Wind-induced dust emission in the southwestern United States is important regionally because of its impact on human health and safety and its influence on ecosystem dynamics. Factors that control dust emission include wind velocity, sediment availability, and surface conditions (e.g., vegetation type and degree of cover, surface crusts and armoring, and soil moisture - Gillette and Passi, 1988; Gillette and Hanson 1989; Marticorena and others, 1997). Emission of dust from the land surface is a process of degradation that depletes fine-grained minerals needed for optimum vegetation growth, creates potentially hazardous air quality for humans on a local and regional scale, and can affect climate on a regional and global scale. Future climatic change may lead to increased aridification of southwestern deserts, reducing protective vegetation and enhancing dust emissions, thereby increasing the impacts of dust in this region. It is currently not well understood how climate change in the Southwest will affect dust emission and, in turn, how dust emission will affect climate and human health.
As part of a study of landscape vulnerability to wind erosion and the potential impacts of dust, we are investigating remotely sensed satellite, airborne, and ground-based image data to determine their ability to detect and monitor active dust storms, as well as to map areas vulnerable to wind erosion. A main objective has been to investigate the use of high temporal resolution digital images collected by satellite and a long-term, ground-based digital camera station, along with wind data collected at our field sites, to detect, monitor, and analyze the location, size, frequency, duration, and transport patterns of dust storms in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States.
Generally, many current methods and instruments are not developed to the level required to routinely detect and monitor dust storms or to develop models that accurately predict total dust flux and emission rates. Improving these capabilities is critical to generating baseline datasets for assessments of landscape vulnerability to future climate change. On going modeling efforts are attempting to identify meteorological parameters and soil surface roughness parameters needed to predict the vulnerability of various geomorphic substrates to wind erosion. Datasets to calibrate model results are difficult to collect and typically not available. Results of our studies, incorporating digital image maps and new methods using remotely sensed images to identify and monitor dust sources, will be useful for the calibration of dust-emission models of the Mojave Desert and other arid environments. At the same time, we are exploring new methods to map the amount, sizes, and spatial distribution of particles at the surface to enable detailed wind-erosion vulnerability mapping at a regional scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., MacKinnon, D., Reynolds, R.L., and Velasco, M.G., 2002, Monitoring dust storms and mapping landscape vulnerability to wind erosion using satellite and ground-based digital images: Arid Lands Newsletter, HTML document.","productDescription":"HTML document","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cals.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln51/chavez.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0767364501953,\n 35.26103890040936\n ],\n [\n -116.20582580566408,\n 35.08451746670936\n ],\n [\n -115.68981170654297,\n 35.17212449131418\n ],\n [\n -116.0767364501953,\n 35.26103890040936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKinnon, David","contributorId":19075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199582,"text":"70199582 - 2002 - Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T21:34:26","indexId":"70199582","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T21:33:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary","docAbstract":"Tidal vertical migration by zooplankton is a common phenomenon in estuaries, usually associated with landward movement of meroplankton or position maintenance of holoplankton. Little is known about the persistence of this behavior, its spatial variability, or its response to changing environmental conditions. We extended a previous study of tidal movements of zooplankton in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco estuary in 1994 to include data from two additional years with very different hydrology. Freshwater flow during sampling in 1995 was about 7-fold greater than in 1994; the LSZ was about 28 km further seaward, and gravitational circulation in the LSZ was strong. In 1996 freshwater flow and LSZ position were intermediate but, because the LSZ was in shallower water in 1996 than in 1995, gravitational circulation was uncommon. Behavior of copepods in both years was similar to that reported in 1994 with some tidal migration observed during most cruises. An exception was the introduced carnivorous copepodTortanus dextrilobatus, which did not migrate and maintained a position deep in the water column (1995 only). In 1996, mysids mainly stayed near the bottom with evidence for vertical migration from only 1 of 6 data sets, whereas amphipods migrated slightly on a diel schedule; these behaviors contrasted with the tidal migration observed in 1994. The bay shrimpCrangon franciscorum did not appear to migrate, but was more abundant in the water column during both ebb and flood, suggesting passive vertical dispersal. Zooplankton did not appear to maintain position by interactions with lateral circulation cells. The results for copepods suggest rigidity in behavior with little or no relaxation of the vertical movement in 1995 when strong gravitational circulation would have made upstream movement relatively easy. Mysids and amphipods altered their behavior depending on local conditions related to freshwater flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02695979","usgsCitation":"Kimmerer, W., Burau, J.R., and Bennett, W., 2002, Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 3, p. 359-371, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695979.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"371","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f159e4b034bf6a805ab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmerer, W.J.","contributorId":23305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, W.A.","contributorId":100572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32934,"text":"ofr02171 - 2002 - User's guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-07T10:45:40","indexId":"ofr02171","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-171","title":"User's guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes","docAbstract":"Hypoinverse is a computer program that processes files of seismic station data for an earthquake (like p wave arrival times and seismogram amplitudes and durations) into earthquake locations and magnitudes. It is one of a long line of similar USGS programs including HYPOLAYR (Eaton, 1969), HYPO71 (Lee and Lahr, 1972), and HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1980).
