{"pageNumber":"1070","pageRowStart":"26725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":45090,"text":"wri024213 - 2002 - Use of isotopes to identify sources of ground water, estimate ground-water-flow rates, and assess aquifer vulnerability in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T20:47:27.983334","indexId":"wri024213","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4213","title":"Use of isotopes to identify sources of ground water, estimate ground-water-flow rates, and assess aquifer vulnerability in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>Isotope data collected in the Calumet Region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois, one of the most heavily industrialized regions of the United States, indicated that water in the surficial Calumet aquifer is well mixed. The Calumet aquifer is recharged areally by precipitation and locally may be recharged by surface water. The residence time of ground water in the Calumet aquifer is approximately 5 to 15 years. Ground-water-flow rates through the Calumet aquifer are estimated to be 400 to 2,300 feet per year. The permeable deposits, shallow water table, lack of an overlying confining unit, and proximity to numerous contaminant sources indicate that the Calumet aquifer is vulnerable to contamination.</p><p>Isotopic data indicate that ground water in the confining unit underlying the Calumet aquifer is derived from a variety of sources that include Lake Michigan, modern precipitation, and discharge from the basal Silurian-Devonian bedrock aquifer. The source and apparent age of the water are variable and appear to be affected locally by various geologic and hydraulic factors. The vertical ground-water-flow rate through the unweathered part of the confining unit is about 0.20 feet per year and is about 6.3 feet per year through the weathered part. The data indicate the weathered part of the confining unit may be more vulnerable to contamination than the unweathered confining unit.</p><p>Ground water in the basal Silurian-Devonian aquifer is derived from Lake Michigan, glacial-age water, and modern precipitation. Post-1952 recharge has occurred in the vicinity of Stony Island, Ill. Ground-water recharge of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer may be occurring near Calumet Harbor. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer is vulnerable to contamination where the confining unit is thin or absent or where the integrity of the confining unit has been compromised.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024213","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Bayless, E.R., and Solak, R.A., 2002, Use of isotopes to identify sources of ground water, estimate ground-water-flow rates, and assess aquifer vulnerability in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4213, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024213.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407654,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53971.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4213/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3935,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4213/wri20024213.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4213"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Calumut region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.7333,\n              41.5589\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.0833,\n              41.5589\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.0833,\n              41.7472\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.7333,\n              41.7472\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.7333,\n              41.5589\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\">Director, Indiana Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>5957 Lakeside Blvd.<br>Indianapolis, IN 46278</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of the Study Area</li><li>Study Methods</li><li>Distribution of Isotopes in Ground Water</li><li>Recharge and Sources of Ground Water</li><li>Ground-Wate-Flow Rates and Aquifer Vulnerability</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfe83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solak, Robert A.","contributorId":50035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solak","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39942,"text":"wri024167 - 2002 - Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T08:19:42","indexId":"wri024167","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4167","displayTitle":"Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio","title":"Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>Withdrawals of ground water in the central Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio, caused water-level declines of more than 100 feet by the 1950s. Since the 1950s, management practices have changed to reduce the withdrawals of ground water, and recovery of water levels in long-term monitoring wells in the valley has been documented. Changing conditions such as these prompted a survey of water use, streamflow conditions, and water levels in several aquifers in the central Mill Creek Valley, Hamilton and Butler Counties, Ohio. Geohydrologic information, water use, and water levels were compiled from historical records and collected during the regional survey. Data collected during the survey are presented in terms of updated geohydrologic information, water use in the study area, water levels in the aquifers, and interactions between ground water and surface water. Some of the data are concentrated at former Air Force Plant 36 (AFP36), which is collocated with the General Electric Aircraft Engines (GEAE) plant, and these data are used to describe geohydrology and water levels on a more local scale at and near the plant.</p><p>A comparison of past and current ground-water use and levels indicates that the demand for ground water is decreasing and water levels are rising. Before 1955, most of the major industrial ground-water users had their own wells, ground water was mined from a confined surficial (lower) aquifer, and water levels were more than 100 feet below their predevelopment level. Since 1955, however, these users have been purchasing their water from the city of Cincinnati or a private water purveyor. The cities of Reading and Lockland, both producers of municipal ground-water supplies in the area, shut down their well fields within their city limits. Because the demand for ground-water supplies in the valley has lessened greatly since the 1950s, withdrawals have decreased, and, consequently, water levels in the lower aquifer are 65 to 105 feet higher than they were in 1955.</p><p>During the time of the water-level survey (November 2000), ground water was being pumped from four locations in the lower aquifer, including three municipalities and one remediation site. Effects of pumping in those four areas were evident from the regional water-level data. Overall, the direction of ground-water flow in the lower aquifer is from northeast to southwest along the primary orientation of the Mill Creek Valley in the study area.</p><p>Water levels in shallower surficial aquifers were mapped at local scales centered on GEAE. Examination of well logs indicated that these aquifers (called shallow and water-table) are discontinuous and, on a regional scale, few wells were completed in these aquifers. Water levels in the shallow aquifer indicated that flow was from northeast to southwest except in areas where pumping in the lower aquifer or the proximity of Mill Creek may have been affecting water levels in the shallow aquifer. Water levels in the water-table aquifer indicated flow toward Mill Creek from GEAE.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S.  Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center","usgsCitation":"Schalk, C., and Schumann, T., 2002, Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4167, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024167.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4167/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3640,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4167/wri20024167.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002-4167"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"dc_oh@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"dc_oh@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\">Ohio Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>6460 Busch Blvd. <br>Columbus, OH 43229</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Hydrogeology</li><li>Current (2000) Ground-Water Use</li><li>Current (2000) Ground-Water Levels</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>Suggestions for Future Study</li><li>References</li><li>Appendix 1</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Charles","contributorId":85643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumann, Thomas","contributorId":85644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44696,"text":"fs11402 - 2002 - Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Schuylkill River basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-09T12:49:36","indexId":"fs11402","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"114-02","title":"Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Schuylkill River basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1><p>In 1970, the Chester County Water Resources Authority (Pennsylvania) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) established a long-term water-quality network with the goal of assessing the quality of streams in the county and understanding stream changes in response to urbanization using benthic-macroinvertebrate data. This database represents one of the longest continuous water-quality data sets in the country. Benthic macroinvertebrates are aquatic insects, such as mayflies, caddisflies, riffle beetles, and midges, and other invertebrates that live on the stream bottom. Benthic macroinvertebrates are useful in evaluating stream quality because their habitat preferences and low motility cause them to be affected directly by substances that enter the aquatic system. By evaluating the diversity and community structure of benthic-macroinvertebrate populations, a determination of stream quality can be made.</p><p>Between 1981 and 1997, the network consisted of 43 sites in 5 major basins in Chester County—Delaware, Schuylkill, Brandywine, Big Elk and Octoraro, and Red and White Clay. Benthic-macroinvertebrate, water-chemistry, and habitat data were collected each year in October or November during base-flow conditions. Using these data, Reif evaluated the overall water-quality condition of Chester County streams. This Fact Sheet summarizes the key findings from Reif for streams in the Schuylkill River Basin. These streams include <strong>Pigeon Creek</strong> (site 10), <strong>Stony Run</strong> (site 6), <strong>French Creek</strong> (sites 12-16), <strong>Pickering Creek</strong> (sites 1-5), <strong>Little Valley Creek</strong> (site 49), and <strong>Valley Creek</strong> (site 50). This summary includes an analysis of stream conditions based on benthic-macroinvertebrate samples and an analysis of trends in stream conditions for the 17-year study period.