We present results from the tomographic analysis of seismic data from the Parkfield area using three different inversion codes. The models provide a consistent view of the complex velocity structure in the vicinity of the San Andreas, including a sharp velocity contrast across the fault. We use the inversion results to assess our confidence in the absolute location accuracy of a potential target earthquake. We derive two types of accuracy estimates, one based on a consideration of the location differences from the three inversion methods, and the other based on the absolute location accuracy of “virtual earthquakes.” Location differences are on the order of 100–200 m horizontally and up to 500 m vertically. Bounds on the absolute location errors based on the “virtual earthquake” relocations are ∼50 m horizontally and vertically. The average of our locations places the target event epicenter within about 100 m of the SAF surface trace.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL019398","usgsCitation":"Thurber, C., Roecker, S., Zhang, H., Baher, S., and Ellsworth, W., 2004, Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 12, L12S02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019398.","productDescription":"L12S02, 4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019398","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 35.337533782800946\n ],\n [\n -119.38568115234374,\n 35.337533782800946\n ],\n [\n -119.38568115234374,\n 36.26531407324164\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 36.26531407324164\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 35.337533782800946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1028e4b0c8380cd53b5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roecker, S.","contributorId":10173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baher, S.","contributorId":36710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baher","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.","contributorId":59967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026939,"text":"70026939 - 2004 - A combined basalt and peridotite perspective on 14 million years of melt generation at the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for temporal changes in mantle dynamics?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026939","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A combined basalt and peridotite perspective on 14 million years of melt generation at the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for temporal changes in mantle dynamics?","docAbstract":"Little is known about temporal variations in melt generation and extraction at midocean ridges largely due to the paucity of sampling along flow lines. Here we present new whole-rock major and trace element data, and mineral and glass major element data, for 71 basaltic samples (lavas and dykes) and 23 peridotites from the same ridge segment (the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge). These samples span an age range of almost 14 My and, in combination with the large amount of published data from this area, allow temporal variations in melting processes to be investigated. Basalts show systematic changes in incompatible trace element ratios with the older samples (from ???8-14 Ma) having more depleted incompatible trace element ratios than the younger ones. There is, however, no corresponding change in peridotite compositions. Peridotites come from the top of the melting column, where the extent of melting is highest, suggesting that the maximum degree of melting did not change over this interval of time. New and published Nd isotopic ratios of basalts, dykes and gabbros from this segment suggest that the average source composition has been approximately constant over this time interval. These data are most readily explained by a model in which the average source composition and temperature have not changed over the last 14 My, but the dynamics of mantle flow (active-to-passive) or melt extraction (less-to-more efficient extraction from the 'wings' of the melting column) has changed significantly. This hypothesised change in mantle dynamics occurs at roughly the same time as a change from a period of detachment faulting to 'normal' crustal accretion. We speculate that active mantle flow may impart sufficient shear stress on the base of the lithosphere to rotate the regional stress field and promote the formation of low angle normal faults. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.016","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Coogan, L., Thompson, G., MacLeod, C.J., Dick, H., Edwards, S., Hosford, S.A., and Barry, T., 2004, A combined basalt and peridotite perspective on 14 million years of melt generation at the Atlantis Bank segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for temporal changes in mantle dynamics?: Chemical Geology, v. 207, no. 1-2, p. 13-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.016.","startPage":"13","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209191,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.016"},{"id":235435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"207","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e34ae4b0c8380cd45f44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coogan, L.A.","contributorId":27652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coogan","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G.M.","contributorId":57246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacLeod, C. J.","contributorId":50333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacLeod","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dick, H.J.B.","contributorId":7012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dick","given":"H.J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edwards, S.J.","contributorId":72753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hosford, Scheirer A.","contributorId":62810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosford","given":"Scheirer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barry, T.L.","contributorId":27646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026938,"text":"70026938 - 2004 - Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T14:00:03","indexId":"70026938","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape","docAbstract":"We investigated factors affecting nest success of songbirds in riparian forest and buffers in northeastern Missouri. We used an information-theoretic approach to determine support for hypotheses concerning effects of nest-site, habitat-patch, edge, and temporal factors on nest success of songbirds in three narrow (55–95 m) and three wide (400–530 m) riparian forests with adjacent grassland-shrub buffer strips and in three narrow and three wide riparian forests without adjacent grassland-shrub buffer strips. We predicted that temporal effects would have the most support and that habitat-patch and edge effects would have little support, because nest predation would be great across all sites in the highly fragmented, predominantly agricultural landscape. Interval nest success was 0.404, 0.227, 0.070, and 0.186, respectively, for Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and forest interior species pooled (Acadian Flycatcher [Empidonax virescens], Wood Thrush [Hylocichla mustelina], Ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapillus], and Kentucky Warbler [Oporornis formosus]). The effect of nest stage on nest success had the most support; daily nest success for Gray Catbird and Indigo Bunting were lowest in the laying stage. We found strong support for greater nest success of Gray Catbird in riparian forests with adjacent buffer strips than in riparian forests without adjacent buffer strips. Patch width also occurred in the most-supported model for Gray Catbird, but with very limited support. The null model received the most support for Northern Cardinal. Riparian forests provided breeding habitat for area-sensitive forest species and