The coral reef in Faga‘alu Bay, Tutuila, American Samoa, has suffered numerous natural and anthropogenic stresses. Areas once dominated by live coral are now mostly rubble surfaces covered with turf or macroalgae. In an effort to improve the health and resilience of the coral reef system, the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force selected Faga‘alu Bay as a priority study area. To support these efforts, the U.S. Geological Survey mapped nearly 1 km2 of seafloor to depths of about 60 m. Unconsolidated sediment (predominantly sand) constitutes slightly greater than 50 percent of the seafloor in the mapped area; reef and other hardbottom potentially available for coral recruitment constitute nearly 50 percent of the mapped area. Of this potentially available hardbottom, only slightly greater than 37 percent is covered with at least 10 percent coral, which is fairly evenly distributed between the reef flat, fore reef, and offshore bank/shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161077","usgsCitation":"Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., D’Antonio, N.L., and Storlazzi, C.D., 2016, Benthic habitat map of U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Faga‘alu Bay priority study area, Tutuila, American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1077, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161077.","productDescription":"Report: v, 32 p.; Metadata; Spatial Data","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-072636","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321386,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1077/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":321350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1077/ofr20161077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1077"},{"id":321366,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1077/ofr20161077_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","size":"65 KB","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2016-1077 Metadata"},{"id":321367,"rank":2,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1077/ofr20161077_gis_data.zip","text":"Polygon shapefile of benthic habitats and associated files","size":"256 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2016-1077 GIS data"}],"country":"United States","state":"American Samoa","otherGeospatial":"Faga'alu Bay, Tutuila","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.69046020507812,\n -14.277026769167454\n ],\n [\n -170.76547622680664,\n -14.332417680244378\n ],\n [\n -170.74419021606442,\n -14.367674440539975\n ],\n [\n -170.69578170776367,\n -14.326097485980599\n ],\n [\n -170.66900253295898,\n -14.288006232490893\n ],\n [\n -170.69046020507812,\n -14.277026769167454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Previous investigations indicate that concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are substantial in groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision for the site.
\nThis report presents groundwater geochemical and selected CVOC data collected at Operable Unit 1 by the U.S. Geological Survey during July 6–8 and July 31, 2015 in support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. Water samples were collected from 13 wells, 9 piezometers, and 13 shallow groundwater passive-diffusion sampling sites in the nearby marsh. Samples from all wells and piezometers were analyzed for oxidation-reduction (redox) sensitive constituents. Samples from all piezometers and four wells also were analyzed for CVOCs and dissolved gases, as were all samples from the passive-diffusion sampling sites.
\nIn 2015, concentrations of redox-sensitive constituents measured at all wells and piezometers were consistent with those measured in previous years, with dissolved oxygen concentrations all less than 1 milligram per liter; little to no detectable nitrate; abundant dissolved manganese, iron, and methane; and commonly detected sulfide. In the upper aquifer of the northern plantation in 2015, CVOC concentrations at all piezometers were similar to those measured in previous years, and concentrations of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were equivalent to the concentrations measured in 2014. In the upper aquifer of the southern plantation, CVOC concentrations measured in piezometers during 2015 continued to be variable as in previous years, and often very high, and reductive dechlorination byproducts were detected in one of the three wells and in piezometers. Beneath the marsh adjacent to the southern plantation, CVOC concentrations measured in 2015 continued to vary spatially and temporally, and were high. The total CVOC concentration, at what have been historically the most contaminated passive-diffusion sampler sites (S-4 T, S-4B T, and S-5 T), continued elevated trends, as did one of the new sampler sites (S-9 T) installed in 2015. For the intermediate aquifer in 2015, concentrations of reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene and CVOCs were consistent with those measured in previous years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds998","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Huffman, R.L., 2016, Groundwater geochemical and selected volatile organic compound data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, July 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 998, 55 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds998.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074626","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321393,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0998/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0998/ds998.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 998"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Division Keyport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Water Availability and Use Science Program (WAUSP) goals are to provide a more accurate assessment of the status of the water resources of the United States and assist in the determination of the quantity and quality of water that is available for beneficial uses. These assessments would identify long-term trends or changes in water availability since the 1950s in the United States and help to develop the basis for an improved ability to forecast water avail- ability for future economic, energy-production, and environmental uses. The National Water Census (http://water.usgs.gov/watercensus/), a research program of the WAUSP, supports studies to develop new water accounting tools and assess water availability at the regional and national scales. Studies supported by this program target focus areas with identified water availability concerns and topical science themes related to the use of water within a specific type of environmental setting. The topical study described in this fact sheet will focus on understanding the relation between production of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) for energy and the water needed to produce and sustain this type of energy development. This relation applies to the life-cycle of renewable and nonrenewable forms of UOG energy and includes extraction, production, refinement, delivery, and disposal of waste byproducts. Water-use data and models derived from this topical study will be applied to other similar oil and gas plays within the United States to help resource managers assess and account for water used or needed in these areas. Additionally, the results from this topical study will be used to further refine the methods used in compiling water-use data for selected categories (for example, mining, domestic self-supplied, public supply, and wastewater) in the USGS’s 5-year national water-use estimates reports (http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163032","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., Macek-Rowland, K.M., Thamke, J.N., Delzer, G.C., 2016, Estimating national water use associated with unconventional oil and gas development: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3032, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163032.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074182","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3032/fs20163032.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"18.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016–3032"},{"id":321363,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3032/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","contact":"Water Availability and Use Science Program
wausp-info@usgs.gov
Reston, Virginia 20192
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-05-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841ce4b0dae0d5e4c054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macek-Rowland, Kathleen M.","contributorId":50565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macek-Rowland","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thamke, Joanna N. 0000-0002-6917-1946 jothamke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-1946","contributorId":1012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"Joanna N.","email":"jothamke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70173942,"text":"70173942 - 2016 - Changes in habitat availability for outmigrating juvenile salmon (Oncorhychus spp.) following estuary restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:42:25","indexId":"70173942","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in habitat availability for outmigrating juvenile salmon (Oncorhychus spp.) following estuary restoration","docAbstract":"
The restoration of the Nisqually River Delta (Washington, U.S.A.) represents one of the largest efforts toward reestablishing the ecosystem function and resilience of modified habitat in the Puget Sound, particularly for anadromous salmonid species. The opportunity for outmigrating salmon to access and benefit from the expansion of available tidal habitat can be quantified by several physical attributes, which are related to the ecological and physiological responses of juvenile salmon. We monitored a variety of physical parameters to measure changes in opportunity potential from historic, pre-restoration, and post-restoration habitat conditions at several sites across the delta. These parameters included channel morphology, water quality, tidal elevation, and landscape connectivity. We conducted fish catch surveys across the delta to determine if salmon was utilizing restored estuary habitat. Overall major channel area increased 42% and major channel length increased 131% from pre- to post-restoration conditions. Furthermore, the results of our tidal inundation model indicated that major channels were accessible up to 75% of the time, as opposed to 30% pre-restoration. Outmigrating salmon utilized this newly accessible habitat as quickly as 1 year post-restoration. The presence of salmon in restored tidal channels confirmed rapid post-restoration increases in opportunity potential on the delta despite habitat quality differences between restored and reference sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/rec.12333","usgsCitation":"Ellings, C.S., Davis, M.J., Grossman, E., Hodgson, S., Turner, K.L., Woo PR, I., Nakai, G., Takekawa, J.E., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2016, Changes in habitat availability for outmigrating juvenile salmon (Oncorhychus spp.) following estuary restoration: Restoration Ecology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12333.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"427","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065021","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n 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melaniedavis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1734-7177","contributorId":172120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Melanie","email":"melaniedavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grossman, Eric E. 0000-0003-0269-6307 egrossman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6307","contributorId":140908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Eric E.","email":"egrossman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":639644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hodgson, Sayre","contributorId":172121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodgson","given":"Sayre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26985,"text":"Nisqually Indian Tribe, Olympia, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":639647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Turner, Kelley L.","contributorId":146990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"Kelley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16767,"text":"WERC, USGS former employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":639648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Woo PR, Isa iwoo@usgs.gov","contributorId":172122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo PR","given":"Isa","email":"iwoo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nakai, Glynnis","contributorId":172123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakai","given":"Glynnis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26986,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nisqually Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, Olympia, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":639650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Takekawa, Jean E.","contributorId":146991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takekawa","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16768,"text":"USFWS, Nisqually NWR, Olympia, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":639652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":639651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70171044,"text":"70171044 - 2016 - Ecology of nonnative Siberian prawn (Palaemon modestus) in the lower Snake River, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-09T10:34:31","indexId":"70171044","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":863,"text":"Aquatic Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology of nonnative Siberian prawn (Palaemon modestus) in the lower Snake River, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"We assessed the abundance, distribution, and ecology of the nonnative Siberian prawn Palaemon modestus in the lower Snake River, Washington, USA. Analysis of prawn passage abundance at three Snake River dams showed that populations are growing at exponential rates, especially at Little Goose Dam where over 464,000 prawns were collected in 2015. Monthly beam trawling during 2011–2013 provided information on prawn abundance and distribution in Lower Granite and Little Goose Reservoirs. Zero-inflated regression predicted that the probability of prawn presence increased with decreasing water velocity and increasing depth. Negative binomial models predicted higher catch rates of prawns in deeper water and in closer proximity to dams. Temporally, prawn densities decreased slightly in the summer, likely due to the mortality of older individuals, and then increased in autumn and winter with the emergence and recruitment of young of the year. Seasonal length frequencies showed that distinct juvenile and adult size classes exist throughout the year, suggesting prawns live from 1 to 2 years and may be able to reproduce multiple times during their life. Most juvenile prawns become reproductive adults in 1 year, and peak reproduction occurs from late July through October. Mean fecundity (189 eggs) and reproductive output (11.9 %) are similar to that in their native range. The current use of deep habitats by prawns likely makes them unavailable to most predators in the reservoirs. The distribution and role of Siberian prawns in the lower Snake River food web will probably continue to change as the population grows and warrants continued monitoring and investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10452-016-9581-4","usgsCitation":"Erhardt, J.M., and Tiffan, K.F., 2016, Ecology of nonnative Siberian prawn (Palaemon modestus) in the lower Snake River, Washington, USA: Aquatic Ecology, v. 50, no. 4, p. 607-621, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-016-9581-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"621","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072347","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 46.1912395780416\n ],\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 46.848921470800455\n ],\n [\n -116.83959960937499,\n 46.848921470800455\n ],\n [\n -116.83959960937499,\n 46.1912395780416\n ],\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 46.1912395780416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841be4b0dae0d5e4c04d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erhardt, John M. 0000-0002-5170-285X jerhardt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-285X","contributorId":5380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erhardt","given":"John","email":"jerhardt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171041,"text":"70171041 - 2016 - Value-focused framework for defining landscape-scale conservation targets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-18T09:42:13","indexId":"70171041","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2142,"text":"Journal for Nature Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Value-focused framework for defining landscape-scale conservation targets","docAbstract":"Conservation of natural resources can be challenging in a rapidly changing world and require collaborative efforts for success. Conservation planning is the process of deciding how to protect, conserve, and enhance or minimize loss of natural and cultural resources. Establishing conservation targets (also called indicators or endpoints), the measurable expressions of desired resource conditions, can help with site-specific up to landscape-scale conservation planning. Using conservation targets and tracking them through time can deliver benefits such as insight into ecosystem health and providing early warnings about undesirable trends. We describe an approach using value-focused thinking to develop statewide conservation targets for Florida. Using such an approach allowed us to first identify stakeholder objectives and then define conservation targets to meet those objectives. Stakeholders were able to see how their shared efforts fit into the broader conservation context, and also anticipate the benefits of multi-agency and -organization collaboration. We developed an iterative process for large-scale conservation planning that included defining a shared framework for the process, defining the conservation targets themselves, as well as developing management and monitoring strategies for evaluation of their effectiveness. The process we describe is applicable to other geographies where multiple parties are seeking to implement collaborative, large-scale biological planning.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2016.04.005","usgsCitation":"Romanach, S.S., Benscoter, A.M., and Brandt, L., 2016, Value-focused framework for defining landscape-scale conservation targets: Journal for Nature Conservation, v. 32, p. 53-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.04.005.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"61","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070143","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.04.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321378,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841ce4b0dae0d5e4c05e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romanach, Stephanie S. 0000-0003-0271-7825 sromanach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-7825","contributorId":140419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanach","given":"Stephanie","email":"sromanach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benscoter, Allison M.","contributorId":57781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benscoter","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, Laura A.","contributorId":18608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandt","given":"Laura A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171561,"text":"70171561 - 2016 - Where is the hot rock and where is the ground water— Using CSAMT to map beneath and around Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T15:15:08.645034","indexId":"70171561","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3928,"text":"Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics","printIssn":"1083-1363","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Where is the hot rock and where is the ground water— Using CSAMT to map beneath and around Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"We have observed several new features in recent controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) soundings on and around Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA. We have identified the approximate location of a strong electrical conductor at the edges of and beneath the 2004–08 dome. We interpret this conductor to be hot brine at the hot-intrusive-cold-rock interface. This contact can be found within 50 meters of the receiver station on Spine 5, which extruded between April and July of 2005. We have also mapped separate regional and glacier-dome aquifers, which lie one atop the other, out to considerable distances from the volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society","doi":"10.2113/JEEG21.2.79","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J., Mosbrucker, A.R., Pierce, H., and Spicer, K.R., 2016, Where is the hot rock and where is the ground water— Using CSAMT to map beneath and around Mount St. Helens: Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics, v. 21, no. 2, p. 79-87, https://doi.org/10.2113/JEEG21.2.79.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"87","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063937","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 45.77901739936284\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 46.69843486113957\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 46.69843486113957\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 45.77901739936284\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 45.77901739936284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5752aa3ae4b053f0edd13ec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosbrucker, Adam R. 0000-0003-0298-0324 amosbrucker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0298-0324","contributorId":4968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosbrucker","given":"Adam","email":"amosbrucker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Herbert hpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":170019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Herbert","email":"hpierce@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spicer, Kurt R. 0000-0001-5030-3198 krspicer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3198","contributorId":2684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Kurt","email":"krspicer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171057,"text":"70171057 - 2016 - Continuous 1985-2012 Landsat monitoring to assess fire effects on meadows in Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-18T09:17:59","indexId":"70171057","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous 1985-2012 Landsat monitoring to assess fire effects on meadows in Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"To assess how montane meadow vegetation recovered after a wildfire that occurred in Yosemite National Park, CA in 1996, Google Earth Engine image processing was applied to leverage the entire Landsat Thematic Mapper archive from 1985 to 2012. Vegetation greenness (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) was summarized every 16 days across the 28-year Landsat time series for 26 meadows. Disturbance event detection was hindered by the subtle influence of low-severity fire on meadow vegetation. A hard break (August 1996) was identified corresponding to the Ackerson Fire, and monthly composites were used to compare NDVI values and NDVI trends within burned and unburned meadows before, immediately after, and continuously for more than a decade following the fire date. Results indicate that NDVI values were significantly lower at 95% confidence level for burned meadows following the fire date, yet not significantly lower at 95% confidence level in the unburned meadows. Burned meadows continued to exhibit lower monthly NDVI in the dormant season through 2012. Over the entire monitoring period, the negative-trending, dormant season NDVI slopes in the burned meadows were also significantly lower than unburned meadows at 90% confidence level. Lower than average NDVI values and slopes in the dormant season compared to unburned meadows, coupled with photographic evidence, strongly suggest that evergreen vegetation was removed from the periphery of some meadows after the fire. These analyses provide insight into how satellite imagery can be used to monitor low-severity fire effects on meadow vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs8050371","usgsCitation":"Soulard, C.E., Albano, C.M., Villarreal, M.L., and Walker, J.J., 2016, Continuous 1985-2012 Landsat monitoring to assess fire effects on meadows in Yosemite National Park, California: Remote Sensing, v. 8, no. 5, Article 371; 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050371.","productDescription":"Article 371; 16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070750","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050371","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.79904174804688,\n 37.821175249016726\n ],\n [\n -119.79904174804688,\n 37.970725990064786\n ],\n [\n -119.59991455078124,\n 37.970725990064786\n ],\n [\n -119.59991455078124,\n 37.821175249016726\n ],\n [\n -119.79904174804688,\n 37.821175249016726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841be4b0dae0d5e4c049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albano, Christine M.","contributorId":169455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Albano","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L. 0000-0003-0720-1422 mvillarreal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-1422","contributorId":1424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel","email":"mvillarreal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, Jessica J. 0000-0002-3225-0317 jjwalker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-0317","contributorId":169458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Jessica","email":"jjwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171046,"text":"70171046 - 2016 - Landsat 8 and ICESat-2: Performance and potential synergies for quantifying dryland ecosystem vegetation cover and biomass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T17:34:52","indexId":"70171046","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat 8 and ICESat-2: Performance and potential synergies for quantifying dryland ecosystem vegetation cover and biomass","docAbstract":"The Landsat 8 mission provides new opportunities for quantifying the distribution of above-ground carbon at moderate spatial resolution across the globe, and in particular drylands. Furthermore, coupled with structural information from space-based and airborne laser altimetry, Landsat 8 provides powerful capabilities for large-area, long-term studies that quantify temporal and spatial changes in above-ground biomass and cover. With the planned launch of ICESat-2 in 2017 and thus the potential to couple Landsat 8 and ICESat-2 data, we have unprecedented opportunities to address key challenges in drylands, including quantifying fuel loads, habitat quality, biodiversity, carbon cycling, and desertification.