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs11402","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Reif, A.G., 2002, Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Schuylkill River basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 114-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11402.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0114/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0114/fs20020114.pdf","text":"Report","size":"264 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2002-0114"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center </a><br> U.S. Geological Survey <br> 215 Limekiln Road <br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Study Approach</li><li>Stream-Quality Designation Criteria</li><li>Stream-Quality Assessment</li><li>Trends in Benthic-Macoinvertebrate and Chemical Data</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44564,"text":"wri024220 - 2002 - Potential effects of structural controls and street sweeping on stormwater loads to the lower Charles River, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T21:38:12.204066","indexId":"wri024220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4220","title":"Potential effects of structural controls and street sweeping on stormwater loads to the lower Charles River, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The water quality of the lower Charles River is periodically impaired by combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and non-CSO stormwater runoff. This study examined the potential non-CSO load reductions of suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria, total phosphorus, and total lead that could reasonably be achieved by implementation of stormwater best management practices, including both structural controls and systematic street sweeping. Structural controls were grouped by major physical or chemical process; these included infiltration-filtration (physical separation), biofiltration-bioretention (biological mechanisms), or detention-retention (physical settling). For each of these categories, upper and lower quartiles, median, and average removal efficiencies were compiled from three national databases of structural control performance. Removal efficiencies obtained indicated a wide range of performance. Removal was generally greatest for infiltration-filtration controls and suspended solids, and least for biofiltration-bioretention controls and fecal coliform bacteria.\r\n\r\nStreet sweeping has received renewed interest as a water-quality control practice because of reported improvements in sweeper technology and the recognition that opportunities for implementing structural controls are limited in highly urbanized areas. The Stormwater Management Model that was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for the lower Charles River Watershed was modified to simulate the effects of street sweeping in a single-family land-use basin. Constituent buildup and washoff variable values were calibrated to observed annual and storm-event loads. Once calibrated, the street sweeping model was applied to various permutations of four sweeper efficiencies and six sweeping frequencies that ranged from every day to once every 30 days.\r\n\r\nReduction of constituent loads to the lower Charles River by the combined hypothetical practices of structural controls and street sweeping was estimated for a range of removal efficiencies because of their inherent variability and uncertainty. This range of efficiencies, with upper and lower estimates, provides reasonable bounds on the load that could be removed by the practices examined. The upper estimated load reduction from combined street sweeping and structural controls, as a percentage of the total non-CSO load entering the lower Charles River downstream of Watertown Dam, was 44 percent for suspended solids, 34 percent for total lead, 14 percent for total phosphorus, and 17 percent for fecal coliform bacteria. The lower estimated load reduction from combined street sweeping and structural controls from non-CSO sources downstream of Watertown Dam, was 14 percent for suspended solids, 11 percent for total lead, 4.9 percent for total phosphorus, and 7.5 percent for fecal coliform bacteria. Load reductions by these combined management practices can be a small as 1.4 percent for total phosphorus to about 4 percent for the other constituents if the total load above Watertown Dam is added to the load from below the dam. Although the reductions in stormwater loads to the lower Charles River from the control practices examined appear to be minor, these practices would likely provide water-quality benefits to portions of the river during those times that they are most impaired-during and immediately after storms. It should also be recognized that only direct measurements of changes in stormwater loads before and after implementation of control practices can provide definitive evidence of the beneficial effects of these practices on water-quality conditions in the lower Charles River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024220","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., Breault, R., and Weiskel, P.K., 2002, Potential effects of structural controls and street sweeping on stormwater loads to the lower Charles River, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4220, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024220.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411454,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54163.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":134974,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024220/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"lower Charles River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.0667,\n              42.3861\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.225,\n              42.3861\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.225,\n              42.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.0667,\n              42.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.0667,\n              42.3861\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiskel, Peter K. pweiskel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"Peter","email":"pweiskel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44928,"text":"wri024273 - 2002 - Ground-water availability in part of the Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pennsylvania, and the establishment of a drought-monitor well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T11:42:55","indexId":"wri024273","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4273","title":"Ground-water availability in part of the Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pennsylvania, and the establishment of a drought-monitor well","docAbstract":"Continued population growth in the Borough of Carroll Valley (Borough) coupled with the drought of 2001 have increased the demand for ground water in the Borough. This demand has led Borough officials to undertake an effort to evaluate the capability of the crystalline-bedrock aquifers to meet future, projected growth and to establish a drought-monitor well within and for the use of the Borough. As part of this effort, this report summarizes ground-water data available from selected sections within the Borough and provides geohydrologic information needed to evaluate ground-water availability and recharge sources within part of the Borough.\r\nThe availability of ground water in the Borough is limited by the physical characteristics of the underlying bedrock, and its upland topographic setting. The crystalline rocks (metabasalt, metarhyolite, greenstone schist) that underlie most of the study area are among the lowest yielding aquifers in the Commonwealth. More than 25 percent of the wells drilled in the metabasalt, the largest bedrock aquifer in the study area, have driller reported yields less than 1.25 gallons per minute. Driller reports indicate also that water-producing zones are shallow and few in number. In general, 50 percent of the water-producing zones reported by drillers are penetrated at depths of 200 feet or less and 90 percent at depths of 370 feet or less. Borehole geophysical data indicate that most of the water-producing zones are at lithologic contacts, but such contacts are penetrated infrequently and commonly do not intersect areas of ground-water recharge. Single-well aquifer tests and slug tests indicate that the bedrock aquifers also do not readily transmit large amounts of water. The median hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the bedrock aquifers are 0.01 foot per dayand 2.75 feet squared per day, respectively.\r\nThe crystalline and siliciclastic (Weverton and Loudoun Formations) bedrock aquifers are moderately to highly resistant to weathering, resulting in topographic highs coupled with steep, narrow valleys. This rugged topography results in extensive surface runoff, which limits infiltration and hence recharge to the shallow and deep ground-water systems. Streams that flow through the study area generally are small and ephemeral. Where perennial, the streams represent areas of ground-water discharge.\r\nThickness of the overlying mantle (regolith or depth to bedrock) varies from 0 to more than 65 feet over short distances. In general, a thick regolith will store and transmit large quantities of water to the underlying bedrock aquifers. In the study area, however, there is no correlation between thick regolith and greater reported yields. Thus, it appears that the hydraulic connection between water-bearing fractures at depth and ground water stored in the regolith is poor, which further limits ground-water availability.\r\nRecharge to the bedrock aquifers from the approximately 46 inches of annual precipitation aver-ages about 13 inches per year, or 975 gallons per day per acre. During drought years, however, this recharge rate may average only 9 inches per year [675 gallons per day per acre]. Decreased recharge to the bedrock aquifers results in declining water levels and possibly dry wells, as well as reduced flows to streams and other surface-water bodies. Although the consumptive use of ground water by homeowners is minor (about 14 percent), the pumping of a well will change the natural flow paths of ground water and reduce the amount of water stored (at least temporarily) in the bedrock aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024273","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., and Conger, R.W., 2002, Ground-water availability in part of the Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pennsylvania, and the establishment of a drought-monitor well: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4273, vii, 78 p. : ill. 