grassland-shrub nesting species. Buffer strips provided additional breeding habitat for grassland-shrub nesting species. Interval nest success for Indigo Bunting and area-sensitive forest species pooled, however, fell well below the level that is likely necessary to balance juvenile and adult mortality, which suggests that when riparian forests are located within agricultural landscapes, the potential even for wide riparian forests with adjacent buffer strips to provide high-quality breeding habitat is severely diminished for some species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0726:FASNSI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Peak, R., Thompson, F.R., and Shaffer, T., 2004, Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 726-737, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0726:FASNSI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"726","endPage":"737","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ea8e4b0c8380cd53569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peak, R.G.","contributorId":42550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peak","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, F. R. III","contributorId":17940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026937,"text":"70026937 - 2004 - Effects of seeding procedures and water quality on recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stream water by using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1623","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026937","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of seeding procedures and water quality on recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stream water by using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1623","docAbstract":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 is widely used to monitor source waters and drinking water supplies for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Matrix spikes, used to determine the effect of the environmental matrix on the method's recovery efficiency for the target organism, require the collection and analysis of two environmental samples, one for analysis of endemic oocysts and the other for analysis of recovery efficiency. A new product, ColorSeed, enables the analyst to determine recovery efficiency by using modified seeded oocysts that can be differentiated from endemic organisms in a single sample. Twenty-nine stream water samples and one untreated effluent sample from a cattle feedlot were collected in triplicate to compare modified seeding procedures to conventional seeding procedures that use viable, unmodified oocysts. Significant negative correlations were found between the average oocyst recovery and turbidity or suspended sediment; this was especially apparent in samples with turbidities greater than 100 nephelometric turbidity units and suspended sediment concentrations greater than 100 mg/liter. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 16.7% of the unseeded environmental samples, and concentrations, adjusted for recoveries, ranged from 4 to 80 oocysts per 10 liters. Determining recovery efficiency also provided data to calculate detection limits; these ranged from <2 to <215 oocysts per 10 liters. Recoveries of oocysts ranged from 2.0 to 61% for viable oocysts and from 3.0 to 59% for modified oocysts. The recoveries between the two seeding procedures were highly correlated (r = 0.802) and were not significantly different. Recoveries by using modified oocysts, therefore, were comparable to recoveries by using conventional seeding procedures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1128/AEM.70.7.4118-4128.2004","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Francy, D., Simmons, O.D., Ware, M., Granger, E., Sobsey, M., and Schaefer, F.W., 2004, Effects of seeding procedures and water quality on recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stream water by using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 1623: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 70, no. 7, p. 4118-4128, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4118-4128.2004.","startPage":"4118","endPage":"4128","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478331,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/444769","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4118-4128.2004"}],"volume":"70","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07c5e4b0c8380cd51815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, D.S. 0000-0001-9229-3557","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":86809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, O. D. III","contributorId":72160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"O.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ware, M.W.","contributorId":92027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ware","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Granger, E.J.","contributorId":75734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granger","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sobsey, M.D.","contributorId":7037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobsey","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schaefer, F. W. III","contributorId":26475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026936,"text":"70026936 - 2004 - Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-16T08:29:32","indexId":"70026936","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals","docAbstract":"We estimated adult survival probabilities for the endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in four regional populations using photo-identification data and open-population capture-recapture statistical models. The mean annual adult survival probability over the most recent 10-yr period of available estimates was as follows: Northwest - 0.956 (SE 0.007), Upper St. Johns River - 0.960 (0.011), Atlantic Coast - 0.937 (0.008), and Southwest - 0.908 (0.019). Estimates of temporal variance independent of sampling error, calculated from the survival estimates, indicated constant survival in the Upper St. Johns River, true temporal variability in the Northwest and Atlantic Coast, and large sampling variability obscuring estimates for the Southwest. Calf and subadult survival probabilities were estimated for the Upper St. Johns River from the only available data for known-aged individuals: 0.810 (95% CI 0.727-0.873) for 1st year calves, 0.915 (0.827-0.960) for 2nd year calves, and 0.969 (0.946-0.982) for manatee 3 yr or older. These estimates of survival probabilities and temporal variance, in conjunction with estimates of reproduction probabilities from photoidentification data can be used to model manatee population dynamics, estimate population growth rates, and provide an integrated measure of regional status.