This study examined various types of remote-sensing data that have been acquired during a 12-month period over a portion of the Colorado River corridor to determine the type of data and conditions for data acquisition that provide the optimum classification results for mapping riparian vegetation. Issues related to vegetation mapping included time of year, number and positions of wavelength bands, and spatial resolution for data acquisition to produce accurate vegetation maps versus cost of data. Image data considered in the study consisted of scanned color-infrared (CIR) film, digital CIR, and digital multispectral data, whose resolutions from 11 cm (photographic film) to 100 cm (multispectral), that were acquired during the Spring, Summer, and Fall seasons in 2000 for five long-term monitoring sites containing riparian vegetation. Results show that digitally acquired data produce higher and more consistent classification accuracies for mapping vegetation units than do film products. The highest accuracies were obtained from nine-band multispectral data; however, a four-band subset of these data, that did not include short-wave infrared bands, produced comparable mapping results. The four-band subset consisted of the wavelength bands 0.52-0.59 µm, 0.59-0.62 µm, 0.67-0.72 µm, and 0.73-0.85 µm. Use of only three of these bands that simulate digital CIR sensors produced accuracies for several vegetation units that were 10% lower than those obtained using the full multispectral data set. Classification tests using band ratios produced lower accuracies than those using band reflectance for scanned film data; a result attributed to the relatively poor radiometric fidelity maintained by the film scanning process, whereas calibrated multispectral data produced similar classification accuracies using band reflectance and band ratios. This suggests that the intrinsic band reflectance of the vegetation is more important than inter-band reflectance differences in attaining high mapping accuracies. These results also indicate that radiometrically calibrated sensors that record a wide range of radiance produce superior results and that such sensors should be used for monitoring purposes.
\nWhen texture (spatial variance) at near-infrared wavelength is combined with spectral data in classification, accuracy increased most markedly (20-30%) for the highest resolution (11-cm) CIR film data, but decreased in its effect on accuracy in lower-resolution multi-spectral image data; a result observed in previous studies (Franklin and McDermid 1993, Franklin et al. 2000, 2001). While many classification unit accuracies obtained from the 11-cm film CIR band with texture data were in fact higher than those produced using the 100-cm, nine-band multispectral data with texture, the 11-cm film CIR data produced much lower accuracies than the 100-cm multispectral data for the more sparsely populated vegetation units due to saturation of picture elements during the film scanning process in vegetation units with a high proportion of alluvium. Overall classification accuracies obtained from spectral band and texture data range from 36% to 78% for all databases considered, from 57% to 71% for the 11-cm film CIR data, and from 54% to 78% for the 100-cm multispectral data. Classification results obtained from 20-cm film CIR band and texture data, which were produced by applying a Gaussian filter to the 11-cm film CIR data, showed increases in accuracy due to texture that were similar to those observed using the original 11-cm film CIR data. This suggests that data can be collected at the lower resolution and still retain the added power of vegetation texture. Classification accuracies for the riparian vegetation units examined in this study do not appear to be influenced by season of data acquisition, although data acquired under direct sunlight produced higher overall accuracies than data acquired under overcast conditions. The latter observation, in addition to the importance of band reflectance for classification, implies that data should be acquired near summer solstice when sun elevation and reflectance is highest and when shadows cast by steep canyon walls are minimized.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02470","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Staid, M.I., Plescia, J.B., and Johnson, J., 2002, Evaluation of airborne image data for mapping riparian vegetation within the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-470, Report: PDF, 65 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02470.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 65 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"65","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0470/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02470.jpg"},{"id":283915,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0470/pdf/of02-470.pdf"},{"id":283916,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0470/of02-470.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.1505,35.2274 ], [ -114.1505,37.1516 ], [ -110.9985,37.1516 ], [ -110.9985,35.2274 ], [ -114.1505,35.2274 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staid, Matthew I.","contributorId":79761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staid","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plescia, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":48995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plescia","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":71688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jeffrey R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45093,"text":"wri024129 - 2002 - Measured and simulated runoff to the lower Charles River, Massachusetts, October 1999–September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T21:16:55.146878","indexId":"wri024129","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4129","title":"Measured and simulated runoff to the lower Charles River, Massachusetts, October 1999–September 2000","docAbstract":"The lower Charles River, the water body between the Watertown Dam and the New Charles River Dam, is an important recreational resource for the Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area, but impaired water quality has affected its use. The goal of making this resource fishable and swimmable requires a better understanding of combined-sewer-overflow discharges, non-combined-sewer-overflow stormwater runoff, and constituent loads. This report documents the modeling effort used to calculate non-combined-sewer-overflow runoff to the lower Charles River.
During the 2000 water year, October 1, 1999–September 30, 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey collected precipitation data at Watertown Dam and compiled data from five other precipitation gages in or near the watershed. In addition, surface-water discharge data were collected at eight sites—three relatively homogenous land-use sites, four major tributary sites, and the Charles River at Watertown Dam, which is the divide between the upper and lower watersheds. The precipitation and discharge data were used to run and calibrate Stormwater Management Models developed for the three land-use subbasins (single-family, multi-family, and commercial), and the two tributary subbasins (Laundry and Faneuil Brooks). These calibrated models were used to develop a sixth model to simulate 54 ungaged outfalls to the lower Charles River. Models developed by the U.S. Geological Survey at gaged sites were calibrated with up to 24 storms. Each model was evaluated by comparing simulated discharge against measured discharge for all storms with appreciable precipitation and reliable discharge data. The model-fit statistics indicated that the models generally were well calibrated to peak discharge and runoff volumes. The model fit of the commercial land-use subbasin was not as well calibrated compared to the other models because the measured flows appear to be affected by variable conditions not represented in the model. A separate Stormwater Management Model of the Stony Brook Subbasin previously developed by others was evaluated with the newly collected data from this study; this model had a model fit comparable to the models developed by the U.S. Geological Survey.
The total annual runoff to the lower Charles River during the 2000 water year, not including contributions from combined-sewer-overflows except from the Stony Brook Subbasin, was 16,500 million cubic feet; 92 percent of the inflow was from the Charles River above Watertown Dam, 3 percent was from the Stony Brook Subbasin, 2 percent was from the Muddy River Subbasin, and less than 1 percent was from the combined inflows of Laundry and Faneuil Brooks. The remaining ungaged drainage area contributed about 2 percent of the total annual inflow to the lower Charles River. Excluding discharge from the Charles River above Watertown Dam, total annual runoff to the lower Charles River was 1,240 million cubic feet; 39 percent was from the Stony Brook Subbasin, 27 percent was from the Muddy River, which includes runoff that drains to the Muddy River conduit, 7 percent was from the Laundry Brook Subbasin, and 4 percent was from the Faneuil Brook Subbasin. Flow from the ungaged areas composed about 23 percent of the total annual inflow to the lower Charles River, excluding discharge from the Charles River above Watertown Dam.