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(some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4273.jpg"},{"id":14547,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4273/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d381","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Low, Dennis J. djlow@usgs.gov","contributorId":3450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Dennis","email":"djlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conger, Randall W. rwconger@usgs.gov","contributorId":2086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conger","given":"Randall","email":"rwconger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44933,"text":"wri024283 - 2002 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2002: Quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:16:44","indexId":"wri024283","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4283","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2002: Quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","docAbstract":"<h1>Significant Findings</h1>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected total-dissolved-gas and water-temperature data at eight sites near dams on the lower Columbia River in 2002. When water is released through the spillways of dams, air is entrained in the water, increasing the concentration of total dissolved gas to levels that can have adverse effects on freshwater aquatic life. Significant findings include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>For the eight monitoring sites in water year 2002, an average of 99.6% of the total-dissolved gas data were received in real time by the USGS satellite downlink and were within 1% saturation of the expected value, based on calibration data and ambient river conditions at adjacent sites.</li>\n<li>Most field checks of total-dissolved-gas sensors with a secondary standard were within 1% saturation. Field checks of barometric pressure and water temperature were usually within 1 millimeter of mercury and 0.05 degrees Celsius, respectively.</li>\n<li>In June and July 2002, spills exceeded 140,000 cubic feet per second at the John Day, The Dalles, and Bonneville Dams. These spills resulted in levels of total dissolved gas that exceeded 120% saturation downstream of the dams.</li>\n<li>The variance to the State of Oregon water-quality standard for total dissolved gas of 110% saturation was exceeded at seven of the eight monitoring sites. The sites at Camas and Bonneville are considered forebay sites and had the most days exceeding the variance of 115% saturation. The forebay exceedances may have been the result of the cumulative effects of significant spill throughout the lower Columbia River. Apparently, the levels of total dissolved gas did not dissipate rapidly enough downstream of the dams before reaching the next site.</li>\n<li>From mid-July to mid-September, water temperatures were usually above 20 degrees Celsius at each of the seven lower Columbia River sites in operation. According to the Oregon water-quality standard, when the temperature of the lower Columbia River exceeds 20 degrees Celsius, no measurable temperature increase resulting from anthropogenic activities is allowed.</li>\n</ul>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri024283","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, 2002 : quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards; 2002; WRI; 2002-4283; Tanner, Dwight Q.; Johnston, Matthew W.; Bragg, Heather M.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3809,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4283/wri02-4283.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"},{"id":134525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4283/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              45.61403741135093\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18994140624999,\n              45.644768217751924\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.86035156249999,\n              45.740693395533064\n  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       ],\n            [\n              -122.794189453125,\n              46.06560846138691\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5909423828125,\n              45.775186183521036\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              45.61403741135093\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_or@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Oregon Water Science Center<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br /> 2130 SW 5th Avenue<br /> Portland, Oregon 97201<br /><a href=\"http://or.water.usgs.gov/\">http://or.water.usgs.gov</a>&nbsp;</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Methods of Data Collection</li>\n<li>Summary of Data Completeness and Quality</li>\n<li>Quality-Assurance Data</li>\n<li>Effects of Spill on Total Dissolved Gas</li>\n<li>Comparison of Total Dissolved Gas and Temperature to&nbsp;Water-Quality Standards</li>\n<li>Site-Specific Considerations</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n</ul>","publishedDate":"2002-12-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Matthew W. mattj@usgs.gov","contributorId":3066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Matthew","email":"mattj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragg, Heather M. hmbragg@usgs.gov","contributorId":428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Heather M.","email":"hmbragg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44009,"text":"ofr02356 - 2002 - Water use in Wisconsin, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-14T12:51:19","indexId":"ofr02356","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-356","title":"Water use in Wisconsin, 2000","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the National Water-Use Information Program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stores water-use data in standardized format for different catego ries of water use. Information about amounts of water withdrawn, sources of wa ter, how the water was used, and how much water was returned is available to those involved in establishing water-resource policy and to those managing water resources. In 1978, the USGS entered into a cooperative program with the Wisconsin De partment of Natural Resources (WDNR) to inventory water use in Wisconsin. Since that time, four reports summarizing water use have been published (Law rence and Ellefson, 1982; Ellefson and others, 1987; Ellefson and others, 1993; Ellefson and others, 1997). Ellefson and others (1997) present 1995 water-use data in a map and graph format. Because water use changes with time, an update report is periodically required. This report presents 2000 data in the same format as the 1997 report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02356","usgsCitation":"Ellefson, B., Mueller, C., and Buchwald, C., 2002, Water use in Wisconsin, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-356, 1 Sheet: 36.00 x 27.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02356.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 36.00 x 27.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3767,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr-02-356/ofr-02-356.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":44934,"text":"wri20024292 - 2002 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44934,"text":"wri20024292 - 2002 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","indexId":"wri20024292","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Estimates of Median Flows for Streams on the Kansas Surface Water Register","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","indexId":"sir20045032","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","indexId":"sir20045032","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T10:09:50","indexId":"wri20024292","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4292","displayTitle":"Estimates of Median Flows for Streams on the Kansas Surface Water Register","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","docAbstract":"<p>The Kansas State Legislature, by enacting Kansas Statute KSA 82a-2001 et. seq., mandated the criteria for determining which Kansas stream segments would be subject to classification by the State. One criterion for the selection as a classified stream segment is based on the statistic of median flow being equal to or greater than 1 cubic foot per second. As specified by KSA 82a-2001 et. seq., median flows were determined from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging-station data by using the most-recent 10-years of gaged data (KSA) for each streamflow-gaging station. Median flows also were determined by using gaged data from the entire period of record (all-available hydrology, AAH). </p><p>Least-squares multiple regression techniques were used, along with Tobit analyses, to develop equations for estimating median flows for uncontrolled stream segments. The drainage area of the uncontrolled gaging stations used in the regression analyses ranged from 2.06 to 12,004 square miles. A logarithmic transformation of the data was needed to develop the best linear relation for computing median flows. In the regression analyses, the significant climatic and basin characteristics, in order of importance, were drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean basin permeability, and mean basin slope. Tobit analyses of KSA data yielded a root mean square error of 0.285 logarithmic units, and the best equations using Tobit analyses of AAH data had a root mean square error of 0.247 logarithmic units. </p><p>These equations and an interpolation procedure were used to compute median flows for the uncontrolled stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register. Measured median flows from gaging stations were incorporated into the regression-estimated median flows along the stream segments where available. The segments that were uncontrolled were interpolated using gaged data weighted according to the drainage area and the bias between the regression-estimated and gaged flow information. On controlled reaches of Kansas streams, the median flow information was interpolated between gaging stations using only gaged data weighted by drainage area. </p><p>Of the 2,232 total stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register, 30 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second when the KSA analysis was used. When the AAH analysis was used, 40 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri20024292","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health and Environment","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., Wolock, D.M., and Artman, J.C., 2002, Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register (Superseded by SIR 2004-5032): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4292, vi, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024292.","productDescription":"vi, 107 p.","numberOfPages":"114","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360235,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4292/wrir20024292.