\nIn this study, we explore the strengths of Landsat 8's Operational Land Imager (OLI) in estimating vegetation structure in a dryland ecosystem, and compare these results to Landsat 5's Thematic Mapper (TM). We also demonstrate the potential of OLI when coupled with light detection and ranging (lidar) in estimating vegetation cover and biomass in a dryland ecosystem. The OLI and TM predictions were similarly positive, indicating data from these sensors may be used in tandem for long-term time-series analysis. Results indicate shrub and herbaceous cover are well predicted with multi-temporal OLI data, and a combination of OLI and lidar derivatives improves most of these estimates and reduces uncertainty. For example, significant improvements were made for shrub cover (R2 = 0.64 and 0.78 using OLI only and both OLI and lidar data, respectively). Importantly, a time series of OLI, with some improvement from lidar, provides strong estimates of herbaceous cover (68% of the variance is explained with OLI alone). In contrast, OLI data explain roughly 59% of the variance in total shrub biomass, however approximately 71% of the variance is explained when combined with lidar derivatives.
\nTo estimate the potential synergies of OLI and ICESat-2 we used simulated ICESat-2 photon data to predict vegetation structure. In a shrubland environment with a vegetation mean height of 1 m and mean vegetation cover of 33%, vegetation photons are able to explain nearly 50% of the variance in vegetation height. These results, and those from a comparison site, suggest that a lower detection threshold of ICESat-2 may be in the range of 30% canopy cover and roughly 1 m height in comparable dryland environments and these detection thresholds could be used to combine future ICESat-2 photon data with OLI spectral data for improved vegetation structure. Overall, the synergistic use of Landsat 8 and ICESat-2 may improve estimates of above-ground biomass and carbon storage in drylands that meet these minimum thresholds, increasing our ability to monitor drylands for fuel loading and the potential to sequester carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.039","usgsCitation":"Glenn, N.F., Neuenschwander, A., Vierling, L.A., Spaete, L., Li, A., Shinneman, D.J., Pilliod, D.S., Arkle, R., and McIlroy, S., 2016, Landsat 8 and ICESat-2: Performance and potential synergies for quantifying dryland ecosystem vegetation cover and biomass: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 185, p. 233-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.039.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065442","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841ce4b0dae0d5e4c05b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Nancy F.","contributorId":95321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuenschwander, Amy","contributorId":169442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neuenschwander","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vierling, Lee A.","contributorId":169443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vierling","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spaete, Lucas","contributorId":169444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spaete","given":"Lucas","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Li, Aihua","contributorId":169445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Aihua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shinneman, Douglas J. 0000-0002-4909-5181 dshinneman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-5181","contributorId":147745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinneman","given":"Douglas","email":"dshinneman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":149254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Arkle, Robert 0000-0003-3021-1389 rarkle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-1389","contributorId":149893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arkle","given":"Robert","email":"rarkle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McIlroy, Susan K. 0000-0001-5088-3700 smcilroy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-3700","contributorId":169446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIlroy","given":"Susan","email":"smcilroy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70171048,"text":"70171048 - 2016 - Ecosystem engineering of harvester ants: Effects on vegetation in a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T16:21:16.835759","indexId":"70171048","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem engineering of harvester ants: Effects on vegetation in a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem","docAbstract":"Harvester ants are influential in many ecosystems because they distribute and consume seeds, remove vegetation, and redistribute soil particles and nutrients. Understanding the interaction between harvester ants and plant communities is important for management and restoration efforts, particularly in systems altered by fire and invasive species such as the sagebrush-steppe. Our objective was to evaluate how vegetation cover changed as a function of distance from Owyhee harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex salinus) nests within a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. We sampled 105 harvester ant nests within southern Idaho, USA, that occurred in different habitats: annual grassland, perennial grassland, and native shrubland. The influence of Owyhee harvester ants on vegetation was larger at the edge of ant nests, but the relationship was inconsistent among plant species. Percent cover was positively associated with distance from harvester ant nests for plant species that were considered undesirable food sources and were densely distributed. However, percent cover was negatively associated with distance-from-nests for patchily distributed and desirable plant species. For some plant species, there was no change in cover associated with distance-from-nests. Total vegetation cover was associated with distance-from-nests in the shrubland habitat but not in the 2 grasslands. The dominant plant species in the shrubland habitat was a densely distributed shrub (winterfat, Krascheninnikovia lanata) that was defoliated by harvester ants. Our results suggest that Owyhee harvester ants increase spatial heterogeneity in plant communities through plant clearing, but the direction and magnitude of effect will likely be contingent on the dominant vegetation groups. This information may inform future management and plant restoration efforts in sagebrush-steppe by directly considering the islands of influence associated with harvester ant engineering.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.3398/064.076.0109","usgsCitation":"Gosselin, E., Holbrook, J.D., Huggler, K., Brown, E., Vierling, K.T., Arkle, R., and Pilliod, D.S., 2016, Ecosystem engineering of harvester ants: Effects on vegetation in a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem: Western North American Naturalist, v. 76, no. 1, p. 82-89, https://doi.org/10.3398/064.076.0109.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064940","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol76/iss1/8","text":"External Repository"},{"id":321372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3397216796875,\n 43.074906886631524\n ],\n [\n -115.9112548828125,\n 43.074906886631524\n ],\n [\n -115.9112548828125,\n 43.38309377382831\n ],\n [\n -116.3397216796875,\n 43.38309377382831\n ],\n [\n -116.3397216796875,\n 43.074906886631524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841be4b0dae0d5e4c051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gosselin, Elyce","contributorId":169447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gosselin","given":"Elyce","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holbrook, Joseph D.","contributorId":140098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13384,"text":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huggler, Katey","contributorId":169448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huggler","given":"Katey","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Emily","contributorId":169449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vierling, Kerri T.","contributorId":140099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vierling","given":"Kerri","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13384,"text":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arkle, Robert 0000-0003-3021-1389 rarkle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-1389","contributorId":149893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arkle","given":"Robert","email":"rarkle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":149254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70171055,"text":"70171055 - 2016 - A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-16T11:18:51","indexId":"70171055","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States","docAbstract":"The historical and pre-settlement relationships between drought and wildfire are well documented in North America, with forest fire occurrence and area clearly