streamflow simulations in the contiguous United States","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract\" class=\"abstract sec\"><div class=\"abstract-content show-no-js\"><p id=\"d1e169\">Because use of high-resolution hydrologic models is becoming more widespread and estimates are made over large domains, there is a pressing need for systematic evaluation of their performance. Most evaluation efforts to date have focused on smaller basins that have been relatively undisturbed by human activity, but there is also a need to benchmark model performance more comprehensively, including basins impacted by human activities. This study benchmarks the long-term performance of two process-oriented, high-resolution, continental-scale hydrologic models that have been developed to assess water availability and risks in the United States (US): the National Water Model v2.1 application of WRF-Hydro (NWMv2.1) and the National Hydrologic Model v1.0 application of the Precipitation–Runoff Modeling System (NHMv1.0). The evaluation is performed on 5390 streamflow gages from 1983 to 2016 (<span class=\"inline-formula\">∼</span> 33&nbsp;years) at a daily time step, including both natural and human-impacted catchments, representing one of the most comprehensive evaluations over the contiguous US. Using the Kling–Gupta efficiency as the main evaluation metric, the models are compared against a climatological benchmark that accounts for seasonality. Overall, the model applications show similar performance, with better performance in minimally disturbed basins than in those impacted by human activities. Relative regional differences are also similar: the best performance is found in the Northeast, followed by the Southeast, and generally worse performance is found in the Central and West areas. For both models, about 80 % of the sites exceed the seasonal climatological benchmark. Basins that do not exceed the climatological benchmark are further scrutinized to provide model diagnostics for each application. Using the underperforming subset, both models tend to overestimate streamflow volumes in the West, which could be attributed to not accounting for human activities, such as active management. Both models underestimate flow variability, especially the highest flows; this was more pronounced for NHMv1.0. Low flows tended to be overestimated by NWMv2.1, whereas there were both over and underestimations for NHMv1.0, but they were less severe. Although this study focused on model diagnostics for underperforming sites based on the seasonal climatological benchmark, metrics for all sites for both model applications are openly available online.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus","doi":"10.5194/hess-27-1809-2023","usgsCitation":"Towler, E., Foks, S., Dugger, A.L., Dickinson, J.E., Essaid, H.I., Gochis, D., Viger, R.J., and Zhang, Y., 2023, Benchmarking high-resolution hydrologic model performance of long-term retrospective streamflow simulations in the contiguous United States: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 27, no. 9, p. 1809-1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1809-2023.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1809","endPage":"1825","ipdsId":"IP-141543","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction 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,{"id":70243183,"text":"70243183 - 2023 - Potential effects of habitat change on migratory bird movements and avian influenza transmission in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T11:36:54.656507","indexId":"70243183","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-28T06:33:32","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1398,"text":"Diversity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of habitat change on migratory bird movements and avian influenza transmission in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway","docAbstract":"<div class=\"html-p\">Wild waterbirds, and especially wild waterfowl, are considered to be a reservoir for avian influenza viruses, with transmission likely occurring at the agricultural-wildlife interface. In the past few decades, avian influenza has repeatedly emerged in China along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), where extensive habitat conversion has occurred. Rapid environmental changes in the EAAF, especially distributional changes in rice paddy agriculture, have the potential to affect both the movements of wild migratory birds and the likelihood of spillover at the agricultural-wildlife interface. To begin to understand the potential implications such changes may have on waterfowl and disease transmission risk, we created dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Models (dBBMM) based on waterfowl telemetry data. We used these dBBMM models to create hypothetical scenarios that would predict likely changes in waterfowl distribution relative to recent changes in rice distribution quantified through remote sensing. Our models examined a range of responses in which increased availability of rice paddies would drive increased use by waterfowl and decreased availability would result in decreased use, predicted from empirical data. Results from our scenarios suggested that in southeast China, relatively small decreases in rice agriculture could lead to dramatic loss of stopover habitat, and in northeast China, increases in rice paddies should provide new areas that can be used by waterfowl. Finally, we explored the implications of how such scenarios of changing waterfowl distribution may affect the potential for avian influenza transmission. Our results provide advance understanding of changing disease transmission threats by incorporating real-world data that predicts differences in habitat utilization by migratory birds over time.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/d15050601","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J., Prosser, D., Sullivan, J.D., Yin, S., Wang, X., Zhang, G., and Xiao, X., 2023, Potential effects of habitat change on migratory bird movements and avian influenza transmission in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: Diversity, v. 15, no. 5, 601, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050601.","productDescription":"601, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151017","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050601","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              110.647426736211,\n              49.63059537353766\n            ],\n            [\n              110.647426736211,\n              24.72726514910231\n            ],\n            [\n              138.23321668197326,\n              24.72726514910231\n            ],\n            [\n              138.23321668197326,\n              49.63059537353766\n            ],\n            [\n              110.647426736211,\n              49.63059537353766\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John 0000-0003-0217-5907","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":203688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":36688,"text":"Suisun Resource Conservation District","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prosser, Diann 0000-0002-5251-1799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":217931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, Jeffery D. 0000-0002-9242-2432","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-2432","contributorId":265822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yin, Shenglai","contributorId":223544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yin","given":"Shenglai","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37803,"text":"Wageningen University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, Xinxin","contributorId":304701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Xinxin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7062,"text":"University of Oklahoma","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Geli","contributorId":206235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Geli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Xiao, Xiangming","contributorId":150759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xiao","given":"Xiangming","affiliations":[{"id":18095,"text":"Center for Spatial Analysis, U of OK, Norman, OK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243020,"text":"sir20235041 - 2023 - Public-supply water use in 2010 and projections of use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T21:34:51.78009","indexId":"sir20235041","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-27T12:28:54","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5041","displayTitle":"Public-Supply Water Use in 2010 and Projections of Use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee","title":"Public-supply water use in 2010 and projections of use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p>Future water use was projected for public-water systems in Tennessee. Water-use information was compiled for Tennessee for 2010, and projections were made to 2020 and 2030. The water-use models were based on two primary datasets: baseline water-use information for 2010 for Tennessee and projected population in Tennessee.</p><p>Population and water withdrawals in Tennessee are expected to increase through 2030. Because population served is projected to increase by about 1 million people during 2010 to 2030, the supply of finished water to meet demand in Tennessee is projected to increase from 921 to 1,137 million gallons per day, or 23 percent. The residential, commercial, and industrial water use, and treatment and nonrevenue water sectors of public supply are about 37, 32, and 30 percent, respectively, of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030.</p><p>In West Tennessee, public-supply water use is 26, 26, and 24 percent of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030, respectively. From 2010 to 2030, public-supply water use in West Tennessee is projected to increase 13 percent. In Middle Tennessee, public-supply water use is 38, 39, and 41 percent of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030, respectively. From 2010 to 2030, public-supply water use in Middle Tennessee is projected to increase 33 percent. In East Tennessee, public-supply water use is 36, 36, and 35 percent of the total water demand in Tennessee during 2010, 2020, and 2030, respectively. From 2010 to 2030, public-supply water use in East Tennessee is projected to increase 21 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., and Gain, W.S., 2023, Public-supply water use in 2010 and projections of use in 2020 and 2030, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5041, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235041.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 26 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079080","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500917,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/lmg-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/lmg-water/\">Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100<br>Nashville, TN 37211</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Approach and Methods</li><li>Public-Supply Water Use and Projections of Use for Tennessee</li><li>Summary</li><li>Selected References</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, John A. 0000-0001-8002-4237 jarobin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-4237","contributorId":1105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"John","email":"jarobin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243023,"text":"pp1876 - 2023 - Volcanic aquifers of Hawaiʻi—Contributions to assessing groundwater availability on Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-18T22:16:30.66487","indexId":"pp1876","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-27T09:04:58","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1876","displayTitle":"Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Contributions to Assessing Groundwater Availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui","title":"Volcanic aquifers of Hawaiʻi—Contributions to assessing groundwater availability on Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui","docAbstract":"<p>The volcanic aquifers of the Hawaiian Islands supply water to 1.46 million residents, diverse industries, and a large component of the U.S. military in the Pacific. Groundwater also supplies fresh water that supports ecosystems in streams and near the coast. Hawaii’s aquifers are remarkably productive given their small size, but the capacity of the islands to store fresh groundwater is limited because each island is surrounded by seawater, and salt water underlies much of the fresh groundwater. The amount of fresh groundwater available for human use from Hawai‘i’s volcanic aquifers is constrained by the consequences of groundwater withdrawal. Restrictions placed on these consequences can translate to limitations on groundwater availability. Changes in recharge resulting from changes in land cover or climate can alter the effect of withdrawals.