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,{"id":70026733,"text":"70026733 - 2004 - Gene expression fingerprints of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026733","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2797,"text":"Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gene expression fingerprints of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents","docAbstract":"Effluents from pulp and paper mills that historically have used elemental chlorine in the bleaching process have been implicated in inhibiting reproduction in fish. Compounds with estrogenic and androgenic binding affinities have been found in these effluents, suggesting that the impairment of reproduction is through an endocrine-related mode of action. To date, a great deal of attention has been paid to phytoestrogens and resin acids that are present in mill process streams as a result of pulping trees. Estrogen and estrogen mimics interact directly with the estrogen receptor and have near immediate effects on gene transcription by turning on the expression of a unique set of genes. Using differential display (DD) RT-PCR, we examined changes in gene expression induced by exposure to paper mill effluents. Largemouth bass were exposed to 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80% paper mill effluent concentrations in large flow-through tanks for varied periods of time including 7, 28 or 56 days. Plasma hormone levels in males and females and plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) in females decreased with dose and time. Measurements of changes in gene expression using DD RT-PCR suggest that the gene expression patterns of male fish do not change much with exposure, except for the induction of a few genes including CYP 1A, a protein that is induced through the action of the Ah receptor in response to dioxin and similar polyaromatic hydrocarbons. However, in the case of females, exposure to these effluents resulted in an up-regulation of CYP 1A that was accompanied by a generalized down-regulation of genes normally expressed during the reproductive season. These antiestrogenic changes are in agreement with previous studies in bass exposed to these effluents, and could result in decreased reproductive success in affected populations. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.001","issn":"00275107","usgsCitation":"Denslow, N., Kocerha, J., Sepulveda, M.S., Gross, T., and Holm, S.E., 2004, Gene expression fingerprints of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents: Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, v. 552, no. 1-2, p. 19-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.001.","startPage":"19","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208592,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.001"},{"id":234427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"552","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14f8e4b0c8380cd54c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denslow, N. D.","contributorId":101606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denslow","given":"N. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kocerha, J.","contributorId":34302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocerha","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, Timothy","contributorId":40390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holm, S. E.","contributorId":49315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026263,"text":"70026263 - 2004 - Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-20T11:32:47.048018","indexId":"70026263","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska","docAbstract":"We use three-dimensional dynamic (spontaneous) rupture models to investigate the nearly simultaneous ruptures of the Susitna Glacier thrust fault and the Denali strike-slip fault. With the 1957 Mw 8.3 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake as the only other well-documented case of significant, nearly simultaneous rupture of both thrust and strike-slip faults, this feature of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake provides a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms responsible for development of these large, complex events. We find that the geometry of the faults and the orientation of the regional stress field caused slip on the Susitna Glacier fault to load the Denali fault. Several different stress orientations with oblique right-lateral motion on the Susitna Glacier fault replicate the triggering of rupture on the Denali fault about 10 sec after the rupture nucleates on the Susitna Glacier fault. However, generating slip directions compatible with measured surface offsets and kinematic source inversions requires perturbing the stress orientation from that determined with focal mechanisms of regional events. Adjusting the vertical component of the principal stress tensor for the regional stress field so that it is more consistent with a mixture of strike-slip and reverse faulting significantly improves the fit of the slip-rake angles to the data. Rotating the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction westward appears to improve the fit even further.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040614","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Anderson, G., and Hudnut, K., 2004, Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. 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Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, G.","contributorId":26490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudnut, K.W.","contributorId":25179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026734,"text":"70026734 - 2004 - Re-evaluation of heat flow data near Parkfield, CA: Evidence for a weak San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026734","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-evaluation of heat flow data near Parkfield, CA: Evidence for a weak San Andreas Fault","docAbstract":"Improved interpretations of the strength of the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA based on thermal data require quantification of processes causing significant scatter and uncertainty in existing heat flow data. These effects include topographic refraction, heat advection by topographically-driven groundwater flow, and uncertainty in thermal conductivity. Here, we re-evaluate the heat flow data in this area by correcting for full 3-D terrain effects. We then investigate the potential role of groundwater flow in redistributing fault-generated heat, using numerical models of coupled heat and fluid flow for a wide range of hydrologic scenarios. We find that a large degree of the scatter in the data can be accounted for by 3-D terrain effects, and that for plausible groundwater flow scenarios frictional heat generated along a strong fault is unlikely to be redistributed by topographically-driven groundwater flow in a manner consistent with the 3-D corrected data. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003GL019378","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Fulton, P., Saffer, D., Harris, R., and Bekins, B., 2004, Re-evaluation of heat flow data near Parkfield, CA: Evidence for a weak San Andreas Fault: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019378.