increasing in response to drought. There is also evidence that drought interacts with other controls (forest productivity, topography, fire weather, management activities) to affect fire intensity, severity, extent, and frequency. Fire regime characteristics arise across many individual fires at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, so both weather and climate—including short- and long-term droughts—are important and influence several, but not all, aspects of fire regimes. We review relationships between drought and fire regimes in United States forests, fire-related drought metrics and expected changes in fire risk, and implications for fire management under climate change. Collectively, this points to a conceptual model of fire on real landscapes: fire regimes, and how they change through time, are products of fuels and how other factors affect their availability (abundance, arrangement, continuity) and flammability (moisture, chemical composition). Climate, management, and land use all affect availability, flammability, and probability of ignition differently in different parts of North America. From a fire ecology perspective, the concept of drought varies with scale, application, scientific or management objective, and ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gcb.13275","usgsCitation":"Littell, J.S., Peterson, D.L., Riley, K.L., Liu, Y., and Luce, C.H., 2016, A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States: Global Change Biology, v. 22, no. 7, p. 2353-2369, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13275.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2353","endPage":"2369","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070107","costCenters":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573d841ae4b0dae0d5e4c036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littell, Jeremy S. 0000-0002-5302-8280 jlittell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-8280","contributorId":4428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littell","given":"Jeremy","email":"jlittell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, David L.","contributorId":94643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, Karin L.","contributorId":169453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"Karin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25512,"text":"US Forest Service Fire Science Lab","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Yongquiang","contributorId":169454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Yongquiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25513,"text":"USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luce, Charles H.","contributorId":65980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170977,"text":"fs20163033 - 2016 - Building science-based groundwater tools and capacity in Armenia for the Ararat Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T19:58:10","indexId":"fs20163033","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3033","title":"Building science-based groundwater tools and capacity in Armenia for the Ararat Basin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) began a study in 2016 to help build science-based groundwater tools and capacity for the Ararat Basin in Armenia. The growth of aquaculture and other uses in the Ararat Basin has been accompanied by increased withdrawals of groundwater, which has resulted in a reduction of artesian conditions (decreased springflow, well discharges, and water levels) including loss of flowing wells in many places (Armenia Branch of Mendez England and Associates, 2014; Yu and others, 2015). This study is in partnership with USAID/Armenia in the implementation of its Science, Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (STIP) effort through the Advanced Science and Partnerships for Integrated Resource Development (ASPIRED) program and associated partners, including the Government of Armenia, Armenia’s Hydrogeological Monitoring Center, and the USAID Global Development Lab and its GeoCenter. Scientific tools will be developed through this study that groundwater-resource managers, such as those in the Ministry of Nature Protection, in Armenia can use to understand and predict the consequences of their resource management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163033","collaboration":"United States Agency for International Development","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., Valder, J.F., Anderson, M.T., Meyer, Patrick, and Eimers, J.L., 2016, Building science-based groundwater tools and capacity in Armenia for the Ararat Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3033, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163033.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075909","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3033/fs20163033.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"1.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Fact Sheet 2016–3033"},{"id":321329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3033/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Armenia, Turkey","otherGeospatial":"Ararat Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 44.75,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n 44.75,\n 39.4\n ],\n [\n 43.75,\n 39.4\n ],\n [\n 43.75,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n 44.75,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, South Dakota 57702
This study examined links among fluvial, aeolian, and hillslope geomorphic processes that affect archeological sites and surrounding landscapes in the Colorado River corridor downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. We assessed the potential for Colorado River sediment to enhance the preservation of river-corridor archeological resources through aeolian sand deposition or mitigation of gully erosion. By identifying locally prevailing wind directions, locations of modern sandbars, and likely aeolian-transport barriers, we determined that relatively few archeological sites are now ideally situated to receive aeolian sand supply from sandbars deposited by recent controlled floods. Whereas three-fourths of the 358 river-corridor archeological sites we examined include Colorado River sediment as an integral component of their geomorphic context, only 32 sites currently appear to have a high degree of connectivity (coupled interactions) between modern fluvial sandbars and sand-dominated landscapes downwind. This represents a substantial decrease from past decades, as determined by aerial-photograph analysis. Thus, we infer that recent controlled floods have had a limited, and declining, influence on archeological-site preservation.
\nWithin the study area, overland-flow (gully) erosion is less severe in sand landscapes with active aeolian sand than in landscapes that lack aeolian transport; gullies terminate more commonly in active sand (sand that is mobile by wind rather than stabilized by biologic soil crust). We infer that these characteristics largely result from aeolian sand transport being an effective gully-limiting and gully-annealing mechanism. Aeolian sand activity in the river corridor varies substantially as a function of reach morphology and dominant wind direction relative to the river-corridor orientation, factors that control accommodation space for river-derived sand and the modern sand supply to aeolian dunes. These attributes, together with an inverse correlation between aeolian sand activity and gully occurrence, define varying degrees of net long-term gully-erosion risk for sediment deposits and associated archeological sites in different regions of the river corridor. Over most of the river corridor, including some of the archeologically richest regions, sand is too inactive with respect to aeolian transport to anneal gullies effectively. At eight selected archeological sites that we studied with high-resolution terrestrial lidar scans for more than a year, sand loss by overland flow (gully erosion) and aeolian deflation generally exceeded deposition, such that erosion dominated over most monitoring intervals—even at four sites with strong connectivity to modern sand supply.
\nThe Glen Canyon reach of the river corridor appears especially vulnerable to gully erosion. Among the sites that we monitored in detail, erosion generally dominated over deposition to a greater degree at four Glen Canyon sites with no modern sand supply than at four Marble–Grand Canyon sites with aeolian sand supply from controlled-flood sandbars. Although gross annual-scale erosion rates were similar among the Glen Canyon sites and among the Marble–Grand Canyon sites, a relative lack of depositional processes led to greater net erosion at the Glen Canyon sites. Having found no differences in weather patterns to suggest greater erosive forcing in Glen Canyon, and no conclusively influential differences in the slope or watershed area contributing to gully formation, we attribute the greater erosion at the Glen Canyon sites to a combination of inherent geomorphic context (high terraces that do not receive modern sediment supply) and pronounced effects of postdam sediment-supply limitation.
