{"pageNumber":"1074","pageRowStart":"26825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40837,"records":[{"id":70026403,"text":"70026403 - 2004 - Comparison of AMSR-E and SSM/I snow parameter retrievals over the Ob river basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026403","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of AMSR-E and SSM/I snow parameter retrievals over the Ob river basin","docAbstract":"Passive microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - EOS (AMSR-E) and from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are used to analyse the evolution of the snow pack in the Ob river basin during the snow season of 2002-03. The Ob river is the biggest Russian river with respect to its watershed area (2 975 000 km2). The Ob originates in the Altai mountains and flows northward across the vast West Siberian lowland towards the Arctic Ocean. The majority of snow cover is contained in the lowlands rather than in mountainous regions and persists for six months or more. During the snow season, surface air temperatures are very cold. Therefore, the combination of cold dry snow and large areas of uniform topography is ideal for snowpack extent and water equivalent retrievals from passive microwave observations. The thermal gradient through the snow pack is estimated and used to model the growth of the snow grain size and to compute the evolution of the passive microwave derived snow depth over the region. A comparison between the AMSR-E and SSM/I estimates is performed and the differences between the snow parameters from the two satellite instruments are analysed.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings: Science for Society: Exploring and Managing a Changing Planet. IGARSS 2004","conferenceDate":"20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Mognard, N.M., Grippa, M., LeToan, T., Kelly, R., Chang, A., and Josberger, E., 2004, Comparison of AMSR-E and SSM/I snow parameter retrievals over the Ob river basin, <i>in</i> International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 6, Anchorage, AK, 20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004.","startPage":"3713","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f83ee4b0c8380cd4cf83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mognard, N. M.","contributorId":27612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mognard","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grippa, M.","contributorId":82098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grippa","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeToan, T.","contributorId":103448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeToan","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelly, R.E.J.","contributorId":76521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"R.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chang, A.T.C.","contributorId":68035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"A.T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026395,"text":"70026395 - 2004 - Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-13T10:29:46.553962","indexId":"70026395","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves","docAbstract":"<p>Displacement, velocity, and velocity-squared records of P and SH body waves recorded at teleseismic distances are analyzed to determine the rupture characteristics of the Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002 (<i>M</i><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;7.9,&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>e</sub><span>&nbsp;8.1</span>). Three episodes of rupture can be identified from broadband (<span>∼0.1–5.0 Hz</span>) waveforms. The Denali fault earthquake started as a <span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;7.3</span> thrust event. Subsequent right-lateral strike-slip rupture events with centroid depths of 9 km occurred about 22 and 49 sec later. The teleseismic <i>P</i> waves are dominated by energy at intermediate frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) radiated by the thrust event, while the <i>SH</i> waves are dominated by energy at lower frequencies (0.05-0.2 Hz) radiated by the strike-slip events. The strike-slip events exhibit strong directivity in the teleseismic <i>SH</i> waves. Correcting the recorded <i>P</i>-wave acceleration spectra for the effect of the free surface yields an estimate of <span>2.8 × 10</span><sup>15</sup> N m for the energy radiated by the thrust event. Correcting the recorded <i>SH</i>-wave acceleration spectra similarly yields an estimate of <span>3.3 × 10</span><sup>16</sup> N m for the energy radiated by the two strike-slip events. The average rupture velocity for the strike-slip rupture process is <span>1.1</span><i>β</i><span>–1.2</span><i>β</i>. The strike-slip events were located 90 and 188 km east of the epicenter. The rupture length over which significant or resolvable energy is radiated is, thus, far shorter than the 340-km fault length over which surface displacements were observed. However, the seismic moment released by these three events, <span>4 × 10</span><sup>20</sup> N m, was approximately half the seismic moment determined from very low-frequency analyses of the earthquake. The difference in seismic moment can be reasonably attributed to slip on fault segments that did not radiate significant or coherent seismic energy. These results suggest that very large and great strike-slip earthquakes can generate stress pulses that rapidly produce substantial slip with negligible stress drop and little discernible radiated energy on fault segments distant from the initial point of nucleation. The existence of this energy-deficient rupture mode has important implications for the evaluation of the seismic hazard of very large strike-slip earthquakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040605","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Boatwright, J., 2004, Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S269-S277, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040605.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"S269","endPage":"S277","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.26953125,\n              61.18562468142281\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.4892578125,\n              59.265880628258095\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.44507509904714\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.26171875,\n              63.450509218001095\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.8212890625,\n              63.80189351770543\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.6884765625,\n              63.6267446447533\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.26953125,\n              63.15435519659187\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.26953125,\n              61.18562468142281\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9392e4b0c8380cd80ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026394,"text":"70026394 - 2004 - Near-source ground motions from simulations of sustained intersonic and supersonic fault ruptures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T13:08:20","indexId":"70026394","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-source ground motions from simulations of sustained intersonic and supersonic fault ruptures","docAbstract":"We examine the long-period near-source ground motions from simulations of M 7.4 events on a strike-slip fault using kinematic ruptures with rupture speeds that range from subshear speeds through intersonic speeds to supersonic speeds. The strong along-strike shear-wave directivity present in scenarios with subshear rupture speeds disappears in the scenarios with ruptures propagating faster than the shear-wave speed. Furthermore, the maximum horizontal displacements and velocities rotate from generally fault-perpendicular orientations at subshear rupture speeds to generally fault-parallel orientations at supersonic rupture speeds. For rupture speeds just above the shear-wave speed, the orientations are spatially heterogeneous as a result of the random nature of our assumed slip model. At locations within a few kilometers of the rupture, the time histories of the polarization of the horizontal motion provide a better diagnostic with which to gauge the rupture speed than the orientation of the peak motion. Subshear ruptures are associated with significant fault-perpendicular motion before fault-parallel motion close to the fault; supershear ruptures are associated with fault-perpendicular motion after significant fault-parallel motion. Consistent with previous studies, we do not find evidence for prolonged supershear rupture in the long-period (>2 sec) ground motions from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. However, we are unable to resolve the issue of whether a limited portion of the rupture (approximately 10 km in length) propagated faster than the shear-wave speed. Additionally, a recording from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake does appear to be qualitatively consistent with locally supershear rupture. Stronger evidence for supershear rupture in earthquakes may require very dense station coverage in order to capture these potentially distinguishing traits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120030249","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., and Heaton, T.H., 2004, Near-source ground motions from simulations of sustained intersonic and supersonic fault ruptures: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6, p. 2064-2078, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030249.","startPage":"2064","endPage":"2078","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478137,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121120-093501207","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208396,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120030249"}],"volume":"94","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6400e4b0c8380cd727f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heaton, T. H.","contributorId":64671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026391,"text":"70026391 - 2004 - Multi-state analysis of the impacts of avian pox on a population of Serins (Serinus serinus): The importance of estimating recapture rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026391","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-state analysis of the impacts of avian pox on a population of Serins (Serinus serinus): The importance of estimating recapture rates","docAbstract":"Disease is one of the evolutionary forces shaping populations. Recent studies have shown that epidemics like avian pox, malaria, or mycoplasmosis have affected passerine population dynamics, being responsible for the decline of some populations or disproportionately killing males and larger individuals and thus selecting for specific morphotypes. However, few studies have estimated the effects of an epidemic by following individual birds using the capture-recapture approach. Because avian pox can be diagnosed by direct examination of the birds, we are here able to analyze, using multistate models, the development and consequences of an avian pox epidemic affecting in 1996, a population of Serins (Serinus serinus) in northeastern Spain. The epidemics lasted from June to the end of November of 1996, with a maximum apparent prevalence rate > 30% in October. However, recapture rate of sick birds was very high (0.81, range 0.37-0.93) compared to that of healthy birds (0.21, range 0.020-32), which highly inflated apparent prevalence rate. This was additionally supported by the low predicted transition from the state of being uninfected to the state of being infected (0.03, SE 0.03). Once infected, Serin avian pox was very virulent with (15-day) survival rate of infected birds being of only 0.46 (SE 0.17) compared to that of healthy ones (0.87, SE 0.03). Probability of recovery from disease, provided that the bird survived the first two weeks, however, was very high (0.65, SE 0.25). The use of these estimates together with a simple model, allowed us to predict an asymptotic increase to prevalence of about 4% by the end of the outbreak period, followed by a sharp decline, with the only remaining infestations being infected birds that had not yet recovered. This is in contrast to the apparent prevalence of pox and stresses the need to estimate recapture rates when estimating population dynamics parameters. ?? 