</p><p>This study uses numerical models of the volcanic aquifers of the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui to quantify the consequences of historical and plausible future withdrawals and changes in recharge. The study compares the results of model simulations of multiple scenarios of historical and projected future withdrawal and recharge. Results of the simulations using the groundwater models of the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui have implications for other islands in Hawai‘i.</p><p>Since the first modern water well was drilled in Hawai‘i in 1879, total groundwater withdrawals on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui have risen to nearly 400 million gallons per day. Model simulations indicate that these withdrawals have caused reductions in groundwater discharge to streams and springs, reductions in groundwater discharge to the ocean, changes in subsurface flow between sectors within an island, lowering of groundwater levels, and rise of the interface between fresh water and salt water in the aquifers. Future increases in withdrawals will increase the severity of the consequences. Changes in recharge can alter the effect of withdrawals—increases in recharge can offset the consequences of withdrawals, whereas decreases in recharge can exacerbate the effects of withdrawals.</p><p>This study quantifies the consequences of withdrawals for past and plausible future circumstances. The models can be used to test other circumstances. Limits placed on the consequences of withdrawals—such as restrictions to protect stream or coastal ecosystems that rely on groundwater discharge and limitations on water-level decline and rise of the freshwater-saltwater interface to protect the productivity of existing wells—can translate to limits on groundwater availability from Hawai‘i’s volcanic aquifers. Setting acceptable limits to the consequences of groundwater withdrawal is also a critical part of assessing groundwater availability. Once these limits are set, numerical models can be used to quantify the amount of water that can be withdrawn within those limits and thereby inform management decisions that seek to balance the need to limit the consequences of groundwater withdrawals with the need to develop water for human use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1876","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., and Rotzoll, K., 2023, Volcanic aquifers of Hawai‘i—Contributions to assessing groundwater availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui (ver. 1.1, June 2023): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1876, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1876.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 100 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"100","ipdsId":"IP-125998","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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https://doi.org/10.5066/P9L4N2ZI."},{"id":416402,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1876/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":500158,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114701.htm","text":"Kauai","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416405,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205126","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5126","description":"Izuka, S.K., Rotzoll, K., and Nishikawa, T., 2021, Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Construction and calibration of numerical models for assessing groundwater availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5126, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205126.","linkHelpText":"- Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Construction and Calibration of Numerical Models for Assessing Groundwater Availability on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui"},{"id":416404,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155164","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5164","description":"Izuka, S.K., Engott, J.A., Rotzoll, Kolja, Bassiouni, Maoya, Johnson, A.G., Miller, L.D., and Mair, Alan, 2018, Volcanic aquifers of Hawai‘i—Hydrogeology, water budgets, and conceptual models (ver. 2.0, March 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5164, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155164.","linkHelpText":"- Volcanic Aquifers of Hawai‘i—Hydrogeology, Water budgets, and Conceptual Models"},{"id":500159,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114702.htm","text":"Maui","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":500157,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114700.htm","text":"Oahu","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":417943,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20233010","text":"Fact Sheet 2023-3010","description":"Izuka, S.K., and Rotzoll, K., 2023, Availability of groundwater from the volcanic aquifers of the Hawaiian Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2023-3010, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20233010.","linkHelpText":"- Availability of Groundwater from the Volcanic Aquifers of the Hawaiian Islands"},{"id":417726,"rank":7,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1876/versionHist.rtf","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":416403,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1876/pp1876.pdf","text":"Report","size":"32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kauaʻi, Maui, 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96818</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Geographic and Geologic Names</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Setting</li><li>Numerical Models</li><li>Numerical-Model Simulations to Assess Groundwater Availability</li><li>Implications for Groundwater Availability</li><li>Study Limitations</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-27","revisedDate":"2023-06-02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, Scot K. 0000-0002-8758-9414 skizuka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9414","contributorId":2645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"Scot","email":"skizuka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotzoll, Kolja 0000-0002-5910-888X kolja@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-888X","contributorId":3325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotzoll","given":"Kolja","email":"kolja@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70242864,"text":"sir20235034 - 2023 - Developing a habitat model to support management of threatened seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T21:10:26.74788","indexId":"sir20235034","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5034","displayTitle":"Developing a Habitat Model To Support Management of Threatened Seabeach Amaranth (<em>Amaranthus pumilus</em>) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia","title":"Developing a habitat model to support management of threatened seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><i>Amaranthus pumilus</i> (seabeach amaranth) is a federally threatened plant species that has been the focus of restoration efforts at Assateague Island National Seashore (ASIS). Despite several years with strong population numbers prior to 2010, monitoring efforts have revealed a significant decline in the seabeach amaranth population since that time, the causes of which have been unclear. To examine potential causes for the population decreases, and to help inform management practices for the future, we first evaluated 20 years of plant population data and three seasons of physical landscape characteristics of seabeach amaranth sites spanning the period of decline to assess how these may have contributed to decreases in habitat. Plant population trends, grazing data, and precipitation data indicate the population declines coincided with severe storms and periods of drought. Furthermore, we found that plants tended to occur at sites on portions of ASIS that were lower elevation on narrower regions of the island than sites where plants were not observed. Secondly, using two different data sampling schemes, we developed Bayesian networks to calculate probabilities of habitat and evaluate the importance of different variables, particularly morphologic metrics, included in the Bayesian networks. Model analyses showed that variables capturing the presence of, and proximity to, the seed bank were important for accurate hindcasts, and that specific barrier-island morphologies tended to occur at sites where seabeach amaranth was observed. More specifically, favorable habitat sites tended to be those more likely to experience overwash during high-water events, consistent with the long-held observations that the plants tend to occur in disturbance-prone settings. Model outputs provide spatially explicit maps of relative habitat suitability and helped to identify high-priority areas for amaranth protection. The modeling effort may also assist in determining the management actions most likely to result in the preservation of a long-term sustainable population.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. National Park Service, Assateague Island National Seashore","programNote":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Gutierrez, B.T., and Lentz, E.E., 2023, Developing a habitat model to support management of threatened seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus) at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5034, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235034.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 62 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-138169","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500902,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114696.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":416084,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GKXN3H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Seabeach amaranth presence-absence and barrier island geomorphology metrics as relates to shorebird habitat for Assateague Island National Seashore—2008, 2010, and 2014"},{"id":416083,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IZMQ1B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Assateague Island seabeach amaranth survey data—2001 to 2018"},{"id":416078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":416081,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/sir20235034.XML"},{"id":416082,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/images/"},{"id":416079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5034/sir20235034.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5034"},{"id":416080,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235034/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2023-5034"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Assateague Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.404961539858,\n              37.96286804133118\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.43790635269107,\n              37.87190276298624\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.41868854520543,\n              37.83288321389344\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.3280903099138,\n              37.813365696066924\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.18532945430236,\n              37.95204474129373\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.11943982863623,\n              38.09046248604372\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.07002260938577,\n              38.23940103731053\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.06727720831641,\n              38.334217385797814\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.08649501580261,\n              38.39664223886004\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.15787544360805,\n              38.37297018430121\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25670988210835,\n              38.245869722482354\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.28690929387204,\n              38.12502605709048\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.37201672702491,\n              37.9780179817395\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.404961539858,\n              37.96286804133118\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:WHSC_science_director@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:WHSC_science_director@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc\">Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>384 Woods Hole Road Quissett Campus<br>Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Bayesian Network Configuration, Initial Performance Testing and Scores, and Hindcast Evaluation</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutierrez, Benjamin T. 0000-0002-1879-7893 bgutierrez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-7893","contributorId":2924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Benjamin","email":"bgutierrez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lentz, Erika E. 0000-0002-0621-8954 elentz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0621-8954","contributorId":173964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lentz","given":"Erika","email":"elentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70246285,"text":"70246285 - 2023 - Challenges and solutions for automated avian recognition in aerial imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-06T16:14:37.067823","indexId":"70246285","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:52:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5347,"text":"Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Challenges and solutions for automated avian recognition in aerial imagery","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Remote aerial sensing provides a non-invasive, large geographical-scale technology for avian monitoring, but the manual processing of images limits its development and applications. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods can be used to mitigate this manual image processing requirement. The implementation of AI methods, however, has several challenges: (1) imbalanced (i.e., long-tailed) data distribution, (2) annotation uncertainty in categorization, and (3) dataset discrepancies across different study sites. Here we use aerial imagery data of waterbirds around Cape Cod and Lake Michigan in the United States to examine how these challenges limit avian recognition performance. We review existing solutions and demonstrate as use cases how methods like Label Distribution Aware Marginal Loss with Deferred Re-Weighting, hierarchical classification, and FixMatch address the three challenges. We also present a new approach to tackle the annotation uncertainty challenge using a Soft-fine Pseudo-Label methodology. Finally, we aim with this paper to increase awareness in the ecological remote sensing community of these challenges and bridge the gap between ecological applications and state-of-the-art computer science, thereby opening new doors to future research.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","doi":"10.1002/rse2.318","usgsCitation":"Miao, Z., Yu, S.X., Landolt, K.L., Koneff, M.D., White, T., Fara, L., Hlavacek, E., Pickens, B.A., Harrison, T.J., and Getz, W., 2023, Challenges and solutions for automated avian recognition in aerial imagery: Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, v. 9, no. 4, p. 439-453, https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.318.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"453","ipdsId":"IP-140903","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443712,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.318","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YL80R6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Images and annotations to automate the classification of avian species"},{"id":418651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miao, Zhonqgi","contributorId":315481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miao","given":"Zhonqgi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yu, Stella X","contributorId":315482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Stella","email":"","middleInitial":"X","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landolt, Kyle Lawrence 0000-0002-6738-8586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6738-8586","contributorId":298782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landolt","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koneff, Mark D.","contributorId":191128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koneff","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Timothy","contributorId":236917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":20318,"text":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":876652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fara, Luke J. 0000-0002-1143-4395","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-4395","contributorId":202973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fara","given":"Luke J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hlavacek, Enrika 0000-0002-9872-2305","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9872-2305","contributorId":297184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hlavacek","given":"Enrika","affiliations":[{"id":48800,"text":"Former USGS, UMESC employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pickens, Bradley A.","contributorId":140926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pickens","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrison, Travis J. 0000-0002-9195-738X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-738X","contributorId":213966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Getz, Wayne M.","contributorId":287152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Getz","given":"Wayne M.","affiliations":[{"id":36629,"text":"University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70243151,"text":"70243151 - 2023 - Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T11:43:02.445205","indexId":"70243151","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:37:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9161,"text":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system","docAbstract":"<div class=\"capsule__text\"><p>Reservoirs in arid landscapes provide critical water storage and hydroelectric power but influence the transport and biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg). Improved management of reservoirs to mitigate the supply and uptake of bioavailable methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic food webs will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of inorganic divalent Hg (Hg(<small>II</small>)) and MeHg fate within and downstream of reservoirs. Here, we quantified Hg(<small>II</small>), MeHg, and other pertinent biogeochemical constituents in water (filtered and associated with particles) at high temporal resolution from 2016–2020. This was done (1) at inflow and outflow locations of three successive hydroelectric reservoirs (Snake River, Idaho, Oregon) and (2) vertically and longitudinally within the first reservoir (Brownlee Reservoir). Under spring high flow, upstream inputs of particulate Hg (Hg(<small>II</small>) and MeHg) and filter-passing Hg(<small>II</small>) to Brownlee Reservoir were governed by total suspended solids and dissolved organic matter, respectively. Under redox stratified conditions in summer, net MeHg formation in the meta- and hypolimnion of Brownlee reservoir yielded elevated filter-passing and particulate MeHg concentrations, the latter exceeding 500 ng g<small><sup>−1</sup></small><span>&nbsp;</span>on particles. Simultaneously, the organic matter content of particulates increased longitudinally in the reservoir (from 9–29%) and temporally with stratified duration. In late summer and fall, destratification mobilized MeHg from the upgradient metalimnion and the downgradient hypolimnion of Brownlee Reservoir, respectively, resulting in downstream export of elevated filter-passing MeHg and organic-rich particles enriched in MeHg (up to 43% MeHg). We document coupled biogeochemical and hydrologic processes that yield in-reservoir MeHg accumulation and MeHg export in water and particles, which impacts MeHg uptake in aquatic food webs within and downstream of reservoirs.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/D3EM00032J","usgsCitation":"Poulin, B., Tate, M., Ogorek, J.M., Breitmeyer, S.E., Baldwin, A.K., Yoder, A.M., Harris, R.C., Naymik, J., Gastelecutto, N., Hoovestol, C., Larsen, C.F., Myers, R., Aiken, G., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2023, Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00032J.","productDescription":"17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-151883","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poulin, Brett 0000-0002-5555-7733","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-7733","contributorId":260893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulin","given":"Brett","affiliations":[{"id":52706,"text":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogorek, Jacob M. 0000-0002-6327-0740 jmogorek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-0740","contributorId":4960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogorek","given":"Jacob","email":"jmogorek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breitmeyer, Sara E. 0000-0003-0609-1559 sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-1559","contributorId":172622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breitmeyer","given":"Sara","email":"sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldwin, Austin K. 0000-0002-6027-3823 akbaldwi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3823","contributorId":4515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Austin","email":"akbaldwi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yoder, Alysa Muir 0000-0002-3683-6729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3683-6729","contributorId":296598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"Alysa","email":"","middleInitial":"Muir","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harris, Reed C.","contributorId":172700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27086,"text":"Reed-Harris Environmental Ltd.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Naymik, Jesse","contributorId":229386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naymik","given":"Jesse","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gastelecutto, Nick","contributorId":296597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gastelecutto","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hoovestol, Charles","contributorId":229387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoovestol","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41632,"text":"Idaho Power Company","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Larsen, Christopher F.","contributorId":147408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Myers, Ralph","contributorId":172701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12541,"text":"Idaho Power Company, P.O. Box 70, Boise ID  83707","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Aiken, George R.","contributorId":206316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aiken","given":"George R.","affiliations":[{"id":37308,"text":"Former USGS employee, deceased","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70243065,"text":"70243065 - 2023 - Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T11:35:05.308037","indexId":"70243065","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-26T06:31:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Reactive nitrogen (Nr) concentrations are higher than expected for mountain lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park, and for many years, high Nr concentrations have been attributed to atmospheric Nr deposition from regional and more distant emission sources, including combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural activities. Here, we estimated the contribution from a very local source, that of human urine, related to intensive use by visitors in Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS). Not only does urine convey hormones, pharmaceuticals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant genes to the environment, but it also contributes Nr, which contributes to loss of biodiversity and eutrophication. Using caffeine as a specific marker for human urine, we compared the calculated maximum potential input of urine with that from wet atmospheric Nr deposition. The maximum potential input is a worst-case scenario. Nearly 30,000 and 45,000 people hiked the 4.0 km to the Loch, the lowest lake in LVWS, in June–September 2019 and 2020, respectively. Informal trails and informal latrine sites were mapped, and the contribution of human urine was calculated based on several assumptions, including that each visitor voided their bladder on the ground once per visit somewhere in Loch Vale. The resulting Nr input from urine in Loch Vale for the summer months of June through September was 0.02 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup>, and prorated to a full year, the 2019 potential contribution of human waste was 0.06 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>. These values are compared with June–September 1.2 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from wet atmospheric deposition or annual measured 2019 deposition of 2.5 kg Nr ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>, to indicate a contribution of 2% Nr to the waters of Loch Vale from local human urine. Most Nr in this alpine and subalpine watershed is still attributable to emissions and subsequent wet atmospheric deposition, but a 2% contribution from human waste is not insignificant. In the very broadest sense, our results document an ecological disturbance from an unprecedented level of human activity in a protected and designated wilderness area. Local solutions to this local problem could include greater outreach to visitors of public lands about the consequences of their activities and installation of latrines.