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Langtimm, C., Beck, C., Edwards, H., Fick-Child, K.J., Ackerman, B., Barton, S., and Hartley, W., 2004, Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals: Marine Mammal Science, v. 20, no. 3, p. 438-463, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"463","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2bde4b08c986b31f90a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, C.A. 0000-0002-5388-5418","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-5418","contributorId":78674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, H.H.","contributorId":99924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fick-Child, K. J.","contributorId":34698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fick-Child","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ackerman, B.B.","contributorId":31698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barton, S.L.","contributorId":73964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hartley, W.C.","contributorId":97462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026929,"text":"70026929 - 2004 - Development and Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Bound Trinitrotoluene Residues in Soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026929","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Bound Trinitrotoluene Residues in Soil","docAbstract":"TNT (trinitrotoluene) is a contaminant of global environmental significance, yet determining its environmental fate has posed longstanding challenges. To date, only differential extraction-based approaches have been able to determine the presence of covalently bound, reduced forms of TNT in field soils. Here, we employed thermal elution, pyrolysis, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to distinguish between covalently bound and noncovalently bound reduced forms of TNT in soil. Model soil organic matter-based matrixes were used to develop an assay in which noncovalently bound (monomeric) aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) and diaminonitrotoluene (DANT) were desorbed from the matrix and analyzed at a lower temperature than covalently bound forms of these same compounds. A thermal desorption technique, evolved gas analysis, was initially employed to differentiate between covalently bound and added 15N-labeled monomeric compounds. A refined thermal elution procedure, termed \"double-shot analysis\" (DSA), allowed a sample to be sequentially analyzed in two phases. In phase 1, all of an added 15N-labeled monomeric contaminant was eluted from the sample at relatively low temperature. In phase 2 during high-temperature pyrolysis, the remaining covalently bound contaminants were detected. DSA analysis of soil from the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP; ???5000 ppm TNT) revealed the presence of DANT, ADNT, and TNT. After scrutinizing the DSA data and comparing them to results from solvent-extracted and base/acid-hydrolyzed LAAP soil, we concluded that the TNT was a noncovalently bound \"carryover\" from phase 1. Thus, the pyrolysis-GC/MS technique successfully defined covalently bound pools of ADNT and DANT in the field soil sample.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es034911v","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Weiss, J., Mckay, A., Derito, C., Watanabe, C., Thorn, K.A., and Madsen, E., 2004, Development and Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Bound Trinitrotoluene Residues in Soil: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 7, p. 2167-2174, https://doi.org/10.1021/es034911v.","startPage":"2167","endPage":"2174","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209090,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034911v"}],"volume":"38","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0013e4b0c8380cd4f598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, J.M.","contributorId":105499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mckay, A.J.","contributorId":101062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mckay","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derito, C.","contributorId":73796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derito","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watanabe, C.","contributorId":101427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Madsen, E.L.","contributorId":47923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026926,"text":"70026926 - 2004 - Response of a 14-story Anchorage, Alaska, building in 2002 to two close earthquakes and two distant Denali fault earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026926","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of a 14-story Anchorage, Alaska, building in 2002 to two close earthquakes and two distant Denali fault earthquakes","docAbstract":"The recorded responses of an Anchorage, Alaska, building during four significant earthquakes that occurred in 2002 are studied. Two earthquakes, including the 3 November 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake, with epicenters approximately 275 km from the building, generated long trains of long-period (>1 s) surface waves. The other two smaller earthquakes occurred at subcrustal depths practically beneath Anchorage and produced higher frequency motions. These two pairs of earthquakes have different impacts on the response of the building. Higher modes are more pronounced in the building response during the smaller nearby events. The building responses indicate that the close-coupling of translational and torsional modes causes a significant beating effect. It is also possible that there is some resonance occurring due to the site frequency being close to the structural frequency. Identification of dynamic characteristics and behavior of buildings can provide important lessons for future earthquake-resistant designs and retrofit of existing buildings. ?? 2004, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1779291","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., 2004, Response of a 14-story Anchorage, Alaska, building in 2002 to two close earthquakes and two distant Denali fault earthquakes: Earthquake Spectra, v. 20, no. 3, p. 693-706, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1779291.","startPage":"693","endPage":"706","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1779291"},{"id":235218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa24e4b0c8380cd86180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026925,"text":"70026925 - 2004 - Use of a latitudinal gradient in bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) production to examine physiological controls of biotic boundaries and potential responses to environment change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026925","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a latitudinal gradient in bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) production to examine physiological controls of biotic boundaries and potential responses to environment change","docAbstract":"Aim: Predictions of vegetation change with global warming require models that accurately reflect physiological processes underlying growth limitations and species distributions. However, information about environmental controls on physiology and consequent effects on species boundaries and ecosystem functions such as production is limited, especially for forested wetlands that are potentially important carbon sinks. Location: The bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) region of the south-eastern United States was studied to examine how production of an important forested wetland varies with latitude and temperature as well as local hydrology. Methods: We used published data to analyse litter production across a latitudinal gradient from 26.2 to 37.8?? N to determine how bald cypress swamps might respond to alternate climate conditions and what changes might occur throughout the distributional range. Results: Litterfall rates followed a bell shaped curve, indicating that production was more limited at the distributional boundaries (c. 225 g/m2 year-1) compared to the mid-range (795-1126 g/m2 year-1). This pattern suggests that conditions are sub-optimal near both boundaries and that the absence of populations outside this latitudinal range may be largely due to physiological constraints on the carbon balance of dominant species. While dispersal limitations cannot be totally discounted, competition with other wetland types at the extremes of the range does not seem likely to be important because the relative basal area of bald cypress does not decrease near the edges of the range. Impaired hydrology depressed production across the entire range, but more in the south than the north. Main conclusions: Our findings suggest that (1) physiological limitations constrain biotic boundaries of bald cypress swamps; (2) future changes in global temperature would affect litter production in a nonlinear manner across the distributional range; (3) local changes in hydrology may interact with climate to further reduce litter production, particularly at lower latitudes; and (4) southernmost forests could be extirpated if environmental conditions compromise carbon balance and water-use efficiency of trees. ?? 