2004 Museu de Cie??ncies Naturals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1578665X","usgsCitation":"Senar, J., and Conroy, M., 2004, Multi-state analysis of the impacts of avian pox on a population of Serins (Serinus serinus): The importance of estimating recapture rates: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 133-146.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fcbe4b0c8380cd7113d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senar, J.C.","contributorId":73317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senar","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026372,"text":"70026372 - 2004 - Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026372","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation","docAbstract":"We examined the genetic structure of 5 Wyoming cougar (Puma concolor) populations surrounding the Wyoming Basin, as well as a population from southwestern Colorado. When using 9 microsatellite DNA loci, observed heterozygosity was similar among populations (HO = 0.49-0.59) and intermediate to that of other large carnivores. Estimates of genetic structure (FST = 0.028, RST = 0.029) and number of migrants per generation (Nm) suggested high gene flow. Nm was lowest between distant populations and highest among adjacent populations. Examination of these data, plus Mantel test results of genetic versus geographic distance (P ??? 0.01), suggested both isolation by distance and an effect of habitat matrix. Bayesian assignment to population based on individual genotypes showed that cougars in this region were best described as a single panmictic population. Total effective population size for cougars in this region ranged from 1,797 to 4,532 depending on mutation model and analytical method used. Based on measures of gene flow, extinction risk in the near future appears low. We found no support for the existence of metapopulation structure among cougars in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/BEL-111.1","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C., Lindzey, F., and McDonald, D., 2004, Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 85, no. 6, p. 1207-1214, https://doi.org/10.1644/BEL-111.1.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208552,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/BEL-111.1"},{"id":234368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1585e4b0c8380cd54e5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, C.R. Jr.","contributorId":69340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"C.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindzey, F.G.","contributorId":12660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindzey","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, D.B.","contributorId":82032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026371,"text":"70026371 - 2004 - Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-15T09:59:47.056133","indexId":"70026371","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964","docAbstract":"<p>Stress transfer from the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake is modeled on the Denali fault, including the Denali-Totschunda fault segments that ruptured in 2002, and on other regional fault systems where M 7.5 and larger earthquakes have occurred since 1900. The results indicate that analysis of Coulomb stress transfer from the dominant earthquake in a region is a potentially powerful tool in assessing time-varying earthquake hazard. Modeled Coulomb stress increases on the northern Denali and Totschunda faults from the great 1964 earthquake coincide with zones that ruptured in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, although stress on the Susitna Glacier thrust plane, where the 2002 event initiated, was decreased. A southeasterlytrending Coulomb stress transect along the right-lateral Totschunda-Fairweather-Queen Charlotte trend shows stress transfer from the 1964 event advancing slip on the Totschunda, Fairweather, and Queen Charlotte segments, including the southern Fairweather segment that ruptured in 1972. Stress transfer retarding right-lateral strike slip was observed from the southern part of the Totschunda fault to the northern end of the Fairweather fault (1958 rupture). This region encompasses a gap with shallow thrust faulting but with little evidence of strike-slip faulting connecting the segments to the northwest and southeast. Stress transfer toward failure was computed on the north-south trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in the Gulf of Alaska that ruptured in 1987 and 1988, with inhibitory stress changes at the northern end of the northernmost (1987) rupture. The northern Denali and Totschunda faults, including the zones that ruptured in the 2002 earthquakes, follow very closely (within 3%), for about <span>90°</span>, an arc of a circle of radius 375 km. The center of this circle is within a few kilometers of the intersection at depth of the Patton Bay fault with the Alaskan megathrust. This inferred asperity edge may be the pole of counterclockwise rotation of the block south of the Denali fault. These observations suggest that the asperity and its recurrent rupture in great earthquakes as in 1964 may have influenced the tectonics of the region during the later stages of evolution of the Denali strike-slip fault system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040622","usgsCitation":"Bufe, C., 2004, Stress transfer to the Denali and other regional faults from the M 9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S145-S155, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040622.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"S145","endPage":"S155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-141.0007667541504,69.64681951728146],[-141.064453125,69.80172356231073],[-141.767578125,69.96043926902489],[-142.734375,70.1478274118401],[-143.26171875,70.25945200030638],[-144.99755859375,70.1925497583889],[-146.14013671875,70.21487465331137],[-147.43652343749997,70.32613725493573],[-148.40332031249997,70.51024068514326],[-149.47998046875,70.63448406630856],[-149.85351562499997,70.63448406630856],[-150.64453125,70.59802116106809],[-151.611328125,70.61261423801925],[-151.8310546875,70.7724429742589],[-152.02880859375,70.90226826757711],[-152.666015625,71.0098110139634],[-153.52294921875,71.05979781529196],[-154.31396484375,70.95969716686398],[-154.70947265625,71.20191973293133],[-155.41259765625,71.3219146980122],[-156.46728515625,71.45515260247822],[-157.10449218749997,71.34301347171373],[-157.58789062499997,71.21607526596131],[-157.91748046875,70.99550574822297],[-158.62060546875,70.9883492241249],[-159.30175781249997,70.98119010476937],[-159.98291015625,70.94535555009823],[-160.51025390625,70.73622993891799],[-160.90576171875,70.58341752317065],[-161.5869140625,70.45150843439349],[-161.78466796875,70.45885925640687],[-162.5537109375,70.34092679475283],[-163.05908203125,70.09552886456429],[-163.388671875,69.81689109911446],[-163.564453125,69.51914693717981],[-164.02587890625,69.15474044269264],[-164.90478515625,69.03714171275197],[-165.69580078124997,68.97416358340674],[-166.26708984375,69.01354605132325],[-166.376953125,68.80004113882613],[-166.66259765624997,68.5443150407769],[-167.1240234375,68.39918004344189],[-166.61865234375,68.17155518732503],[-166.5087890625,67.99110834539984],[-165.87158203125,67.8672645403614],[-164.61914062499997,67.47492238478702],[-164.24560546874997,67.23806155909902],[-164.091796875,67.02458758377148],[-163.10302734375,66.87834504307976],[-163.05908203125,66.73990169639414],[-162.66357421875,66.58321725728175],[-162.333984375,66.48697584176404],[-162.3779296875,66.34632215978135],[-163.2568359375,66.31103501145373],[-163.19091796875,66.55700652350038],[-163.76220703124997,66.73990169639414],[-164.46533203125,66.69647781801481],[-165.30029296875,66.55700652350038],[-166.1572265625,66.41674787052298],[-166.9482421875,66.24916310923315],[-167.3876953125,66.01801815922045],[-168.42041015625,65.56754970214311],[-168.02490234375,65.33017791526855],[-167.45361328125,65.18303007291382],[-166.9921875,64.86760781632728],[-166.7724609375,64.49172504435471],[-165.69580078124997,64.24459476798195],[-164.59716796875,64.29229248039543],[-164.13574218749997,64.26368374017731],[-163.49853515625,64.18724867664994],[-162.5537109375,64.27322328178595],[-161.82861328124997,64.24459476798195],[-161.52099609375,63.93737246791484],[-163.125,63.68524808030715],[-163.93798828125,63.41119772365924],[-164.5751953125,63.32254947641308],[-165.41015625,63.15435519659187],[-165.78369140625,62.75472592723178],[-166.26708984375,62.42090322195164],[-166.5966796875,62.155240711732425],[-166.48681640625,61.616843178481375],[-166.2451171875,61.23853141060282],[-165.849609375,60.8663124746226],[-166.5966796875,60.56537850464181],[-167.34375,60.468050120874615],[-167.80517578125,60.20707506634915],[-167.8271484375,60.09771842541544],[-167.89306640624997,59.93300042374631],[-167.03613281249997,59.712097173322924],[-166.640625,59.61221219518693],[-165.95947265624997,59.60109549032134],[-165.47607421874997,59.74532608213611],[-165.10253906249997,59.95501026206206],[-164.794921875,59.987997631212224],[-164.72900390624997,59.7563950493563],[-164.46533203125,59.54545678424146],[-163.8720703125,59.54545678424146],[-163.14697265625,59.60109549032134],[-162.26806640625,59.62332522313024],[-162.20214843749997,59.17592824927136],[-162.35595703125,58.81374171570782],[-162.57568359375,58.6769376725869],[-162.09228515625,58.39019698411526],[-161.455078125,58.39019698411526],[-160.68603515625,58.44773280389084],[-160.1806640625,58.516651799363785],[-159.71923828125,58.58543569119917],[-159.43359375,58.47072082411973],[-159.08203125,58.33256713195789],[-158.55468749999997,58.286395482881034],[-158.44482421874997,58.619777025081675],[-157.60986328125,58.52812515905843],[-158.00537109375,58.00809779306888],[-158.48876953125,57.468589192089354],[-159.49951171875,56.84897198026975],[-161.0595703125,56.389583525613055],[-164.9267578125,54.97761367069628],[-165.9814453125,54.470037612805754],[-168.55224609375,53.73571574532637],[-173.232421875,52.92215137976296],[-175.62744140624997,52.3755991766591],[-177.86865234375,52.13348804077147],[-178.9453125,50.98609893339354],[-178.00048828125,51.440312757160115],[-176.8359375,51.467696956223364],[-175.36376953125,51.7406361640977],[-171.826171875,52.119998657638156],[-167.62939453124997,52.9883372533954],[-166.728515625,53.186287573913305],[-165.9375,53.553362785528094],[-165.30029296875,53.76170183021049],[-164.3115234375,54.149567212540525],[-163.89404296875,54.29088164657006],[-163.3447265625,54.18815548107151],[-162.26806640625,54.07228265560388],[-162.09228515625,54.3549556895541],[-161.89453125,54.7246201949245],[-161.0595703125,54.80068486732233],[-160.400390625,54.67383096593114],[-159.19189453125,54.61025498157912],[-159.14794921875,55.07836723201515],[-158.79638671875,55.429013452407396],[-157.58789062499997,55.825973254619015],[-155.7421875,55.541064956111036],[-154.62158203125,56.01066647040695],[-153.47900390625,56.43820369358165],[-151.45751953125,57.397624055000456],[-151.4794921875,58.07787626787517],[-151.45751953125,58.75680543225761],[-149.74365234374997,59.38917842312835],[-148.51318359375,59.63443457494949],[-146.689453125,59.355596110016315],[-144.51416015625,59.75086102411168],[-144.