Runoff to the lower Charles River was calculated for two design storms representing a 3-month and a 1-year event, 1.84 and 2.79 inches of total rainfall, respectively. These simulated discharges were provided to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority for use in a receiving-water model of the lower Charles River. Total storm runoff to the lower Charles River was 111 and 257 million cubic feet for the 3-month and 1-year storms, respectively. Excluding discharge from the Charles River above Watertown Dam, total runoff to the lower Charles River was 30 and 53 million cubic feet for the 3-month and 1-year storms, respectively. Runoff from the various tributary areas for the design storms was about in the same proportion as that for the annual runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024129","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., and Barlow, L.K., 2002, Measured and simulated runoff to the lower Charles River, Massachusetts, October 1999–September 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4129, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024129.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394619,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54107.htm"},{"id":3938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Charles River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.2,\n 42.2667\n ],\n [\n -71.0667,\n 42.2667\n ],\n [\n -71.0667,\n 42.3833\n ],\n [\n -71.2,\n 42.3833\n ],\n [\n -71.2,\n 42.2667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Lora K.","contributorId":90279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69388,"text":"mf2389 - 2002 - Geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42602,"text":"ofr98472 - 1998 - Revised preliminary geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr98472","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Revised preliminary geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":69388,"text":"mf2389 - 2002 - Geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"mf2389","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:24","indexId":"mf2389","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2389","title":"Geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","docAbstract":" New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping in the Storm King Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, in support of the USGS Western Colorado I-70 Corridor Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, provides new data on the structure on the south margin of the White River uplift and the Grand Hogback and on the nature, history, and distribution of surficial geologic units.\r\n Rocks ranging from Holocene to Proterozoic in age are shown on the map. The Canyon Creek Conglomerate, a unit presently known to only occur in this quadrangle, is interpreted to have been deposited in a very steep sided local basin formed by dissolution of Pennsylvanian evaporite late in Tertiary time. At the top of the Late Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation is a unit of sandstone, siltstone, and claystone from which Late Cretaceous palynomorphs were obtained in one locality. This interval has been mapped previously as Ohio Creek Conglomerate, but it does not fit the current interpretation of the origin of the Ohio Creek. Rocks previously mapped as Frontier Sandstone and Mowry Shale are here mapped as the lower member of the Mancos Shale and contain beds equivalent to the Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale in northwestern New Mexico. The Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley Formation in this quadrangle grades into Eagle Valley Evaporite as mapped by Kirkham and others (1997) in the Glenwood Springs area.\r\n The Storm King Mountain quadrangle spans the south margin of the White River uplift and crosses the Grand Hogback monocline into the Piceance basin. Nearly flat lying Mississippian through Cambrian sedimentary rocks capping the White River uplift are bent into gentle south dips and broken by faults at the edge of the uplift. South of these faults the beds dip moderately to steeply to the south and are locally overturned. These dips are interrupted by a structural terrace on which are superposed numerous gentle minor folds and faults. This terrace has an east-west extent similar to that of the Canyon Creek Conglomerate to the north. We interpret that the terrace formed by movement of Eagle Evaporite from below in response to dissolution and diapirism in the area underlain by the conglomerate. A low-angle normal fault dipping gently north near the north margin of the quadrangle may have formed also in response to diapirism and dissolution in the area of the Canyon Creek Conglomerate. Along the east edge of the quadrangle Miocene basalt flows are offset by faults along bedding planes in underlying south-dipping Cretaceous rocks, probably because of diapiric movement of evaporite into the Cattle Creek anticline (Kirkham and Widmann, 1997).\r\n Steep topography and weak rocks combine to produce a variety of geologic hazards in the quadrangle.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2389","usgsCitation":"Bryant, B., Shroba, R.R., Harding, A.E., and Murray, K., 2002, Geologic map of the Storm King Mountain quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2389, Online. 25 p. PDF, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2389.","productDescription":"Online. 25 p. PDF","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110362,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52804.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52804"},{"id":188792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6331,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2389/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,39.5 ], [ -107.5,39.6175 ], [ -107.36749999999999,39.6175 ], [ -107.36749999999999,39.5 ], [ -107.5,39.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a25f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harding, Anne E.","contributorId":106554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, Kyle E.","contributorId":31825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Kyle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39949,"text":"wri024205 - 2002 - Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:33:20","indexId":"wri024205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4205","title":"Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona","docAbstract":"Acidic waters containing elevated concentrations of dissolved metals have contaminated the regional aquifer in the Pinal Creek Basin, which is in Gila County, Arizona, about 100 kilometers east of Phoenix. The aquifer is made up of two geologic units: unconsolidated stream alluvium and consolidated basin fill. To better understand how contaminants are transported through these units, a better understanding of the distribution of hydraulic conductivity and processes that affect it within the aquifer is needed.
