Land use in the upper St. Joseph River basin of south-central Michigan is primarily agricultural. In the 144-square-mile area, the chemical and physical characteristics of water are determined by the climate and soils, as well as by land conservation practices. Municipal waste discharges affect water quality at some locations, as do the larger lakes and ponds. Data indicate that mean discharge from the basin is 135 cubic feet per second. About half this flow is contributed to the St. Joseph River by three major tributaries: Beebe Creek (36 cubic feet per second); Sand Creek (24 cubic feet per second); and Soap Creek (13 cubic feet per second). Runoff from 21 drainage areas delineated for the investigation ranged from 0.22 to 4.07 cubic feet per second per square mile; both the higher and lower values are largely the result of naturally occurring inter- and intrabasin transfers of water.
Suspended-sediment concentrations are low throughout the basin, rarely exceeding 100 milligrams per liter. Mean concentrations at four daily sampling stations on the major tributaries and on the St. Joseph River ranged from 9.7 milligrams per liter to 38 milligrams per liter. The maximum sediment yield was 182 pounds per acre per year. Deposition of sediment in five of the 21 areas resulted in a net loss of sediment transported, and thus “negative” yields.
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations do not vary greatly from site to site. Mean concentrations of total nitrogen at downstream sites on Beebe, Sand, and Soap Creeks, and on the St. Joseph River ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 milligrams per liter. About 90 percent of all nitrogen, and 66 percent of all phosphorus, is transported in solution. Land used principally for agriculture has a mean total nitrogen yield of 4.9 pounds per acre per year and a mean total phosphorus yield of 0.13 pounds per year. A comparison of total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields with type of agricultural use showed few relationships; nitrogen yield, however, seems to decrease as the percentage of land in row crop and small grain increases. A relation between amount of fertilizer applied to land and the amount in streams could not be demonstrated.
Only about 6 percent of the total nitrogen and about 1 percent of the total phosphorus added to the land in animal wastes, in precipitation, and applied as fertilizer, is transported from the basin by the St. Joseph River at Clarendon. Estimates also suggest that almost three times as much nitrogen, and twice as much phosphorus, fall in precipitation on the basin as is transported from the basin by runoff. In general, land conservation practices of the past seem to have been effective in minimizing erosion and leaching of soils in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr78950","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T.R., 1978, Agricultural land use and water quality in the upper St. Joseph River basin, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-950, xiv, 160 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78950.","productDescription":"xiv, 160 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr78-950/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Upper St. Joseph River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. Ray","contributorId":20722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44192,"text":"ofr78608 - 1978 - Continuous seismic reflection profile records, SEA 5-77-BS cruise, northern Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:11","indexId":"ofr78608","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-608","title":"Continuous seismic reflection profile records, SEA 5-77-BS cruise, northern Bering Sea","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78608","issn":"ma","usgsCitation":"Thor, D., and Nelson, H., 1978, Continuous seismic reflection profile records, SEA 5-77-BS cruise, northern Bering Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-608, 2 maps ;78 x 108 cm. and 130 x 108 cm.; 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78608.","productDescription":"2 maps ;78 x 108 cm. and 130 x 108 cm.; 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698cbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thor, Devin H.","contributorId":56277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thor","given":"Devin H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Hans","contributorId":46942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hans","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":40329,"text":"ofr7853 - 1978 - Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the TL Ranch Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:03","indexId":"ofr7853","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-53","title":"Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the TL Ranch Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7853","usgsCitation":"Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1978, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the TL Ranch Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-53, 13 maps +1 fig., 6 tables, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7853.","productDescription":"13 maps +1 fig., 6 tables, 23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":72734,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72735,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72736,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72737,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72738,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72739,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72740,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72741,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72742,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72743,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72744,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72745,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72746,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":72747,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afad6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","contributorId":128266,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","id":530134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40356,"text":"ofr7858 - 1978 - Coal resource occurrence maps of the Walcott Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:49","indexId":"ofr7858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-58","title":"Coal resource occurrence maps of the Walcott Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr7858","usgsCitation":"Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1978, Coal resource occurrence maps of the Walcott Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-58, 2 maps and 1 data sheet ;58 x 44 cm., 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7858.","productDescription":"2 maps and 1 data sheet ;58 x 44 cm., 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0058/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":73256,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0058/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":73257,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0058/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":73258,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0058/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":73259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","contributorId":128266,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","id":530154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9683,"text":"ofr781026 - 1978 - Thermal modeling of flow of the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9683,"text":"ofr781026 - 1978 - Thermal modeling of flow of the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation","indexId":"ofr781026","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Thermal modeling of flow of the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6059,"text":"pp1122 - 1980 - Thermal modeling of flow in the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation","indexId":"pp1122","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Thermal modeling of flow in the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6059,"text":"pp1122 - 1980 - Thermal modeling of flow in the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation","indexId":"pp1122","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Thermal modeling of flow in the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-26T09:31:47","indexId":"ofr781026","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-1026","title":"Thermal modeling of flow of the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr781026","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., 1978, Thermal modeling of flow of the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its relation to evaporation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1026, Report: xix, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr781026.","productDescription":"Report: xix, 81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/1026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62dd60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9512,"text":"ofr78452 - 1978 - Risk analyses for a water-supply system; Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince William counties, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T22:45:11.145876","indexId":"ofr78452","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-452","title":"Risk analyses for a water-supply system; Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince William counties, Virginia","docAbstract":"This report demonstrates two techniques for evaluating risks in the operation of a water-supply system. Both rely on reconstructed historical streamflow data to develop estimates of the probabilities of certain specific events occurring in the future. These techniques are applied to the Occoquan Reservoir which was experiencing an unprecedented low level of storage in the autumn of 1977. The two techniques are used respectively to evaluate the overall adequacy of the existing reservoir and to evaluate the risks in the 1977 crisis.