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208609,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019378"},{"id":234460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9572e4b0c8380cd81a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, P.M.","contributorId":47552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saffer, D.M.","contributorId":72945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Reid N.","contributorId":54568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Reid N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026739,"text":"70026739 - 2004 - Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026739","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives","docAbstract":"Age structure, total annual mortality, and mortality caps (maximum mortality thresholds established by managers) were investigated for walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) populations sampled from eight Kansas reservoirs during 1991-1999. We assessed age structure by examining the relative frequency of different ages in the population; total annual mortality of age-2 and older walleyes was estimated by use of a weighted catch curve. To evaluate the utility of mortality caps, we modeled threshold values of mortality by varying growth rates and management objectives. Estimated mortality thresholds were then compared with observed growth and mortality rates. The maximum age of walleyes varied from 5 to 11 years across reservoirs. Age structure was dominated (???72%) by walleyes age 3 and younger in all reservoirs, corresponding to ages that were not yet vulnerable to harvest. Total annual mortality rates varied from 40.7% to 59.5% across reservoirs and averaged 51.1% overall (SE = 2.3). Analysis of mortality caps indicated that a management objective of 500 mm for the mean length of walleyes harvested by anglers was realistic for all reservoirs with a 457-mm minimum length limit but not for those with a 381-mm minimum length limit. For a 500-mm mean length objective to be realized for reservoirs with a 381-mm length limit, managers must either reduce mortality rates (e.g., through restrictive harvest regulations) or increase growth of walleyes. When the assumed objective was to maintain the mean length of harvested walleyes at current levels, the observed annual mortality rates were below the mortality cap for all reservoirs except one. Mortality caps also provided insight on management objectives expressed in terms of proportional stock density (PSD). Results indicated that a PSD objective of 20-40 was realistic for most reservoirs. This study provides important walleye mortality information that can be used for monitoring or for inclusion into population models; these results can also be combined with those of other studies to investigate large-scale differences in walleye mortality. Our analysis illustrates the utility of mortality caps for monitoring walleye populations and for establishing realistic management goals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M03-193.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Quist, M., Stephen, J., Guy, C., and Schultz, R., 2004, Age structure and mortality of walleyes in Kansas reservoirs: Use of mortality caps to establish realistic management objectives: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 3, p. 990-1002, https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-193.1.","startPage":"990","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208301,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M03-193.1"},{"id":233956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f4e4b0c8380cd47fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quist, M.C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":62805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephen, J.L.","contributorId":84126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schultz, R.D.","contributorId":66889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026740,"text":"70026740 - 2004 - Flood-formed dunes in Athabasca Valles, Mars: Morphology, modeling, and implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026740","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood-formed dunes in Athabasca Valles, Mars: Morphology, modeling, and implications","docAbstract":"Estimates of discharge for martian outflow channels have spanned orders of magnitude due in part to uncertainties in floodwater height. A methodology of estimating discharge based on bedforms would reduce some of this uncertainty. Such a methodology based on the morphology and granulometry of flood-formed ('diluvial') dunes has been developed by Carling (1996b, in: Branson, J., Brown, A.G., Gregory, K.J. (Eds.), Global Continental Changes: The Context of Palaeohydrology. Geological Society Special Publication No. 115, London, UK, 165-179) and applied to Pleistocene flood-formed dunes in Siberia. Transverse periodic dune-like bedforms in Athabasca Valles, Mars, have previously been classified both as flood-formed dunes and as antidunes. Either interpretation is important, as they both imply substantial quantities of water, but each has different hydraulic implications. We undertook photoclinometric measurements of these forms, and compared them with data from flood-formed dunes in Siberia. Our analysis of those data shows their morphology to be more consistent with dunes than antidunes, thus providing the first documentation of flood-formed dunes on Mars. Other reasoning based on context and likely hydraulics also supports the bedforms' classification as dunes. Evidence does not support the dunes being aeolian, although a conclusive determination cannot be made with present data. Given the preponderance of evidence that the features are flood-formed instead of aeolian, we applied Carling's (1996b, in: Branson, J., Brown, A.G., Gregory, K.J. (Eds.), Global Continental Changes: The Context of Palaeohydrology. Geological Society Special Publication No. 115, London, UK, 165-179) dune-flow model to derive the peak discharge of the flood flow that formed them. The resultant estimate is approximately 2??106 m3/s, similar to previous estimates. The size of the Athabascan dunes' in comparison with that of terrestrial dunes suggests that these martian dunes took at least 1-2 days to grow. Their flattened morphology implies that they were formed at high subcritical flow and that the flood flow that formed them receded very quickly. ?? 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.013","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Burr, D., Carling, P., Beyer, R., and Lancaster, N., 2004, Flood-formed dunes in Athabasca Valles, Mars: Morphology, modeling, and implications: Icarus, v. 171, no. 1, p. 68-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.013.","startPage":"68","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208322,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.013"},{"id":233991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"171","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a115ee4b0c8380cd53f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burr, D.M.","contributorId":60420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carling, P.A.","contributorId":98085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carling","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beyer, R.A.","contributorId":82439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lancaster, N.","contributorId":36330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lancaster","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026742,"text":"70026742 - 2004 - Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T14:21:21","indexId":"70026742","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev crater","docAbstract":"Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1100175","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bell, J., Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R., Arneson, H., Bass, D., Blaney, D., Cabrol, N., Calvin, W., Farmer, J., Farrand, W.H., Goetz, W., Golombek, M., Grant, J.A., Greeley, R., Guinness, E., Hayes, A., Hubbard, M., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, M.J., Johnson, J.R., Joseph, J., Kinch, K., Lemmon, M., Li, R., Madsen, M., Maki, J., Malin, M., McCartney, E., McLennan, S., McSween, H., Ming, D.W., Moersch, J., Morris, R., Dobrea, E., Parker, T.J., Proton, J., Rice, J.W., Seelos, F., Soderblom, J., Soderblom, L.A., Sohl-Dickstein, J.N., Sullivan, R., Wolff, M., and Wang, A., 2004, Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev crater: Science, v. 305, no. 5685, p. 800-806, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100175.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"800","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/129786","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater; Mars","volume":"305","issue":"5685","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74b1e4b0c8380cd77791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, J.F. 