\nSlug tests were done in September 1997 and October 1998 on 9 wells finished in the basin fill and 14 wells finished in the stream alluvium. Data from the tests were analyzed by using either the Bouwer and Rice (1976) method, or by using an extension to the method developed by Springer and Gellhar (1991). Both methods are applicable for unconfined aquifers and partially penetrating wells. The results of the analyses show wide variability within and between the two geologic units. Hydraulic conductivity estimates ranged from 0.5 to 250 meters per day for the basin fill and from 3 to 200 meters per day for the stream alluvium. Results of the slug tests also show a correlation coefficient of 0.83 between the hydraulic conductivity and the pH of the ground water. The areas of highest hydraulic conductivity coincide with the areas of lowest pH, and the areas of lowest hydraulic conductivity coincide with the areas of highest pH, suggesting that the acidic water is increasing the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer by dissolution of carbonate minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri024205","usgsCitation":"Angeroth, C.E., 2002, Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4205, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024205.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288422,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4205/report.pdf"},{"id":288423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Globe","otherGeospatial":"Pinal Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,33.25 ], [ -111.0,33.583333 ], [ -110.75,33.583333 ], [ -110.75,33.25 ], [ -111.0,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angeroth, Cory E. 0000-0002-2915-6418 angeroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-6418","contributorId":2105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeroth","given":"Cory","email":"angeroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39976,"text":"wri024083 - 2002 - Water quality of the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"wri024083","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4083","title":"Water quality of the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, 1999","docAbstract":"Water-quality data for nitrate, fecal-indicator bacteria, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds collected in parts of Middle Tennessee and northern Alabama indicate that the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in these areas is susceptible to contamination from point and nonpoint sources. Thirty randomly located wells (predominantly domestic), two springs, and two additional public-supply wells were sampled in the summer of 1999 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. These wells and springs were sampled to characterize the occurrence and distribution of the above constituents in this karst aquifer of Mississippian age and to determine the principal environmental factors related to their occurrence.Nitrate and fecal indicator bacteria were frequently detected at the sampled sites. Nitrate exceeded the drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter in two samples; the median concentration for all samples was about 1.5 milligrams per liter. Correlation of nitrate concentrations to the amount of cropland near a site and to pesticide detections indicates that fertilizer application is the predominant source of nitrogen to the aquifer. Fecal-indicator bacteria were present in samples from about 40 percent of the sites. The presence of fecal-indicator bacteria is weakly correlated to the depth to ground water but is not correlated to a specific land use near the sites.Pesticides and pesticide breakdown products (metabolites) were detected at 74 percent of the sites sampled. Concentrations generally were less than 1 microgram per liter and no pesticide detections exceeded drinking-water maximum contaminant levels. The maximum total pesticide concentration measured was about 4 micrograms per liter. Intensity of pesticide use, proximity of sites to areas of pesticide application, and soil hydrologic group were the primary factors affecting the occurrence of pesticides.Volatile organic compounds were detected at generally low concentrations at about 81 percent of the sites sampled. Concentrations of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloropropane at three sites equalled or exceeded drinking-water maximum contaminant levels. The maximum concentration measured was 7.5 micrograms per liter of trichloroethylene. The presence of volatile organic compounds in the Mississippian carbonate aquifer was not related to hydrogeology, soil properties, or land use near the sites; although higher total volatile organic compound concentrations and greater numbers of compounds in samples generally were associated with a higher percentage of urban land use near a site. Chloroform was the most frequently detected compound, and correlation of low-level detections to the amount of wetlands near sites having these detections may indicate biogenic formation of chloroform.The relation between land use and water quality was stronger for constituents that are contributed to the environment systematically (fertilizer and pesticide applications), than those contributed inadvertently (leaking septic tanks or chemical spills or leaks). Land use and soils characterized in circular buffer areas near sites sampled in this karst aquifer explained some of the variation in nitrate concentration and presence of pesticides. Use of land use and soil data with greater detail than the large scale data used in this analysis and buffer areas based on well capacities and ground-water withdrawals might strengthen this type of analysis.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024083","usgsCitation":"Kingsbury, J.A., and Shelton, J.M., 2002, Water quality of the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4083, vii, 36 p. : col. ill., col. maps. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024083.","productDescription":"vii, 36 p. : col. ill., col. maps. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4083.jpg"},{"id":3666,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024083","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kingsbury, James A. 0000-0003-4985-275X jakingsb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-275X","contributorId":883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"James","email":"jakingsb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, John M. 0000-0002-4787-9572 jmshelto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-9572","contributorId":1751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"John","email":"jmshelto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50477,"text":"ofr0245 - 2002 - Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ORGN00005, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 15 February-2 March 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T15:54:46","indexId":"ofr0245","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-45","title":"Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ORGN00005, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 15 February-2 March 2000","docAbstract":"In 1999, the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council recommended that NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service establish two approximately 11-square-mile areas on the shelf edge in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico as no-fishing areas. One of the areas, the Madison-Swanson Marine Protected Area (MPA) lies about 100 km south of Panama City, Florida. The second area, Steamboat Lumps MPA lies about 150 km SSE of Madison-Swanson. The high-resolution seismic-reflection data contained herein were collected as part of a larger study of the effectiveness of no-fishing reserves in protecting grouper spawning aggregations. These subbottom profiles will be used in conjunction with other data to map the seafloor geology and the character and extent of benthic habitats within and surrounding the two MPAs. They show the shape and acoustic impedence of the seafloor and the thicknesses and orientations of shallow subsurface horizons. These data may be helpful in the following applications:
\nThe zone of the shoreline that is constantly washed by waves or tides, called the swash zone, is an attractive recreational area, especially for children who play in the sand. The swash zone, however, has been suggested as a possible habitat for waterborne disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens). The spaces between the sand grains, or interstices, offer habitats that may support the survival of certain bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). To investigate this possibility, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the distribution of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) in subsurface sediments and interstitial waters collected from near the swash zone at three Lake Erie urban beaches and one inland lake during the recreational seasons of 2000 and 2001. Water and lake-bottom sediment samples were also collected within the bathing areas and were analyzed for E. coli ; these bathing-water data were compared to swash-zone data to determine whether swash-zone materials were enriched with E. coli .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs13402","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., and Gifford, A.M., 2002, Escherichia coli in the swash zone at four Ohio bathing beaches: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 134-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13402.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0134/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0134/fs2002134.pdf","text":"Report","size":"224 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2002-134"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.452392578125,\n 41.12074559016745\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -82.452392578125,\n 41.59490508367679\n ],\n [\n -82.452392578125,\n 41.12074559016745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.79139709472656,\n 41.2834825246581\n ],\n [\n -80.7278823852539,\n 41.2834825246581\n ],\n [\n -80.7278823852539,\n 41.31830206651102\n ],\n [\n -80.79139709472656,\n 41.31830206651102\n ],\n [\n -80.79139709472656,\n 41.2834825246581\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02486","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., 2002, Six aeromagnetic surveys in California, Nevada, and Arizona: A web site for distribution of data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-486, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02486.