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00088.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B., and McKee, K., 2004, Use of a latitudinal gradient in bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) production to examine physiological controls of biotic boundaries and potential responses to environment change: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 13, no. 3, p. 247-258, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00088.x.","startPage":"247","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209043,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00088.x"},{"id":235217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe95e4b08c986b329680","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, B.A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":89108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"B.A.","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026923,"text":"70026923 - 2004 - Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026923","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods","docAbstract":"Two novel methods of in situ isotope analysis, ion microprobe and microdigestion, were used for 230Th/U and 234U/238U dating of finely laminated opal hemispheres formed in unsaturated felsic tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, proposed site for a high-level radioactive waste repository. Both methods allow analysis of layers as many as several orders of magnitude thinner than standard methods using total hemisphere digestion that were reported previously. Average growth rates calculated from data at this improved spatial resolution verified that opal grew at extremely slow rates over the last million years. Growth rates of 0.58 and 0.69 mm/m.y. were obtained for the outer 305 and 740 ??m of two opal hemispheres analyzed by ion microprobe, and 0.68 mm/m.y. for the outer 22 ??m of one of these same hemispheres analyzed by sequential microdigestion. These Pleistocene growth rates are 2 to 10 times slower than those calculated for older secondary calcite and silica mineral coatings deposited over the last 5 to 10 m.y. dated by the U-Pb method and may reflect differences between Miocene and Pleistocene seepage flux. The microdigestion data also imply that opal growth rates may have varied over the last 40 k.y. These data are the first indication that growth rates and associated seepage in the proposed repository horizon may correlate with changes in late Pleistocene climate, involving faster growth during wetter, cooler climates (glacial maximum), slower growth during transition climates, and no growth during the most arid climate (modern). Data collected at this refined spatial scale may lead to a better understanding of the hydrologic variability expected within the thick unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain over the time scale of interest for radioactive waste isolation. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.022","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Paces, J., Neymark, L., Wooden, J.L., and Persing, H., 2004, Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 7, p. 1591-1606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.022.","startPage":"1591","endPage":"1606","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209018,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.022"}],"volume":"68","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3965e4b0c8380cd618e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Persing, H.M.","contributorId":108275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persing","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026922,"text":"70026922 - 2004 - Paleogeodetic records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026922","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogeodetic records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia","docAbstract":"We utilize coral microatolls in western Sumatra to document vertical deformation associated with subduction. Microatolls are very sensitive to fluctuations in sea level and thus act as natural tide gauges. They record not only the magnitude of vertical deformation associated with earthquakes (paleoseismic data), but also continuously track the long-term aseismic deformation that occurs during the intervals between earthquakes (paleogeodetic data). This paper focuses on the twentieth century paleogeodetic history of the equatorial region. Our coral paleogeodetic record of the 1935 event reveals a classical example of deformations produced by seismic rupture of a shallow subduction interface. The site closest to the trench rose 90 cm, whereas sites further east sank by as much as 35 cm. Our model reproduces these paleogeodetic data with a 2.3 m slip event on the interface 88 to 125 km from the trench axis. Our coral paleogeodetic data reveal slow submergence during the decades before and after the event in the areas of coseismic emergence. Likewise, interseismic emergence occurred before and after the 1935 event in areas of coseismic submergence. Among the interesting phenomenon we have discovered in the coral record is evidence of a large aseismic slip or \"silent even\" in 1962, 27 years after the 1935 event. Paleogeodetic deformation rates in the decades before, after, and between the 1935 and 1962 events have varied both temporally and spatially. During the 25 years following the 1935 event, submergence rates were dramatically greater than in prior decades. During the past four decades, however, rates have been lower than in the preceding decades, but are still higher than they were prior to 1935. These paleogeodetic records enable us to model the kinematics of the subduction interface throughout the twentieth century. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002398","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Natawidjaja, D., Sieh, K., Ward, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Galetzka, J., and Suwargadi, B., 2004, Paleogeodetic records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002398.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478268,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110111-150222201","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208995,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002398"},{"id":235153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73ede4b0c8380cd7731b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Natawidjaja, D.H.","contributorId":91668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natawidjaja","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sieh, K.","contributorId":61972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sieh","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, S.N.","contributorId":96887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cheng, H.","contributorId":19752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edwards, R. Lawrence","contributorId":69760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Galetzka, J.","contributorId":80054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galetzka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suwargadi, B.W.","contributorId":87732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suwargadi","given":"B.