\nWe conclude that most of the river-corridor archeological sites are at elevated risk of net erosion under present dam operations. In the present flow regime, controlled floods do not simulate the magnitude or frequency of natural floods, and are not large enough to deposit sand at elevations that were flooded at annual to decadal intervals in predam time. For archeological sites that depend upon river-derived sand, we infer elevated erosion risk owing to a combination of reduced sand supply (both fluvial and aeolian) through (1) the lower-than-natural flood magnitude, frequency, and sediment supply of the controlled-flooding protocol; (2) reduction of open, dry sand area available for wind redistribution under current normal (nonflood) dam operations, which do not include flows as low as natural seasonal low flows and do include substantial daily flow fluctuations; and (3) impeded aeolian sand entrainment and transport owing to increased riparian vegetation growth in the absence of larger, more-frequent floods. If dam operations were to increase the supply of sand available for windblown transport—for example, through larger floods, sediment augmentation, or increased fluvial sandbar exposure by low flows—and also decrease riparian vegetation, the prevalence of active aeolian sand could increase over time, and the propensity for unmitigated gully erosion could decrease. Although the evolution of river-corridor landscapes and archeological sites has been altered fundamentally by the lack of large, sediment-rich floods (flows on the order of 5,000 m3/s), some combination of sediment-rich flows above 1,270 m3/s, seasonal flows below 226 m3/s, and riparian-vegetation removal might increase the preservation potential for sand-dependent archeological resources in the Colorado River corridor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1825","usgsCitation":"East, A.E., Collins, B.D., Sankey, J.B., Corbett, S.C., Fairley, H.C., and Caster, J., 2016, Conditions and processes affecting sand resources at archeological sites in the Colorado River corridor below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1825, 104 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/pp1825.","productDescription":"ix, 104 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066266","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1825/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321262,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1825/pp1825.pdf","text":"Report","size":"30.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP1825"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River corridor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.555,\n 37.05\n ],\n [\n -114.555,\n 35.45\n ],\n [\n -110.75,\n 35.45\n ],\n [\n -110.75,\n 37.05\n ],\n [\n -114.555,\n 37.05\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"SBSC Staff, Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/
The original National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) was extensively modified to increase the spatial sampling density and to improve performance in water ranging from 3 to 44 meters (m). The new (EAARL-B) sensor features a higher spatial density that was achieved by optically splitting each laser pulse into three pulses spatially separated by 1.6 m along the flight track and 2.0 m across the flight track, on the water surface when flown at a nominal altitude of 300 m (984 feet). The sample spacing can be optionally increased to 1.0 m across the flight track. Improved depth capability was achieved by increasing the total peak laser power by a factor of 10 and by designing a new “deep-water” receiver, which is optimized to exclusively receive refracted and scattered light from deeper water (15–44 m).
\nTwo different clear-water flight missions were conducted over the U.S. Navy's South Florida Testing Facility (SFTF) to determine the EAARL-B calibration coefficients. The SFTF is an established lidar calibration range located in the coastal waters southeast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. We used 23 selected polygons at 23 distinct depths to compare a reference dataset from this site to determine EAARL-B calibration constants over the depth range of 6.5 to 34 m.
\nWe also conducted a near-simultaneous single-beam jet-ski-based sonar survey of selected transects ranging from 1 to 33 m depth in the same area. The near-concurrent jet ski data were used to evaluate the EAARL-B performance over the depth range from 0.9 to 10 m. The more timely jet ski data were necessary because the primary reference dataset was 9 years old, and areas shallower than 6.5 m are dominated by shifting sand. We determined the jet ski data were not useful as a calibration reference in water deeper than 10 m due to large uncertainty in the vertical measurement introduced by the lack of any sensor orientation data, that is, for pitch, roll, and heading to correct the measured slant range to a vertical measurement.
\nThe resulting calibrated EAARL-B data were then analyzed and compared with the original reference dataset, the jet-ski-based dataset from the same Fort Lauderdale site, as well as the depth-accuracy requirements of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). We do not claim to meet all of the IHO requirements and standards. The IHO minimum depth-accuracy requirements were used as a reference only and we do not address the other IHO requirements such as “ Full Seafloor Search”. Our results show good agreement between the calibrated EAARL-B data and all reference datasets, with results that are within the 95 percent depth accuracy of the IHO Order 1 (a and b) depth-accuracy requirements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161048","usgsCitation":"Wright, C.W., Kranenburg, C.J., Troche, R.J., Mitchell, R.W., and, Nagle, D.B., 2016, Depth calibration of the experimental advanced airborne research lidar, EAARL-B: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1048, 23 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161048.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 22 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061552","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1048/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320951,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F79S1P4S","text":"Data Release"},{"id":320938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1048/ofr20161048.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1048"}],"contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502-8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Geolocators are useful for tracking movements of long-distance migrants, but potential negative effects on birds have not been well studied. We tested for effects of geolocators (0.8–2.0 g total, representing 0.1–3.9 % of mean body mass) on 16 species of migratory shorebirds, including five species with 2–4 subspecies each for a total of 23 study taxa. Study species spanned a range of body sizes (26–1091 g) and eight genera, and were tagged at 23 breeding and eight nonbreeding sites. We compared breeding performance and return rates of birds with geolocators to control groups while controlling for potential confounding variables.
\nWe detected negative effects of tags for three small-bodied species. Geolocators reduced annual return rates for two of 23 taxa: by 63 % for semipalmated sandpipers and by 43 % for the arcticola subspecies of dunlin. High resighting effort for geolocator birds could have masked additional negative effects. Geolocators were more likely to negatively affect return rates if the total mass of geolocators and color markers was 2.5–5.8 % of body mass than if tags were 0.3–2.3 % of body mass. Carrying a geolocator reduced nest success by 42 % for semipalmated sandpipers and tripled the probability of partial clutch failure in semipalmated and western sandpipers. Geolocators mounted perpendicular to the leg on a flag had stronger negative effects on nest success than geolocators mounted parallel to the leg on a band. However, parallel-band geolocators were more likely to reduce return rates and cause injuries to the leg. No effects of geolocators were found on breeding movements or changes in body mass. Among-site variation in geolocator effect size was high, suggesting that local factors were important.
\nNegative effects of geolocators occurred only for three of the smallest species in our dataset, but were substantial when present. Future studies could mitigate impacts of tags by reducing protruding parts and minimizing use of additional markers. Investigators could maximize recovery of tags by strategically deploying geolocators on males, previously marked individuals, and successful breeders, though targeting subsets of a population could bias the resulting migratory movement data in some species.