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,{"id":70026745,"text":"70026745 - 2004 - The effects of storms and storm-generated currents on sand beaches in Southern Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026745","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of storms and storm-generated currents on sand beaches in Southern Maine, USA","docAbstract":"Storms are one of the most important controls on the cycle of erosion and accretion on beaches. Current meters placed in shoreface locations of Saco Bay and Wells Embayment, ME, recorded bottom currents during the winter months of 2000 and 2001, while teams of volunteers profiled the topography of nearby beaches. Coupling offshore meteorological and beach profile data made it possible to determine the response of nine beaches in southern Maine to various oceanographic and meteorological conditions. The beaches selected for profiling ranged from pristine to completely developed and permitted further examination of the role of seawalls on the response of beaches to storms. Current meters documented three unique types of storms: frontal passages, southwest storms, and northeast storms. In general, the current meter results indicate that frontal passages and southwest storms were responsible for bringing sediment towards the shore, while northeast storms resulted in a net movement of sediment away from the beach. During the 1999-2000 winter, there were a greater percentage of frontal passages and southwest storms, while during the 2000-2001 winter, there were more northeast storms. The sediment that was transported landward during the 1999-2000 winter was reworked into the berm along moderately and highly developed beaches during the next summer. A northeast storm on March 5-6, 2001, resulted in currents in excess of 1 m s-1 and wave heights that reached six meters. The storm persisted over 10 high tides and caused coastal flooding and property damage. Topographic profiles made before and after the storm demonstrate that developed beaches experienced a loss of sediment volume during the storm, while sediment was redistributed along the profile on moderately developed and undeveloped beaches. Two months after the storm, the profiles along the developed beaches had not reached their pre-storm elevation. In comparison, the moderately developed and undeveloped beaches reached and exceeded their pre-storm elevation and began to show berm buildup characteristic of the summer months. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.008","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Hill, H., Kelley, J.T., Belknap, D.F., and Dickson, S., 2004, The effects of storms and storm-generated currents on sand beaches in Southern Maine, USA: Marine Geology, v. 210, no. 1-4, p. 149-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.008.","startPage":"149","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208303,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.008"},{"id":233958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab9fe4b08c986b322f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, H.W.","contributorId":62379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickson, S.M.","contributorId":74905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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,{"id":70026751,"text":"70026751 - 2004 - Wind-related processes detected by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T15:01:10","indexId":"70026751","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind-related processes detected by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater, Mars","docAbstract":"Wind-abraded rocks, ripples, drifts, and other deposits of windblown sediments are seen at the Columbia Memorial Station where the Spirit rover landed. Orientations of these features suggest formative winds from the north-northwest, consistent with predictions from atmospheric models of afternoon winds in Gusev Crater. Cuttings from the rover Rock Abrasion Tool are asymmetrically distributed toward the south-southeast, suggesting active winds from the north-northwest at the time (midday) of the abrasion operations. 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C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":410931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Johnson, J.","contributorId":31719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Landis, G.","contributorId":107235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Madsen, M.B.","contributorId":97291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"McLennan, S.H.","contributorId":80870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLennan","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Moersch, J.","contributorId":66445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moersch","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Rice, J. W. Jr.","contributorId":53040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Richter, L.","contributorId":100162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Ruff, S.","contributorId":104610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Sullivan, R.J.","contributorId":21302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Thompson, S.D.","contributorId":63511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Wang, A.","contributorId":46735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Weitz, C.M.","contributorId":8649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weitz","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Whelley, P.","contributorId":104200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelley","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}}
,{"id":70026754,"text":"70026754 - 2004 - Upper crustal structure of southwestern British Columbia from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026754","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper crustal structure of southwestern British Columbia from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","docAbstract":"This paper applies nonlinear three-dimensional travel time tomography to refraction data recorded during the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS) to derive the first large-scale, high-resolution upper crustal velocity model for southwestern British Columbia. A minimum structure P wave velocity model is constructed using 175,000 first arrival travel times picked from data recorded by 58 temporary onshore stations. The model details forearc crustal structures related to terrane accretion and subsequent basin formation to a depth of about 10 km. The Metchosin igneous complex (correlative with the Eocene Crescent-Siletz Terrane in Washington) is imaged as a laterally extensive WNW trending high-velocity anomaly underlying southernmost Vancouver Island and much of the Strait of Juan du Fuca. Northeast of the Strait of Georgia, the southwesterly dip of the contact between the Wrangellia terrane rocks of Vancouver Island and the Coast Plutonic Complex suggests Wrangellia rocks are down-faulted against the plutonic complex. At the southwestern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the 50 km long WNW trending Clallam basin has a maximum thickness of 5-6 km. Near the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Port Townsend basin has an inferred thickness of approximately 4-5 km. The southern end of the 9 km thick Georgia basin is bounded by a high-velocity basement ridge. Beneath the Strait of Georgia, clusters of well-located earthquakes have a prominent NW trend and coincide spatially with rapid lateral velocity changes. Clusters of microearthquakes there are associated with the intersection of several east trending structural highs within this NW trend. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002826","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ramachandran, K., Dosso, S., Zelt, C., Spence, G., Hyndman, R., and Brocher, T., 2004, Upper crustal structure of southwestern British Columbia from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002826.