In the first technique, the general risk analysis model (GRAM), simulations of the reservoir's contents are carried out under a set of assumptions about withdrawal rates and emergency procedures. The results of the GRAM simulation for the Occoquan Reservoir are in the form of estimates of the probabilities that in any year certain emergency procedures will have to be invoked. These estimates are given for a range of rates of withdrawals and for four different stages of emergency actions. Also given are the estimated probabilities of entering emergency conditions in one year given that an emergency had occurred in the previous year. Due to the year-to-year persistence of low flows, these latter (conditional) probabilities are higher than the former (marginal) probabilities.
The second technique used is position analysis. In this procedure probability distributions of future storages are estimated under existing storage conditions and an assumed rate of withdrawal from the reservoir. The position analysis which was initialized at the October 1, 1977, conditions indicates that the probability of entering a Stage III emergency (the prohibition of all uses of water nonessential to life, health, and safety) in the autumn of 1977 or winter of 1978 was 10 percent at that time. However, with a reduction in water use by 8 million gallons per day, this probability would have fallen to 4 percent.
If a long reconstructed historical streamflow record is available to a water supply agency, then the agency will have the capability to undertake its own risk analyses. It can carry out comparisons of alternative operating policies by using techniques such as GRAM. It can also evaluate short-term risk of different plans of operation during crisis situations by using position analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78452","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., 1978, Risk analyses for a water-supply system; Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince William counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-452, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78452.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0452/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413061,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0452/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax County, Prince William County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.36749999999999,38.6175 ], [ -77.36749999999999,38.75 ], [ -77.11749999999999,38.75 ], [ -77.11749999999999,38.6175 ], [ -77.36749999999999,38.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b447c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7545,"text":"ofr78920 - 1978 - Summary description of the geologic environment of the Williston Basin lignite fields, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:00","indexId":"ofr78920","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-920","title":"Summary description of the geologic environment of the Williston Basin lignite fields, North Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78920","usgsCitation":"Trimble, D.E., 1978, Summary description of the geologic environment of the Williston Basin lignite fields, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-920, vii, 111 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (119 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78920.","productDescription":"vii, 111 leaves :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (119 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0920/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0920/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trimble, Donald Eldon","contributorId":82304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Eldon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7996,"text":"ofr78804 - 1978 - Principal facts for gravity stations in the State of Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:56","indexId":"ofr78804","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-804","title":"Principal facts for gravity stations in the State of Connecticut","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78804","usgsCitation":"Bothner, W.A., and Brace, R., 1978, Principal facts for gravity stations in the State of Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-804, 5, [30] leaves :map ;27 cm.; 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40383,"text":"ofr78649 - 1978 - Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the southwest quarter of the Bridger Pass 15-minute quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T19:29:13.379488","indexId":"ofr78649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File 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Erosion yields ranged from about 900 to 6,000 tons per year per square mile in nine watersheds and were greatest where land use is largely agricultural or transitional. Suspended sediment yields from the same watershed ranged from about 300 to 800 tons per year per square mile and were greatest from urban areas and least from mostly forested watersheds. The impact of suspended sediment on stream quality was evaluated for 14 watersheds. In general, 60 percent or more of the total annual discharge of trace metals and phosphorus was contributed by suspended sediment. Yields of trace metals and nutrients in suspension were consistently greater in urban watersheds. Turbidity in basin streams increased geometrically with increasing concentrations of suspended sediment. 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