3109130859375,59.87239799228177],[-143.8330078125,59.968758992382334],[-143.0694580078125,60.031929699115615],[-141.5533447265625,59.842055288480076],[-140.9051513671875,59.68160832698723],[-140.020751953125,59.478568831926395],[-139.1693115234375,59.234986238722],[-138.82873535156247,59.09138238455909],[-138.3233642578125,58.96983560365735],[-138.1146240234375,58.862064179600374],[-138.076171875,58.722598828043374],[-136.9775390625,58.19387126497797],[-136.56005859375,57.7862326105289],[-135.966796875,57.33838126552897],[-136.03271484375,57.052681978717494],[-135.81298828125,56.92099675839107],[-134.571533203125,55.8845546603819],[-134.2034912109375,55.56592203025787],[-133.8958740234375,55.263468250921285],[-133.7530517578125,55.06264118216743],[-133.6102294921875,54.64523407607479],[-133.2421875,54.635697306063854],[-130.6171417236328,54.70637513489091],[-130.62950134277344,54.72422365048395],[-130.62606811523438,54.73651472417763],[-130.65765380859375,54.762274228176494],[-130.62950134277344,54.78247406031503],[-130.5663299560547,54.79237225560392],[-130.49697875976562,54.82877675365454],[-130.42282104492188,54.87423625974835],[-130.34591674804688,54.91569803760518],[-130.27244567871094,54.97288463122321],[-130.18661499023438,55.062247951730015],[-130.18043518066406,55.091729515360875],[-130.15090942382812,55.12393783348962],[-130.14747619628906,55.14160209881279],[-130.10284423828125,55.19219635238084],[-129.97169494628906,55.28146181651345],[-129.97581481933594,55.30022902025666],[-130.02044677734375,55.33890835596374],[-130.0396728515625,55.45043679812318],[-130.0884246826172,55.496749338303694],[-130.12825012207028,55.58144971869657],[-130.10971069335938,55.68223010941079],[-130.14816284179688,55.71473455012689],[-130.15296936035156,55.7649857705176],[-130.12550354003906,55.80475427021683],[-130.0843048095703,55.82134464477078],[-130.00465393066406,55.90573012454021],[-130.00465393066406,55.9130425993163],[-130.0190734863281,55.912657766599715],[-130.00259399414062,56.00605986001467],[-130.10421752929688,56.12297419573329],[-130.24635314941406,56.09693875609652],[-130.3479766845703,56.12794955397159],[-130.42556762695312,56.14134155069025],[-130.4674530029297,56.24373146827144],[-130.55740356445312,56.249454174583384],[-130.5677032470703,56.25479459547735],[-130.62400817871094,56.2685236855868],[-130.78262329101562,56.36715174252849],[-131.08612060546875,56.40668363558357],[-131.16989135742188,56.44883107459549],[-131.473388671875,56.551913918713375],[-131.58119201660156,56.61204220477141],[-131.8352508544922,56.59843662755775],[-131.85997009277344,56.702620872371355],[-131.89979553222656,56.75347577609789],[-131.87232971191406,56.805765643008264],[-132.12432861328122,56.87374615531272],[-132.0467376708984,57.04521234171931],[-132.3687744140625,57.09149987857074],[-132.2472381591797,57.211056900559335],[-132.3680877685547,57.347273783306676],[-132.55210876464844,57.49516565182901],[-132.65853881835938,57.61562391374733],[-132.75466918945312,57.69680911844304],[-132.8693389892578,57.83853792318956],[-133.06983947753906,58.00082136594698],[-133.17283630371094,58.15404059343076],[-133.34518432617188,58.27628739957773],[-133.45985412597656,58.38731772556939],[-133.37608337402344,58.430481925680034],[-133.70567321777344,58.611194853078764],[-133.83956909179685,58.730440812979516],[-134.25979614257812,58.861354043320055],[-134.3360137939453,58.92414471817596],[-134.3140411376953,58.962755708753306],[-134.4060516357422,58.978683427688686],[-134.38133239746094,59.03878841190553],[-134.44656372070312,59.08820785301446],[-134.48501586914062,59.13121539881386],[-134.56329345703125,59.130510792073984],[-134.67933654785156,59.191757369765085],[-134.70130920410156,59.24973478117606],[-134.95742797851562,59.279914277804906],[-135.02883911132812,59.34649517787861],[-134.9897003173828,59.3877798237848],[-135.10093688964844,59.42622028594434],[-135.07827758789062,59.45275367774563],[-135.0274658203125,59.47473269180728],[-135.03021240234375,59.564245132658975],[-135.11810302734372,59.62367244601488],[-135.15586853027344,59.625061301654334],[-135.2190399169922,59.6632323288228],[-135.23345947265625,59.69650975428769],[-135.252685546875,59.69789559656873],[-135.36048889160156,59.73598378851403],[-135.4779052734375,59.79821644465919],[-135.94894409179688,59.6632323288228],[-136.1927032470703,59.63998787256213],[-136.34788513183594,59.60109549032134],[-136.25038146972656,59.56633207991906],[-136.24076843261716,59.55972296971678],[-136.24076843261716,59.52387204745182],[-136.3066864013672,59.46461714320982],[-136.36642456054688,59.4496126517294],[-136.47628784179688,59.46566371970234],[-136.46804809570312,59.28552611855346],[-136.49620056152344,59.27465233689575],[-136.4900207519531,59.26096748461385],[-136.5840911865234,59.166075318301345],[-136.8285369873047,59.16009179641602],[-136.8793487548828,59.13544273484683],[-137.28240966796875,59.0009698708429],[-137.449951171875,58.908900972391415],[-137.52548217773438,58.906418795609426],[-137.5000762939453,58.985760051467075],[-137.54127502441406,59.10478272378236],[-137.60787963867188,59.24376590151355],[-138.62617492675778,59.76746035005358],[-138.66600036621094,59.80961318716828],[-138.6797332763672,59.84481485969105],[-138.70582580566406,59.90650046741583],[-139.05258178710938,59.994179105518434],[-139.19952392578125,60.08950200748712],[-139.0711212158203,60.3187885497516],[-139.07386779785156,60.35243208301854],[-139.69253540039062,60.33544473468298],[-139.97955322265625,60.181818669034776],[-140.4595184326172,60.30858669066228],[-140.5199432373047,60.22003701633967],[-141.00128173828125,60.3058656567224],[-141.0007667541504,69.64681951728146]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-173.07586669921875,60.72157115165579],[-173.155517578125,60.69469537287745],[-173.15277099609375,60.64356945377967],[-173.08135986328125,60.61123754937553],[-173.04016113281247,60.58157148491742],[-173.08135986328125,60.53972302275651],[-173.089599609375,60.511343283202464],[-173.05938720703125,60.4788788301667],[-172.98248291015625,60.468050120874615],[-172.94677734374997,60.43689744859958],[-172.8424072265625,60.403001945865476],[-172.78472900390625,60.373144671593685],[-172.7105712890625,60.329667021005825],[-172.6611328125,60.3187885497516],[-172.5897216796875,60.309266913738156],[-172.49908447265625,60.31606836555203],[-172.4139404296875,60.3187885497516],[-172.35076904296875,60.3187885497516],[-172.30682373046872,60.29021531318375],[-172.2381591796875,60.29021531318375],[-172.17498779296875,60.30518536282736],[-172.2381591796875,60.333745513303114],[-172.34527587890625,60.378575303227215],[-172.364501953125,60.40164539086417],[-172.43041992187497,60.40571488624096],[-172.4798583984375,60.39757538658664],[-172.57598876953125,60.41249624776229],[-172.6556396484375,60.43689744859958],[-172.77374267578122,60.4788788301667],[-172.83416748046875,60.50052541051131],[-172.89459228515625,60.550527811064846],[-172.8863525390625,60.588316165776824],[-172.91656494140625,60.62606036274505],[-172.98797607421875,60.658377412327326],[-173.01544189453125,60.69469537287745],[-173.07586669921875,60.72157115165579]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-171.650390625,63.809167882566385],[-171.793212890625,63.82128765261384],[-171.80419921875,63.73147780336167],[-171.8426513671875,63.65601144183318],[-171.8865966796875,63.54365806976644],[-171.859130859375,63.42594585479083],[-171.7877197265625,63.34966546248425],[-171.62841796875,63.32501562217765],[-171.474609375,63.28306240110864],[-171.353759765625,63.29540792564745],[-171.2548828125,63.33980806067484],[-171.1395263671875,63.38413977217118],[-171.002197265625,63.389061297647125],[-170.760498046875,63.34966546248425],[-170.57373046875,63.32501562217765],[-170.41992187499997,63.27812271092345],[-170.343017578125,63.1989725264735],[-170.3594970703125,63.156835740093236],[-170.2496337890625,63.156835740093236],[-170.145263671875,63.156835740093236],[-170.0408935546875,63.14194929585152],[-169.9090576171875,63.087300267152735],[-169.8321533203125,63.03753005973634],[-169.7991943359375,62.990169510232555],[-169.8101806640625,62.95522304515911],[-169.74975585937497,62.922735326966595],[-169.617919921875,62.91523303947614],[-169.54650878906247,62.9502272814474],[-169.4915771484375,62.97270150065472],[-169.508056640625,62.99765260346662],[-169.4970703125,63.04251090966805],[-169.43664550781247,63.08978654472616],[-169.34326171874997,63.11712157280328],[-169.178466796875,63.13946747896222],[-169.1070556640625,63.14443090047572],[-168.958740234375,63.104699747121074],[-168.760986328125,63.112153479825004],[-168.67309570312497,63.203925767041305],[-168.662109375,63.26576978358972],[-168.7115478515625,63.3348780927218],[-168.92578125,63.366907787681754],[-169.07958984374997,63.366907787681754],[-169.25537109375,63.37183226679281],[-169.420166015625,63.376755901872734],[-169.5245361328125,63.389061297647125],[-169.6124267578125,63.43331707559086],[-169.705810546875,63.46278300222105],[-169.8211669921875,63.46523712749102],[-169.947509765625,63.48976680530999],[-170.0079345703125,63.59011870211632],[-170.0958251953125,63.658448979940175],[-170.2386474609375,63.704722429433225],[-170.4638671875,63.73390885572919],[-170.5902099609375,63.721751503619956],[-170.7659912109375,63.6779417467744],[-171.2164306640625,63.648697570849286],[-171.474609375,63.6779417467744],[-171.54052734375,63.75334975181205],[-171.650390625,63.809167882566385]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-170.40618896484375,57.022794415389725],[-170.3155517578125,57.043718234032625],[-170.22216796875,57.119841130872615],[-170.1947021484375,57.14518072479997],[-170.11505126953125,57.18985535714817],[-170.08209228515625,57.227042992549855],[-170.07110595703125,57.271618718194446],[-170.189208984375,57.23893512461504],[-170.2386474609375,57.22852971878346],[-170.32928466796875,57.22852971878346],[-170.3704833984375,57.22406936030381],[-170.49407958984375,57.20473490715757],[-170.41992187499997,57.12878649751151],[-170.364990234375,57.11387635258491],[-170.42266845703125,57.06910989239133],[-170.46112060546875,57.033257797376066],[-170.40618896484375,57.022794415389725]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-169.8321533203125,56.62904228542147],[-169.8211669921875,56.60486209416893],[-169.7991943359375,56.586716786451156],[-169.71405029296875,56.565536245992064],[-169.71405029296875,56.551913918713375],[-169.63165283203125,56.51707901932375],[-169.56024169921875,56.515563731608296],[-169.5025634765625,56.553427752820355],[-169.43115234375,56.58369172128337],[-169.43664550781247,56.626020608371924],[-169.56024169921875,56.63055303322322],[-169.6783447265625,56.62450967912138],[-169.8321533203125,56.62904228542147]]]}}]}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b68e4b08c986b31ce76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026367,"text":"70026367 - 2004 - Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T14:30:37.661319","indexId":"70026367","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"paraNumber\">[1]<span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>We have estimated patterns and rates of crustal movement across 800 km of the Basin and Range at ∼39° north latitude with Global Positioning System surveys in 1992, 1996, 1998, and 2002. The total rate of motion tangent to the small circle around the Pacific‐North America pole of rotation is 10.4 ± 1.0 mm/yr, and motion normal to this small circle is 3.9 ± 0.9 mm/yr compared to the east end of our network. On the Colorado Plateau the east end of our network moves by ∼1–2 mm/yr westerly with respect to North America. Transitions in strain rates delimit six major tectonic domains within the province. These deformation zones coincide with areas of modern seismicity and are, from east to west, (1) east‐west extension in the Wasatch Fault zone, (2) low rate east‐west extension centered near the Nevada‐Utah border, (3) low rate east‐west contraction between 114.7°W and 