\nWe applied a management strategy evaluation (MSE) model to examine the potential cost-effectiveness of using pheromone-baited trapping along with conventional lampricide treatment to manage invasive sea lamprey. Four pheromone-baited trapping strategies were modeled: (1) stream activation wherein pheromone was applied to existing traps to achieve 10−12 mol/L in-stream concentration, (2) stream activation plus two additional traps downstream with pheromone applied at 2.5 mg/hr (reverse-intercept approach), (3) trap activation wherein pheromone was applied at 10 mg/hr to existing traps, and (4) trap activation and reverse-intercept approach. Each new strategy was applied, with remaining funds applied to conventional lampricide control. Simulating deployment of these hybrid strategies on fourteen Lake Michigan streams resulted in increases of 17 and 11% (strategies 1 and 2) and decreases of 4 and 7% (strategies 3 and 4) of the lakewide mean abundance of adult sea lamprey relative to status quo. MSE revealed performance targets for trap efficacy to guide additional research because results indicate that combining lampricides and high efficacy trapping technologies can reduce sea lamprey abundance on average without increasing control costs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Resource Modeling Association","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12096","usgsCitation":"Dawson, H., Jones, M.L., Irwin, B.J., Johnson, N., Wagner, C., and Szymanski, M., 2016, Management strategy evaluation of pheromone-baited trapping techniques to improve management of invasive sea lamprey: Natural Resource Modeling, v. 29, no. 3, p. 448-469, https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12096.","startPage":"448","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064352","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/133607","text":"External Repository"},{"id":326443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57aef343e4b0fc09faae03a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Heather","contributorId":96577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Heather","affiliations":[{"id":27267,"text":"University of Michigan-Flint","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":139526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6596,"text":"Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irwin, Brian J. 0000-0002-0666-2641 bjirwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0666-2641","contributorId":4037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"Brian","email":"bjirwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":150983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas S.","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wagner, C. Michael","contributorId":173006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"C. Michael","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szymanski, Melissa","contributorId":173647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szymanski","given":"Melissa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27267,"text":"University of Michigan-Flint","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170990,"text":"70170990 - 2016 - Regional oxygen reduction and denitrification rates in groundwater from multi-model residence time distributions, San Joaquin Valley, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T10:01:55","indexId":"70170990","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-17T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional oxygen reduction and denitrification rates in groundwater from multi-model residence time distributions, San Joaquin Valley, USA","docAbstract":"Rates of oxygen and nitrate reduction are key factors in determining the chemical evolution of groundwater. Little is known about how these rates vary and covary in regional groundwater settings, as few studies have focused on regional datasets with multiple tracers and methods of analysis that account for effects of mixed residence times on apparent reaction rates. This study provides insight into the characteristics of residence times and rates of O2 reduction and denitrification (NO3− reduction) by comparing reaction rates using multi-model analytical residence time distributions (RTDs) applied to a data set of atmospheric tracers of groundwater age and geochemical data from 141 well samples in the Central Eastern San Joaquin Valley, CA. The RTD approach accounts for mixtures of residence times in a single sample to provide estimates of in-situ rates. Tracers included SF6, CFCs, 3H, He from 3H (tritiogenic He),14C, and terrigenic He. Parameter estimation and multi-model averaging were used to establish RTDs with lower error variances than those produced by individual RTD models. The set of multi-model RTDs was used in combination with NO3− and dissolved gas data to estimate zero order and first order rates of O2 reduction and denitrification. Results indicated that O2 reduction and denitrification rates followed approximately log-normal distributions. Rates of O2 and NO3− reduction were correlated and, on an electron milliequivalent basis, denitrification rates tended to exceed O2 reduction rates. Estimated historical NO3− trends were similar to historical measurements. Results show that the multi-model approach can improve estimation of age distributions, and that relatively easily measured O2 rates can provide information about trends in denitrification rates, which are more difficult to estimate.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geophysical Society","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.018","usgsCitation":"Green, C.T., Jurgens, B.C., Zhang, Y., Starn, J., Singleton, M.J., and Esser, B.K., 2016, Regional oxygen reduction and denitrification rates in groundwater from multi-model residence time distributions, San Joaquin Valley, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 145, p. 47-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.018.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067486","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.018","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"145","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d566fe4b07e28b667f7a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Christopher T. 0000-0002-6480-8194 ctgreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":1343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X bjurgens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":127842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant","email":"bjurgens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Yong","contributorId":19029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Yong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starn, Jeffrey jjstarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":149231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jjstarn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Singleton, Michael J.","contributorId":44400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singleton","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esser, Bradley K.","contributorId":33161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esser","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170997,"text":"70170997 - 2016 - Nitrosation and nitration of fulvic acid, peat and coal with nitric acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T10:47:46","indexId":"70170997","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-17T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrosation and nitration of fulvic acid, peat and coal with nitric acid","docAbstract":"Nitrohumic acids, produced from base extraction of coals and peats oxidized with nitric acid, have received considerable attention as soil ammendments in agriculture. The nitration chemistry however is incompletely understood. Moreover, there is a need to understand the reaction of nitric acid with natural organic matter (NOM) in general, in the context of a variety of environmental and biogeochemical processes. Suwannee River NOM, Suwannee River fulvic acid, and Pahokee Peat fulvic acid were treated with 15N-labeled nitric acid at concentrations ranging from 15% to 22% and analyzed by liquid and solid state 15N NMR spectroscopy. Bulk Pahokee peat and Illinois #6 coal were also treated with nitric acid, at 29% and 40% respectively, and analyzed by solid state 15N NMR spectroscopy. In addition to nitro groups from nitration of aromatic carbon, the 15N NMR spectra of all five samples exhibited peaks attributable to nitrosation reactions. These include nitrosophenol peaks in the peat fulvic acid and Suwannee River samples, from nitrosation of phenolic rings, and N-nitroso groups in the peat samples, from nitrosation of secondary amides or amines, the latter consistent with the peat samples having the highest naturally abundant nitrogen contents. Peaks attributable to Beckmann and secondary reactions of the initially formed oximes were present in all spectra, including primary amide, secondary amide, lactam, and nitrile nitrogens. The degree of secondary reaction product formation resulting from nitrosation reactions appeared to correlate inversely with the 13C aromaticities of the samples. The nitrosation reactions are most plausibly effected by nitrous acid formed from the reduction of nitric acid by oxidizable substrates in the NOM and coal samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0154981","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., and Cox, L.G., 2016, Nitrosation and nitration of fulvic acid, peat and coal with nitric acid: PLoS ONE, v. 11, no. 5, e0154981: 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154981.","productDescription":"e0154981: 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066627","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321277,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573ee3d2e4b04a3a6a24ad3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, Kevin A. 0000-0003-2236-5193 kathorn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-5193","contributorId":3288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Kevin","email":"kathorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Larry G. lgcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":3310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Larry","email":"lgcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":629381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174002,"text":"70174002 - 2016 - The potassic sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, as seen by ChemCam Onboard Curiosity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-16T15:19:50","indexId":"70174002","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-17T03:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The potassic sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, as seen by ChemCam Onboard Curiosity","docAbstract":"The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity encountered potassium-rich clastic sedimentary rocks at two sites in Gale Crater, the waypoints Cooperstown and Kimberley. These rocks include several distinct meters thick sedimentary outcrops ranging from fine sandstone to conglomerate, interpreted to record an ancient fluvial or fluvio-deltaic depositional system. From ChemCam Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) chemical analyses, this suite of sedimentary rocks has an overall mean K2O abundance that is more than 5 times higher than that of the average Martian crust. The combined analysis of ChemCam data with stratigraphic and geographic locations reveals that the mean K2O abundance increases upward through the stratigraphic section. Chemical analyses across each unit can be represented as mixtures of several distinct chemical components, i.e., mineral phases, including K-bearing minerals, mafic silicates, Fe-oxides, and Fe-hydroxide/oxyhydroxides. Possible K-bearing minerals include alkali feldspar (including anorthoclase and sanidine) and K-bearing phyllosilicate such as illite. Mixtures of different source rocks, including a potassium-rich rock located on the rim and walls of Gale Crater, are the likely origin of observed chemical variations within each unit. Physical sorting may have also played a role in the enrichment in K in the Kimberley formation. The occurrence of these potassic sedimentary rocks provides additional evidence for the chemical diversity of the crust exposed at Gale Crater.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2015JE004987","usgsCitation":"Le Deit, L., Mangold, N., Forni, O., Cousin, A., Lasue, J., Schröder, S., Wiens, R.C., Sumner, D.Y., Fabre, C., Stack, K.M., Anderson, R.B., Blaney, D.L., Clegg, S.M., Dromart, G., Fisk, M., Gasnault, O., Grotzinger, J., Gupta, S., Lanza, N., Le Mouelic, S., Maurice, S., McLennan, S.M., Meslin, P., Nachon, M., Newsom, H.E., Payre, V., Rapin, W., Rice, M., Sautter, V., and Treiman, A.H., 2016, The potassic sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, as seen by ChemCam Onboard Curiosity: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 121, no. 5, p. 784-804, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004987.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"784","endPage":"804","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071690","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science 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Samples were collected from 9 Great Lakes beaches, 3 creeks, and 4 beach parking lots. Shoreline wrack samples were mainly composed of wood chips, straw, sticks, leaf litter, seeds, feathers, and mussel shells; creek and parking lot samples included dry grass, straw, seeds, wood chips, leaf/pine needle litter; soil particles were present in parking lot samples only. E. coli concentrations (most probable number, MPN) were highly variable in all sample types: shoreline wrack frequently reached 105/g dry weight (dw), river CPOM ranged from 81 to 7,916/g dw, and urban litter ranged from 0.5 to 24,952/g dw. Sequential rinsing studies showed that 61–87% of E. coli concentrations were detected in the first wash of shoreline wrack, with declining concentrations associated with 4–8 subsequent washings; viable counts were still detected even after 8 washes. E. coli grew readily in shoreline wrack and river CPOM incubated at 35 °C. At 30°C, growth was only detected in river CPOM and not in shoreline wrack or urban litter, but the bacteria persisted for at least 16 days. In summary, freshwater wrack is an understudied component of the beach ecosystem that harbors E. coli and thus likely influences estimations of water quality and the microbial community in the nearshore as a result of transfer between environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2016.04.011","usgsCitation":"Nevers, M., Przybyla-Kelly, K., Spoljaric, A., Shively, D.A., Whitman, R.L., and Byappanahalli, M., 2016, Freshwater wrack along Great Lakes coasts harbors Escherichia coli: Potential for bacterial transfer between watershed environments: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 42, no. 4, p. 760-767, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2016.04.011.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"760","endPage":"767","ipdsId":"IP-071134","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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Franklin Lock and Dam on downstream water quality in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary and in McIntyre Creek in the J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, southern Florida, 2010–13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-18T08:50:38","indexId":"sir20165033","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5033","title":"Effects of variations in flow characteristics through W.P. Franklin Lock and Dam on downstream water quality in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary and in McIntyre Creek in the J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, southern Florida, 2010–13","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey studied water-quality trends at the mouth of McIntyre Creek, an entry point to the J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, to investigate correlations between flow rates and volumes through the W.P. Franklin Lock and Dam and water-quality constituents inside the refuge from March 2010 to December 2013. Outflow from Lake Okeechobee, and flows from Franklin Lock, tributaries to the Caloosahatchee River Estuary, and the Cape Coral canal system were examined to determine the sources and quantity of water to the study area. Salinity, temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, pH, turbidity, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence (FDOM) were measured during moving-boat surveys and at a fixed location in McIntyre Creek. Chlorophyll fluorescence was also recorded in McIntyre Creek. Water-quality surveys were completed on 20 dates between 2011 and 2014 using moving-boat surveys.