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478255,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002826","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208305,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002826"},{"id":233961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd55e4b08c986b328f88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramachandran, K.","contributorId":71735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dosso, S.E.","contributorId":45085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dosso","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zelt, C.A.","contributorId":74911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hyndman, R.D.","contributorId":45831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026756,"text":"70026756 - 2004 - Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T09:14:51","indexId":"70026756","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The fringing coral reef off the south coast of Molokai, Hawaii is currently being studied as part of a US Geological Survey (USGS) multi-disciplinary project that focuses on geologic and oceanographic processes that affect coral reef systems. For this investigation, four instrument packages were deployed across the fringing coral reef during the summer of 2001 to understand the processes governing fine-grained terrestrial sediment suspension on the shallow reef flat (h=1m) and its advection across the reef crest and onto the deeper fore reef. The time-series measurements suggest the following conceptual model of water and fine-grained sediment transport across the reef: Relatively cool, clear water flows up onto the reef flat during flooding tides. At high tide, more deep-water wave energy is able to propagate onto the reef flat and larger Trade wind-driven waves can develop on the reef flat, thereby increasing sediment suspension. Trade wind-driven surface currents and wave breaking at the reef crest cause setup of water on the reef flat, further increasing the water depth and enhancing the development of depth-limited waves and sediment suspension. As the tide ebbs, the water and associated suspended sediment on the reef flat drains off the reef flat and is advected offshore and to the west by Trade wind- and tidally- driven currents. Observations on the fore reef show relatively high turbidity throughout the water column during the ebb tide. It therefore appears that high suspended sediment concentrations on the deeper fore reef, where active coral growth is at a maximum, are dynamically linked to processes on the muddy, shallow reef flat.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.010","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Ogston, A., Bothner, M., Field, M., and Presto, M., 2004, Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii: Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1397-1419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.010.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1397","endPage":"1419","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1629","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Molokai","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.31048583984375,\n              21.03836431386586\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.708984375,\n              21.03836431386586\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.708984375,\n              21.256101625916397\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.31048583984375,\n              21.256101625916397\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.31048583984375,\n              21.03836431386586\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf97e4b08c986b32e9ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogston, A.S.","contributorId":86920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogston","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":410967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Presto, M.K.","contributorId":77333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presto","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026759,"text":"70026759 - 2004 - Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026759","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"This study examines historical changes in sediment and nutrient accumulation rates in Bear Lake along the northeastern Utah/Idaho border, USA. Two sediment cores were dated by measuring excess 210Pb activities and applying the constant rate of supply (CRS) dating model. Historical rates of bulk sediment accumulation were calculated based on the ages within the sediment cores. Bulk sediment accumulation rates increased throughout the last 100 years. According to the CRS model, bulk sediment accumulation rates were <25mg cm-2 year-1 prior to 1935. Between 1935 and 1980, bulk sediment accumulation rates increased to approximately 40mg cm -2 year-1. This increase in sediment accumulation probably resulted from the re-connection of Bear River to Bear Lake. Bulk sediment accumulation rates accelerated again after 1980. Accumulation rates of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and total organic carbon (TOC) were calculated by multiplying bulk sediment accumulation rates times the concentrations of these nutrients in the sediment. Accumulation rates of TP, TN, TIC, and TOC increased as a consequence of increased bulk sediment accumulation rates after the re-connection of Bear River with Bear Lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Smoak, J., and Swarzenski, P., 2004, Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA: Hydrobiologia, v. 525, no. 1-3, p. 175-184, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09.","startPage":"175","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502511,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.usfsp.edu/fac_publications/1322","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208328,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09"}],"volume":"525","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9623e4b0c8380cd81e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoak, J.M.","contributorId":40384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoak","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026760,"text":"70026760 - 2004 - The Homestead kimberlite, central Montana, USA: Mineralogy, xenocrysts, and upper-mantle xenoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T09:15:54","indexId":"70026760","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Homestead kimberlite, central Montana, USA: Mineralogy, xenocrysts, and upper-mantle xenoliths","docAbstract":"The Homestead kimberlite was emplaced in lower Cretaceous marine shale and siltstone in the Grassrange area of central Montana. The Grassrange area includes aillikite, alnoite, carbonatite, kimberlite, and monchiquite and is situated within the Archean Wyoming craton. The kimberlite contains 25-30 modal% olivine as xenocrysts and phenocrysts in a matrix of phlogopite, monticellite, diopside, serpentine, chlorite, hydrous Ca-Al-Na silicates, perovskite, and spinel. The rock is kimberlite based on mineralogy, the presence of atoll-textured groundmass spinels, and kimberlitic core-rim zoning of groundmass spinels and groundmass phlogopites. Garnet xenocrysts are mainly Cr-pyropes, of which 2-12% are G10 compositions, crustal almandines are rare and eclogitic garnets are absent. Spinel xenocrysts have MgO and Cr2O3 contents ranging into the diamond inclusion field. Mg-ilmenite xenocrysts contain 7-11 wt.% MgO and 0.8-1.9 wt.