117.9°W, (4) extension normal to and strike‐slip motion across the N10°E striking Central Nevada Seismic Zone, (5) right lateral simple shear oriented N13°W inside the Walker Lane Belt, and (6) shear plus extension near the Sierra Nevada frontal faults. Concentration of shear and dilatational deformation across the three westernmost zones suggests that the Walker Lane Belt lithosphere is rheologically weak. However, we show that linear gradients in viscosity and gravitational potential energy can also effectively concentrate deformation. In the Basin and Range, gradients in gravitational potential are spatially anticorrelated with dilatational strain rates, consistent with the presence of horizontal variations in viscosity of the lithosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002746","usgsCitation":"Hammond, W., and Thatcher, W., 2004, Contemporary tectonic deformation of the Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation with the Global Positioning System: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. B8, B08403, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002746.","productDescription":"B08403, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478056,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.180.2817","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208511,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/2003JB002746"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0830078125,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0830078125,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4ce4b0c8380cd4da24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, W.C.","contributorId":19347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026366,"text":"70026366 - 2004 - Modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field, Black Warrior Basin, Northwestern Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026366","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field, Black Warrior Basin, Northwestern Alabama","docAbstract":"The mineralogic residence and abundance of trace metals is an important environmental issue. Data from the USGS coal quality database show that potentially toxic elements, including Hg, As, Mo, Se, Cu, and Tl are enriched in a subset of coal samples in the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama, USA. Although the coal as-mined typically is low in these elements, localized enrichments occur in high-pyrite coals and near faults. Microscopic analyses demonstrate that the residence of these elements is dominantly in a late-stage pyrite associated with structurally disrupted coal. Further, our data suggest addition of Hg to the coal matrix as well. The source of these trace elements was hydrothermal fluids driven into the Black Warrior Basin by Alleghanian age tectonism. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2004.02.003","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Goldhaber, M., and Hatch, J.R., 2004, Modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field, Black Warrior Basin, Northwestern Alabama: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 193-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.02.003.","startPage":"193","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208489,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2004.02.003"},{"id":234262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca8e4b0c8380cd6fe6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, J. R.","contributorId":14775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026365,"text":"70026365 - 2004 - Annual survival estimation of migratory songbirds confounded by incomplete breeding site-fidelity: Study designs that may help","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70026365","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual survival estimation of migratory songbirds confounded by incomplete breeding site-fidelity: Study designs that may help","docAbstract":"Many species of bird exhibit varying degrees of site-fidelity to the previous year's territory or breeding area, a phenomenon we refer to as incomplete breeding site-fidelity. If the territory they occupy is located beyond the bounds of the study area or search area (i.e., they have emigrated from the study area), the bird will go undetected and is therefore indistinguishable from dead individuals in capture-mark-recapture studies. Differential emigration rates confound inferences regarding differences in survival between sexes and among species if apparent survival rates are used as estimates of true survival. Moreover, the bias introduced by using apparent survival rates for true survival rates can have profound effects on the predictions of population persistence through time, source/sink dynamics, and other aspects of life-history theory. We investigated four study design and analysis approaches that result in apparent survival estimates that are closer to true survival estimates. Our motivation for this research stemmed from a multi-year capture-recapture study of Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea) on multiple study plots within a larger landscape of suitable breeding habitat where substantial inter-annual movements of marked individuals among neighboring study plots was documented. We wished to quantify the effects of this type of movement on annual survival estimation. The first two study designs we investigated involved marking birds in a core area and resighting them in the core as well as an area surrounding the core. For the first of these two designs, we demonstrated that as the resighting area surrounding the core gets progressively larger, and more \"emigrants\" are resighted, apparent survival estimates begin to approximate true survival rates (bias < 0.01). However, given observed inter-annual movements of birds, it is likely to be logistically impractical to resight birds on sufficiently large surrounding areas to minimize bias. Therefore, as an alternative protocol, we analyzed the data with subsets of three progressively larger areas surrounding the core. The data subsets provided four estimates of apparent survival that asymptotically approached true survival. This study design and analytical approach is likely to be logistically feasible in field settings and yields estimates of true survival unbiased (bias < 0.03) by incomplete breeding site-fidelity over a range of inter-annual territory movement patterns. The third approach we investigated used a robust design data collection and analysis approach. This approach resulted in estimates of survival that were unbiased (bias < 0.02), but were very imprecise and likely would not yield reliable estimates in field situations. The fourth approach utilized a fixed study area size, but modeled detection probability as a function of bird proximity to the study plot boundary (e.g., those birds closest to the edge are more likely to emigrate). This approach also resulted in estimates of survival that were unbiased (bias < 0.02), but because the individual covariates were normalized, the average capture probability was 0.50, and thus did not provide an accurate estimate of the true capture probability. Our results show that the core-area with surrounding resight-only can provide estimates of survival that are not biased by the effects of incomplete breeding site-fidelity. ?? 2004 Museu de Cie??ncies Naturals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1578665X","usgsCitation":"Marshall, M., Diefenbach, D., Wood, L., and Cooper, R., 2004, Annual survival estimation of migratory songbirds confounded by incomplete breeding site-fidelity: Study designs that may help: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 59-72.","startPage":"59","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec39e4b0c8380cd49135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, M.R.","contributorId":82427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":106592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, L.A.","contributorId":10785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026363,"text":"70026363 - 2004 - In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:00:46","indexId":"70026363","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe","docAbstract":"<p><span>The absolute radiometric accuracy of the thermal infrared band (B6) of the Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument on the Landsat-5 (L5) satellite was assessed over a period of approximately four years using data from the Lake Tahoe automated validation site (California-Nevada). The Lake Tahoe site was established in July 1999, and measurements of the skin and bulk temperature have been made approximately every 2 min from four permanently moored buoys since mid-1999. Assessment involved using a radiative transfer model to propagate surface skin temperature measurements made at the time of the L5 overpass to predict the at-sensor radiance. The predicted radiance was then convolved with the L5B6 system response function to obtain the predicted L5B6 radiance, which was then compared with the radiance measured by L5B6. Twenty-four cloud-free scenes acquired between 1999 and 2003 were used in the analysis with scene temperatures ranging between 4/spl deg/C and 22/spl deg/C. The results indicate L5B6 had a radiance bias of 2.5% (1.6/spl deg/C) in late 1999, which gradually decreased to 0.8% (0.5/spl deg/C) in mid-2002. Since that time, the bias has remained positive (predicted minus measured) and between 0.3% (0.2/spl deg/C) and 1.4% (0.9/spl deg/C). The cause for the cold bias (L5 radiances are lower than expected) is unresolved, but likely related to changes in instrument temperature associated with changes in instrument usage. The in situ data were then used to develop algorithms to recover the skin and bulk temperature of the water by regressing the L5B6 radiance and the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) total column water data to either the skin or bulk temperature. Use of the NCEP data provides an alternative approach to the split-window approach used with instruments that have two thermal infrared bands. The results indicate the surface skin and bulk temperature can be recovered with a standard error of 0.6/spl deg/C. This error is larger than errors obtained with other instruments due, in part, to the calibration bias. L5 provides the only long-duration high spatial resolution thermal infrared measurements of the land surface. If these data are to be used effectively in studies designed to monitor change, it is essential to continue to monitor instrument performance in-flight and develop quantitative algorithms for recovering surface temperature.