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4386,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-486/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":411006,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53915.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.19840587792669,\n 32.65972356027771\n ],\n [\n -114.77649485696787,\n 32.78440868922672\n ],\n [\n -114.76704173191217,\n 32.29515831124891\n ],\n [\n -111.58132890049089,\n 31.446851864352496\n ],\n [\n -111.41118395947254,\n 33.63249693755691\n ],\n [\n -114.16998849122137,\n 37.20156910878687\n ],\n [\n -114.15055218923436,\n 39.007240520404224\n ],\n [\n -120.5545102028112,\n 36.47094753726327\n ],\n [\n -121.14128390435036,\n 34.98201019650729\n ],\n [\n -120.46372190557705,\n 34.3550604691503\n ],\n [\n -118.81268607971322,\n 34.22341099986487\n ],\n [\n -117.90249507234427,\n 33.30883616198162\n ],\n [\n -117.19840587792669,\n 32.65972356027771\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f15ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50544,"text":"ofr02407 - 2002 - Descriptions, spectral plots, and digital reflectance spectra of samples applied to spectral analysis of imaging spectroscopy data; Utah (East Tintic Mountains, Oquirrh Mountains, Wasatch Mountains, Tushar Mountains), Nevada (Goldfield Hills), and New Mexico (Jemez Mountains), USA, 1999-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:18","indexId":"ofr02407","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-407","title":"Descriptions, spectral plots, and digital reflectance spectra of samples applied to spectral analysis of imaging spectroscopy data; Utah (East Tintic Mountains, Oquirrh Mountains, Wasatch Mountains, Tushar Mountains), Nevada (Goldfield Hills), and New Mexico (Jemez Mountains), USA, 1999-2002","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02407","usgsCitation":"Rockwell, B.W., 2002, Descriptions, spectral plots, and digital reflectance spectra of samples applied to spectral analysis of imaging spectroscopy data; Utah (East Tintic Mountains, Oquirrh Mountains, Wasatch Mountains, Tushar Mountains), Nevada (Goldfield Hills), and New Mexico (Jemez Mountains), USA, 1999-2002 (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-407, 3 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02407.","productDescription":"3 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4355,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-407/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rockwell, Barnaby W. 0000-0002-9549-0617 barnabyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-0617","contributorId":2195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Barnaby","email":"barnabyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50575,"text":"ofr02469 - 2002 - Evaluation of airborne image data and LIDAR main stem data for monitoring physical resources within the Colorado River ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T10:10:34","indexId":"ofr02469","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-469","title":"Evaluation of airborne image data and LIDAR main stem data for monitoring physical resources within the Colorado River ecosystem","docAbstract":"This study evaluated near-infrared LIDAR data acquired over the main-stem channel at four long-term monitoring sites within the Colorado River ecosystem (CRE) to determine the ability of these data to provide reliable indications in changes in water elevation over time. Our results indicate that there is a good correlation between the LIDAR water-surface elevations and ground measurements of water-edge elevation, but there are also inherent errors in the LIDAR data. The elevation errors amount to about 50 cm and therefore temporal changes in water-surface elevation that exceed this value by the majority of data at a particular location can be deemed significant or real.
\nThis study also evaluated airborne image data for producing photogrammetric elevation data and for automated mapping of sand bars and debris flows within the CRE. The photogrammetric analyses show that spatial resolutions of ≤ 10 cm are required to produce vertical accuracies < 20 cm and that digitally acquired data cannot yet support this monitoring requirement. The mapping analyses indicate that CIR image data are far superior to true-color and panchromatic image data in mapping sand bars and debris flows. The analyses also show that the CIR color information provide almost as much mapping capability as do the combination of CIR color and CIR image texture. Therefore, CIR image data should always be given preference in image data collections, not only for the physical resource program, but also for the biologic resource program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02469","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Rosiek, M.R., and Galuszka, D.M., 2002, Evaluation of airborne image data and LIDAR main stem data for monitoring physical resources within the Colorado River ecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-469, Report: PDF, 35 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02469.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 35 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"35","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4383,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0469/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283913,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0469/pdf/of02-469.pdf"},{"id":283914,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0469/of02-469.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.1505,35.2274 ], [ -114.1505,37.1516 ], [ -110.9985,37.1516 ], [ -110.9985,35.2274 ], [ -114.1505,35.2274 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosiek, Mark R. mrosiek@usgs.gov","contributorId":824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosiek","given":"Mark","email":"mrosiek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galuszka, Donna M. 0000-0003-1870-1182 dgaluszka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-1182","contributorId":3186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galuszka","given":"Donna","email":"dgaluszka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50565,"text":"ofr02452 - 2002 - Aeromagnetic data centered over Skelton Neve, Antarctica; a web site for distribution of data and maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-20T11:03:16.26602","indexId":"ofr02452","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-452","title":"Aeromagnetic data centered over Skelton Neve, Antarctica; a web site for distribution of data and maps","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02452","usgsCitation":"Damaske, D., Finn, C.A., Moeller, H., Demosthenous, C., and Anderson, E., 2002, Aeromagnetic data centered over Skelton Neve, Antarctica; a web site for distribution of data and maps (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-452, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02452.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175488,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4375,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-452/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Skelton Glacier, Skelton Névé","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -195.3096441784951,\n -72.82999321828831\n ],\n [\n -195.3096441784951,\n -75.0113975808991\n ],\n [\n -188.76203869788844,\n -75.0113975808991\n ],\n [\n -188.76203869788844,\n -72.82999321828831\n ],\n [\n -195.3096441784951,\n -72.82999321828831\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moeller, H.D.","contributorId":29049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moeller","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Demosthenous, C.","contributorId":49438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demosthenous","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, E. D. 0000-0002-0138-6166","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-6166","contributorId":104561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"E. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50572,"text":"ofr02463 - 2002 - Rationale and operational plan to upgrade the U.S. gravity database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:56:13.806032","indexId":"ofr02463","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-463","title":"Rationale and operational plan to upgrade the U.S. gravity database","docAbstract":"A concerted effort is underway to prepare a substantially upgraded digital gravity anomaly database for the United States and to make this data set and associated usage tools available on the internet. This joint effort, spearheaded by the geophysics groups at the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is an outgrowth of the new geoscientific community initiative called Geoinformatics (www.geoinformaticsnetwork.org). This dominantly geospatial initiative reflects the realization by Earth scientists that existing information systems and techniques are inadequate to address the many complex scientific and societal issues. Currently, inadequate standardization and chaotic distribution of geoscience data, inadequate accompanying documentation, and the lack of easy-to-use access tools and computer codes for analysis are major obstacles for scientists, government agencies, and educators. An example of the type of activities envisioned, within the context of Geoinformatics, is the construction, maintenance, and growth of a public domain gravity database and development of the software tools needed to access, implement, and expand it. This product is far more than a high quality database; it is a complete data system for a specific type of geophysical measurement that includes, for example, tools to manipulate the data and tutorials to understand and properly utilize the data. On August 9, 2002, twenty-one scientists from the federal, private and academic sectors met at a workshop to discuss the rationale for upgrading both the United States and North American gravity databases (including offshore regions) and, more importantly, to begin developing an operational plan to effectively create a new gravity data system. We encourage anyone interested in contributing data or participating in this effort to contact G.R. Keller or T.G. Hildenbrand.