% Cr2O3, with (Fe+3/Fetot) from 0.17-0.31. Olivine is the only obvious megacryst mineral present. One microdiamond was recovered from caustic fusion of a 45-kg sample. Upper-mantle xenoliths up to 70 cm size are abundant and are some of the largest known garnet peridotite xenoliths in North America. The xenolith suite is dominated by dunites, and harzburgites containing garnet and/or spinel. Granulites are rare and eclogites are absent. Among 153 xenoliths, 7% are lherzolites, 61% are harzburgites, 31% are dunites, and 1% are orthopyroxenites. Three of 30 peridotite xenoliths that were analysed are low-Ca garnet-spinel harzburgites containing G10 garnets. Xenolith textures are mainly coarse granular, and only 5% are porphyroclastic. Xenolith modal mineralogy and mineral compositions indicate ancient major-element depletion as observed in other Wyoming craton xenolith assemblages, followed by younger enrichment events evidenced by tectonized or undeformed veins of orthopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite, websterite, and the presence of phlogopite-bearing veins and disseminated phlogopite. Phlogopite-bearing veins may represent kimberlite-related addition and/or earlier K-metasomatism. Xenolith thermobarometry using published two-pyroxene and Al-in-opx methods suggest that garnet-spinel peridotites are derived from 1180 to 1390 ??C and 3.6 to 4.7 GPa, close to the diamond-graphite boundary and above a 38 mW/m2 shield geotherm. Low-Ca garnet-spinel harzburgites with G10 garnets fall in about the same T and P range. Most spinel peridotites with assumed 2.0 GPa pressure are in the same T range, possibly indicating heating of the shallow mantle. Four of 79 Cr diopside xenocrysts have P-T estimates in the diamond stability field using published single-pyroxene P-T calculation methods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.030","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Carter, H.B., 2004, The Homestead kimberlite, central Montana, USA: Mineralogy, xenocrysts, and upper-mantle xenoliths: LITHOS, v. 77, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 473-491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.030.","startPage":"473","endPage":"491","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.030"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba77ae4b08c986b3215ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Hearn B. Jr.","contributorId":57591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Hearn","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026763,"text":"70026763 - 2004 - ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026763","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps","docAbstract":"The development and the application of ArcCN-Runoff tool, an extension of ESRI@ ArcGIS software, are reported. This tool can be applied to determine curve numbers and to calculate runoff or infiltration for a rainfall event in a watershed. Implementation of GIS techniques such as dissolving, intersecting, and a curve-number reference table improve efficiency. Technical processing time may be reduced from days, if not weeks, to hours for producing spatially varied curve number and runoff maps. An application example for a watershed in Lyon County and Osage County, Kansas, USA, is presented. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Modelling and Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001","issn":"13648152","usgsCitation":"Zhan, X., and Huang, M., 2004, ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 19, no. 10, p. 875-879, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001.","startPage":"875","endPage":"879","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208380,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001"},{"id":234103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2de4b0c8380cd4968d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, M.-L.","contributorId":59212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"M.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026769,"text":"70026769 - 2004 - Swimming performance of upstream migrant fishes in open-channel flow: A new approach to predicting passage through velocity barriers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026769","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Swimming performance of upstream migrant fishes in open-channel flow: A new approach to predicting passage through velocity barriers","docAbstract":"The ability to traverse barriers of high-velocity flow limits the distributions of many diadromous and other migratory fish species, yet very few data exist that quantify this ability. We provide a detailed analysis of sprint swimming ability of six migratory fish species (American shad (Alosa sapidissima), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)) against controlled water velocities of 1.5-4.5 m??s-1 in a large, open-channel flume. Performance was strictly voluntary: no coercive incentives were used to motivate fish to sprint. We used these data to generate models of maximum distance traversed, taking into account effects of flow velocity, body length, and temperature. Although the maximum distance traversed decreased with increasing velocity, the magnitude of this effect varied among species. Other covariate effects were likewise variable, with divergent effects of temperature and nonuniform length effects. These effects do not account for all of the variability in performance, however, and behavioral traits may account for observed interspecific differences. We propose the models be used to develop criteria for fish passage structures, culverts, and breached dams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F04-093","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Haro, A., Castro-Santos, T., Noreika, J., and Odeh, M., 2004, Swimming performance of upstream migrant fishes in open-channel flow: A new approach to predicting passage through velocity barriers: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 9, p. 1590-1601, https://doi.org/10.1139/F04-093.","startPage":"1590","endPage":"1601","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208407,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F04-093"},{"id":234141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba332e4b08c986b31fbf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castro-Santos, T. 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":12416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noreika, J.","contributorId":51249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odeh, M.","contributorId":95413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026770,"text":"70026770 - 2004 - Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026770","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers","docAbstract":"The ability of fish to migrate past velocity barriers results from both attempt rate and swimming capacity. Here, I formalize this relationship, providing equations for estimating the proportion of a population successfully passing a barrier over a range of distances and times. These equations take into account the cumulative effect of multiple attempts, the time required to stage those attempts, and both the distance traversed on each attempt and its variability. I apply these equations to models of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) ascending a 23-m-long flume against flows ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 m??s-1. Attempt rate varied between species, attempts, and over time and was influenced by hydraulic variables (velocity of flow and discharge). Distance of ascent was primarily influenced by flow velocity. Although swimming capacity was similar, white sucker had greater attempt rates, and consequently better passage success, than walleye. Over short distances, models for both species predict greater passage success against higher velocities owing to the associated increased attempt rate. These results highlight the importance of attraction to fish passage and the need for further investigation into the hydraulic and other environmental conditions required to simultaneously optimize both attempt rate and passage success.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F04-094","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Castro-Santos, T., 2004, Quantifying the combined effects of attempt rate and swimming capacity on passage through velocity barriers: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 9, p. 1602-1615, https://doi.org/10.1139/F04-094.","startPage":"1602","endPage":"1615","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F04-094"},{"id":234142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91e4e4b0c8380cd8051f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castro-Santos, T. 