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026921,"text":"70026921 - 2004 - Crustal deformation measurements in Guerrero, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026921","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation measurements in Guerrero, Mexico","docAbstract":"GPS measurements of crustal deformation in Guerrero, southern Mexico, include surveys collected between 1992 and 2001 as well as continuous GPS measurements at a few sites. These geodetic observations are used to calculate interseismic deformation rates and assess the presence and possible location of transient deformation during the period encompassing 1992.25 to 2001.75. The data are used to examine transient deformation in 1998 previously described from data at a single site by Lowry et al. [2001]. Survey measurements and continuous data from a site near Popocate??petl volcano confirm the 1998 transient, and survey data also suggest another transient occurred following the 14 September 1995 (Mw = 7.3) Copala earthquake. All of the available GPS position estimates have been inverted for a combined model of slip during each event plus the steady state slip on the plate interface. Modeling of the steady state deformation rates confirms that the Guerrero seismic gap is partially frictionally locked at depths shallower than about 25 km and accumulating strain that may eventually be released in a great earthquake. The data also suggest that there is frictional coupling to much greater (>40 km) depths, which releases more frequently in aseismic slip events. The locations and sizes of the transient events are only partially constrained by the available data. However, the transient models which best fit the GPS coordinate time series suggest that aseismic slip was centered downdip of the seismogenic portion of the plate-bounding thrust in both events, and the moment release had equivalent magnitudes Mw = 7.1 + 1.3/-1.0 in 1995-1996 and 7.1 + 0.4/-0.1 in 1998. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002843","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Larson, K., Lowry, A., Kostoglodov, V., Hutton, W., Sanchez, O., Hudnut, K., and Suarez, G., 2004, Crustal deformation measurements in Guerrero, Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002843.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478131,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002843","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208994,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002843"},{"id":235152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdce4b0c8380cd4e48e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, K.M.","contributorId":84949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, A.R.","contributorId":87731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kostoglodov, V.","contributorId":86545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostoglodov","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutton, W.","contributorId":28050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sanchez, O.","contributorId":59188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suarez, G.","contributorId":34664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026919,"text":"70026919 - 2004 - Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T11:08:19","indexId":"70026919","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes are a major volcanic hazard that could impact the western portion of the island of Hawai'i (e.g., Kona). The most recent eruptions of these two volcanoes to affect Kona occurred in A.D. 1950 and ca. 1800, respectively. In contrast, in eastern Hawai'i, eruptions of neighboring Kilauea volcano have occurred frequently since 1955, and therefore have been the focus for hazard mitigation. Official preparedness and response measures are therefore modeled on typical eruptions of Kilauea. The combinations of short-lived precursory activity (e.g., volcanic tremor) at Mauna Loa, the potential for fast-moving lava flows, and the proximity of Kona communities to potential vents represent significant emergency management concerns in Kona. Less is known about past eruptions of Hualālai, but similar concerns exist. Future lava flows present an increased threat to personal safety because of the short times that may be available for responding. Mitigation must address not only the specific characteristics of volcanic hazards in Kona, but also the manner in which the hazards relate to the communities likely to be affected. This paper describes the first steps in developing effective mitigation plans: measuring the current state of people's knowledge of eruption parameters and the implications for their safety. We present results of a questionnaire survey administered to 462 high school students and adults in Kona. The rationale for this study was the long lapsed time since the last Kona eruption, and the high population growth and expansion of infrastructure over this time interval. Anticipated future growth in social and economic infrastructure in this area provides additional justification for this work. The residents of Kona have received little or no specific information about how to react to future volcanic eruptions or warnings, and short-term preparedness levels are low. Respondents appear uncertain about how to respond to threatening lava flows and overestimate the minimum time available to react, suggesting that personal risk levels are unnecessarily high. A successful volcanic warning plan in Kona must be tailored to meet the unique situation there. Springer-Verlag 2004.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Paton, D., Swanson, D., and Johnston, D., 2004, Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 6, p. 531-540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502532,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Community_preparedness_for_lava_flows_from_Mauna_Loa_and_Hualalai_volcanoes_Kona_Hawai_i/22847921","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano, Hualālai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f809e4b0c8380cd4ce3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":3137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnston, David M.","contributorId":68082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026916,"text":"70026916 - 2004 - Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-11T16:55:04.870702","indexId":"70026916","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests","docAbstract":"We show how simple statistical analyses of systematically collected inventory data can be used to provide reliable information about the distribution and habitat associations of rare species. Using an existing design-based sampling grid on which epiphytic macrolichens had been inventoried in the Northwest Forest Plan area of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, we (1) estimate frequencies and standard errors for each of 25 lichen species having special management designation (i.e., Survey and Manage), (2) assess the probability that individual species were associated with specific land allocation and forest stand age classifications, and (3) provide estimates of sample sizes necessary to ensure sufficient detections for these analyses. We conclude with a discussion of management and conservation information needs that extant data can satisfy and identify advantages and limitations of random vs. nonrandom sampling strategies. Combining design-assisted and model-assisted approaches can overcome some of the limitations of either single strategy.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/02-5236","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T., Cutler, D., Geiser, L., Alegria, J., and McKenzie, D., 2004, Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 2, p. 414-424, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5236.