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Hook, S., Chander, G., Barsi, J., Alley, R., Abtahi, A., Palluconi, F.D., Markham, B.L., Richards, R., Schladow, S., and Helder, D., 2004, In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2767-2776, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2767","endPage":"2776","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208470,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839092"},{"id":234226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39bee4b0c8380cd61a1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hook, S.J.","contributorId":21711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alley, R.E.","contributorId":98599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abtahi, A.","contributorId":9133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abtahi","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Palluconi, Frank Don","contributorId":14952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Richards, R.C.","contributorId":50793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70026360,"text":"70026360 - 2004 - New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026360","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean","docAbstract":"Site velocities from six separate Global Positioning System (GPS) networks comprising 374 stations have been referred to a single common Eurasia-fixed reference frame to map the velocity distribution over the entire Aegean. We use the GPS velocity field to identify deforming regions, rigid elements, and potential microplate boundaries, and build upon previous work by others to initially specify rigid elements in central Greece, the South Aegean, Anatolia, and the Sea of Marmara. We apply an iterative approach, tentatively defining microplate boundaries, determining best fit rigid rotations, examining misfit patterns, and revising the boundaries to achieve a better match between model and data. Short-term seismic cycle effects are minor contaminants of the data that we remove when necessary to isolate the long-term kinematics. We find that present day Aegean deformation is due to the relative motions of four microplates and straining in several isolated zones internal to them. The RMS misfit of model to data is about 2-sigma, very good when compared to the typical match between coseismic fault models and GPS data. The simplicity of the microplate description of the deformation and its good fit to the GPS data are surprising and were not anticipated by previous work, which had suggested either many rigid elements or broad deforming zones that comprise much of the Aegean region. The isolated deforming zones are also unexpected and cannot be explained by the kinematics of the microplate motions. Strain rates within internally deforming zones are extensional and range from 30 to 50 nanostrain/year (nstrain/year, 10-9/year), 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than rates observed across the major microplate boundaries. Lower strain rates may exist elsewhere withi the microplates but are only resolved in Anatolia, where extension of 13 ?? 4 nstrain/ year is required by the data. Our results suggest that despite the detailed complexity of active continental deformation revealed by seismicity, active faulting, fault geomorphology, and earthquake fault plane solutions, continental tectonics, at least in the Aegean, is to first order very similar to global plate tectonics and obeys the same simple kinematic rules. Although the widespread distribution of Aegean seismicity and active faulting might suggest a rather spatially homogeneous seismic hazard, the focusing of deformation near microplate boundaries implies the highest hazard is comparably localized.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002830","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nyst, M., and Thatcher, W., 2004, New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 11, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002830.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208419,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002830"},{"id":234159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6565e4b0c8380cd72ba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026358,"text":"70026358 - 2004 - New insights on stress rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026358","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights on stress rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California","docAbstract":"Understanding the stress field surrounding and driving active fault systems is an important component of mechanistic seismic hazard assessment. We develop and present results from a time-forward three-dimensional (3-D) model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California. The model boundary conditions are assessed by comparing model and observed tectonic regimes. The model of earthquake generation along two fault segments is used to target measurable properties (e.g., stress orientations, heat flow) that may allow inferences on the stress state on the faults. It is a quasi-static model, where GPS-constrained tectonic loading drives faults modeled as mostly sealed viscoelastic bodies embedded in an elastic half-space subjected to compaction and shear creep. A transpressive tectonic regime develops southwest of the model bend as a result of the tectonic loading and migrates toward the bend because of fault slip. The strength of the model faults is assessed on the basis of stress orientations, stress drop, and overpressures, showing a departure in the behavior of 3-D finite faults compared to models of 1-D or homogeneous infinite faults. At a smaller scale, stress transfers from fault slip transiently induce significant perturbations in the local stress tensors (where the slip profile is very heterogeneous). These stress rotations disappear when subsequent model earthquakes smooth the slip profile. Maps of maximum absolute shear stress emphasize both that (1) future models should include a more continuous representation of the faults and (2) that hydrostatically pressured intact rock is very difficult to break when no material weakness is considered. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002890","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fitzenz, D., and Miller, S., 2004, New insights on stress rotations from a forward regional model of the San Andreas fault system near its Big Bend in southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002890.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478275,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002890","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002890"},{"id":234121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65dee4b0c8380cd72c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzenz, D.D.","contributorId":61218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzenz","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S.A.","contributorId":66389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026353,"text":"70026353 - 2004 - Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026353","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR","docAbstract":"Source parameters determined from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements and from seismic data are compared from four moderate-size (less than M 6) earthquakes in southern California. The goal is to verify approximate detection capabilities of InSAR, assess differences in the results, and test how the two results can be reconciled. First, we calculated the expected surface deformation from all earthquakes greater than magnitude 4 in areas with available InSAR data (347 events). A search for deformation from the events in the interferograms yielded four possible events with magnitudes less than 6. The search for deformation was based on a visual inspection as well as cross-correlation in two dimensions between the measured signal and the expected signal. A grid-search algorithm was then used to estimate focal mechanism and depth from the InSAR data. The results were compared with locations and focal mechanisms from published catalogs. An independent relocation using seismic data was also performed. The seismic locations fell within the area of the expected rupture zone for the three events that show clear surface deformation. Therefore, the technique shows the capability to resolve locations with high accuracy and is applicable worldwide. The depths determined by InSAR agree with well-constrained seismic locations determined in a 3D velocity model. Depth control for well-imaged shallow events using InSAR data is good, and better than the seismic constraints in some cases. A major difficulty for InSAR analysis is the poor temporal coverage of InSAR data, which may make it impossible to distinguish deformation due to different earthquakes at the same location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120020219","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Mellors, R., Magistrale, H., Earle, P., and Cogbill, A., 2004, Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6, p. 2004-2014, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020219.","startPage":"2004","endPage":"2014","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120020219"},{"id":234043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f864e4b0c8380cd4d08a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mellors, R.J.","contributorId":37508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magistrale, H.","contributorId":22541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magistrale","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earle, P.","contributorId":26860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cogbill, A.H.","contributorId":88917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cogbill","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026351,"text":"70026351 - 2004 - Intra-seasonal mapping of CO<sub>2</sub> flux in rangelands of northern Kazakhstan at one-kilometer resolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:44:18","indexId":"70026351","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra-seasonal mapping of CO<sub>2</sub> flux in rangelands of northern Kazakhstan at one-kilometer resolution","docAbstract":"Algorithms that establish relationships between variables obtained through remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies are needed to allow the scaling up of site-specific CO2 flux measurements to regional levels. We obtained Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) flux tower measurements during the growing seasons of 1998-2000 above a grassland steppe in Kazakhstan. These BREB data were analyzed using ecosystem light-curve equations to quantify 10-day CO2 fluxes associated with gross primary production (GPP) and total respiration (R). Remotely sensed, temporally smoothed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIsm) and environmental variables were used to develop multiple regression models for the mapping of 10-day CO2 fluxes for the Kazakh steppe. Ten-day GPP was estimated (R 2 = 0.72) by day of year (DOY) and NDVIsm, and 10-day R was estimated (R2 = 0.48) with the estimated GPP and estimated 10-day photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Regression tree analysis estimated 10-day PAR from latitude, NDVIsm, DOY, and precipitation (R2 = 0.81). Fivefold cross-validation indicated that these algorithms were reasonably robust. GPP, R, and resulting net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were mapped for the Kazakh steppe grassland every 10 days and summed to produce regional growing season estimates of GPP, R, and NEE. Estimates of 10-day NEE agreed well with BREB observations in 2000, showing a slight underestimation in the late summer. Growing season (May to October) mean NEE for Kazakh steppe grasslands was 1.27 Mg C/ha in 2000. Winter flux data were collected during the winter of 2001-2002 and are being analyzed to close the annual carbon budget for the Kazakh steppe. ?? 2004 Springer-Verlag New York, LLC.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-9156-8","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B., Gilmanov, T., Johnson, D., Saliendra, N.Z., Akshalov, K., Tieszen, L., Reed, B., and Laca, E., 2004, Intra-seasonal mapping of CO<sub>2</sub> flux in rangelands of northern Kazakhstan at one-kilometer resolution: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. S1, p. S482-S491, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9156-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"S482","endPage":"S491","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208333,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9156-8"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dbde4b0c8380cd637db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, B.K. 