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":12416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026773,"text":"70026773 - 2004 - Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T11:59:02","indexId":"70026773","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand","docAbstract":"Bulk properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediment strongly depend on whether hydrate forms primarily in the pore fluid, becomes a load-bearing member of the sediment matrix, or cements sediment grains. Our compressional wave speed measurements through partially water-saturated, methane hydrate-bearing Ottawa sands suggest hydrate surrounds and cements sediment grains. The three Ottawa sand packs tested in the Gas Hydrate And Sediment Test Laboratory Instrument (GHASTLI) contain 38(1)% porosity, initially with distilled water saturating 58, 31, and 16% of that pore space, respectively. From the volume of methane gas produced during hydrate dissociation, we calculated the hydrate concentration in the pore space to be 70, 37, and 20% respectively. Based on these hydrate concentrations and our measured compressional wave speeds, we used a rock physics model to differentiate between potential pore-space hydrate distributions. Model results suggest methane hydrate cements unconsolidated sediment when forming in systems containing an abundant gas phase.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of  America","doi":"10.2138/am-2004-8-906","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Waite, W., Winters, W., and Mason, D., 2004, Methane hydrate formation in partially water-saturated Ottawa sand: American Mineralogist, v. 89, no. 8-9, p. 1202-1207, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2004-8-906.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1202","endPage":"1207","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478079,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1631","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5528e4b0c8380cd6d14a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, W.F.","contributorId":40329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mason, D.H.","contributorId":93952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026775,"text":"70026775 - 2004 - Comparing population size estimators for plethodontid salamanders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-16T17:07:41.502723","indexId":"70026775","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing population size estimators for plethodontid salamanders","docAbstract":"Despite concern over amphibian declines, few studies estimate absolute abundances because of logistic and economic constraints and previously poor estimator performance. Two estimation approaches recommended for amphibian studies are mark-recapture and depletion (or removal) sampling. We compared abundance estimation via various mark-recapture and depletion methods, using data from a three-year study of terrestrial salamanders in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Our results indicate that short-term closed-population, robust design, and depletion methods estimate surface population of salamanders (i.e., those near the surface and available for capture during a given sampling occasion). In longer duration studies, temporary emigration violates assumptions of both open- and closed-population mark-recapture estimation models. However, if the temporary emigration is completely random, these models should yield unbiased estimates of the total population (superpopulation) of salamanders in the sampled area. We recommend using Pollock's robust design in mark-recapture studies because of its flexibility to incorporate variation in capture probabilities and to estimate temporary emigration probabilities.","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1670/194-03A","usgsCitation":"Bailey, L., Simons, T., and Pollock, K.H., 2004, Comparing population size estimators for plethodontid salamanders: Journal of Herpetology, v. 38, no. 3, p. 370-380, https://doi.org/10.1670/194-03A.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"370","endPage":"380","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.84765625,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.957763671875,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.957763671875,\n              35.67514743608467\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.84765625,\n              35.67514743608467\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.84765625,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f838e4b0c8380cd4cf55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, L.L. 0000-0002-5959-2018","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-2018","contributorId":61006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simons, T.R.","contributorId":56334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026782,"text":"70026782 - 2004 - Acute exposure to gas-supersaturated water does not affect reproductive success of female adult chinook salmon late in maturation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T14:56:26","indexId":"70026782","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute exposure to gas-supersaturated water does not affect reproductive success of female adult chinook salmon late in maturation","docAbstract":"<p>At times, total dissolved gas concentrations in the Columbia and Snake rivers have been elevated due to involuntary spill from high spring runoff and voluntary spill used as a method to pass juvenile salmonids over dams. The goal of this project was to determine if acute exposure to total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) affects the reproductive performance of female chinook salmon late in their maturation. During this study, adult female spring chinook salmon were exposed to mean TDGS levels of 114.1 % to 125.5%. We ended exposures at first mortality, or at the appearance of impending death. Based on this criterion, exposures lasted from 10 to 68 h and were inversely related to TDGS. There was no effect of TDGS on pre-spawning mortality or fecundity when comparing treatment fish to experimental controls or the general hatchery population four to six weeks after exposures. Egg quality, based on egg weight and egg diameter, did not differ between treatment and control fish. Fertilization rate and survival to eyed-stage was high (&gt;94%) for all groups. With the exception of Renibacterium salmoninarum (the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease; BKD), no viral or bacterial fish pathogens were isolated from experimental fish. The prevalence (about 45%) and severity of R. salmoninarum did not differ among the groups or the general hatchery population. We conclude that these acute exposures to moderate levels of gas-supersaturated water-perhaps similar to that experienced by immigrating adult salmon as they approach and pass a hydropower dam on the Columbia River-did not affect reproductive success of female chinook salmon late in their maturation. These results are most applicable to summer and fall chinook salmon, which migrate in the summer/fall and spawn shortly after reaching their natal streams. Published in 2004 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.766","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Gale, W.L., Maule, A., Postera, A., and Peters, M., 2004, Acute exposure to gas-supersaturated water does not affect reproductive success of female adult chinook salmon late in maturation: River Research and Applications, v. 20, no. 5, p. 565-576, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.766.