\nThis workshop was the first step in building a web-based data system for sharing quality gravity data and methodology, and it builds on existing collaborative efforts. This compilation effort will result in significant additions to and major refinement of the U.S. database that is currently released publicly by NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center and will also include an additional objective to substantially upgrade the North American database, released over 15 years ago (Committee for the Gravity Anomaly Map of North America, 1987).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02463","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T.G., Briesacher, A., Flanagan, G., Hinze, W.J., Hittelman, A.M., Keller, G.R., Kucks, R., Plouff, D., Roest, W., Seeley, J., Stith, D.A., and Webring, M., 2002, Rationale and operational plan to upgrade the U.S. gravity database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-463, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02463.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"14","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02463.jpg"},{"id":283910,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0463/pdf/of02-463.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283909,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0463/of02-463.txt"},{"id":4380,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0463/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, Thomas G.","contributorId":61787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briesacher, Allen","contributorId":89963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briesacher","given":"Allen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flanagan, Guy","contributorId":71624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinze, William J.","contributorId":102945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinze","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hittelman, A. M.","contributorId":39854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hittelman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kucks, R.P.","contributorId":53758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Roest, Walter","contributorId":83555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Seeley, John","contributorId":18054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeley","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Stith, David A.","contributorId":86418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Webring, Mike","contributorId":41075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":50563,"text":"ofr02450 - 2002 - Reconnaissance shallow seismic investigation of depth-to-bedrock and possible methane-bearing coalbeds, Galena, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr02450","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-450","title":"Reconnaissance shallow seismic investigation of depth-to-bedrock and possible methane-bearing coalbeds, Galena, Alaska","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance shallow seismic reflection/refraction investigation in and around the city of Galena, Alaska suggests that Tertiary and/or Cretaceous bedrock, and possible coalbeds within the Cretaceous, is at least as deep as 550 feet in the immediate vicinity of town. Rock could be deeper than 1000 feet under alternate interpretations. Reflections recorded in these data are believed to be from the sediment/bedrock interface. Analysis of these reflections and associated refractions indicates that this interface, interpreted at most of the six profile locations, has a high seismic velocity, possibly indicating non-sedimentary rock (e.g. volcanic or igneous).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02450","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Williams, R., Odum, J.K., Worley, D.M., Barker, C., Clark, A.C., and Clough, J.G., 2002, Reconnaissance shallow seismic investigation of depth-to-bedrock and possible methane-bearing coalbeds, Galena, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-450, 36 p., illus. incl. sects., 2 tables, sketch map, 7 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02450.","productDescription":"36 p., illus. incl. sects., 2 tables, sketch map, 7 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4372,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-450/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6367c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, David M. worley@usgs.gov","contributorId":947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"David","email":"worley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, Arthur C. aclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":2320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Arthur","email":"aclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clough, James G.","contributorId":67152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clough","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":50564,"text":"ofr02451 - 2002 - Modeling GPR data to interpret porosity and DNAPL saturations for calibration of a 3-D multiphase flow simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr02451","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-451","title":"Modeling GPR data to interpret porosity and DNAPL saturations for calibration of a 3-D multiphase flow simulation","docAbstract":"Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are a pervasive and persistent category of groundwater contamination. In an effort to better understand their unique subsurface behavior, a controlled and carefully monitored injection of PCE (perchloroethylene), a typical DNAPL, was performed in conjunction with the University of Waterloo at Canadian Forces Base Borden in 1991. Of the various geophysical methods used to monitor the migration of injected PCE, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 500-MHz ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. These data are used in determining calibration parameters for a multiphase flow simulation. GPR data were acquired over time on a fixed two-dimensional surficial grid as the DNAPL was injected into the subsurface. Emphasis is on the method of determining DNAPL saturation values from this time-lapse GPR data set. Interactive full-waveform GPR modeling of regularized field traces resolves relative dielectric permittivity versus depth profiles for pre-injection and later-time data. Modeled values are end members in recursive calculations of the Bruggeman-Hanai-Sen (BHS) mixing formula, yielding interpreted pre-injection porosity and post-injection DNAPL saturation values. The resulting interpreted physical properties of porosity and DNAPL saturation of the Borden test cell, defined on a grid spacing of 50 cm with 1-cm depth resolution, are used as observations for calibration of a 3-D multiphase flow simulation. Calculated values of DNAPL saturation in the subsurface at 14 and 22 hours after the start of injection, from both the GPR and the multiphase flow modeling, are interpolated volumetrically and presented for visual comparison.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02451","usgsCitation":"Sneddon, K.W., Powers, M.H., Johnson, R.H., and Poeter, E.P., 2002, Modeling GPR data to interpret porosity and DNAPL saturations for calibration of a 3-D multiphase flow simulation (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-451, 29 p., illus. incl. 2 tables, 53 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02451.","productDescription":"29 p., illus. incl. 2 tables, 53 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4373,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-451/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sneddon, Kristen W.","contributorId":82783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneddon","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45094,"text":"wri024209 - 2002 - Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T20:28:56.459901","indexId":"wri024209","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4209","displayTitle":"Assessment of Possible Sources of Microbiological Contamination and Water-Quality Characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II","title":"Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II","docAbstract":"In 1998, an 8-mile reach of the Jacks Fork was included on Missouri's list of impaired waters as required by Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act. The identified pollutant on the Jacks Fork was fecal coliform bacteria. Potential sources of fecal contamination to the Jacks Fork include a wastewater treatment plant; campground pit-toilet or septic-system effluent; a large commercial, cross-country horseback trail riding facility; canoeists, boaters, and tubers; and cows.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, conducted a study to better understand the extent and sources of microbiological contamination within the Jacks Fork from Alley Spring to the mouth, which includes the 8-mile 303(d) reach. Identification of the sources would provide the National Park Service and the State of Missouri with the information needed to craft a solution of abatement, regulation, prevention, and mitigation with the end result being the removal of the Jacks Fork from the 303(d) list. Fifteen sites were sampled from November 1999 through December 2000. An additional site was sampled one time. Samples were collected mostly during base-flow conditions during a variety of nonrecreational and recreational season river uses. Samples were analyzed for selected fecal indicator bacteria, physical properties, nutrients, and wastewater organic compounds.