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":24877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmanov, T.G.","contributorId":44716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmanov","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saliendra, Nicanor Z.","contributorId":16623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saliendra","given":"Nicanor","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Akshalov, K.","contributorId":80045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akshalov","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reed, B. C. 0000-0002-1132-7178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":55594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Laca, Emilio","contributorId":78512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laca","given":"Emilio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70026824,"text":"70026824 - 2004 - A resampling procedure for generating conditioned daily weather sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T14:59:00","indexId":"70026824","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A resampling procedure for generating conditioned daily weather sequences","docAbstract":"<p><span>A method is introduced to generate conditioned daily precipitation and temperature time series at multiple stations. The method resamples data from the historical record “nens” times for the period of interest (nens = number of ensemble members) and reorders the ensemble members to reconstruct the observed spatial (intersite) and temporal correlation statistics. The weather generator model is applied to 2307 stations in the contiguous United States and is shown to reproduce the observed spatial correlation between neighboring stations, the observed correlation between variables (e.g., between precipitation and temperature), and the observed temporal correlation between subsequent days in the generated weather sequence. The weather generator model is extended to produce sequences of weather that are conditioned on climate indices (in this case the Niño 3.4 index). Example illustrations of conditioned weather sequences are provided for a station in Arizona (Petrified Forest, 34.8°N, 109.9°W), where El Niño and La Niña conditions have a strong effect on winter precipitation. The conditioned weather sequences generated using the methods described in this paper are appropriate for use as input to hydrologic models to produce multiseason forecasts of streamflow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002747","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., Gangopadhyay, S., Brandon, D., Werner, K., Hay, L.E., Rajagopalan, B., and Yates, D., 2004, A resampling procedure for generating conditioned daily weather sequences: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 4, Article W04304; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002747.","productDescription":"Article W04304; 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002747","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e549e4b0c8380cd46c73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Martyn P.","contributorId":21445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Martyn P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gangopadhyay, Subhrendu 0000-0003-3864-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3864-8251","contributorId":173439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gangopadhyay","given":"Subhrendu","affiliations":[{"id":7183,"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandon, David","contributorId":22023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandon","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, Kevin","contributorId":194369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Werner","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":411236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rajagopalan, Balaji","contributorId":145813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rajagopalan","given":"Balaji","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16240,"text":"U of Colorado, Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yates, David","contributorId":127383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yates","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6928,"text":"BioDiversity Research Institute, Gorham, ME 04038","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70026332,"text":"70026332 - 2004 - Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T17:58:01.216656","indexId":"70026332","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The surface uplift of mountain belts caused by tectonism plays an important role in determining the long-term climate evolution of the Earth. However, the general lack of information on the paleotopography of mountain belts limits our ability to identify the links and feedbacks between topography, tectonics, and climate change on geologic time-scales. Here, we present a <span>δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O and δD</span> record of authigenic minerals for the northern Great Basin that captures the timing and magnitude of regional surface uplift and subsidence events in the western United States during the Cenozoic. Authigenic calcite, smectite, and chert <span>δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O</span> values suggest the northern Great Basin region experienced ~2km of surface uplift between the middle Eocene and early Oligocene followed by ~1 to 2km of surface subsidence in the southern Great Basin and/or Sierra Nevada since the middle Miocene. These data when combined with previously published work show that the surface uplift history varied in both space and time. Surface uplift migrated from north to south with high elevations in southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington in the middle Eocene and development of surface uplift in north and central Nevada in the Oligocene. This pattern of north to south surface uplift is similar to the timing of magmatism in the western Cordillera, a result that supports tectonic models linking magamtism with removal of mantle lithosphere and/or a subducting slab.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.304.10.862","usgsCitation":"Horton, T., Sjostrom, D., Abruzzese, M., Poage, M., Waldbauer, J., Hren, M., Wooden, J., and Chamberlain, C., 2004, Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: American Journal of Science, v. 304, no. 10, p. 862-888, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.10.862.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"862","endPage":"888","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.10.862","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3447265625,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0380859375,\n              36.73888412439431\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.19238281249999,\n              37.50972584293751\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.357421875,\n              39.53793974517628\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.26953125,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.73046875,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19140625,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.90527343750001,\n              42.52069952914966\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              42.74701217318067\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"304","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9458e4b08c986b31aa08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, T.W.","contributorId":98509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sjostrom, D.J.","contributorId":92840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sjostrom","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abruzzese, M.J.","contributorId":53996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abruzzese","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poage, M.A.","contributorId":100588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poage","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waldbauer, J.R.","contributorId":84956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldbauer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hren, M.","contributorId":96879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hren","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wooden, J.","contributorId":21736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chamberlain, C. P.","contributorId":103841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chamberlain","given":"C. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70026330,"text":"70026330 - 2004 - Hydraulic tests in highly permeable aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T11:00:55","indexId":"70026330","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic tests in highly permeable aquifers","docAbstract":"<p><span>A semianalytical solution is presented for a mathematical model describing the flow of groundwater in response to a slug or pumping test in a highly permeable, confined aquifer. This solution, which is appropriate for wells of any degree of penetration and incorporates inertial mechanisms at both the test and observation wells, can be used to gain new insights into hydraulic tests in highly permeable settings. The oscillatory character of slug‐ and pumping‐induced responses will vary considerably across a site, even in an essentially homogeneous formation, when wells of different radii, depths, and screen lengths are used. Thus variations in the oscillatory character of responses do not necessarily indicate variations in hydraulic conductivity (K). Existing models for slug tests in partially penetrating wells in high‐K aquifers neglect the storage properties of the media. That assumption, however, appears reasonable for a wide range of common conditions. Unlike in less permeable formations, drawdown at an observation well in a high‐K aquifer will be affected by head losses in the pumping well. Those losses, which affect the form of the pumping‐induced oscillations, can be difficult to characterize. Thus analyses of observation‐well drawdown should utilize data from the period after the oscillations have dissipated whenever possible. Although inertial mechanisms can have a large impact on early‐time drawdown, that impact decreases rapidly with duration of pumping and distance to the observation well. Conventional methods that do not consider inertial mechanisms should therefore be viable options for the analysis of drawdown data at moderate to large times.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002998","usgsCitation":"Butler, J.J., and Zhan, X., 2004, Hydraulic tests in highly permeable aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 12, Article W12402; 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002998.","productDescription":"Article W12402; 12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002998","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3308e4b0c8380cd5ec83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, James J. Jr.","contributorId":199860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhan, Xiaoyong","contributorId":140206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhan","given":"Xiaoyong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026329,"text":"70026329 - 2004 - Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026329","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming","docAbstract":"Quantitative estimates of increased heat transfer by atmospheric H 2O vapor during the Albian greenhouse warming suggest that the intensified hydrologic cycle played a greater role in warming high latitudes than at present and thus represents a viable alternative to oceanic heat transport. Sphaerosiderite ??18O values in paleosols of the North American Cretaceous Western Interior Basin are a proxy for meteoric ??18O values, and mass-balance modeling results suggest that Albian precipitation rates exceeded modern rates at both mid and high latitudes. Comparison of modeled Albian and modern precipitation minus evaporation values suggests amplification of the Albian moisture deficit in the tropics and moisture surplus in the mid to high latitudes. The tropical moisture deficit represents an average heat loss of ???75 W/m2 at 10??N paleolatitude (at present, 21 W/m2). The increased precipitation at higher latitudes implies an average heat gain of ???83 W/m2 at 45??N (at present, 23 W/m2) and of 19 W/m2 at 75??N (at present, 4 W/m2). These estimates of increased poleward heat transfer by H2O vapor during the Albian may help to explain the reduced equator-to-pole temperature gradients. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G20828.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Ufnar, D.F., Gonzalez, L.A., Ludvigson, G.A., Brenner, R.L., and Witzke, B., 2004, Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming: Geology, v. 32, no. 12, p. 1049-1052, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20828.1.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1052","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G20828.1"},{"id":234259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d43e4b0c8380cd52eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ufnar, David F.","contributorId":64371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ufnar","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, Richard L.","contributorId":94457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13387,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 669, Cordova, AK  99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026377,"text":"70026377 - 2004 - Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:46:33","indexId":"70026377","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration","docAbstract":"The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the longest running continuous dataset of moderate spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, dating back to its launch in March 1984. Historically, the radiometric calibration procedure for this imagery used the instrument's response to the Internal Calibrator (IC) on a scene-by-scene basis to determine the gain and offset of each detector. Due to observed degradations in the IC, a new procedure was implemented for U.S.-processed data in May 2003. This new calibration procedure is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration model for the instrument's reflective bands (1-5 and 7) and is derived, in part, from the IC response without the related degradation effects and is tied to the cross calibration with the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Reflective-band absolute radiometric accuracy of the instrument tends to be on the order of 7% to 10%, based on a variety of calibration methods.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Helder, D., Markham, B.L., Dewald, J., Kaita, E., Thome, K.J., Micijevic, E., and Ruggles, T., 2004, Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2747-2760, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2747","endPage":"2760","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208615,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f0e4b0c8380cd666fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewald, J.D.","contributorId":99014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewald","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Micijevic, E. 0000-0002-3828-9239","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":59939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ruggles, T.A.","contributorId":42496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggles","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70026823,"text":"70026823 - 2004 - California earthquake history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:34:30","indexId":"70026823","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":793,"text":"Annals of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"California earthquake history","docAbstract":"This paper presents an overview of the advancement in our knowledge of California's earthquake history since ??? 1800, and especially during the last 30 years. We first review the basic statewide research on earthquake occurrences that was published from 1928 through 2002, to show how the current catalogs and their levels of completeness have evolved with time. Then we review some of the significant new results in specific regions of California, and some of what remains to be done. Since 1850, 167 potentially damaging earthquakes of M ??? 6 or larger have been identified in California and its border regions, indicating an average rate of 1.1 such events per year. Table I lists the earthquakes of M ??? 6 to 6.5 that were also destructive since 1812 in California and its border regions, indicating an average rate of one such event every ??? 5 years. Many of these occurred before 1932 when epicenters and magnitudes started to be determined routinely using seismographs in California. The number of these early earthquakes is probably incomplete in sparsely populated remote parts of California before ??? 1870. For example, 6 of the 7 pre-1873 events in table I are of M ??? 7, suggesting that other earthquakes of M 6.5 to 6.9 occurred but were not properly identified, or were not destructive. The epicenters and magnitudes (M) of the pre-instrumental earthquakes were determined from isoseismal maps that were based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity of shaking (MMI) at the communities that reported feeling the earthquakes. The epicenters were estimated to be in the regions of most intense shaking, and values of M were estimated from the extent of the areas shaken at various MMI levels. MMI VII or greater shaking is the threshold of damage to weak buildings. Certain areas in the regions of Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Eureka were each shaken repeatedly at MMI VII or greater at least six times since ??? 1812, as depicted by Toppozada and Branum (2002, fig. 19).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4401/ag-3317","issn":"15935213","usgsCitation":"Toppozada, T., and Branum, D., 2004, California earthquake history: Annals of Geophysics, v. 47, no. 2-3, p. 509-522, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3317.","startPage":"509","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3317","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269205,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-3317"},{"id":235311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f321e4b0c8380cd4b5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toppozada, T.","contributorId":14620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toppozada","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Branum, D.","contributorId":12247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branum","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026820,"text":"70026820 - 2004 - Urbanization influences on aquatic communities in northeastern Illinois streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-24T17:36:30.487453","indexId":"70026820","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urbanization influences on aquatic communities in northeastern Illinois streams","docAbstract":"Biotic indices and sediment trace element concentrations for 43 streams in northeastern Illinois (Chicago area) from the 1980s and 1990s were examined along an agricultural to urban land cover gradient to explore the relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, and urbanization. The Illinois fish Alternative Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) ranged from poor to excellent in agricultural/rural streams, but streams with more than 10 percent watershed urban land (about 500 people/mi2) had fair or poor index scores. A macroinvertebrate index (MBI) showed similar trends. A qualitative habitat index (PIBI) did not correlate to either urban indicator. The AIBI and MBI correlated with urban associated sediment trace element concentrations. Elevated copper concentrations in sediment occurred in streams with greater than 40 percent watershed urban land. The number of intolerant fish species and modified index of biotic integrity scores increased in some rural, urbanizing, and urban streams from the 1980s to 1990s, with the largest increases occurring in rural streams with loamy/sandy surficial deposits. However, smaller increases also occurred in urban streams with clayey surficial deposits and over 50 percent watershed urban land. These data illustrate the potentially complex spatial and temporal relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, watershed urban land, population density, and regional and local geologic setting.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01043.x","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Harris, M., Arnold, T., and Richards, K., 2004, Urbanization influences on aquatic communities in northeastern Illinois streams: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 2, p. 461-475, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01043.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"475","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.65966796875,\n              40.93011520598305\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.451171875,\n              40.93011520598305\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.451171875,\n              42.52069952914966\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.65966796875,\n              42.52069952914966\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.65966796875,\n              40.93011520598305\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe47e4b08c986b3294d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, M.A.","contributorId":101278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnold, T.L.","contributorId":11810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richards, K.D.","contributorId":28635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026318,"text":"70026318 - 2004 - Modification of pure oxygen absorption equipment for concurrent stripping of carbon dioxide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026318","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modification of pure oxygen absorption equipment for concurrent stripping of carbon dioxide","docAbstract":"The high solubility of carbon dioxide precludes significant desorption within commercial oxygen absorption equipment. This operating characteristic of the equipment limits its application in recirculating water culture systems despite its ability to significantly increase allowable fish loading rates (kg/(L min)). Carbon dioxide (DC) is typically removed by air stripping. This process requires a significant energy input for forced air movement, air heating in cold climates and water pumping. We developed a modification for a spray tower that provides for carbon dioxide desorption as well as oxygen absorption. Elimination of the air-stripping step reduces pumping costs while allowing dissolved nitrogen to drop below saturation concentrations. This latter response provides for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency within the spray tower. DC desorption is achieved by directing head-space gases from the spray tower (O2, N2, CO2) through a sealed packed tower scrubber receiving a 2 N NaOH solution. Carbon dioxide is selectively removed from the gas stream, by chemical reaction, forming the product Na 2CO3. Scrubber off-gas, lean with regard to carbon dioxide but still rich with oxygen, is redirected through the spray tower for further stripping of DC and absorption of oxygen. Make-up NaOH is metered into the scrubbing solution sump on an as needed basis as directed by a feedback control loop programmed to maintain a scrubbing solution pH of 11.4-11.8. The spent NaOH solution is collected, then regenerated for reuse, in a batch process that requires relatively inexpensive hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). A