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"576","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208360,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.766"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6d4e4b0c8380cd47666","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gale, William L.","contributorId":48726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Postera, A.","contributorId":102250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Postera","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, M.H.","contributorId":82504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026785,"text":"70026785 - 2004 - Predicting patterns of non-native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70026785","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting patterns of non-native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA","docAbstract":"One of the major issues confronting management of parks and reserves is the invasion of non-native plant species. Yosemite National Park is one of the largest and best-known parks in the United States, harbouring significant cultural and ecological resources. Effective management of non-natives would be greatly assisted by information on their potential distribution that can be generated by predictive modelling techniques. Our goal was to identify key environmental factors that were correlated with the percent cover of non-native species and then develop a predictive model using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production technique. We performed a series of analyses using community-level data on species composition in 236 plots located throughout the park. A total of 41 non-native species were recorded which occurred in 23.7% of the plots. Plots with non-natives occurred most frequently at low- to mid-elevations, in flat areas with other herbaceous species. Based on the community-level results, we selected elevation, slope, and vegetation structure as inputs into the GARP model to predict the environmental niche of non-native species. Verification of results was performed using plot data reserved from the model, which calculated the correct prediction of non-native species occurrence as 76%. The majority of the western, lower-elevation portion of the park was predicted to have relatively low levels of non-native species occurrence, with highest concentrations predicted at the west and south entrances and in the Yosemite Valley. Distribution maps of predicted occurrences will be used by management to: efficiently target monitoring of non-native species, prioritize control efforts according to the likelihood of non-native occurrences, and inform decisions relating to the management of non-native species in postfire environments. Our approach provides a valuable tool for assisting decision makers to better manage non-native species, which can be readily adapted to target non-native species in other locations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x","issn":"13669516","usgsCitation":"Underwood, E., Klinger, R., and Moore, P., 2004, Predicting patterns of non-native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA: Diversity and Distributions, v. 10, no. 5-6, p. 447-459, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x.","startPage":"447","endPage":"459","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489885,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209082,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x"},{"id":235274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81c0e4b0c8380cd7b6eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, E.C.","contributorId":47134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klinger, R.","contributorId":78493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, P.E.","contributorId":57395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026787,"text":"70026787 - 2004 - The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T12:26:05","indexId":"70026787","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications","docAbstract":"Quantifying patterns is a key element of landscape analysis. One aspect of this quantification of particular importance to landscape ecologists is the classification of continuous variables to produce categorical variables such as land-cover type or elevation stratum. Although landscape ecologists are fully aware of the importance of spatial resolution in ecological investigations, the potential importance of the resolution of classifications has received little attention. Here we demonstrate the effects of using two different land-cover classifications to predict avian species richness and the occurrences of six individual species across the conterminous United States. We compared models built with a data set based on 14 coarsely resolved land-cover variables to models built with a data set based on 160 finely resolved land-cover variables. In general, comparable models built with the two data sets fit the data to similar degrees, but often produced strikingly different predictions in various parts of the country. By comparing the predictions made by pairs of models, we determined in which regions of the US predictions were most sensitive to differences in land-cover classification. In general, these sensitive areas were different for four of the individual species and for predictions of species richness, indicating that alternate classifications will have different effects in the analyses of different ecological phenomena and that these effects will likely vary geographically. Our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the resolution to which continuous variables are classified in the design of ecological studies.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:LAND.0000036151.28327.01","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Lawler, J.J., O’Connor, R.J., Hunsaker, C.T., Jones, K.B., Loveland, T., and White, D., 2004, The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications: Landscape Ecology, v. 19, no. 5, p. 517-532, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LAND.0000036151.28327.01.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab80e4b08c986b322eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawler, Joshua J.","contributorId":73327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawler","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Raymond. J.","contributorId":206571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Raymond.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25572,"text":"University of Maine, Orono","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunsaker, Carolyn T.","contributorId":177336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunsaker","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, K. Bruce","contributorId":66105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Denis","contributorId":206572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Denis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026799,"text":"70026799 - 2004 - The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of lacustrine carbonates and lake-level history of the Bonneville paleolake system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026799","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of lacustrine carbonates and lake-level history of the Bonneville paleolake system","docAbstract":"Lakes in the Bonneville basin have fluctuated dramatically in response to changes in rainfall, temperature, and drainage diversion during the Quaternary. We analyzed tufas and shells from shorelines of known ages in order to develop a relation between 87Sr/86Sr ratio of carbonates and lake level, which then can be used as a basis for constraining lake level from similar analyses on carbonates in cores. Carbonates from the late Quaternary shorelines yield the following average 87Sr/86Sr ratios: 0.71173 for the Stansbury shoreline (22-20 14C ka; 1350 m), 0.71153 for the Bonneville shoreline (15.5-14.5 14C ka; 1550 m), 0.71175 for the Provo shoreline (14.4-14.0 14C ka; 1450 m), 0.71244 for the Gilbert shoreline (???10.3-10.9 14C ka; 1300 m), and 0.71469 for the modern Great Salt Lake (1280 m). These analyses show that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of lacustrine carbonates changes substantially at low- to mid-lake levels but is invariant at mid- to high-lake levels. Sr-isotope mixing models of Great Salt Lake and the Bonneville paleolake system were constructed to explain these variations in 87Sr/86Sr ratios with change in lake level. Our model of the Bonneville system produced a 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.71193, very close to the observed ratios from high-shoreline tufa and shell. The model verifies that the integration of the southern Sevier and Beaver rivers with the Bear and others rivers in the north is responsible for the lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios in Lake Bonneville compared to the modern Great Salt Lake. We also modeled the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Lake Bonneville with the upper Bear River diverted into the Snake River basin and obtained an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.71414. Coincidentally, this ratio is close to the observed ratio for Great Salt Lake of 0.71469. This means that 87Sr/86Sr ratios of >0.714 for carbonate can be produced by climatically induced low-lake conditions or by diversion of the upper Bear River out of the Bonneville basin. This model result also demonstrates that the upper Bear River had to be flowing into the Bonneville basin during highstands of other late Quaternary lake cycles: carbonates from the Little Valley (130-160 ka) and Cutler Dam (59 ?? 