During the sampling period, the whole-body-contact recreation standard for fecal coliform (200 colonies per 100 milliliters of sample) was exceeded at three sites on August 10, 2000, and also at one site on May 11, June 7, and October 3, 2000. Fecal coliform densities and instantaneous loads generally increased from background concentrations at the Eminence site, peaked about 2 river miles downstream, and then decreased until the most downstream site sampled. Generally, the largest densities and loads at sites downstream from Eminence not related to wet-weather flow were observed during a trail ride held August 6 to 12, 2000.
A 24-hour sample collection effort was conducted the weekend of July 15 and 16, 2000, to investigate the effect that large numbers of swimmers, canoeists, and tubers had on fecal coliform densities in the Jacks Fork. Five or six samples were collected at six sites between Saturday morning and the following Sunday afternoon. No fecal coliform density at any of the sites sampled exceeded the whole-body-contact recreation standard.
Because bacteria survive longer in stream-bed sediments than in water, a source of bacteria in the water column could be from resuspension of accumulated bacteria from streambed sediments. Water and streambed-sediment samples were collected at three sites on August 3, 2000, 1 week before a trail ride and again at three sites on August 8, 2000, during a trail ride.
Sixty-five Escherichia coli isolates obtained from water samples collected at 9 sites and 23 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from stream-bed-sediment samples collected at 5 sites were submitted for ribotyping analysis. Samples were collected in 2000 during a variety of nonrecreational and recreational season river uses, including trail rides, canoeing, tubing, and swimming. Of the 65 isolates from water samples, 40 percent were identified as originating from sewage, 29 percent from horse, 11 percent from cow, and 20 percent from an unknown source. Of the 23 isolates from streambed-sediment samples, 39 percent were identified as originating from sewage, 35 percent from horse, 13 percent from cow, and 13 percent from unknown sources.
Analysis of physical property (dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and temperature) and nutrient (dissolved nitrite plus nitrate and total phosphorus) data indicated that overall few statistically significant differences occurred among the main stem sites of the Jacks Fork. A significant increase in total phosphorus concentrations did occur at site 75 immediately downstream from the Eminence Wastewater Treatment Plant, but the effect diminished quickly downstream. Unlike fecal coliform bacteria, most variations in physical property values or nutrient concentrations were related to seasonal changes, time of day the sample was collected, or hydrologic conditions and not to certain recreational activities.
Trace quantities of wastewater organic compounds were detected in all waters sampled for these constituents. Two of the compounds were detected in associated laboratory blanks, and other detected compounds have sources other than sewage effluent. The best indicators of municipal or domestic sewage effluent were the non-ionic detergent metabolites (nonylphenol monoethoxylate, octylphenol monoethoxylate, and para-nonylphenol), phenol, and caffeine; but possible sources of these compounds, which were detected in one or more of the samples, could be the numerous campers, swimmers, and canoeists that were present when the samples were collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024209","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., and Richards, J.M., 2002, Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4209, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024209.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4209/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360412,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4209/wrir20024209.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4209"},{"id":394690,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53968.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.45,\n 37.1447\n ],\n [\n -91.2719,\n 37.1447\n ],\n [\n -91.2719,\n 37.1917\n ],\n [\n -91.45,\n 37.1917\n ],\n [\n -91.45,\n 37.1447\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
The research accomplished in this dissertation used both mathematical and statistical techniques to extract and evaluate measures of landscape temporal dynamics and spatial structure from remotely sensed data for the purpose of mapping wildlife habitat. By coupling the landscape measures gleaned from the remotely sensed data with various sets of animal sightings and population data, effective models of habitat preference were created.
Measures of temporal dynamics of vegetation greenness as measured by National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite were used to effectively characterize and map season specific habitat of the Sonoran pronghorn antelope, as well as produce preliminary models of potential yellow-billed cuckoo habitat in Arizona. Various measures that capture different aspects of the temporal dynamics of the landscape were derived from AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index composite data using three main classes of calculations: basic statistics, standardized principal components analysis, and Fourier analysis. Pronghorn habitat models based on the AVHRR measures correspond visually and statistically to GIS-based models produced using data that represent detailed knowledge of ground-condition.
Measures of temporal dynamics also revealed statistically significant correlations with annual estimates of elk population in selected Arizona Game Management Units, suggesting elk respond to regional environmental changes that can be measured using satellite data. Such relationships, once verified and established, can be used to help indirectly monitor the population.
Measures of landscape spatial structure derived from IKONOS high spatial resolution (1-m) satellite data using geostatistics effectively map details of Sonoran pronghorn antelope habitat. Local estimates of the nugget, sill, and range variogram parameters calculated within 25 x 25-meter image windows describe the spatial autocorrelation of the image, permitting classification of all pixels into coherent units whose signature graphs exhibit a classic variogram shape. The variogram parameters captured in these signatures have been shown in previous studies to discriminate between different species-specific vegetation associations.
The synoptic view of the landscape provided by satellite data can inform resource management efforts. The ability to characterize the spatial structure and temporal dynamics of habitat using repeatable remote sensing data allows closer monitoring of the relationship between a species and its landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Arizona","usgsCitation":"Wallace, C., and Advised by Marsh, S.E., 2002, Extracting temporal and spatial information from remotely sensed data for mapping wildlife habitat: Tucson, 198 p.","productDescription":"198 p.","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Tuscon","publicComments":"Submitted for a Doctor of Philosophy","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589edf2ce4b099f50d3dc5af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Advised by Marsh, Stuart E.","contributorId":179145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Advised by Marsh","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45092,"text":"wri024054 - 2002 - Fecal-indicator bacteria in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: An examination of 1999 and 2000 synoptic-sampling data and their relation to historical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T22:29:02.630468","indexId":"wri024054","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4054","title":"Fecal-indicator bacteria in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: An examination of 1999 and 2000 synoptic-sampling data and their relation to historical data","docAbstract":"The Yakima Basin National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected fecal-coliform bacteria samples during three synoptic samplings to identify and quantify the cause, source, transport, and effects of fecal-indicator bacteria in Yakima River Basin streams. The August 1999 synoptic sampling targeted the Yakima River main-stem and tributary sites, while the July and October-November 2000 synoptic samplings targeted small- and intermediate-sized agricultural watersheds during irrigation and nonirrigation season, respectively. Quality-assurance results indicated that variability in fecal-coliform concentrations is large and, therefore, a difference of an order of magnitude or more between sites or between times is required for the values to be significantly different 90 percent of the time.