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"424","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -121.201171875,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -120.9375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 46.92025531537451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddee4b0c8380cd49a76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cutler, D.R.","contributorId":89684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geiser, L.","contributorId":23498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiser","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alegria, J.","contributorId":97683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alegria","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenzie, D.","contributorId":34093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026915,"text":"70026915 - 2004 - Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026915","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers","docAbstract":"Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO3, Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.08.002","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Schulmeister, M., Healey, J., Butler, J., and McCall, G., 2004, Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 69, no. 3-4, p. 215-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.08.002.","startPage":"215","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.08.002"},{"id":235615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01b5e4b0c8380cd4fd15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulmeister, M.K.","contributorId":24526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeister","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healey, J.M.","contributorId":61199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCall, G.W.","contributorId":35096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCall","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026912,"text":"70026912 - 2004 - Physical properties and rock physics models of sediment containing natural and laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T12:40:01","indexId":"70026912","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical properties and rock physics models of sediment containing natural and laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate","docAbstract":"This paper presents results of shear strength and acoustic velocity (p-wave) measurements performed on: (1) samples containing natural gas hydrate from the Mallik 2L-38 well, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories; (2) reconstituted Ottawa sand samples containing methane gas hydrate formed in the laboratory; and (3) ice-bearing sands. These measurements show that hydrate increases shear strength and p-wave velocity in natural and reconstituted samples. The proportion of this increase depends on (1) the amount and distribution of hydrate present, (2) differences, in sediment properties, and (3) differences in test conditions. Stress-strain curves from the Mallik samples suggest that natural gas hydrate does not cement sediment grains. However, stress-strain curves from the Ottawa sand (containing laboratory-formed gas hydrate) do imply cementation is present. Acoustically, rock physics modeling shows that gas hydrate does not cement grains of natural Mackenzie Delta sediment. Natural gas hydrates are best modeled as part of the sediment frame. This finding is in contrast with direct observations and results of Ottawa sand containing laboratory-formed hydrate, which was found to cement grains (Waite et al. 2004). It therefore appears that the microscopic distribution of gas hydrates in sediment, and hence the effect of gas hydrate on sediment physical properties, differs between natural deposits and laboratory-formed samples. This difference may possibly be caused by the location of water molecules that are available to form hydrate. Models that use laboratory-derived properties to predict behavior of natural gas hydrate must account for these differences.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am-2004-8-909","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Winters, W., Pecher, I., Waite, W., and Mason, D., 2004, Physical properties and rock physics models of sediment containing natural and laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate: American Mineralogist, v. 89, no. 8-9, p. 1221-1227, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2004-8-909.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1221","endPage":"1227","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ab9e4b0c8380cd79079","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waite, W.F.","contributorId":40329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mason, D.H.","contributorId":93952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026910,"text":"70026910 - 2004 - Morphometric properties of Martian volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T15:27:45.444831","indexId":"70026910","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometric properties of Martian volcanoes","docAbstract":"Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data have been used to construct Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the Martian volcanoes in order to determine height, flank slope, caldera depth, and volumes. Summit elevations range from 21.1 km to −0.5 km, and relief varies from 1.0 km to almost 22 km. Average flank slopes are in the range of <1° to ∼10°, consistent with basaltic shield volcanism. The very low slopes of highland patera are also consistent with pyroclastic volcanism. Minimum volumes range from <1012 to 1015 m3. Estimates of the time required to build these volcanoes, on the basis of long-term terrestrial eruption rates, range from hundreds of thousands to tens of millions of years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002JE002031","usgsCitation":"Plescia, J.B., 2004, Morphometric properties of Martian volcanoes: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 109, no. 3, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE002031.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je002031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e63e4b0c8380cd709e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plescia, J. B.","contributorId":15689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plescia","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026907,"text":"70026907 - 2004 - Interactions of brown bears, Ursus arctos, and gray wolves, Canis lupus, at Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-12T12:50:16","indexId":"70026907","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of brown bears, Ursus arctos, and gray wolves, Canis lupus, at Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"We describe several encounters between Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) and Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) that were observed at Katmai National Park and Preserve in southwest Alaska. Katmai Brown Bears and Gray Wolves were observed interacting in a variety of behavioral modes that ranged from agonistic to tolerant. These observations provide additional insight regarding the behavioral plasticity associated with bear-wolf interactions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, ON","doi":"10.22621/cfn.v118i2.922","issn":"00083550","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.S., Partridge, S.T., and Schoen, J.W., 2004, Interactions of brown bears, Ursus arctos, and gray wolves, Canis lupus, at Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 118, no. 2, p. 247-250, https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.922.