5 ka) lake cycles returned 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.71166 and 0.71207, respectively, and are too low to be produced by a lake without the upper Bear River input. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25330.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hart, W., Quade, J., Madsen, D., Kaufman, D.S., and Oviatt, C.G., 2004, The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of lacustrine carbonates and lake-level history of the Bonneville paleolake system: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 9-10, p. 1107-1119, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25330.1.","startPage":"1107","endPage":"1119","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209233,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25330.1"},{"id":235499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba659e4b08c986b321091","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, W.S.","contributorId":94475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madsen, D.B.","contributorId":65615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaufman, D. S.","contributorId":18006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026800,"text":"70026800 - 2004 - Exposure to perchlorate induces the formation of macrophage aggregates in the trunk kidney of zebrafish and mosquitofish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026800","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure to perchlorate induces the formation of macrophage aggregates in the trunk kidney of zebrafish and mosquitofish","docAbstract":"Environmental contamination of ground and surface waters by perchlorate, derived from ammonium perchlorate (AP) and other perchlorate salts, is of increasing concern. Exposure to perchlorate can impair the thyroid endocrine system, which is thought to modulate renal and immune function in vertebrates. This study with zebrafish Danio rerio and eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki examined the histological effects of perchlorate on the trunk kidney, which in teleosts serves excretory and hemopoietic functions and therefore may be a target of perchlorate effects. Adult zebrafish of both sexes were exposed in the laboratory to waterborne, AP-derived perchlorate at measured concentrations of 18 mg/L for 8 weeks. Adult male mosquitofish were exposed to waterborne sodium perchlorate at measured perchlorate concentrations of 1-92 mg/L for 8 weeks. Control fish were kept in untreated water. The region of the body cavity containing the trunk kidney was processed from each fish for histological analysis. Macrophage aggregates (MAs), possible markers of contaminant exposure or immunotoxic effect, were present in the hemopoietic region of the kidney in both species exposed to perchlorate. The estimated percent area of kidney sections occupied by MAs was greater in zebrafish exposed to perchlorate at 18 mg/L (P < 0.05) than in controls. In male mosquitofish, the incidence of renal MAs increased proportionally with sodium perchlorate concentration and was significantly different from that of controls at 92 mg/L (P < 0.05). These observations confirm that in fish the kidney is affected by exposure to perchlorate. The concentrations of perchlorate at which the effects were noted are relatively high but within the range reported in some contaminated habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/H04-019.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Capps, T., Mukhi, S., Rinchard, J., Theodorakis, C., Blazer, V., and Patino, R., 2004, Exposure to perchlorate induces the formation of macrophage aggregates in the trunk kidney of zebrafish and mosquitofish: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 3, p. 145-151, https://doi.org/10.1577/H04-019.1.","startPage":"145","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478212,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2301","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209234,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H04-019.1"},{"id":235500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e38e4b0c8380cd53354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capps, T.","contributorId":100169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capps","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mukhi, S.","contributorId":83721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukhi","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rinchard, J.J.","contributorId":40781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinchard","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Theodorakis, C.W.","contributorId":71366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakis","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026804,"text":"70026804 - 2004 - Three-dimensional local grid refinement for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using iteratively coupled shared nodes: A new method of interpolation and analysis of errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026804","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional local grid refinement for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using iteratively coupled shared nodes: A new method of interpolation and analysis of errors","docAbstract":"This paper describes work that extends to three dimensions the two-dimensional local-grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models of Mehl and Hill [Development and evaluation of a local grid refinement method for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using shared nodes. Adv Water Resour 2002;25(5):497-511]. In this approach, the (parent) finite-difference grid is discretized more finely within a (child) sub-region. The grid refinement method sequentially solves each grid and uses specified flux (parent) and specified head (child) boundary conditions to couple the grids. Iteration achieves convergence between heads and fluxes of both grids. Of most concern is how to interpolate heads onto the boundary of the child grid such that the physics of the parent-grid flow is retained in three dimensions. We develop a new two-step, \"cage-shell\" interpolation method based on the solution of the flow equation on the boundary of the child between nodes shared with the parent grid. Error analysis using a test case indicates that the shared-node local grid refinement method with cage-shell boundary head interpolation is accurate and robust, and the resulting code is used to investigate three-dimensional local grid refinement of stream-aquifer interactions. Results reveal that (1) the parent and child grids interact to shift the true head and flux solution to a different solution where the heads and fluxes of both grids are in equilibrium, (2) the locally refined model provided a solution for both heads and fluxes in the region of the refinement that was more accurate than a model without refinement only if iterations are performed so that both heads and fluxes are in equilibrium, and (3) the accuracy of the coupling is limited by the parent-grid size - A coarse parent grid limits correct representation of the hydraulics in the feedback from the child grid.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.06.004","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2004, Three-dimensional local grid refinement for block-centered finite-difference groundwater models using iteratively coupled shared nodes: A new method of interpolation and analysis of errors: Advances in Water Resources, v. 27, no. 9, p. 899-912, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.06.004.","startPage":"899","endPage":"912","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.06.004"}],"volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb330e4b08c986b325c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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