\nThe August 1999 synoptic sampling results indicated that (1) 44 percent of the sites visited, including all the main-stem Yakima River sites, met the Class A fecal-coliform 90th percentile standard of 200 colonies per deciliter, (2) tributaries were the likely source of fecal contamination to the main stem, and (3) tributaries with high fecal-coliform concentrations typically also had high suspended-sediment concentrations. Results of the July and October-November 2000 synoptic samplings indicated that (1) 36 and 81 percent of the sites sampled, respectively, met the standard, (2) during the nonirrigation synoptic sampling, four of the six sites not meeting the standard were from the Granger and Sulphur subbasins, and (3) fecal-coliform concentrations during the irrigation season were generally higher than during the nonirrigation season.
\nSeveral levels of temporal variability were examined. The short-term variability observed during a synoptic sampling was found to be site specific, with some sites fairly consistent, while others were rather variable. Seasonally, most sites from the 2000 synoptic samplings showed higher concentrations during irrigation than during nonirrigation. Historically, 13 of the 22 sites sampled during both the July 1988 and August 1999 synoptic samplings had higher concentrations in 1999. The three sites with the highest concentrations in July 1988, however, all had decreases in August 1999. When compared against historical (1972-85) minimum and maximum summer-month medians, the August 1999 synoptic-sampling concentrations generally were between these values.
\nInstantaneous fecal-coliform bacteria loads were calculated for the August 1999 synoptic sampling in an effort to study the dynamics of bacterial transport. Tributaries affected by agricultural, urban, and hobby farm activities were generally the major sources of bacteria to the main-stem Yakima River during this time. When these August 1999 synoptic-sampling loads in the lower basin reach from the Yakima River at river mile 72 to Kiona (river mile 29.9) were compared to those from the July 1988 synoptic sampling, most sites had higher loads in 1999.
\nA nonparametric Spearman test was used to detect correlations between fecal-coliform concentrations and physical and chemical data collected during the synoptic samplings. Results for the August 1999 synoptic sampling, which included many mouths of tributaries, showed strong significant correlations with almost every variable. In contrast, only some of the nutrient concentrations showed strong significant correlations during the July and October-November 2000 synoptic samplings, which included small and intermediate- sized agricultural streams.
\nLooking forward relative to future monitoring goals, research needs, and best management practice development, four hypotheses that deal with processes and sources of bacteria were identified: (1) overland runoff transports bacteria from land surfaces to streams, (2) bacteria in the water column tend to associate with suspended matter, (3) with increasing densities of warm-blooded animals, the likelihood of fecal-coliform contamination in streams also increases, and (4) identifi- cation of bacterial sources is difficult, but must be attempted for remediation to be possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024054","collaboration":"USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Morace, J.L., and McKenzie, S.W., 2002, Fecal-indicator bacteria in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: An examination of 1999 and 2000 synoptic-sampling data and their relation to historical data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4054, 32 p.","productDescription":"viii, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423549,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53977.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4054/cover.jpg"},{"id":3937,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4054/wri02-4054.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.2489745346941,\n 46.262276767486384\n ],\n [\n -119.71868079140395,\n 46.573512665451716\n ],\n [\n -120.0835011849648,\n 46.589113508425584\n ],\n [\n -120.18382679319427,\n 46.81124704197978\n ],\n [\n -120.63073177530654,\n 47.277373162502755\n ],\n [\n -121.10955854185542,\n 47.39170863679644\n ],\n [\n -121.40141485670418,\n 47.10070691844439\n ],\n [\n -121.24636618944064,\n 46.27171504543068\n ],\n [\n -120.91802783523576,\n 46.00281006018693\n ],\n [\n -120.54408693183575,\n 45.89850915843371\n ],\n [\n -119.45190587861255,\n 46.1422933543444\n ],\n [\n -119.1714502010626,\n 46.05696368358997\n ],\n [\n -119.12584765186745,\n 46.202341413252384\n ],\n [\n -119.2489745346941,\n 46.262276767486384\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
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[1] The humid tropical zone is a major source area for N2O and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Local emission rates vary widely with local conditions, particularly land use practices which swiftly change with expanding settlement and changing market conditions. The combination of wide variation in emission rates and rapidly changing land use make regional estimation and future prediction of biogenic trace gas emission particularly difficult. This study estimates contemporary, historical, and future N2O and NO emissions from 0.5 million ha of northeastern Costa Rica, a well-documented region in the wet tropics undergoing rapid agricultural development. Estimates were derived by linking spatially distributed environmental data with an ecosystem simulation model in an ensemble estimation approach that incorporates the variance and covariance of spatially distributed driving variables. Results include measures of variance for regional emissions. The formation and aging of pastures from forest provided most of the past temporal change in N2O and NO flux in this region; future changes will be controlled by the degree of nitrogen fertilizer application and extent of intensively managed croplands.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001GB001437","usgsCitation":"Reiners, W.A., Liu, S., Gerow, K., Keller, M., and Schimel, D.S., 2002, Historical and future land use effects on N2O and NO emissions using an ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands as an example: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 16, no. 4, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001437.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce75e4b06217fc478aea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiners, William A.","contributorId":147117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiners","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":149250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerow, K.G.","contributorId":17003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerow","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, M.","contributorId":149251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schimel, D. S.","contributorId":84104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50528,"text":"ofr02366 - 2002 - Rationale and operational plan for a U.S. high-altitude magnetic survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:59:08.949552","indexId":"ofr02366","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-366","title":"Rationale and operational plan for a U.S. high-altitude magnetic survey","docAbstract":"On August 8, 2002, twenty-one scientists from the federal, private and academic sectors met at a workshop in Denver, Co., to discuss the feasibility of collecting magnetic anomaly data on a Canberra aircraft (Figure 1). The need for this 1-day workshop arose because of an exciting and cost-effective opportunity to collect invaluable magnetic anomaly data during a Canberra mission over the U.S. in 2003 and 2004. High Altitude Mapping Missions (HAMM) is currently planning a mission to collect Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) imagery at an altitude of about 15 km and with a flight-line spacing of about 18 km over the conterminous U.S. and Alaska. The additional collection of total and vector magnetic field data would represent a secondary mission objective (i.e., a \"piggy-back\" magnetometer system). Because HAMM would fund the main flight costs of the mission, the geomagnetic community would obtain invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These unique data would provide new insights on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and possibly the upper mantle.