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.0 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 \"}}]}","edition":"Superseded by SIR 2004-5032","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\">Kansas Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1217 Biltmore Drive<br>Lawrence, KS 66049</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Factors Affecting Streamflow</li><li>Methods for Estimating Median Flows</li><li>Kansas Surface Water Register</li><li>Basin Characteristics for Stream Segments</li><li>Estimates of Median Flows for Stream Segments</li><li>Internet Dissemination of Results</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix A. Kansas Statute KSA 82a–2001 et. seq.</li><li>Appendix B. Median flow information for streamflow-gaging stations used in the interpolation procedure</li><li>Appendix C. Estimated median flows at downstream end of stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Charles A. cperry@usgs.gov","contributorId":2093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Charles","email":"cperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artman, Joshua C.","contributorId":28942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artman","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50573,"text":"ofr02465 - 2002 - A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:51:47.889016","indexId":"ofr02465","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-465","title":"A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0","docAbstract":"<p>Terrain modeling, the practice of ground-surface quantification, is an amalgam of Earth science, mathematics, engineering, and computer science. The discipline is known variously as geomorphometry (or simply morphometry), terrain analysis, and quantitative geomorphology. It continues to grow through myriad applications to hydrology, geohazards mapping, tectonics, sea-floor and planetary exploration, and other fields. Dating nominally to the co-founders of academic geography, Alexander von Humboldt (1808, 1817) and Carl Ritter (1826, 1828), the field was revolutionized late in the 20th Century by the computer manipulation of spatial arrays of terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs), which can quantify and portray ground-surface form over large areas (Maune, 2001). Morphometric procedures are implemented routinely by commercial geographic information systems (GIS) as well as specialized software (Harvey and Eash, 1996; Köthe and others, 1996; ESRI, 1997; Drzewiecki et al., 1999; Dikau and Saurer, 1999; Djokic and Maidment, 2000; Wilson and Gallant, 2000; Breuer, 2001; Guth, 2001; Eastman, 2002). The new Earth Surface edition of the Journal of Geophysical Research, specializing in surficial processes, is the latest of many publication venues for terrain modeling.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This is the fourth update of a bibliography and introduction to terrain modeling (Pike, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999) designed to collect the diverse, scattered literature on surface measurement as a resource for the research community. The use of DEMs in science and technology continues to accelerate and diversify (Pike, 2000a). New work appears so frequently that a sampling must suffice to represent the vast literature. This report adds 1636 entries to the 4374 in the four earlier publications1. Forty-eight additional entries correct dead Internet links and other errors found in the prior listings. Chronicling the history of terrain modeling, many entries in this report predate the 1999 supplement. Coverage is representative from about 1800 through early–mid 2002. Papers increasingly are published exclusively or in duplicate on the Internet's World Wide Web; the dates given here for Web addresses (URLs) that lack a print publication indicate a Web site's last update or my last access of it. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically and thus is not readily summarized. This introduction cites about 500 entries, a third of them grouped under 24 morphometric topics, as a guide to the listing's contents. Continuing the practice of previous bibliographies in the series to provide more information on a few applications (see summary of past topics in Pike, 2000a), this report elaborates further on topographic data, putative new parameters, tectonic geomorphology/neo-orometry, biogeography, ice-cap morphometry, results from the Mars Global DEM, landslide-hazard mapping, terrain modeling as physics, Hack's law, and broad-scale computer visualization. The literature of some of these subjects is large, and none of the summaries is intended to more than introduce the topic and comment on some of the current contributions of terrain modeling. Closing the essay is a discussion of pre-1900 papers that trace the evolution of ridge-line and watercourse quantification by descriptive geometry, as well as comments on some new books and an on-line bulletin board.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02465","usgsCitation":"Pike, R.J., 2002, A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-465, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02465.","productDescription":"158 p.","numberOfPages":"158","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02465.jpg"},{"id":283911,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/pdf/of02-465.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283912,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/of02-465.txt"},{"id":4381,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4975e4b0b290850ef30e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50494,"text":"ofr02190 - 2002 - Occurrence of invertebrates at 38 stream sites in the Mississippi Embayment study unit, 1996-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T15:33:39.584389","indexId":"ofr02190","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-190","title":"Occurrence of invertebrates at 38 stream sites in the Mississippi Embayment study unit, 1996-99","docAbstract":"A total of 88 invertebrate species and 178 genera representing 59 families, 8 orders, 6 classes, and 3 phyla was identified at 38 stream sites in the Mississippi Embayment Study Unit from 1996 through 1999 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Sites were selected based on land use within the drainage basins and the availability of long-term streamflow data. Invertebrates were sampled as part of an overall sampling design to provide information related to the status and trends in water quality in the Mississippi Embayment Study Unit, which includes parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee.\r\n\r\nInvertebrate sampling and processing was conducted using nationally standardized techniques developed for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These techniques included both a semi-quantitative method, which targeted habitats where invertebrate diversity is expected to be highest, and a qualitative multihabitat method, which samples all available habitat types possible within a sampling reach. All invertebrate samples were shipped to the USGS National Water-Quality Laboratory (NWQL) where they were processed.\r\n\r\nOf the 365 taxa identified, 156 were identified with the semi-quantitative method that involved sampling a known quantity of what was expected to be the richest habitat, woody debris. The qualitative method, which involved sampling all available habitats, identified 345 taxa The number of organisms identified in the semi-quantitative samples ranged from 74 to 3,295, whereas the number of taxa identified ranged from 9 to 54. The number of organisms identified in the qualitative samples ranged from 42 to 29,634, whereas the number of taxa ranged from 18 to 81. From all the organisms identified, chironomid taxa were the most frequently identified, and plecopteran taxa were among the least frequently identified.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02190","usgsCitation":"Caskey, B.J., Justus, B., and Zappia, H., 2002, Occurrence of invertebrates at 38 stream sites in the Mississippi Embayment study unit, 1996-99: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-190, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02190.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4310,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0190/ofr02190.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":176060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db6561a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caskey, Brian J.","contributorId":104119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caskey","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Justus, B. G.","contributorId":49825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justus","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zappia, Humbert","contributorId":79093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zappia","given":"Humbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50503,"text":"ofr02286 - 2002 - Daily values flow comparison and estimates using program HYCOMP, version 1.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr02286","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-286","title":"Daily values flow comparison and estimates using program HYCOMP, version 1.0","docAbstract":"A method used by the U.S. Geological Survey for quality control in computing daily value flow records is to compare hydrographs of computed flows at a station under review to hydrographs of computed flows at a selected index station. The hydrographs are placed on top of each other (as hydrograph overlays) on a light table, compared, and missing daily flow data estimated. This method, however, is subjective and can produce inconsistent results, because hydrographers can differ when calculating acceptable limits of deviation between observed and estimated flows. Selection of appropriate index stations also is judgemental, giving no consideration to the mathematical correlation between the review station and the index station(s).