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.4504","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Weinmann, T., Acharya, V.K., Charlton, C., Nydick, K., and Esser, S., 2023, Marmots do not drink coffee: Human urine contributions to the nitrogen budget of a popular national park destination: Ecosphere, v. 14, no. 4, e4504, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4504.","productDescription":"e4504, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145414","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":443723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4504","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95IOUKH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil and surface water nitrogen and caffeine data from 2019, and 2019-2020 trail counts of hikers in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park"},{"id":416483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              39.90595209668854\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29268436734135,\n              39.90595209668854\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29268436734135,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12179549031293,\n              40.64741123740333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weinmann, Timothy 0000-0003-1502-5254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-5254","contributorId":268331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weinmann","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Acharya, Varun Kirk","contributorId":304546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acharya","given":"Varun","email":"","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charlton, Caitlin","contributorId":304547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charlton","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nydick, Koren","contributorId":304548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"Koren","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esser, Scott","contributorId":304549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Esser","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243002,"text":"pp1885J - 2023 - Summary and conclusions","indexId":"pp1885J","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:21:00.155283","indexId":"pp1885J","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:50","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Summary and Conclusions","title":"Summary and conclusions","docAbstract":"<h1>Executive Summary</h1><p>Chromium concentrations in rock and aquifer material in Hinkley and Water Valleys in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, are generally low compared to the average chromium concentration of 185 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in the average bulk continental crust. Chromium concentrations in felsic, coarse-textured “Mojave-type” deposits, composed of Mojave River stream (alluvium) and lake-margin (beach) deposits sourced from the Mojave River, are as low as 5 mg/kg, with a median concentration of 23 mg/kg in aquifer materials adjacent to the screened intervals of sampled wells. The most abundant chromium-containing mineral within aquifer materials in Hinkley and Water Valleys is magnetite. Magnetite is resistant to weathering, and about 90 percent of chromium remains within unweathered mineral grains. However, chromium-containing hornblende diorite and basalt are present in surrounding uplands, and chromium-containing actinolite is present within some aquifer materials.</p><p>Although geologic abundance of chromium is clearly important, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), concentrations in alkaline oxic groundwater are related to additional factors. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in groundwater are influenced by a combination of processes including (1) mineralogy and the weathering rates of chromium-containing minerals; (2) texture of aquifer deposits; (3) accumulation of chromium weathered from minerals within surface coatings on mineral grains; (4) oxidation of accumulated Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the presence of manganese oxides (Mn oxides), including the abundance and oxidation states of those Mn oxides; (5) pH-dependent desorption of chromium from coatings on the surfaces of mineral grains into groundwater during appropriate aqueous geochemical conditions; and (6) age (time since recharge) of groundwater. The pH of groundwater increases with groundwater age (time since recharge) as a result of silicate weathering, and desorption of Cr(VI) from aquifer deposits increases with increasing pH as long as groundwater remains oxic. In the absence of the detailed geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data collected as part of this study, pH-dependent sorption, evaluated as the Cr(VI) occurrence probability at the measured pH, is an effective indicator of natural or anthropogenic Cr(VI).</p><p>The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station is used to compress natural gas as it is transported through a pipeline from Texas to California. Between 1952 and 1964, cooling water containing Cr(VI) was discharged to unlined ponds and released into groundwater in unconsolidated aquifers. The extent of groundwater containing evidence of at least some anthropogenic Cr(VI) was 5.5 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>) and was estimated using a summative scale incorporating geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data collected from more than 100 wells between March 2015 and November 2017. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent is larger than the 2.2 mi<sup>2</sup> extent of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume but is smaller than the 8.3 mi<sup>2</sup> maximum mapped extent of Cr(VI) greater than the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background concentration of 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within felsic, low-chromium aquifer material deposited by the Mojave River described as Mojave-type deposits and is within the area covered by the PG&amp;E monitoring well network.</p><p>Background Cr(VI) concentrations were calculated using the computer program ProUCL 5.1 as the upper 95-percent tolerance limit, UTL<sub>95</sub>, using data from wells outside the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent collected between April 2017 and March 2018. The overall UTL<sub>95</sub> for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern and western subareas and the northern subarea upgradient of the Mount General fault in Hinkley Valley was 3.8 μg/L; this value is similar to the overall UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.9 μg/L calculated for Mojave-type deposits in Hinkley and Water Valleys, and is similar to the maximum Cr(VI) concentration of older groundwater in contact with Mojave-type deposits of 3.6 μg/L.</p><p>In most cases the overall UTL<sub>95</sub> value may be an acceptable Cr(VI) background value near the Cr(VI) plume margin; however, UTL<sub>95</sub> values for the various subareas in Hinkley and Water Valleys provide greater resolution of Cr(VI) background that may be important for some purposes. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern, western, and northern subareas upgradient of the Mount General fault were 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8 μg/L, respectively. The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern subarea is important for plume management because the Hinkley compressor station and most of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume are within the eastern subarea. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.3 μg/L was calculated for Mojave-type deposits downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. This value represents Cr(VI) concentrations that may have been present in that part of the aquifer had Cr(VI) not been released from the Hinkley compressor station, and it reflects coarser textured deposits in this area and the proximity of those deposits to recharge areas along the Mojave River that results in younger (post-1952), less alkaline groundwater than in wells farther downgradient. This value may be a suitable metric for Cr(VI) cleanup goals within the Cr(VI) plume after regulatory updates. A separate UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 5.8 μg/L was calculated for mudflat/playa deposits and older groundwater near Mount General in the eastern subarea. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea downgradient from the Mount General fault and in Water Valley, including lacustrine (lake) deposits and material eroded from basalt and Miocene deposits, were 9.0 and 6.4 μg/L, respectively.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentrations in more than 70 domestic wells sampled between January 27 and 31, 2016, ranged from less than the study reporting level of 0.1–4.0 μg/L, with a median concentration of 1.2 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in water from domestic wells did not exceed UTL<sub>95</sub> values within subareas where the wells were located. Water from 47 percent of domestic wells sampled between January 27 and 31, 2016, had arsenic, uranium, or nitrate concentrations above a maximum contaminant level.</p><p>Anthropogenic Cr(VI) within groundwater downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station is treated by PG&amp;E using bioremediation by adding ethanol as a reductant within a volume of aquifer known as the in situ reactive zone (IRZ). Laboratory microcosm studies showed that Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr(III) with additions of ethanol. Reduced Cr(III) is sorbed and is sequestered into crystalline iron and manganese oxides on the surfaces of mineral grains within the microcosms during a period of several months. Trivalent chromium was reoxidized back to Cr(VI) within 2 weeks of return to oxic (oxygen present) conditions within the microcosms. As much as 10 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using recent Mojave River aquifer material, and as much as 20 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using older Mojave River aquifer material. Less Cr(VI) (less than 3 percent of Cr added before reduction) was released to the aqueous phase, and this release occurred following longer time periods of oxygen exposure. Sequestration of chromium with manganese oxides during reduction facilitates reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) under oxic conditions. Future maintenance of anoxic (oxygen absent) conditions would ensure continued sequestration of chromium as Cr(III) within IRZ treated portions of the Cr(VI) plume.