by-product of the regeneration step is an alkaline filter cake, which may have use in bio-solids stabilization. Given the enhanced gas transfer rates possible with chemical reaction, the required NaOH solution flow rate through the scrubber represents a fraction of the spray tower water flow rate. Further, isolation of the water being treated from the atmosphere (1), allows for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency by maintaining DN well below local saturation concentrations (2), minimizes building energy requirements related to heating and ventilation and (3), reduces the potential for pathogen transmittance. We report on the performance of a test scrubber evaluated over a range of NaOH solution temperatures, pH, packing irrigation rates, and gas stream compositions. We also describe our experience with the process in a pilot scale recirculating water (trout) production system.","largerWorkTitle":"Aquacultural Engineering","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.03.010","issn":"01448609","usgsCitation":"Watten, B., Sibrell, P., Montgomery, G., and Tsukuda, S., 2004, Modification of pure oxygen absorption equipment for concurrent stripping of carbon dioxide, <i>in</i> Aquacultural Engineering, v. 32, no. 1, p. 183-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.03.010.","startPage":"183","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478274,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.03.010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208348,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.03.010"},{"id":234042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cb0e4b0c8380cd6fe9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watten, B.J. 0000-0002-2227-8623","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":11537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sibrell, P.L.","contributorId":13343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrell","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Montgomery, G.A.","contributorId":102248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tsukuda, S.M.","contributorId":70157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsukuda","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026317,"text":"70026317 - 2004 - A method for evaluating the importance of system state observations to model predictions, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:37:19","indexId":"70026317","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for evaluating the importance of system state observations to model predictions, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system","docAbstract":"<p><span>We develop a new observation‐prediction (OPR) statistic for evaluating the importance of system state observations to model predictions. The OPR statistic measures the change in prediction uncertainty produced when an observation is added to or removed from an existing monitoring network, and it can be used to guide refinement and enhancement of the network. Prediction uncertainty is approximated using a first‐order second‐moment method. We apply the OPR statistic to a model of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system (DVRFS) to evaluate the importance of existing and potential hydraulic head observations to predicted advective transport paths in the saturated zone underlying Yucca Mountain and underground testing areas on the Nevada Test Site. Important existing observations tend to be far from the predicted paths, and many unimportant observations are in areas of high observation density. These results can be used to select locations at which increased observation accuracy would be beneficial and locations that could be removed from the network. Important potential observations are mostly in areas of high hydraulic gradient far from the paths. Results for both existing and potential observations are related to the flow system dynamics and coarse parameter zonation in the DVRFS model. If system properties in different locations are as similar as the zonation assumes, then the OPR results illustrate a data collection opportunity whereby observations in distant, high‐gradient areas can provide information about properties in flatter‐gradient areas near the paths. If this similarity is suspect, then the analysis produces a different type of data collection opportunity involving testing of model assumptions critical to the OPR results.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003313","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., Ely, D.M., Hill, M.C., and O’Brien, G.M., 2004, A method for evaluating the importance of system state observations to model predictions, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 12, Article W2411; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003313.","productDescription":"Article W2411; 14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"40","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e453e4b0c8380cd465a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Brien, Grady M.","contributorId":71197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Grady","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026819,"text":"70026819 - 2004 - Habitat restoration across large areas: Assessing wildlife responses in the Clearwater basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-01T15:18:10.909126","indexId":"70026819","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3744,"text":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat restoration across large areas: Assessing wildlife responses in the Clearwater basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Over the past century, fire suppression and prevention have altered disturbance regimes across the Pacific Northwest, resulting in a significant divergence of historical and current conditions in forested habitats. To address this continuing trend in habitat changes and begin restoring historical patterns of disturbance, the Clearwater Basin Elk Habitat Initiative (CEI) proposes relatively extensive management actions in the Clearwater basin of north-central Idaho. We attempted to evaluate potential effects of such management actions on selected wildlife species using extant data sets and suggest ways to improve such projects with respect to a multispecies and adaptive management approach. Although there is increased interest in ecosystem management over large areas, the increased scale of analysis and implementation require a substantial increase in the level of species information beyond what currently exists. We conclude that baseline information required for an effective multispecies land-management policy in the Clearwater basin does not exist for many terrestrial wildlife species. To implement a true multispecies or ecosystem approach, wildlife and land managers should cooperate to increase existing population data and modeling efforts for wildlife species in the basin and develop a sustainable monitoring program to evaluate habitat management changes and their influence on wildlife populations within the context of adaptive management theory. Management actions to restore disturbance patterns should attempt spatial and temporal scales that are biologically relevant to the population ecology of species being affected.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/wjaf/19.2.123","usgsCitation":"Scanvara, L., Servheen, G., Melquist, W., Davis, D., and Scott, J.M., 2004, Habitat restoration across large areas: Assessing wildlife responses in the Clearwater basin, Idaho: Western Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 19, no. 2, p. 123-132, https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.2.123.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.2.123","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.09228515624999,\n              45.62940492064501\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.14794921875,\n              45.62940492064501\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.14794921875,\n              46.84516443029276\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.09228515624999,\n              46.84516443029276\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.09228515624999,\n              45.62940492064501\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f1de4b0c8380cd5cad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scanvara, L.K.","contributorId":54386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanvara","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Servheen, G.","contributorId":7479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Servheen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melquist, W.","contributorId":45093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melquist","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, D.","contributorId":85747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026305,"text":"70026305 - 2004 - Density dependence and risk of extinction in a small population of sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026305","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density dependence and risk of extinction in a small population of sea otters","docAbstract":"Sea otters (Enhydra lutris (L.)) were hunted to extinction off the coast of Washington State early in the 20th century. A new population was established by translocations from Alaska in 1969 and 1970. The population, currently numbering at least 550 animals, A major threat to the population is the ongoing risk of majour oil spills in sea otter habitat. We apply population models to census and demographic data in order to evaluate the status of the population. We fit several density dependent models to test for density dependence and determine plausible values for the carrying capacity (K) by comparing model goodness of fit to an exponential model. Model fits were compared using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). A significant negative relationship was found between the population growth rate and population size (r2=0.27, F=5.57, df=16, p<0.05), suggesting density dependence in Washington state sea otters. Information criterion statistics suggest that the model is the most parsimonious, followed closely by the logistic Beverton-Holt model. Values of K ranged from 612 to 759 with best-fit parameter estimates for the Beverton-Holt model including 0.26 for r and 612 for K. The latest (2001) population index count (555) puts the population at 87-92% of the estimated carrying capacity, above the suggested range for optimum sustainable population (OSP). Elasticity analysis was conducted to examine the effects of proportional changes in vital rates on the population growth rate (??). The elasticity values indicate the population is most sensitive to changes in survival rates (particularly adult survival).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10531-004-2146-1","issn":"09603115","usgsCitation":"Gerber, L., Buenau, K., and VanBlaricom, G., 2004, Density dependence and risk of extinction in a small population of sea otters: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 13, no. 14, p. 2741-2757, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-2146-1.","startPage":"2741","endPage":"2757","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208550,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-2146-1"},{"id":234364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea5e4b0c8380cd4ee47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerber, L.R.","contributorId":33097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerber","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buenau, K.E.","contributorId":29176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buenau","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanBlaricom, G.","contributorId":17936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}