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTo address the limitation of the hydrograph overlay method, a set of software programs, written in the SAS macrolanguage, was developed and designated Program HYDCOMP. The program automatically selects statistically comparable index stations by correlation and regression, and performs hydrographic comparisons and estimates of missing data by regressing daily mean flows at the review station against -8 to +8 lagged flows at one or two index stations and day-of-week. Another advantage that HYDCOMP has over the graphical method is that estimated flows, the criteria for determining the quality of the data, and the selection of index stations are determined statistically, and are reproducible from one user to another.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n            HYDCOMP will load the most-correlated index stations into another file containing the ?best index stations,? but will not overwrite stations already in the file. A knowledgeable user should delete unsuitable index stations from this file based on standard error of estimate, hydrologic similarity of candidate index stations to the review station, and knowledge of the individual station characteristics. Also, the user can add index stations not selected by HYDCOMP, if desired.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOnce the file of best-index stations is created, a user may do hydrographic comparison and data estimates by entering the number of the review station, selecting an index station, and specifying the periods to be used for regression and plotting. For example, the user can restrict the regression to ice-free periods of the year to exclude flows estimated during iced conditions. However, the regression could still be used to estimate flow during iced conditions.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHYDCOMP produces the standard error of estimate as a measure of the central scatter of the regression and R-square (coefficient of determination) for evaluating the accuracy of the regression. Output from HYDCOMP includes plots of percent residuals against (1) time within the regression and plot periods, (2) month and day of the year for evaluating seasonal bias in the regression, and (3) the magnitude of flow. For hydrographic comparisons, it plots 2-month segments of hydrographs over the selected plot period showing the observed flows, the regressed flows, the 95 percent confidence limit flows, flow measurements, and regression limits. If the observed flows at the review station remain outside the 95 percent confidence limits for a prolonged period, there may be some error in the flows at the review station or at the index station(s). In addition, daily minimum and maximum temperatures and daily rainfall are shown on the hydrographs, if available, to help indicate whether an apparent change in flow may result from rainfall or from changes in backwater from melting ice or freezing water.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHYDCOMP statistically smooths estimated flows from non-missing flows at the edges of the gaps in data into regressed flows at the center of the gaps using the Kalman smoothing algorithm. Missing flows are automatically estimated by HYDCOMP, but the user also can specify that periods of erroneous, but nonmissing flows, be estimated by the program.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02286","usgsCitation":"Sanders, C., 2002, Daily values flow comparison and estimates using program HYCOMP, version 1.0 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-286, iv, 52 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm.; 4 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02286.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm.; 4 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4317,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02286/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e86a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanders, Curtis L.","contributorId":94734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"Curtis L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50491,"text":"ofr02141 - 2002 - Data-quality measures for stakeholder-implemented watershed-monitoring programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:21","indexId":"ofr02141","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-141","title":"Data-quality measures for stakeholder-implemented watershed-monitoring programs","docAbstract":"Community-based watershed groups, many of which collect environmental data, have steadily increased in number over the last decade. The data generated by these programs are often underutilized due to uncertainty in the quality of data produced. The incorporation of data-quality measures into stakeholder monitoring programs lends statistical validity to data. Data-quality measures are divided into three steps: quality assurance, quality control, and quality assessment. The quality-assurance step attempts to control sources of error that cannot be directly quantified. This step is part of the design phase of a monitoring program and includes clearly defined, quantifiable objectives, sampling sites that meet the objectives, standardized protocols for sample collection, and standardized laboratory methods. Quality control (QC) is the collection of samples to assess the magnitude of error in a data set due to sampling, processing, transport, and analysis. In order to design a QC sampling program, a series of issues needs to be considered: (1) potential sources of error, (2) the type of QC samples, (3) inference space, (4) the number of QC samples, and (5) the distribution of the QC samples. Quality assessment is the process of evaluating quality-assurance measures and analyzing the QC data in order to interpret the environmental data. Quality assessment has two parts: one that is conducted on an ongoing basis as the monitoring program is running, and one that is conducted during the analysis of environmental data. The discussion of the data-quality measures is followed by an example of their application to a monitoring program in the Big Thompson River watershed of northern Colorado.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02141","usgsCitation":"Greve, A.I., 2002, Data-quality measures for stakeholder-implemented watershed-monitoring programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-141, v, 19 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02141.","productDescription":"v, 19 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4299,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8d4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greve, Adrienne I.","contributorId":40959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greve","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50892,"text":"ofr02151 - 2002 - User's manual for computer program BASEPLOT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr02151","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-151","title":"User's manual for computer program BASEPLOT","docAbstract":"The checking and reviewing of daily records of streamflow within the U.S. Geological Survey is traditionally accomplished by hand-plotting and mentally collating tables of data. The process is time consuming, difficult to standardize, and subject to errors in computation, data entry, and logic. In addition, the presentation of flow data on the internet requires more timely and accurate computation of daily flow records.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBASEPLOT was developed for checking and review of primary streamflow records within the U.S. Geological Survey. Use of BASEPLOT enables users to (1) provide efficiencies during the record checking and review process, (2) improve quality control, (3) achieve uniformity of checking and review techniques of simple stage-discharge relations, and (4) provide a tool for teaching streamflow computation techniques.\r\n\r\nThe BASEPLOT program produces tables of quality control checks and produces plots of rating curves and discharge measurements; variable shift (V-shift) diagrams; and V-shifts converted to stage-discharge plots, using data stored in the U.S. Geological Survey Automatic Data Processing System database. In addition, the program plots unit-value hydrographs that show unit-value stages, shifts, and datum corrections; input shifts, datum corrections, and effective dates; discharge measurements; effective dates for rating tables; and numeric quality control checks. Checklist/tutorial forms are provided for reviewers to ensure completeness of review and standardize the review process. The program was written for the U.S. Geological Survey SUN computer using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software produced by SAS Institute, Incorporated.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02151","usgsCitation":"Sanders, C.L., 2002, User's manual for computer program BASEPLOT: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-151, p. 66, illus. incl. 2 tables, 5 refs; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02151.","productDescription":"p. 66, illus. incl. 2 tables, 5 refs; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4656,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02151/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanders, Curtis L. Jr.","contributorId":76391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"Curtis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50570,"text":"ofr2002460 - 2002 - Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, an update: 1998-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T11:48:38.670852","indexId":"ofr2002460","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-460","title":"Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, an update: 1998-2001","docAbstract":"<p>Introduction Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) emission rates from Kilauea Volcano were first measured by Stoiber and Malone (1975) and have been measured on a regular basis since 1979 (Greenland and others, 1985; Casadevall and others, 1987; Elias and others, 1998; Sutton and others, 2001). A compilation of SO<sub>2</sub> emission-rate and wind-vector data from 1979 through 1997 is available as Open-File Report 98-462 (Elias and others, 1998) and on the web at http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/products/OF98462/. The purpose of this report is to update the existing database through 2001. Kilauea releases SO<sub>2</sub> gas predominantly from its summit caldera and east rift zone (ERZ) (fig. 1), as described in previous reports (Elias and others, 1998; Sutton and others, 2001). These two distinct sources are quantified independently. The summit and east rift zone emission rates reported here were derived using vehicle-based Correlation Spectrometry (COSPEC) measurements as described in Elias and others (1998). In 1998 and 1999, these measurements were augmented with airborne and tripod-based surveys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002460","usgsCitation":"Elias, T., and Sutton, A.J., 2002, Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, an update: 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-460, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002460.","productDescription":"29 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9570,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-460/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389010,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53980.