</p><p>Although Cr(VI) within the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume may have an anthropogenic history associated with releases from the Hinkley compressor station, Cr(VI) concentrations less than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for the various subareas may not require regulatory attention. The regulatory Cr(VI) plume can be updated using the UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated as part of this study. The updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent would lie within the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent. The authority to establish regulatory Cr(VI) background values, clean-up goals, and future site management practices resides with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885J","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Groover, K.D., Seymour, W.A., Miller, D.M., Warden, J.G., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Summary and conclusions, Chapter J <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-J, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885J.","productDescription":"Report: x, 55 p.; 5 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"55","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science 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MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/j/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":417468,"rank":10,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416315,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416314,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V","text":"Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C., Bennett, S., and Baesman, S.M., 2020, Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V."},{"id":416313,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1","text":"Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018","description":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Larsen, J.D., Dick, M.C., Nawikas, J., and Kohel, C.A., 2021, Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1."},{"id":416311,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"Optical Petrography, Bulk Chemistry, Microscale Mineralogy/Chemistry, and Bulk/Micron-Scale Solid-Phase Speciation of Natural and Synthetic Solid Phases Used in Chromium Sequestration and Re-oxidation Experiments with Sand and Sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Executive Summary</li><li>J.1. Introduction</li><li>J.2. Chromium and Selected Element Concentrations in Rock, Surficial Alluvium, and Core Material</li><li>J.3. Chromium in Minerals and Selected Aquifer Materials</li><li>J.4. Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data</li><li>J.5. Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium</li><li>J.6. Environmental Tracers and Groundwater Age</li><li>J.7. Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium</li><li>J.8. Predevelopment Water Levels, Local Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials</li><li>J.9. Sequestration and Re-Oxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms</li><li>J.10. Relevance, Limitations, and Uses of Hexavalent Chromium Background Study Results</li><li>J.11 References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. lgmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":304413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243001,"text":"pp1885I - 2023 - Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","indexId":"pp1885I","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-25T20:39:32.989997","indexId":"pp1885I","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:30","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Sequestration and Reoxidation of Chromium in Experimental Microcosms","title":"Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater containing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), downgradient from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, is undergoing bioremediation using added ethanol as a reductant in a volume of the aquifer defined as the in situ reactive zone (IRZ). This treatment reduces Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), which is rapidly sequestered by sorption to aquifer particle surfaces and by co-precipitation within iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn) bearing minerals forming in place as reduction proceeds. Successful mitigation of the Cr(VI) plume is projected to require 10–95 years, at which time bioremediation with ethanol will likely cease. This projection assumes that Cr(VI) removal is permanent and that no Cr(III) will oxidize back to Cr(VI) in the event of changing hydrologic conditions that may cause oxygen-rich water to re-enter the IRZ. Laboratory microcosm experiments were done to explore the process of reductive sequestration of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the potential for reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI).</p><p>In reductive sequestration experiments, batch microcosms were prepared with aquifer materials collected from sites upgradient of the Cr(VI) regulatory plume. Control microcosms were prepared using Fe- and Mn-coated quartz sand. Unfiltered Mojave River groundwater containing an added tracer of isotopically labeled chromium-50 were reacted with microcosm materials for up to 2 years; during this time, bio-reduction was stimulated by repeated additions of diluted ethanol to maintain reduced conditions within appropriate ranges, avoiding sulfate reducing or methanogenic conditions as much as possible while mimicking field conditions. Analysis of chromium-50, Fe, and Mn obtained by sequential extraction from microcosms harvested (incubation terminated and microcosm contents analyzed) at various times showed that some aqueous chromium (Cr) was sorbed to particle surfaces within hours; reduction to Cr(III) and incorporation into amorphous and crystalline solid phases occurred during the next few months. Amorphous Cr-containing fractions included Fe and Mn hydroxides and organic matter. Ultimately, most of the chromium-50 tracer was present in the less reactive crystalline phase. However, Fe and Mn were broadly distributed at later stages of reduction, and both were spatially co-located with Cr on a micrometer (μm) scale. Solid-phase data collected using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicated that some Cr(III) was associated with mixed valence Fe oxides like magnetite and Fe-Mn oxides like jacobsite. Additionally, Cr(III) was observed within several μm of Fe and Mn embedded in clays and in mineral coatings.</p><p>To evaluate the potential for reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), additional batch microcosms of aquifer materials and mixtures of Fe- and Mn-coated sand were first reduced for more than 1 year and subsequently oxidized for almost 2 years. Hexavalent chromium was formed and was available for release to the aqueous phase during oxidation of all materials; however, the timing and amount of Cr(VI) formed and released varied among substrates. Artificial substrates containing more Mn produced more Cr(VI). Site material characteristic of recent Mojave River deposits contained within the IRZ produced the least Cr(VI) during oxidation, while site materials composed of older Mojave River aquifer material (containing more Mn) produced more Cr(VI). Site material collected from within the IRZ contained more Cr but produced an intermediate amount of Cr(VI) following oxidation. The combined results of microcosm chemistry and solid-phase analyses showed that the nature and locus of Cr(III) sequestration influenced its vulnerability to reoxidation to Cr(VI). It was concluded that co-location of Cr with Mn at later stages of reduction influenced the susceptibility of Cr(III) to reoxidation in microcosms.</p><p>Reoxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) was observed in experiments with previously reduced material after just 14 days exposure to oxygen. As much as 10 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using recent Mojave River aquifer material, and as much as 20 percent of added Cr was oxidized to Cr(VI) in microcosms prepared using older Mojave River aquifer material. Less Cr(VI) (less than 3 percent of Cr added before reduction) was released to the aqueous phase, and this release occurred following longer oxygen exposure. Site managers may need to plan for long-term monitoring and the possibility of active maintenance of anoxic conditions within the IRZ to ensure permanent sequestration of Cr after bioremediation with ethanol ceases.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885I","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C.E., Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bennett, S.C., Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2023, Sequestration and reoxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms, Chapter I of Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-I, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885I.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 72 p.; 4 Data 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samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416297,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V","text":"Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA","description":"Miller, L.G., Bobb, C., Bennett, S., and Baesman, S.M., 2020, Aqueous and solid phase chemistry of sequestration and re-oxidation of chromium in experimental microcosms with sand and sediment from Hinkley, CA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U8C82V."},{"id":416296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY.","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."},{"id":416301,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/i/pp1885i.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>I.1. Introduction</li><li>I.2. Methods</li><li>I.3. Results</li><li>I.4. Discussion</li><li>I.5. Conclusions</li><li>I.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix I.1 Experimental Microcosms Used for Solid-Phase Analysis</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bobb, Callum E.","contributorId":304437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bobb","given":"Callum","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Emily G. 0000-0003-3803-134X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-134X","contributorId":297208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, Stacy C. 0000-0001-5752-1390 scbennett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-1390","contributorId":193487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Stacy","email":"scbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70243000,"text":"pp1885H - 2023 - Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","indexId":"pp1885H","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T14:47:28.720274","indexId":"pp1885H","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:49:08","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Predevelopment Water Levels, Groundwater Recharge, and Selected Hydrologic Properties of Aquifer Materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","title":"Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic and geophysical data were collected to support updates to an existing groundwater-flow model of Hinkley Valley, California, in the Mojave Desert about 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. These data provide information on predevelopment (pre-1930) water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials.</p><p>A predevelopment groundwater-level map, drawn using water-level measurements from 48 wells collected as early as 1918, showed groundwater movement from recharge areas along the Mojave River to evaporative discharge areas near the margin of Harper (dry) Lake in Water Valley. During predevelopment conditions, depth to water ranged from near land surface along the Mojave River to above land surface near Harper (dry) Lake, consistent with flowing wells in Water Valley at that time. Depths to water in much of Hinkley Valley downgradient from the Lockhart fault were less than 20 feet below land surface. By 2017, water-level declines as a result of agricultural pumping, were as much as 60 feet near the Hinkley compressor station.</p><p>Areal recharge from infiltration of precipitation on the valley floor is negligible. Average annual recharge as infiltration of runoff from upland drainages to Hinkley and Water Valleys averages 64.7 acre-feet per year. In most years recharge does not occur; in years when it occurs, recharge to Hinkley Valley is typically about 296 acre-feet. In contrast, average recharge as infiltration of streamflow from the Mojave River from 1931 to 2015 was between 13,400 and 17,100 acre-feet per year; in some years recharge from the Mojave River exceeded 100,000 acre-ft. Estimates of predevelopment groundwater movement through Hinkley Gap and groundwater discharge to Harper (dry) Lake ranged from 570 to 1,900 and 820 to 2,460 acre-feet per year, respectively; at the time of this study in 2017, groundwater movement through Hinkley Gap was estimated to be about 83 acre-feet per year.