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"250","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478238,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.922","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park and Preserve","volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc8e4b0c8380cd6303a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Tom S.","contributorId":179380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Partridge, Steven T.","contributorId":56014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Partridge","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoen, John W.","contributorId":25334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27800,"text":"National Audubon Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026895,"text":"70026895 - 2004 - Gravity study through the Tualatin Mountains, Oregon: Understanding crustal structure and earthquake hazards in the Portland urban area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026895","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity study through the Tualatin Mountains, Oregon: Understanding crustal structure and earthquake hazards in the Portland urban area","docAbstract":"A high-resolution gravity survey through the Tualatin Mountains (Portland Nills) west of downtown Portland exhibits evidence of faults previously identified from surface geologic and aeromagnetic mapping. The gravity survey was conducted in 1996 along the 4.5-km length of a twin-bore tunnel, then under construction and now providing light-rail service between downtown Portland and communities west of the Portland Hills. Gravitational attraction gradually increases from west to east inside the tunnel, which reflects the tunnel's location between low-density sedimentary deposits of the Tualatin basin to the west and high-density, mostly concealed Eocene basalt to the east. Superimposed on this gradient are several steplike anomalies that we interpret as evidence for faulted contacts between rocks of contrasting density. The largest of these anomalies occurs beneath Sylvan Creek, where a fault had previously been mapped inside the tunnel. Another occurs 1200 m from the west portal, at the approximate intersection of the tunnel with an aeromagnetic anomaly associated with the Sylvan fault (formerly called the Oatfield fault). Lithologic cross sections based on these gravity data show that the steplike anomalies are consistent with steeply dipping reverse faults, although strike-slip displacements also may be important. Three gravity lows correspond with topographic lows directly overhead and may reflect zones of shearing. Several moderate earthquakes (M ??? 3.5) occurred near the present-day location of the tunnel in 1991, suggesting that some of these faults or other faults in the Portland Hills fault zone are seismically active.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/012003045","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Blakely, R., Beeson, M., Cruikshank, K., Wells, R., Johnson, A.H., and Walsh, K., 2004, Gravity study through the Tualatin Mountains, Oregon: Understanding crustal structure and earthquake hazards in the Portland urban area: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 4, p. 1402-1409, https://doi.org/10.1785/012003045.","startPage":"1402","endPage":"1409","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209089,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/012003045"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a2fe4b0c8380cd5af79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeson, M.H.","contributorId":83118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cruikshank, K.","contributorId":14993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Aaron H.","contributorId":46971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walsh, K.","contributorId":17811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026893,"text":"70026893 - 2004 - Interactions among host diet, nutritional status and gastrointestinal parasite infection in wild bovids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026893","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2024,"text":"International Journal for Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions among host diet, nutritional status and gastrointestinal parasite infection in wild bovids","docAbstract":"In this study, I explored the interactions among host diet, nutritional status and gastrointestinal parasitism in wild bovids by examining temporal patterns of nematode faecal egg shedding in species with different diet types during a drought and non-drought year. Study species included three grass and roughage feeders (buffalo, hartebeest, waterbuck), four mixed or intermediate feeders (eland, Grant's gazelle, impala, Thomson's gazelle) and two concentrate selectors (dik-dik, klipspringer). Six out of the nine focal species had higher mean faecal egg counts in the drought year compared to the normal year, and over the course of the dry year, monthly faecal egg counts were correlated with drought intensity in four species with low-quality diets, but no such relationship was found for species with high-quality diets. Comparisons of dietary crude protein and faecal egg count in impala showed that during the dry season, individuals with high faecal egg counts (???1550 eggs/g of faeces) had significantly lower crude protein levels than individuals with low (0-500 eggs/g) or moderate (550-1500 eggs/g) egg counts. These results suggest that under drought conditions, species unable to maintain adequate nutrition, mainly low-quality feeders, are less able to cope with gastrointestinal parasite infections. In particular, during dry periods, reduced protein intake seems to be associated with declining resilience and resistance to infection. ?? 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal for Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.012","issn":"00207519","usgsCitation":"Ezenwa, V., 2004, Interactions among host diet, nutritional status and gastrointestinal parasite infection in wild bovids: International Journal for Parasitology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 535-542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.012.","startPage":"535","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209062,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.012"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cbde4b0c8380cd62fc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ezenwa, V.O.","contributorId":80047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ezenwa","given":"V.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026892,"text":"70026892 - 2004 - Across-shelf sediment transport since the Last Glacial Maximum, southern California margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026892","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Across-shelf sediment transport since the Last Glacial Maximum, southern California margin","docAbstract":"Correlation of continental shelf-slope stratigraphy in Santa Monica Bay (southern California) with Ocean Drilling Program records for nearby slope-basin sites has illuminated the timing and scale of terrigenous sediment dispersal on margin since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Marine flooding surfaces preserved in a transgressive sequence on the Santa Monica Shelf provide a key link between base-level elevation and sediment transport across shelf. Sediment-accumulation rates at slope-basin sites were maximal ca. 15-10 ka, well after the LGM, decreased during the 12-9 ka transition from fluvial-estuarine to fully marine conditions on the shelf, and decelerated throughout the Holocene to 30%-75% of their values at the LGM. The deceleration is interpreted to manifest a landward shift in the margin depocenter with the onset of transgressive sedimentation beginning when sea level surmounted the shelf edge ca. 13 ka, as predicted by sequence-stratigraphic models. However, the records make clear that factors other than base level modulated slope-basin accumulation rates during the deglaciation. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G20182.2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C., and Lee, H., 2004, Across-shelf sediment transport since the Last Glacial Maximum, southern California margin: Geology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 345-348, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20182.2.","startPage":"345","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209061,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G20182.2"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6a5e4b0c8380cd47563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, C.K.","contributorId":54387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026889,"text":"70026889 - 2004 - Simulated long-term changes in river discharge and soil moisture due to global warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026889","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated long-term changes in river discharge and soil moisture due to global warming","docAbstract":"By use of a coupled ocean atmosphere-land model, this study explores the changes of water availability, as measured by river discharge and soil moisture, that could occur by the middle of the 21st century in response to combined increases of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols based upon the \"IS92a\" scenario. In addition, it presents the simulated change in water availability that might be realized in a few centuries in response to a quadrupling of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Averaging the results over extended periods, the radiatively forced changes, which are very similar between the two sets of experiments, were successfully extracted. The analysis indicates that the discharges from Arctic rivers such as the Mackenzie and Ob' increase by up to 20% (of the pre-Industrial Period level) by the middle of the 21st century and by up to 40% or more in a few centuries. In the tropics, the discharges from the Amazonas and Ganga-Brahmaputra rivers increase substantially. However, the percentage changes in runoff from other tropical and many mid-latitude rivers are smaller, with both positive and negative signs. For soil moisture, the results of this study indicate reductions during much of the year in many semiarid regions of the world, such as the southwestern region of North America, the northeastern region of China, the Mediterranean coast of Europe, and the grasslands of Australia and Africa. As a percentage, the reduction is particularly large during the dry season. From middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, soil moisture decreases in summer but increases in winter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429","issn":"02626667","usgsCitation":"Manabe, S., Milly, P., and Wetherald, R., 2004, Simulated long-term changes in river discharge and soil moisture due to global warming: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 49, no. 4, p. 625-642, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429.","startPage":"625","endPage":"642","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478266,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429"},{"id":235214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fb6e4b08c986b3190c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manabe, S.","contributorId":94832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manabe","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetherald, R.","contributorId":38752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026191,"text":"70026191 - 2004 - Critical swimming speeds of wild bull trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T15:18:57","indexId":"70026191","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critical swimming speeds of wild bull trout","docAbstract":"We estimated the critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) of wild bull trout at 6??, 11??, and 15??C in laboratory experiments. At 11??C, 5 fish ranging from 11 to 19 cm in length had a mean Ucrit of 48.24 cm/s or 3.22 body lengths per second (BL/s). Also at 11??C , 6 fish from 32 to 42 cm had a mean Ucrit of 73.99 cm/s or 2.05 BL/s. At 15??C, 5 fish from 14 to 23 cm had a mean Ucrit of 54.66 cm/s or 2.88 BL/s. No fish successfully swam at 6??C. Swim speed was significantly influenced by fish length. Many bull trout performed poorly in our enclosed respirometers: of 71 Ucrit tests we attempted, only the 16 described above were successful. Bull trout that refused to swim held station within tunnels by using their pectoral fins as depressors, or they rested and later became impinged against a downstream screen. Several common techniques did not stimulate consistent swimming activity in these fish. Our estimates of U crit for bull trout provide an understanding of their performance capacity and will be useful in modeling efforts aimed at improving fish passage structures. We recommend that fishway or culvert designers concerned with bull trout passage maintain velocities within their structures at or below our estimates of Ucrit, thus taking a conservative approach to ensuring that these fish can ascend migratory obstacles safely.
","language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Weiland, L., and Zydlewski, G., 2004, Critical swimming speeds of wild bull trout: Northwest Science, v. 78, no. 1, p. 59-65.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"65","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb1e4b0c8380cd4e3b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zydlewski, G.B.","contributorId":78119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026186,"text":"70026186 - 2004 - Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T16:02:11","indexId":"70026186","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3642,"text":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada","docAbstract":"The Tombstone, Mayo and Tungsten plutonic suites of granitic intrusions, collectively termed the Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, form three geographically, mineralogically, geochemically and metallogenically distinct plutonic suites. The granites (sensu lato) intruded the ancient North American continental margin of the northern Canadian Cordillera as part of a single magmatic episode in the mid-Cretaceous (96-90 Ma). The Tombstone Suite is alkalic, variably fractionated, slightly oxidised, contains magnetite and titanite, and has primary, but no xenocrystic, zircon. The Mayo Suite is sub-alkalic, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, fractionated, but with early felsic and late mafic phases, moderately reduced with titanite dominant, and has xenocrystic zircon. The Tungsten Suite is peraluminous, entirely felsic, more highly fractionated, reduced with ilmenite dominant, and has abundant xenocrystic zircon. Each suite has a distinctive petrogenesis. The Tombstone Suite was derived from an enriched, previously depleted lithospheric mantle, the Tungsten Suite is from the continental crust including, but not dominated by, carbonaceous pelitic rocks, and the Mayo Suite is from a similar sedimentary crustal source, but is mixed with a distinct mafic component from an enriched mantle source. Each suite has a distinctive metallogeny that is related to the source and redox characteristics of the magma. The Tombstone Suite has a Au-Cu-Bi association that is characteristic of most oxidised and alkalic magmas, but also has associated, and enigmatic, U-Th-F mineralisation. The reduced Tungsten Suite intrusions are characterised by world-class tungsten skarn deposits with less significant Cu, Zn, Sn and Mo anomalies. The Mayo Suite intrusions are characteristically gold-enriched, with associated As, Bi, Te and W associations. All suites also have associated, but distal and lower temperature Ag-Pb- and Sb-rich mineral occurrences. Although processes such as fractionation, volatile enrichment and phase separation are ultimately required to produce economic concentrations of ore elements from crystallising magmas, the nature of the source materials and their redox state play an important role in determining which elements are effectively concentrated by magmatic processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0263593300001115","issn":"02635933","usgsCitation":"Hart, C., Mair, J., Goldfarb, R., and Groves, D., 2004, Source and redox controls on metallogenic variations in intrusion-related ore systems, Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, Yukon Territory, Canada: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 95, no. 1-2, p. 339-356, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001115.","startPage":"339","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269501,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001115"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b931fe4b08c986b31a2da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mair, J.L.","contributorId":24144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mair","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}