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.30067443847656,\n              19.25605301966429\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0397491455078,\n              19.25605301966429\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0397491455078,\n              19.445226820142476\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30067443847656,\n              19.445226820142476\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30067443847656,\n              19.25605301966429\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69984c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. Jefferson","contributorId":47860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jefferson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50582,"text":"ofr02488 - 2002 - Water quality and aquatic toxicity data of 2002 spring thaw conditions in the upper Animas River watershed, Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-05T11:13:10","indexId":"ofr02488","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-488","title":"Water quality and aquatic toxicity data of 2002 spring thaw conditions in the upper Animas River watershed, Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents hydrologic, water-quality, and biologic toxicity data collected during the annual spring thaw of 2002 in the upper Animas River watershed near Silverton, Colorado. The spring-thaw runoff is a concern because elevated concentrations of iron oxyhydroxides can contain sorbed trace metals that are potentially toxic to aquatic life. Water chemistry of streams draining the San Juan Mountains is affected by natural acid drainage and weathering of hydrothermal altered volcanic rocks and by more than a century of mining activities. The timing of the spring-thaw sampling effort was determined by reviewing historical climate and stream-flow hydrographs and current weather conditions. Twenty-one water-quality samples were collected between 11:00 AM March 27, 2002 and 6:00 PM March 30, 2002 to characterize water chemistry at the A-72 gage on the upper Animas River below Silverton. Analyses of unfiltered water at the A-72 gage showed a relation between turbidity and total-recoverable iron concentrations, and showed diurnal patterns. Copper and lead concentrations were related to iron concentrations, indicating that these elements are probably sorbed to colloidal iron material. Calcium, strontium, and sulfate concentrations showed overall decreasing trends due to dilution, but the loads of those constituents increased over the sampling period. Nine water-quality samples were collected near the confluence of Mineral Creek with the Animas River, the confluence of Cement Creek with the Animas River, and on the upper Animas River above the confluence with Cement Creek (three samples at each site). A total of six bulk water-toxicity samples were collected before, during, and after the spring thaw from the Animas River at the A-72 gage site. Toxicity tests conducted with the bulk water samples on amphipods did not show strong differences in toxicity among the three sampling periods; however, toxicity of river water to fathead minnows showed a decreasing trend during the course of the study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02488","usgsCitation":"Fey, D., Wirt, L., Besser, J., and Wright, W.G., 2002, Water quality and aquatic toxicity data of 2002 spring thaw conditions in the upper Animas River watershed, Silverton, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-488, ii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02488.","productDescription":"ii, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4387,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-488","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Silverton","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.468017578125,\n              37.06394430056685\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.468017578125,\n              37.87485339352928\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.105712890625,\n              37.87485339352928\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.105712890625,\n              37.06394430056685\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.468017578125,\n              37.06394430056685\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9bb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wirt, L.","contributorId":80342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Besser, J.M.","contributorId":91569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, W. 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,{"id":50585,"text":"ofr02493 - 2002 - Wisconsin aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T19:43:04.286342","indexId":"ofr02493","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-493","title":"Wisconsin aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02493","usgsCitation":"Daniels, D.L., and Snyder, S.L., 2002, Wisconsin aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-493, 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,{"id":50495,"text":"ofr02202 - 2002 - The Central Kentucky Prototype; an object-oriented geologic map data model for the National Geologic Map Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr02202","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-202","title":"The Central Kentucky Prototype; an object-oriented geologic map data model for the National Geologic Map Database","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02202","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., Brodaric, B., Hastings, J.T., Wahl, R., and Weisenfluh, G.A., 2002, The Central Kentucky Prototype; an object-oriented geologic map data model for the National Geologic Map Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-202, p. 38, illus. incl. 1 table, 21 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02202.","productDescription":"p. 38, illus. incl. 1 table, 21 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4311,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681ab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brodaric, Boyan","contributorId":80341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodaric","given":"Boyan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hastings, Jordan T.","contributorId":6119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hastings","given":"Jordan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wahl, Ron","contributorId":105791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weisenfluh, Gerald A.","contributorId":51832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weisenfluh","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":69419,"text":"mf2409 - 2002 - Surficial geologic map of the Bettles quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:35","indexId":"mf2409","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2409","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Bettles quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"This dataset represents surficial geologic mapping of the Bettles quadrangle, Alaska.  It is used to create the mapsheet in MF-2409, which shows surficial deposits of the 1:250,000 scale Bettles quadrangle in north central Alaska.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2409","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, T.D., 2002, Surficial geologic map of the Bettles quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2409, Map, 41 x 25 in.; pamphlet, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2409.","productDescription":"Map, 41 x 25 in.; pamphlet, 9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110366,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53759.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"53759"},{"id":191236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7773,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2409/mf2409.tar.gz"},{"id":7772,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2409/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153,66 ], [ -153,67 ], [ -15,67 ], [ -15,66 ], [ -153,66 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a0a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Thomas D.","contributorId":91474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69392,"text":"mf2408 - 2002 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:25","indexId":"mf2408","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2408","title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"This dataset represents surficial geologic mapping of the Hughes   quadrangle, Alaska.  It is used to create the mapsheet in MF-2408, which shows surficial deposits of the 1:250,000 scale Hughes quadrangle in north central Alaska.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/mf2408","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, T.D., 2002, Surficial Geologic Map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2408, Map: 42 x 25 inches; Pamphlet; Digital Database; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2408.","productDescription":"Map: 42 x 25 inches; Pamphlet; Digital Database; Metadata","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110365,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53758.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"53758"},{"id":187455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9543,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2408/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156,66 ], [ -156,67 ], [ -153,67 ], [ -153,66 ], [ -156,66 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a45c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Thomas D.","contributorId":91474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69391,"text":"mf2402 - 2002 - Geologic map and map database of western Sonoma, northernmost Marin, and southernmost Mendocino counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T15:49:54","indexId":"mf2402","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2402","title":"Geologic map and map database of western Sonoma, northernmost Marin, and southernmost Mendocino counties, California","docAbstract":"<p>This digital map database, compiled from previously published and unpublished data, and new mapping by the authors, represents the general distribution of bedrock and surficial deposits in the mapped area. Together with the accompanying text file (wsomf.ps, wsomf.pdf, wsomf.txt), it provides current information on the geologic structure and stratigraphy of the area covered. The database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. The scale of the source maps limits the spatial resolution (scale) of the database to 1:62,500 or smaller.