</p><p>Hydraulic-conductivity values estimated from slug-test data for 95 monitoring wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 680 feet per day (ft/d); values generally decreased with depth. Median hydraulic-conductivity values calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for Mojave River alluvium and near-shore lake deposits were 73 and 11 ft/d, respectively; median hydraulic-conductivity values for locally derived alluvium and weathered bedrock were 6 and 2 ft/d, respectively. Hydraulic-conductivity values, estimated from NMR data for formerly saturated deposits overlying the 2017 water table, were as high as 300 ft/d near the Hinkley compressor station. Downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station, formerly saturated deposits had hydraulic-conductivity values of about 150 ft/d, which were higher than values in saturated material. Coarse-textured, permeable material in formerly saturated deposits above the 2017 water table may have allowed groundwater, released from the Hinkley compressor station that may have contained Cr(VI), to move rapidly downgradient.</p><p>The Lockhart fault is an impediment to groundwater flow within Hinkley Valley. Groundwater-flow directions from horizontal point-velocity probe data were deflected to the west on the upgradient side of the fault compared to the nominal direction of groundwater flow estimated from water-level data. Younger groundwater was present on the upgradient and downgradient sides of the fault, and older groundwater with unadjusted carbon-14 ages as old as 5,650 years before present was in water from wells within splays of the Lockhart fault, consistent with limited groundwater movement across the fault. As a result, groundwater and Cr(VI) released from the Hinkley compressor station moved to the northwest along the downgradient side of the fault.</p><p>Coupled well-bore flow and depth-dependent water-quality data show water from wells C-01 and IW-03 within the Q4 2015 (October–December 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume was yielded from thin layers within the aquifer that are composed of well-sorted lake-margin (beach) deposits that likely have high lateral and longitudinal connectivity. Collectively, data show highly permeable deposits above the regional water table and thin permeable deposits within saturated portions of the upper aquifer that may have conducted groundwater and Cr(VI) downgradient when releases from the Hinkley compressor station first occurred.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Seymour, W.A., Brown, A.N., Bayless, R.E., Johnson, C.D., Pappas, K.L., Smith, G.A., Clark, D.A., Larsen, J., Dick, M.C., Flint, L.E., Stamos, C.L., and Warden, J.G., 2023, Predevelopment water levels, groundwater recharge, and selected hydrologic properties of aquifer materials, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California, Chapter H <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-H, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885H.","productDescription":"Report: x, 64 p.; Data Release; 5 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"64","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417466,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416347,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.5.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.5","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416346,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.4.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.4","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416345,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416344,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416343,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/tables/pp1885h_appendtable_h.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table H 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416293,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/images"},{"id":416291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/pp1885h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416290,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416292,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/h/pp1885h.xml"},{"id":416289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1","text":"Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018","description":"Groover, K.D., Izbicki, J.A., Larsen, J.D., Dick, M.C., Nawikas, J., and Kohel, C.A., 2021, Hydrologic data in Hinkley and Water Valleys, San Bernardino County, California, 2015–2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BUXAX1."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>H.1. Introduction</li><li>H.2. Methods</li><li>H.3. Results and Discussion</li><li>H.4. Conclusions</li><li>H.5. References Cited</li><li>Appendix H.1. Selected Site Information, Geophysical Log, Hydrologic, Core-Extraction, and Depth-Dependent Water-Quality Data for Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li><li>Appendix H.2. Comparison of Groundwater-Age and Chemical Data with Groundwater-Flow Model Particle-Track Results, Hinkley and Water Valleys, California</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Anthony A. 0000-0001-9925-0197 anbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9925-0197","contributorId":5125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Anthony","email":"anbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bayless, Randall E. 0000-0002-0357-3635 ebayless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":191766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"Randall","email":"ebayless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pappas, Katherine L. 0000-0002-1030-6973","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1030-6973","contributorId":217436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappas","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Larsen, Joshua 0000-0002-1218-800X jlarsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-800X","contributorId":272403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Joshua","email":"jlarsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Dick, Meghan C. 0000-0002-8323-3787 mdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-3787","contributorId":200745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dick","given":"Meghan","email":"mdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352 clstamos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":1252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina","email":"clstamos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242999,"text":"pp1885G - 2023 - Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885G","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:12:55.798813","indexId":"pp1885G","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:48","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Natural and Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium","docAbstract":"<p>Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released between 1952 and 1964 from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station, in the Mojave Desert about 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data from more than 100 wells collected between March 2015 and November 2017 were interpreted using a summative-scale analysis to define the extent of anthropogenic (human-made) Cr(VI) in groundwater. The summative scale consisted of eight questions requiring binary (yes or no) answers for each sampled well. The questions were intended to (1) provide a transparent framework for data interpretation in which all stakeholders participated; (2) provide unbiased interpretation of data traceable to numerical measurements; (3) provide a framework that enabled geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic data to be considered collectively; and (4) consolidate different types of data into a simple, easy-to-understand interpretation. When data from each well are scored using questions and metrics within the summative scale, all stakeholders would score each well the same way and would draw the same summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent.</p><p>The areal extent of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume was 5.5 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>); this is larger than the 2.2-mi<sup>2</sup> extent of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume but smaller than the 8.3-mi2 maximum mapped extent of Cr(VI) greater than the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background value of 3.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within the area covered by the PG&amp;E monitoring well network and lies within “Mojave-type” deposits composed of low-chromium stream and near-shore lake deposits sourced from the Mojave River. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume included all shallow wells within the footprint of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, but summative-scale scores indicate that anthropogenic Cr(VI) was not present in several wells within the footprint of the regulatory Cr(VI) plume that were screened within the deep zone of the upper aquifer. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent was consistent with mineralogic and geochemical data collected as part of this study that were not used within the summative-scale analysis.</p><p>Data from wells outside the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume collected for regulatory purposes from April 2017 through March 2018 were used to estimate Cr(VI) background concentrations as the upper 95-percent tolerance limit (UTL<sub>95</sub>) in different parts of Hinkley and Water Valleys. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values were calculated using the computer program ProUCL 5.1 and are suitable for use by regulatory agencies in support of (1) updating the regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent and management of Cr(VI) near the plume margins, (2) establishing cleanup goals for Cr(VI) within the updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume, and (3) identifying unusual Cr(VI) concentrations outside the regulatory Cr(VI) plume. The nonparametric UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in Mojave-type deposits in the eastern, western, and northern subareas of Hinkley Valley were 3.7, 3.9, and 4.0 μg/L, respectively. The normal UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern and western subareas and the northern subarea upgradient from the Mount General fault were 2.8, 3.8, and 4.8 μg/L, respectively. An overall normal UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.8 μg/L was calculated for undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in these areas. This value is similar to the overall nonparametric UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 3.9 μg/L calculated for Mojave-type deposits and similar to the maximum Cr(VI) concentration of older groundwater in contact with Mojave-type deposits of 3.6 μg/L. The provenance of most PG&amp;E monitoring wells is not precisely known, and the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the different subareas may be more widely applicable for regulatory purposes than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for Mojave-type deposits.</p><p>The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the eastern subarea is important for plume management because most of the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume is within the eastern subarea. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 5.8 μg/L was calculated for older (pre-1952) groundwater associated with mudflat/playa deposits in the eastern subarea near Mount General. A UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 2.3 μg/L was calculated for Mojave-type deposits within the Cr(VI) plume downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station after regulatory updates. This lower value is consistent with neutral to slightly alkaline, younger (post-1952) groundwater within coarse-textured, low-chromium Mojave-type deposits in this area and may be a suitable metric for Cr(VI) cleanup goals. The UTL<sub>95</sub> value of 4.8 μg/L for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea upgradient from the Mount General fault provides for possible increases in Cr(VI) concentrations if water levels continue to decline. Downgradient from the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume, UTL<sub>95</sub> values of 9.0 and 6.4 μg/L were calculated for wells screened in undifferentiated, unconsolidated deposits in the northern subarea downgradient from the Mount General fault and for Water Valley, respectively, consistent with different geologic and geochemical conditions in these areas.