Franklin Lock contributed the majority of flow to the Caloosahatchee River. Between 2010 and 2013, the monthly mean flow rate at Franklin Lock ranged from 29 cubic feet per second in May 2011 to 10,650 cubic feet per second in August 2013. Instantaneous near-surface salinity in McIntyre Creek ranged from 12.9 parts per thousand on September 26, 2013, to 37.9 parts per thousand on June 27, 2011. Salinity in McIntyre Creek decreased with increasing flow rate through Franklin Lock. Flow rates through Franklin Lock explained 61 percent of the variation in salinity in McIntyre Creek. Salinity data from moving-boat surveys also indicate that an increase in flow rate at Franklin Lock decreases salinity in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary, and a reduction or elimination in flow increases salinity. The FDOM in McIntyre Creek was positively correlated with flow at Franklin Lock, and 54 percent of the variation in FDOM can be attributed to the flow rate through Franklin Lock. Data from moving-boat surveys indicate that FDOM increases when flow volume from Franklin Lock increases. The highest FDOM recorded during a survey was at Billy’s Creek. Chlorophyll fluorescence was positively correlated with flow at Franklin Lock, with 23 percent of the variation explained by the flow rate at Franklin Lock. An increase in flow rate at Franklin Lock resulted in a decrease in pH (21 percent of variation explained by flow rates). Data from the pH surveys indicate an increase in pH with distance from Franklin Lock. Turbidity and dissolved oxygen near the surface in McIntyre Creek were not correlated with flow rate at Franklin Lock. Moving-boat surveys did not document a change in turbidity or dissolved oxygen with a change in distance from the Franklin Lock. Correlations between Franklin Lock flow rate and water quality in McIntyre Creek indicate that releases at Franklin Lock affect water quality in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary and Ding Darling Refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165033","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science Initiative and in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Booth, A.C., Soderqvist, L.E., and Knight, T.M., 2016, Effects of variations in flow characteristics through W.P. Franklin Lock and Dam on downstream water quality in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary and in McIntyre Creek in the J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, southern Florida, 2010–13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5033, 33 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165033.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 33 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063026","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5033/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321252,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5033/sir20165033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5033"},{"id":321253,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F70863BC","text":"Data Release","description":"Data Release"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Caloosahatchee River Estuary, J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, McIntyre Creek,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.1942138671875,\n 26.40417061185344\n ],\n [\n -82.1942138671875,\n 26.831423660953195\n ],\n [\n -81.24938964843749,\n 26.831423660953195\n ],\n [\n -81.24938964843749,\n 26.40417061185344\n ],\n [\n -82.1942138671875,\n 26.40417061185344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
Industrial practices at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, in Fridley, Minnesota, caused soil and groundwater contamination. Some volatile organic compounds from the plant might have discharged to the Mississippi River, forced by the natural hydraulic gradient in the surficial aquifer system. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency included the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant on the Superfund National Priorities List in 1989.
\nThis report describes a preliminary characterization of trichloroethene transport in the surficial and Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer systems at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant. The characterization first involved simulation of 2001 conditions using a model, followed by an application of this 2001 simulator to 2011 conditions.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, used a steady-state, uniform-density groundwater flow model to simulate measured potentiometric heads in aquifer systems on August 20, 2001, and a single-phase, conservative, non-reactive, miscible transport model to simulate trichloroethene concentrations in aquifer systems measured in 2001. The U.S. Department of the Navy furnished trichloroethene source areas and trichloroethene source area concentrations to the U.S. Geological Survey for this model simulation. Furnished delineations were postulated and informed by data collected from 1995 to 2011. The groundwater flow simulation of August 20, 2001, was superior to the trichloroethene transport simulation at replicating measurements; simulated potentiometric heads matched 90 percent of measured potentiometric heads on August 20, within 2 feet at selected locations whereas simulated trichloroethene concentration contours of 3, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 micrograms per liter (µg/L) correctly bounded 52 percent of measured concentrations in 2001 at selected locations. The degree to which the simulated trichloroethene plume does not match trichloroethene measurements in the surficial aquifer system during the 2001 simulation may suggest that furnished trichloroethene source areas and trichloroethene source area concentrations did not accurately represent all trichloroethene sources in the hydrogeologic system.
\nDuring the model simulation of 2001, trichloroethene discharged to the Mississippi River. A simulated 900-foot-long zone of benthic trichloroethene discharge flux existed in the shallow flow zone, across which simulated trichloroethene discharged from the surficial aquifer system to the Mississippi River at simulated trichloroethene concentrations that ranged from 3 µg/L to more than 100 µg/L. The Mississippi River was not sampled for volatile organic compounds in Fridley, Minn., from 1999 to 2016 (the publication of this report). Trichloroethene concentrations were measured in wells close to the Mississippi River in the surficial aquifer system on the downgradient side of the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant groundwater flow field; for example, at well MS–43 in the shallow flow zone of the surficial aquifer system 280 feet east of the Mississippi River between December 1999 and August 2012, trichloroethene concentrations ranged from 130 to 220 µg/L. The 220-µg/L maximum concentration was reached in March 2003 and October 2006. The August 2012 concentration was 140 µg/L.