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2402","usgsCitation":"Blake, M., Graymer, R., and Stamski, R., 2002, Geologic map and map database of western Sonoma, northernmost Marin, and southernmost Mendocino counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2402, 45 p. and 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2402.","productDescription":"45 p. and 1 sheet","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110357,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52762.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52762"},{"id":6333,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.53416666666666,38.25 ], [ -123.53416666666666,38.85027777777778 ], [ -122.75,38.85027777777778 ], [ -122.75,38.25 ], [ -123.53416666666666,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stamski, R.E.","contributorId":81574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamski","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":58053,"text":"wri024062 - 2002 - Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow underlying Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T11:52:30.956538","indexId":"wri024062","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4062","displayTitle":"Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and Particle-Tracking Analysis of Ground-Water Flow Underlying Belvidere, Illinois","title":"Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow underlying Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Illinois Environmental Protection Agency began a study of the hydrogeology, flow system, and distribution of contaminants in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Ill., and vicinity in 1992. As part of the study, the ancestral Troy Bedrock Valley, located about 1.5 miles west of Belvidere, was identified as an important part of the ground-water-flow system. In the deepest parts of the valley, the basal Glenwood confining unit may be absent; thick deposits of sand and gravel that infill part of the valley may directly overlie the sandstone St. Peter aquifer, a regionally important source of water for public supply. With few deep wells open to the St. Peter aquifer present in the valley to provide necessary geologic information, tritium and other water-chemistry data were collected from eight wells to possibly delineate areas where the confining unit may be absent; the data also provide baseline water-quality information for an area expecting changes in land use and increases in water withdrawal. Also as part of the study, particle-tracking analysis was done using an available flow model to (1) identify possible discharge locations of ground water and contaminants and (2) delineate areas contributing recharge to the Belvidere municipal wells. </p><p>This report presents and interprets water-chemistry data collected during December 2000 and presents results of particle-tracking analysis. Ground water in samples from two of four wells open to the St. Peter aquifer appears to have recharged after 1954, suggesting that the Glenwood confining unit may be absent near the wells. Other hydrogeologic and water-chemistry data, however, were inconclusive or contradictory. Concentrations of iron, manganese, and lead exceeded maximum contaminant levels in five or less samples, but materials associated with the water-distribution systems appear to contribute to the elevated concentrations above natural levels. </p><p>Particle-tracking analysis indicates that most ground-water flow beneath possible contaminant-source areas discharges from the glacial drift aquifer to the Kishwaukee River. Most of the source areas are in or near Belvidere and are within 1,500 feet of the river. The analysis also indicates the possibility that in parts of the study area, some ground water does not discharge to the river, but flows beneath the Kishwaukee River in the underlying carbonate Galena-Platteville aquifer. Ground water that discharges to the one municipal well open to the glacial drift aquifer is estimated to travel over 1 mile in less than 25 years. Simulated residence (travel) times of ground water from the base of the glacial drift aquifer to the six municipal wells open, in part, to the Galena-Platteville aquifer, are estimated at less than about 40 years. Because fractures in this aquifer are unaccounted for in the flow model, actual areas contributing recharge are likely larger and travel times faster than those simulated for most of the municipal wells. Tritium data indicate that, in general, travel times from the land surface to the deepest parts of the Galena-Platteville aquifer are less than 46 years. Methyl tertiary-butyl ether data indicate that travel times to the upper part of the aquifer may be less than 16 years. The water-quality-based estimates of travel time generally are consistent with the estimates from particle-tracking analysis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Halford, K.J., and Cobb, R., 2002, Delineation of the Troy Bedrock Valley and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow underlying Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4062, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024062.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5984,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4062/wrir02_4062.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 02–4062"},{"id":183897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4062/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Boone County","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9385,42.4984],[-88.7737,42.4958],[-88.7719,42.4957],[-88.7059,42.4972],[-88.705,42.4167],[-88.7041,42.329],[-88.7057,42.2418],[-88.7061,42.1564],[-88.8224,42.1557],[-88.94,42.1549],[-88.9406,42.2408],[-88.9405,42.3284],[-88.9392,42.4161],[-88.9385,42.4984]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Boone\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\">Central Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>405 North Goodwin<br>Urbana, IL 61801</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Study Methods</li><li>Delineation of Troy Bedrock Valley</li><li>Evaluation of Ground-Water Flow by Particle Tracking</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Field-determined characteristics of water quality at selected wells in the vicinity of Belvidere, Ill., December 2000</li><li>Appendix 2. Concentrations of major ions in ground water at selected wells in the vicinity of Belvidere, December 2000</li><li>Appendix 3. Concentrations of trace elements in ground water at selected wells in the vicinity of Belvidere, December 2000</li><li>Appendix 4. Concentrations of tritium and other radionuclides in ground water at selected wells in the vicinity of Belvidere, December 2000</li><li>Appendix 5. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds detected in ground water at selected wells in the vicinity of Belvidere, December 2000</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66f69a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cobb, R.P.","contributorId":84448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206347,"text":"70206347 - 2002 - Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T06:52:01","indexId":"70206347","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T17:12:10","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar","docAbstract":"<p class=\"basictext\">Borehole radar can be used in a single-hole reflection mode or in a cross-hole tomography mode. In the reflection mode, radar provides an image of discontinuities in the bedrock surrounding a borehole, including bedding planes, lithologic contacts, fractures, and cavities. The measurements are either directional or omni-directional, depending upon the type of equipment and antennas. In the tomography mode, where the transmitter and receiver are in separate boreholes, radar provides an image of the planar section between the boreholes. The radius of investigation depends on the antenna frequency and the electrical conductivity of the bedrock. For a central frequency of 100 megahertz, in the reflection mode the ranges are typically 10 to 40 meters in resistive solid rock and less than 5 meters in conductive, clay-rich, or silty rock.</p><p class=\"basictext\">Single-hole and cross-hole radar also have been used for water-supply investigations in the northeast-ern United States. Borehole radar was used to investigate crystalline bedrock in two rapidly developing com-munities that rely on water resources in the bedrock. The surveys were conducted and interpreted along with data from other borehole geophysical tools. The borehole radar surveys were used to identify the location and orientation of reflectors, locate the primary pathways of flow to the supply wells, and identify aquifer character-istics that may be useful in siting a production well and protecting high-yielding wells in crystalline rocks.</p><p class=\"basictext\">Borehole radar has been used to investigate fractures, cavities, and lithologic changes at several sites in Europe. The radar data has been interpreted in conjuction with the results of modeling of borehole-radar re-sponse. At the Grimsel nuclear waste laboratory in Switzerland, single-hole reflection and tomography methods were used to characterize the rock in inclined boreholes. At numerous geotechnical sites in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, borehole radar has been used to characterize the rock and identify fractures and cavities.