</p><p>The UTL<sub>95</sub> values calculated as part of this study provide scientifically defensible estimates of background Cr(VI) concentrations that differ with local geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions in Hinkley and Water Valleys. The regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent can be updated on the basis of these values. The summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent may contain wells having anthropogenic Cr(VI) concentrations less than the UTL<sub>95</sub> values for their respective subareas that may not require regulatory attention, and an updated regulatory Cr(VI) plume extent may be less than the summative-scale Cr(VI) plume extent. The UTL<sub>95</sub> values are not background Cr(VI) concentrations for regulatory purposes, and the authority to establish regulatory values resides solely with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885G","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Warden, J.G., Groover, K.D., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Evaluation of natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Chapter G <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-G, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885G.","productDescription":"Report: x, 51 p.; 2 Data Releases; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"51","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417465,"rank":10,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416337,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.2.2.csv","text":"Appendix table 2.2","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416336,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.2.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 2.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416335,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/tables/pp1885g_appendtable_g.1.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":416287,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/images"},{"id":416286,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/pp1885g.xml"},{"id":416285,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/pp1885g.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416284,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/g/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY","text":"Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California","description":"Foster, A.L., Wright, E.G., , Bobb, C., Choy, D., and Miller, L.G., 2023, Optical petrography, bulk chemistry, micro-scale mineralogy/chemistry, and bulk/micro-scale speciation of solid phases used in chromium sequestration and re-oxidation experiments with sand and sediment from Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENBLGY."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>G.1. Introduction</li><li>G.2. Summative-Scale Analysis</li><li>G.3. Calculation of Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations</li><li>G.4. Comparison of Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations with Water from Domestic Wells</li><li>G.5. Conclusions</li><li>G.6. References Cited</li><li>Appendix G.1. Water Chemistry, Isotope Data, and Summative-Scale Scores Used to Estimate the Summative-Scale Hexavalent Chromium Plume Extent</li><li>Appendix G.2. Data Used to Calculate Hexavalent Chromium Background Concentrations</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groover, Krishangi D. 0000-0002-5805-8913 kgroover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8913","contributorId":5626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groover","given":"Krishangi","email":"kgroover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":870499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242998,"text":"pp1885F - 2023 - Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","indexId":"pp1885F","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T14:09:53.151935","indexId":"pp1885F","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:30","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Source, Age, and Geochemical Evolution","title":"Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution","docAbstract":"<p>Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was discharged in cooling wastewater to unlined surface ponds from 1952 to 1964 and reached the underlying unconsolidated aquifer at the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert, 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. A suite of environmental tracers was analyzed in water samples collected from more than 100 wells to characterize the source, age, and geochemical evolution of groundwater within and near the Cr(VI) plume in Hinkley and Water Valleys. This information was used to help determine the extent of Cr(VI) associated with releases from the Hinkley compressor station and to identify Cr(VI) associated with natural sources.</p><p>The source of water in most wells, indicated by stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values for water, delta oxygen-18 and delta deuterium, was recharge by infiltration of intermittent surface flows in the Mojave River. With the exception of small flows in 1958, the Mojave River was largely dry between 1952 and 1969. This dry period spans the period of Cr(VI) releases from the Hinkley compressor station; 1952–69 also spans the period of high tritium levels in precipitation resulting from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and, as a consequence, tritium concentrations in groundwater in Hinkley Valley were comparatively low. Groundwater ages (time since recharge) increased downgradient from the Mojave River and with depth. Tritium, measured by helium ingrowth with a study reporting level of 0.05 tritium unit, was detected in water from 51 percent of wells, with detectable tritium as far as 7 miles downgradient from the Mojave River. Tritium concentrations were higher, and tritium/helium-3 groundwater ages younger, in water from wells near the Mojave River and in water from shallower wells downgradient. Agricultural pumping has decreased groundwater levels as much as 60 feet since 1952. As a result of this pumping, some groundwater containing tritium, and presumably anthropogenic Cr(VI), has been removed from the aquifer. The distribution of wells having carbon-14 activities near or greater than 100-percent modern carbon, consistent with post-1952 recharge water, was similar to the distribution of wells containing detectable tritium. Carbon-14 activities as low as 8.9-percent modern carbon, with carbon-14 ages (unadjusted for reactions with aquifer materials) of almost 20,000 years before present (ybp), were sampled in water from some deep wells. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in older groundwater were as high as 11 micrograms per liter but did not exceed 3.6 micrograms per liter in older water from wells completed in “Mojave-type” deposits (composed of felsic Mojave River stream and near-shore lake deposits sourced from the Mojave River); this value may represent an upper limit on Cr(VI) concentrations in groundwater within Mojave-type deposits that likely approximates background Cr(VI) concentrations in the study area. Chlorofluorocarbons were released to the atmosphere and hydrologic cycle as a result of industrial activity beginning in the 1930s. Chlorofluorocarbon data were not generally suitable for groundwater-age dating in Hinkley and Water Valley because of nonatmospheric contributions from local sources.</p><p>Strontium-87/86 isotope ratios and stable chromium isotopes, delta chromium-53, provide information on the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the aquifer. Highly radiogenic strontium-87/86 ratios greater than 0.71000 were present in water from wells completed in coarse-textured Mojave-type deposits having low chromium concentrations but were not diagnostic of these materials. Nonradiogenic strontium-87/86 ratios less than 0.70950 were diagnostic of weathered materials in the northern subarea of Hinkley and in Water Valley that were eroded from Miocene (23–5 million ybp) deposits east of the study area. Values for delta chromium-53 ranged from near 0 to 2.8 parts per thousand (‰) difference. The extent of reductive fractionation, mixing with native groundwater, and longitudinal dispersion within the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume can be estimated on the basis of the delta chromium-53 isotope composition of groundwater within the plume. Reduction of Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), can occur in the presence of natural reductants in oxic groundwater. Although not diagnostic of anthropogenic chromium at the concentrations of interest near the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume margin, delta chromium-53 data indicate anthropogenic Cr(VI) within the plume is not conservative and has reacted with aquifer materials; these reactions have removed some anthropogenic Cr(VI) from groundwater.</p><p>Environmental tracers, and the distribution of modern (post-1952) and premodern (pre-1952) groundwater, inform understanding of the extent of anthropogenic and naturally occurring Cr(VI) near the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and the understanding of geochemical processes occurring in and near the margins of the Cr(VI) plume. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of water, tritium/helium-3 groundwater-age data, and carbon-14 data were used with mineralogy and chemistry data as part of a summative-scale analysis to determine the Cr(VI) plume extent later in this professional paper (chapter G).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Warden, J.G., Izbicki, J.A., Sültenfuß, J., Scheiderich, K., and Fitzpatrick, J., 2023, Environmental tracers of groundwater source, age, and geochemical evolution, Chapter F <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-F, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885F.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 74 p.; 2 Data Releases; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416331,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/tables/pp1885f_appendtable_f.2.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 2.1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":416277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":417464,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."},{"id":416276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0","text":"Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California","description":"Morrison, J.M., Benzel, W.M., Holm-Denoma, C.S., and Bala, S., 2018, Grain size, mineralogic, and trace-element data from field samples near Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HUPMG0."},{"id":416278,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/pp1885f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416279,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/pp1885f.xml"},{"id":416280,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/images"},{"id":416330,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/f/tables/pp1885f_appendtable_f.1.1.csv","text":"Appendix table 1.1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>F.1. Introduction</li><li>F.2. Field and Laboratory Methods and Quality Assurance Data</li><li>F.3. Tracers of the Source and Recharge History of Groundwater</li><li>F.4. Tracers of the Age of Groundwater</li><li>F.5. Strontium Isotopes</li><li>F.6. Chromium Isotopes</li><li>F.7. Conclusions</li><li>F.8. References Cited</li><li>Appendix F.1. Dissolved Atmospheric and Industrial Gas Data</li><li>Appendix F.2. Calculated Physical and Groundwater Age Values</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warden, John G. 0000-0003-1384-458X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-458X","contributorId":215846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sultenfuss, Jurgen","contributorId":221328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sultenfuss","given":"Jurgen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40351,"text":"University of Bremen, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":870494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheiderich, Kathleen 0000-0002-3756-8324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-8324","contributorId":221339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheiderich","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, John 0000-0001-6738-7180 jfitzpat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-7180","contributorId":146829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"John","email":"jfitzpat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242997,"text":"pp1885E - 2023 - Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","indexId":"pp1885E","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T20:33:39.486207","indexId":"pp1885E","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:48:10","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Groundwater Chemistry and Hexavalent Chromium","title":"Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium","docAbstract":"<p>Water samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from more than 100 wells between March 2015 and November 2017 in Hinkley and Water Valleys, in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California, were analyzed for field parameters, major ions, nutrients, and selected trace elements, including hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). Water from most wells was alkaline and oxic. The pH ranged from 6.9 in water-table wells near recharge areas along the Mojave River to 9.4 in deeper wells farther downgradient in the northern subarea.