\nThis document highlights: (1) the reasons to conduct this national survey and (2) a preliminary operational plan to collect high-altitude magnetic data of a desired quality and for the expected resources. Although some operational plan issues remain to be resolved, the important conclusions of the workshop are that the Canberra is a very suitable platform to measure the magnetic field and that the planned mission will result in quality high-altitude magnetic data to greatly expand the utility of our national magnetic database.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02366","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T.G., Acuna, M., Bracken, R.E., Hardwick, D., Hinze, W.J., Keller, G.R., Phillips, J., and Roest, W., 2002, Rationale and operational plan for a U.S. high-altitude magnetic survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-366, Report: iii, 22 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02366.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 22 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"25","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02366.jpg"},{"id":283856,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0366/pdf/of02-366.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283857,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report 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Jeff","contributorId":32560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roest, Walter","contributorId":83555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70201076,"text":"70201076 - 2002 - Integrating satellite and climate data for U.S. drought mapping and monitoring: First steps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T10:06:43","indexId":"70201076","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-30T09:52:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrating satellite and climate data for U.S. drought mapping and monitoring: First steps","docAbstract":"Although droughts are normal, recurring climate phenomena, they challenge our current ability to plan, predict, monitor, and provide relief to drought stricken areas. Because of the spatial and temporal variability of droughts, we need to improve the tools available to map and monitor them on many scales from local to national. A team of researchers from the US Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center, the National Drought Mitigation Center, and the High Plains Regional Climate Center are developing a prototype system for regional-scale drought monitoring for the conterminous US. This project is in its first year of development. The ultimate goal is to deliver near real-time geo-referenced information (in the form of maps and data) about drought-impacted areas in the US, using the Internet as a primary delivery mechanism.
For the pilot study, the project team is developing methods to integrate satellite data and traditional climate data over the central US. Although, these two information sources reflect different spatial resolutions they should prove complementary for the mapping goals of the project. During the summer of 2002, much of the Great Plains and the Southwest U.S. experienced drought conditions. We initiated a case study in South Dakota and Nebraska to develop and test methods.
Droughts are natural hazards with varying patterns in space, time, and intensity. Their dynamic character challenges our ability in planning, predicting, monitoring, and providing relief to affected areas. Because of the spatial and temporal variability and multiple impacts of droughts, we need to improve the tools and data available for mapping and monitoring this phenomenon on all scales. A team of researchers from the US Geological Survey’s EROS Data Center, the National Drought Mitigation Center, and the High Plains Regional Climate Center are developing methods for regional-scale mapping and monitoring drought conditions for the conterminous U.S. Currently in its first year, the project is focusing on developing a prototype model for the central U.S. The ultimate goal of the project is to deliver timely geo-referenced information (in the form of maps and data) about areas where the vegetation is impacted by drought, using the Internet as the primary delivery mechanism. Data collected from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor provide synoptic, near real time measurements of surface conditions. Previous studies have established significant relationships between climate variables and satellite-derived vegetation indices over non-irrigated croplands and grasslands. We are researching methods for integrating information provided by satellite-derived metrics on seasonal vegetation performance and climate-based drought indicators to produce a timely and spatially-detailed drought monitoring product. Eventually, this information, coupled with map products of key drought indicators, will be available to many end users for making critical and timely decisions, from farm to regional scale.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"15th William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing","conferenceDate":"November 10–15, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Denver, Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.F., Reed, B.C., Hayes, M., Wilhite, D.A., and Hubbard, K.G., 2002, A prototype drought monitoring system integrating climate and satellite data, in Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale, Denver, Colorado, November 10–15, 2002, Paper 00074; 10 p.","productDescription":"Paper 00074; 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bfe65e5e4b0815414ca610b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":3241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":752256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Michael J.","contributorId":197222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayes","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[{"id":34856,"text":"National Drought Mitigation Center, Unversity of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilhite, Donald A.","contributorId":210837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilhite","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34856,"text":"National Drought Mitigation Center, Unversity of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hubbard, Kenneth G.","contributorId":177373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70206236,"text":"70206236 - 2002 - Time‐lapse inversion of crosswell radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T12:07:06","indexId":"70206236","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T12:02:24","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time‐lapse inversion of crosswell radar data","docAbstract":"The combination of differential radar tomography with conventional tracer and/or hydraulic tests facilitates high‐resolution characterization of subsurface heterogeneity and enables the identification of preferential flow paths. In dynamic imaging, each tomogram is typically inverted independently, under the assumption that data sets are collected quickly relative to changes in the imaged property (e.g., attenuation or velocity); however, such “snapshot” tomograms may contain large errors if the imaged property changes significantly during data collection. Acquisition of less data over a shorter time interval could ameliorate the problem, but the resulting decrease in ray density and angular coverage could degrade model resolution. To address these problems, we propose a new sequential approach for time‐lapse tomographic inversion. The method uses space‐time parameterization and regularization to combine data collected at multiple times and to account for temporal variation. The inverse algorithm minimizes the sum of weighted squared residuals and a measure of solution complexity based on an a priori space‐time covariance function and a spatiotemporally variable mean. We demonstrate our approach using a synthetic 2‐D time‐lapse (x,z,t) data set based loosely on a field experiment in which difference‐attenuation radar tomography was used to monitor the migration of a saline tracer in fractured rock. We quantitatively show the benefits of space‐time inversion by comparing results for snapshot and time‐lapse inversion schemes. Inversion over both space and time results in superior estimation error, model resolution, and data reproduction compared to conventional snapshot inversion. Finally, we suggest strategies to improve time‐lapse cross‐hole inversions using ray‐based inversion constraints and a modified survey design in which different sets of rays are collected in alternating time steps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1527075","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., Harris, J.M., and Gorelick, S.M., 2002, Time‐lapse inversion of crosswell radar data: Geophysics, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1740-1752, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1527075.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1740","endPage":"1752","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368611,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Jerry M.","contributorId":4116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}