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Fractured Rock 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fractured Rock 2002","conferenceDate":"March 13-15, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Denver, OH","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., Halleux, L., Johnson, C.D., and Lane, J., 2002, Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar, <i>in</i> Proceedings: Fractured Rock 2002, Denver, OH, March 13-15, 2002, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/FracRock02_haeni/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halleux, Lucien","contributorId":220131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halleux","given":"Lucien","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70201234,"text":"70201234 - 2002 - Issues in characterizing phenology from satellite observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T10:05:35","indexId":"70201234","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T13:38:17","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Issues in characterizing phenology from satellite observations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Over the past decade, many investigators have published techniques for deriving phenological parameters, especially the start of the growing season (SOS), from time-series satellite imagery. The principal satellite sensor for these studies is the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). This study investigates the characteristics of four of the primary methods for identifying SOS; maximum curvature, delayed moving average, time of greatest NDVI increase and time of half-maximum NDVI. Comparisons between the methods illustrate biases for earlier or later SOS in the various methods and a relatively low statistical relationship among all four methods (r</span><sup>2</sup><span>=.10 to .35). Our analysis indicates that each of the methods is detecting fundamentally different stages of the start of season. These stages include snow melt, initial growth of herbaceous plants and understory, and first leaf; each of which is important in determining differences in land/atmosphere interactions. Users of these types of datasets need to be aware of the different environmental conditions being measured by the various approaches and use careful judgment in selecting the proper method.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Use of Earth Observation Data for Phenological Monitoring, Ispra, Italy, 2–13 December 2002, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"15th Conf. on Biometeorology/Aerobiology and 16th International Congress of Biometeorology","conferenceDate":"December 2-13, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Ispra, Italy","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., and Brown, J., 2002, Issues in characterizing phenology from satellite observations, <i>in</i> Use of Earth Observation Data for Phenological Monitoring, Ispra, Italy, 2–13 December 2002, Proceedings, Ispra, Italy, December 2-13, 2002, p. 23-26.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ams.confex.com/ams/15BioAero/techprogram/paper_49501.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c0b957ee4b0c53ecb2aca8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B. C. 0000-0002-1132-7178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":55594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":753354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, J.F. 0000-0002-9976-1998","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":31006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":753355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70231712,"text":"70231712 - 2002 - Evaluating the performance of a crop water balance model in estimating regional crop production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T16:49:47.854077","indexId":"70231712","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T11:44:25","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluating the performance of a crop water balance model in estimating regional crop production","docAbstract":"<p>The comparison between a spatially distributed crop index and reported yield was evaluated. The crop index was generated by a crop water balance model that simulates the reduction of crop yield (as a percentage of the potential) due to water deficit. This model is currently operational as a monitoring and forecasting tool for region-wide food security analyses in drought prone countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. </p><p>The most important input parameters of the model are Africa-wide satellite-based rainfall estimate images and spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration images calculated from 6-hourly numerical weather model data. District level crop yield data from Ethiopia were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Historical sorghum yield data from 1996-1999 were used to evaluate the performance of a seasonal water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) for sorghum. WRSI values and reported district yield data were significantly correlated. The WRSI model was particularly successful in capturing the response of the crop during a relatively dry year. In districts that never experienced water deficit during the study period, it was possible to infer the magnitude of yield variability that was caused by factors other than water supply. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ISPRS archives – Volume XXXIV part 1, 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ISPRS Commission: Mid-Term Symposium in conjunction with Pecora 15/Land Satellite Information IV Conference Integrated Remote Sensing at the Global, Regional and Local Scale","conferenceDate":"Nov 10-15, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., and Verdin, J., 2002, Evaluating the performance of a crop water balance model in estimating regional crop production, <i>in</i> ISPRS archives – Volume XXXIV part 1, 2002, Denver, CO, Nov 10-15, 2002, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/part1/"}],"country":"Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda","otherGeospatial":"Sub-Saharan Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              27.861328125,\n              -0.3515602939922709\n            ],\n            [\n              33.83789062499999,\n              0.615222552406841\n            ],\n            [\n              39.0234375,\n              2.0210651187669897\n            ],\n            [\n              44.033203125,\n              6.664607562172573\n            ],\n            [\n              47.197265625,\n              9.188870084473406\n            ],\n            [\n              39.287109375,\n              16.636191878397664\n            ],\n            [\n              38.583984375,\n              17.308687886770034\n            ],\n            [\n              21.09375,\n              15.623036831528264\n            ],\n            [\n              21.884765625,\n              5.965753671065536\n            ],\n            [\n              27.861328125,\n              -0.3515602939922709\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":145830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70203870,"text":"70203870 - 2002 - Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T11:38:40","indexId":"70203870","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T11:31:57","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta","docAbstract":"<p><span>We used a combined field and modeling approach to estimate the potential for submergence for one rapidly deteriorating (Bayou Chitigue Marsh) and one apparently stable (Old Oyster Bayou Marsh) saltmarsh wetland in coastal Louisiana, given two eustatic sea level rise scenarios: the current rate (0.15 cm year</span><sup>−1</sup><span>); and the central value predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (48 cm by the year 2100). We also used the model to determine what processes were most critical for maintaining and influencing salt marsh elevation including, mineral matter deposition, organic matter production, shallow subsidence (organic matter decomposition + primary sediment compaction), deep subsidence, and sediment pulsing events (e.g., hurricanes). Eight years of field measurements from feldspar marker horizons and surface elevation tables revealed that the rates of vertical accretion at the Bayou Chitigue Marsh were high (2.26 (0.09) cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(mean ± SE)) because the marsh exists at the lower end of the tidal range. The rate of shallow subsidence was also high (2.04 (0.1) cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), resulting in little net elevation gain (0.22 (0.06) cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). In contrast, vertical accretion at the Old Oyster Bayou Marsh, which is 10 cm higher in elevation, was 0.48 (0.09) cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. However, there was a net elevation gain of 0.36 (0.08) cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;because there was no significant shallow subsidence. When these rates of elevation gain were compared to rates of relative sea level rise (deep subsidence plus eustatic sea level rise), both sites showed a net elevation deficit although the Bayou Chitigue site was subsiding at approximately twice the rate of the Old Oyster Bayou site (1.1 cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;versus 0.49 cm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;respectively). These field data were used to modify, initialize, and calibrate a previously published wetland soil development model that simulates primary production and mineral matter deposition as, feedback functions of elevation. Sensitivity analyses revealed that wetland elevation was most sensitive to changes in the rates of deep subsidence, a model forcing function that is difficult to measure in the field and for which estimates in the literature vary widely. The model also revealed that, given both the current rate of sea level rise and the central value estimate, surface elevation at both sites would fall below mean sea level over the next 100 years. Although these results were in agreement with the field study, they contradicted long term observations that the Old Oyster Bayou site has been in equilibrium with sea level for at least the past 50 years. Further simulations showed that the elevation at the Old Oyster Bayou site could keep pace with current rates of sea level rise if either a lower rate for deep subsidence was used as a forcing function, or if a periodic sediment pulsing function (e.g., from hurricanes) was programmed into the model.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02691346","usgsCitation":"Rybczyk, J., and Cahoon, D.R., 2002, Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 5, p. 985-998, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691346.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"998","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Chitigue, Mississippi river Delta Plain, Old Oyster Bayou","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.40625,\n              28.97450653430241\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5548095703125,\n              28.97450653430241\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5548095703125,\n              29.616445727622548\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.40625,\n              29.616445727622548\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.40625,\n              28.97450653430241\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybczyk, J.M.","contributorId":41796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybczyk","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":764517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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