\nThe August 20, 2001, groundwater flow model simulator and the 2001 trichloroethene transport simulator were applied to a groundwater extraction and treatment system that existed in 2011. Furnished trichloroethene source areas and concentrations in the 2001 simulator were replaced with different, furnished, hypothetical source areas and concentrations. Forcing in 2001 was replaced with forcing in 2011. No trichloroethene concentrations greater than 3 µg/L were simulated as discharging to the Mississippi River during applications of the 2001 simulator to the 2011 groundwater extraction and treatment system. These applications were not intended to represent historical conditions. Differences between furnished and actual trichloroethene sources may explain differences between measurements and simulation results for the 2001 trichloroethene transport simulator. Causes of differences between furnished and actual trichloroethene sources may cause differences between hypothetical application results and the performance of the actual U.S. Department of the Navy groundwater extraction and treatment system at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant. Other limitations may also cause differences between application results and performance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"King, J.N., and Davis, J.H., 2016, Preliminary investigation of groundwater flow and trichloroethene transport in the surficial aquifer system, Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, Fridley, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2016–1066, 120 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161066.","productDescription":"Report: x, 120 p.; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039553","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321042,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F798853M","text":"Data Release","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2016-1066"},{"id":321040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1066/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1066/ofr20161066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12,1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1066"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.38172912597656,\n 45.09582203415993\n ],\n [\n -93.34877014160155,\n 45.03228854011639\n ],\n [\n -93.27735900878906,\n 45.02986219868277\n ],\n [\n -92.96905517578125,\n 45.180584858570136\n ],\n [\n -93.043212890625,\n 45.25652199219273\n ],\n [\n -93.38172912597656,\n 45.09582203415993\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Minnesota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2280 Woodale Drive
Mounds View, MN 55112
(763) 783-3100
http://mn.water.usgs.gov/
Several lines of earthquake evidence indicate that the lithospheric plate is broken under the load of the island of Hawai`i, where the geometry of the lithosphere is circular with a central depression. The plate bends concave downward surrounding a stress-free hole, rather than bending concave upward as with past assumptions. Earthquake focal mechanisms show that the center of load stress and the weak hole is between the summits of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea where the load is greatest. The earthquake gap at 21 km depth coincides with the predicted neutral plane of flexure where horizontal stress changes sign. Focal mechanism P axes below the neutral plane display a striking radial pattern pointing to the stress center. Earthquakes above the neutral plane in the north part of the island have opposite stress patterns; T axes tend to be radial. The M6.2 Honomu and M6.7 Kiholo main shocks (both at 39 km depth) are below the neutral plane and show radial compression, and the M6.0 Kiholo aftershock above the neutral plane has tangential compression. Earthquakes deeper than 20 km define a donut of seismicity around the stress center where flexural bending is a maximum. The hole is interpreted as the soft center where the lithospheric plate is broken. Kilauea's deep conduit is seismically active because it is in the ring of maximum bending. A simplified two-dimensional stress model for a bending slab with a load at one end yields stress orientations that agree with earthquake stress axes and radial P axes below the neutral plane. A previous inversion of deep Hawaiian focal mechanisms found a circular solution around the stress center that agrees with the model. For horizontal faults, the shear stress within the bending slab matches the slip in the deep Kilauea seismic zone and enhances outward slip of active flanks.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015JB012746","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 2016, Lithospheric flexure under the Hawaiian volcanic load: Internal stresses and a broken plate revealed by earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 121, no. 4, p. 2400-2428, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012746.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"2400","endPage":"2428","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070787","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012746","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.08551025390625,\n 18.890695349102117\n ],\n [\n -156.08551025390625,\n 20.2982655686933\n ],\n [\n -154.78912353515625,\n 20.2982655686933\n ],\n [\n -154.78912353515625,\n 18.890695349102117\n ],\n [\n -156.08551025390625,\n 18.890695349102117\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d5667e4b07e28b667f77b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170981,"text":"70170981 - 2016 - Wind energy development: Methods for assessing risks to birds and bats pre-construction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T15:09:19.820867","indexId":"70170981","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-16T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1914,"text":"Human-Wildlife Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind energy development: Methods for assessing risks to birds and bats pre-construction","docAbstract":"Wind power generation is rapidly expanding. Although wind power is a low-carbon source of energy, it can impact negatively birds and bats, either directly through fatality or indirectly by displacement or habitat loss. Pre-construction risk assessment at wind facilities within the United States is usually required only on public lands. When conducted, it generally involves a 3-tier process, with each step leading to more detailed and rigorous surveys. Preliminary site assessment (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tier 1) is usually conducted remotely and involves evaluation of existing databases and published materials. If potentially at-risk wildlife are present and the developer wishes to continue the development process, then on-site surveys are conducted (Tier 2) to verify the presence of those species and to assess site-specific features (e.g., topography, land cover) that may influence risk from turbines. The next step in the process (Tier 3) involves quantitative or scientific studies to assess the potential risk of the proposed project to wildlife. Typical Tier-3 research may involve acoustic, aural, observational, radar, capture, tracking, or modeling studies, all designed to understand details of risk to specific species or groups of species at the given site. Our review highlights several features lacking from many risk assessments, particularly the paucity of before-and-after-control- impact (BACI) studies involving modeling and a lack of understanding of cumulative effects of wind facilities on wildlife. Both are essential to understand effective designs for pre-construction monitoring and both would help expand risk assessment beyond eagles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Berryman Institute","doi":"10.26077/phxc-zh11","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Bennett, V., Miller, T., Duerr, A.E., Braham, M., and Hale, A., 2016, Wind energy development: Methods for assessing risks to birds and bats pre-construction: Human-Wildlife Interactions, v. 10, no. 1, p. 42-52, https://doi.org/10.26077/phxc-zh11.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063881","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d567fe4b07e28b667f7bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":5979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Victoria","contributorId":169316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[{"id":25471,"text":"Texas Christian University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Tricia A.","contributorId":64790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duerr, Adam E.","contributorId":102324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duerr","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Braham, Melissa A.","contributorId":140127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braham","given":"Melissa A.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hale, Amanda","contributorId":169317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hale","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":25471,"text":"Texas Christian University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170980,"text":"70170980 - 2016 - Wind energy development: Methods to assess bird and bat fatality rates post-construction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T15:11:26.049497","indexId":"70170980","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-16T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1914,"text":"Human-Wildlife Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind energy development: Methods to assess bird and bat fatality rates post-construction","docAbstract":"Monitoring fatalities at wind energy facilities after they have been constructed can provide valuable information regarding impacts of wind power development on wildlife. The objective of this monitoring is to estimate abundance of a super-population of carcasses that entered the area within a designated period of time. By definition, the population is not closed and carcasses can enter as they are killed through collision with turbines, and leave as they are removed by scavengers or decompose to a point where they are not recognizable. In addition, the population is not inherently mobile, but can only change location through some external force. A focus on number of animal carcasses comprising the super-population, combined with peculiar traits that resist classic assumptions, distinguish fatality estimation at wind-power facilities from more classic abundance estimates that can be addressed through mark-recapture techniques or other well-known abundance estimators. We review the available methods to estimate the super-population of carcasses at wind power facilities. We discuss the role of these estimates in determining appropriate levels of minimization and mitigation of impacts to individual species of concern. We discuss the potential to extrapolate these measurements to reflect the cumulative effect of the industry on individual species. Finally, we suggest avenues of research needed to strengthen our understanding of the effect wind power development has, and might have in the future, on wildlife on this continent and worldwide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Berryman Institute","doi":"10.26077/36fe-0296","usgsCitation":"Huso, M.M., Dalthorp, D., Miller, T.J., and Bruns, D., 2016, Wind energy development: Methods to assess bird and bat fatality rates post-construction: Human-Wildlife Interactions, v. 10, no. 1, p. 62-70, https://doi.org/10.26077/36fe-0296.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064458","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d5680e4b07e28b667f7c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huso, Manuela M. 0000-0003-4687-6625 mhuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-6625","contributorId":150012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huso","given":"Manuela","email":"mhuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalthorp, Daniel 0000-0002-4815-6309 ddalthorp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-6309","contributorId":4902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalthorp","given":"Daniel","email":"ddalthorp@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. J.","contributorId":169314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25470,"text":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruns, Dawn","contributorId":169315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruns","given":"Dawn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25470,"text":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}