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentrations measured by ion chromatography using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 218.6 and a version of that method used for detection of Cr(VI) concentrations as low as 0.06 micrograms per liter (μg/L), produced results comparable to field speciation with subsequent analyses by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (coefficient of determination, R<sup>2</sup>, of 0.97). Hexavalent chromium concentrations ranged from less than the study reporting level of 0.10 to 2,500 μg/L. The highest concentrations were within the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. Hexavalent chromium concentrations outside the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume were as high as 11 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in water from most wells were distributed in a narrow redox potential and pH band within the overlapping chromate ion, CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><sub>(aqueous)</sub>, and manganese-3, Mn(III)<sub>(solid)</sub>, stability fields. The redox potential of water from some wells completed in carbonate-rich mudflat/playa deposits approached the more oxic manganese-4, Mn(IV)<sub>(solid)</sub>, stability field. However, Cr(VI) concentrations in porewater pressure-extracted from Mn(IV)-containing deposits in the eastern subarea did not exceed 3.3 μg/L, and porewater does not appear to be a source of Cr(VI) concentrations greater than this concentration in water from wells in the eastern subarea.</p><p>On the basis of comparison with California-wide data, Cr(VI) concentrations at the measured pH were higher than expected for uncontaminated water from wells (1) within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, (2) within the eastern subarea nominally crossgradient from the Hinkley compressor station and upgradient from the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume, and (3) from shallow wells in the northern subarea downgradient from the leading edge of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in alkaline water from wells in the northern subarea of Hinkley Valley and in Water Valley were within ranges expected for uncontaminated water elsewhere in California given their pH and trace-element composition. Hexavalent chromium concentrations were higher than expected on the basis of selected trace-element concentrations that co-occur with Cr(VI) in water from wells within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and from wells in the eastern and northern subareas near the plume margins. Hexavalent chromium concentrations did not exceed 4 μg/L in water from domestic wells sampled in Hinkley and Water Valleys and were generally within ranges expected for uncontaminated groundwater given their pH and trace-element composition.</p><p>Interpretations derived from Cr(VI) and pH, and from Cr(VI) and selected trace-element concentrations collected between March 2015 and November 2017 were used within a summative-scale analysis to determine the Cr(VI) plume extent (chapter G). However, Cr(VI) background concentrations (chapter G) were calculated from regulatory data collected from selected wells between April 2017 and January 2018.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., McCleskey, R.B., Burton, C.A., Clark, D.A., and Smith, G.A., 2023, Groundwater chemistry and hexavalent chromium, Chapter E <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-E, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885E.","productDescription":"Report: x, 63 p.; Data Release; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"63","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417463,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416329,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.3"},{"id":416328,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.2"},{"id":416327,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/tables/pp1885e_appendtable_e.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table 1.1"},{"id":416273,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/images"},{"id":416272,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/pp1885e.xml"},{"id":416271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/pp1885e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/e/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>E.1. Introduction</li><li>E.2. Field and Laboratory Methods and Quality-Assurance Data</li><li>E.3. Groundwater Chemistry</li><li>E.4. Porewater</li><li>E.5. Water from Domestic Wells</li><li>E.6. Conclusions</li><li>E.7. References Cited</li><li>Appendix E.1. Water Chemistry and Isotope Data Collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Hinkley and Water Valleys, Western Mojave Desert, California, March 2015 through November 2017</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833 caburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen","email":"caburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70242996,"text":"pp1885D - 2023 - Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","indexId":"pp1885D","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70242957,"text":"pp1885 - 2023 - Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California","indexId":"pp1885","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T13:59:08.063538","indexId":"pp1885D","displayToPublicDate":"2023-04-25T19:47:47","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1885","chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Analyses of Regulatory Water-Quality Data","title":"Analyses of regulatory water-quality data","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1952 and 1964, hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was released into groundwater from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&amp;E) Hinkley compressor station in the Mojave Desert 80 miles northeast of Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company has monitored groundwater near Hinkley, California, for Cr(VI) and other constituents since the late 1980s. By June 2017, more than 20,000 samples had been collected and analyzed for Cr(VI) for regulatory purposes. Most Cr(VI) samples were analyzed using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 218.6 with a laboratory reporting level (LRL) of 0.2 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Between July 2012 and June 2017, selected samples were analyzed for low-level Cr(VI) concentrations using a modified version of EPA Method 218.6 with an LRL of 0.06 μg/L. Field-blank data and duplicate samples collected during this period indicate a study reporting level (SRL) of 0.2 μg/L for most analyses and a SRL of 0.12 μg/L for low-level Cr(VI) analyses. The overall precision for Cr(VI) data analyzed by both methods at the interim regulatory Cr(VI) background concentration of 3.1 μg/L was 0.09 μg/L, or about 3 percent.</p><p>Hexavalent chromium concentration trends were calculated for 564 monitoring wells for the period from July 2012 through June 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends were present in water from 102 monitoring wells throughout Hinkley and Water Valleys. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends in water from wells near the margins of the October–December 2015 (Q4 2015) regulatory Cr(VI) plume (1) within strands of the Lockhart fault east and southeast of the Hinkley compressor station and (2) in water from shallow wells within the northern subarea were consistent with expansion of the Cr(VI) plume in these areas between 2012 and 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends were widely distributed elsewhere in Hinkley and Water Valleys outside the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and were commonly associated with declining water levels. These upward trends may result from natural Cr(VI) sources, including movement of Cr(VI) containing groundwater from (1) weathered bedrock, (2) fine-textured deposits, or (3) secondarily oxidized material distributed throughout aquifer deposits. Downward Cr(VI) concentration trends were observed in 146 monitoring wells. Downward trends were largely within the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume and can be attributed to remediation activities downgradient from the Hinkley compressor station. Hexavalent chromium concentration trends also were calculated for 219 domestic wells from July 2012 through June 2017. Upward Cr(VI) concentration trends in 8 domestic wells and downward trends in 23 domestic wells were clustered largely within former residential areas west of the Q4 2015 regulatory Cr(VI) plume. Results of Cr(VI) trend analyses (including upward, downward, and no trend) were used with other data as part of a summative-scale analysis (chapter G) to define the extent of anthropogenic Cr(VI) and natural Cr(VI) within Hinkley and Water Valleys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1885D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Analyses of regulatory water-quality data, Chapter D <em>of</em> Natural and anthropogenic (human-made) hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in groundwater near a mapped plume, Hinkley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1885-D, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1885D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 28 p.; 6 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"28","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417462,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231043","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1043","linkHelpText":"- Natural and Anthropogenic Hexavalent Chromium, Cr(VI), in Groundwater near a Mapped Plume, Hinkley, California"},{"id":416326,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.6.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.6"},{"id":416325,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.5.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.5"},{"id":416323,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.3.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.3"},{"id":416322,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.2.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.2"},{"id":416321,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.1"},{"id":416262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/pp1885d.xml"},{"id":416261,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/pp1885d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":416260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":416324,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/tables/pp1885d_appendtable_d.1.4.xlsx","text":"Appendix table D.1.4"},{"id":416263,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1885/d/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Hinkley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_ca@usgs.gov\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://ca.water.usgs.gov\">California Water Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>6000 J Street, Placer Hall<br>Sacramento, California 95819</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>D.1. Introduction</li><li>D.2. Data Availability</li><li>D.3. Sample Collection, Laboratory Analyses, Data Quality, and Statistical Methods</li><li>D.4. Hexavalent Chromium Concentration Trends in Water from Wells</li><li>D.5. Comparison of Hexavalent Chromium Concentration Trends with Water-Level and Other Data</li><li>D.6. Conclusions</li><li>D.7. References Cited</li><li>Appendix D.1. Quality Assurance and Environmental Hexavalent Chromium Data from Selected Monitoring and Domestic Wells Sampled for Regulatory Purposes by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Hinkley and Water Valleys, Western Mojave Desert, California, July 2008 through June 2017</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-04-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seymour, Whitney A. 0000-0002-5999-6573 wseymour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-6573","contributorId":4131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Whitney","email":"wseymour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}