\nIf you are new to Hypoinverse, you may want to start by glancing at the section “SOME SIMPLE COMMAND SEQUENCES” to get a feel of some simpler sessions. This document is essentially an advanced user’s guide, and reading it sequentially will probably plow the reader into more detail than he/she needs. Every user must have a crust model, station list and phase data input files, and glancing at these sections is a good place to begin. The program has many options because it has grown over the years to meet the needs of one the largest seismic networks in the world, but small networks with just a few stations do use the program and can ignore most of the options and commands.
\nHistory and availability. Hypoinverse was originally written for the Eclipse minicomputer in 1978 (Klein, 1978). A revised version for VAX and Pro-350 computers (Klein, 1985) was later expanded to include multiple crustal models and other capabilities (Klein, 1989). This current report documents the expanded Y2000 version and it supercedes the earlier documents. It serves as a detailed user's guide to the current version running on unix and VAX-alpha computers, and to the version supplied with the Earthworm earthquake digitizing system. Fortran-77 source code (Sun and VAX compatible) and copies of this documentation is available via anonymous ftp from computers in Menlo Park. At present, the computer is swave.wr.usgs.gov and the directory is /ftp/pub/outgoing/klein/hyp2000. If you are running Hypoinverse on one of the Menlo Park EHZ or NCSN unix computers, the executable currently is ~klein/hyp2000/hyp2000.
\nNew features. The Y2000 version of Hypoinverse includes all of the previous capabilities, but adds Y2000 formats to those defined earlier. In most cases, the new formats add 2 digits to the year field to accommodate the century. Other fields are sometimes rearranged or expanded to accommodate a better field order. The Y2000 formats are invoked with the “200” command. When the Y2000 flag is turned on, all files are read and written in the new format and there is no mixing of format types in a single run. Some formats without a date field, like station files, have not changed. A separate program called 2000CONV has been written to convert old formats to new.
\nOther new features, like expanded station names, calculating amplitude magnitudes from a variety of digital seismometers, station history files, interactive earthquake processing, and locations from CUSP (Caltech USGS Seismic Processing) binary files have been added.
\nGeneral features. Hypoinverse will locate any number of events in an input file, which can be in one of several different formats. Any or all of printout, summary or archive output may be produced.
\nHypoinverse is driven by user commands. The various commands define input and output files, set adjustable parameters, and solve for locations of a file of earthquake data using the parameters and files currently set. It is both interactive and \"batch\" in that commands may be executed either from the keyboard or from a file. You execute the commands in a file by typing @filename at the Hypoinverse prompt. Users may either supply parameters on the command line, or omit them and are prompted interactively. The current parameter values are displayed and may be taken as defaults by pressing just the RETURN key after the prompt. This makes the program very easy to use, providing you can remember the names of the commands. Combining commands with and without their required parameters into a command file permits a variety of customized procedures such as automatic input of crustal model and station data, but prompting for a different phase file each time.
\nAll commands are 3 letters long and most require one or more parameters or file names. If they appear on a line with a command, character strings such as filenames must be enclosed in apostrophes (single quotes). Appendix 1 gives this and other free-format rules for supplying parameters, which are parsed in Fortran. When several parameters are required following a command, any of them may be omitted by replacing them with null fields (see appendix 1). A null field leaves that parameter unchanged from its current or default value. When you start HYPOINVERSE, default values are in effect for all parameters except file names.
\nHypoinverse is a complicated program with many features and options. Many of these \"advanced\" or seldom used features are documented here, but are more detailed than a typical user needs to read about when first starting with the program. I have put some of this material in smaller type so that a first time user can concentrate on the more important information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02171","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 2002, User's guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-171, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02171.","productDescription":"123 p.","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02171.jpg"},{"id":3097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283467,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0171/pdf/of02-171.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603e5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32944,"text":"ofr02189 - 2002 - Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"ofr02189","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-189","title":"Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences","docAbstract":"Data on rare earth (including yttrium) mines, deposits, and occurrences were compiled as part of an effort by the USGS and the University of Arizona Center for Mineral Resources to summarize current knowledge on the supply and demand outlook and related topics for this group of elements. Economic competition and environmental concerns are increasingly constraining the mining and processing of rare earths from the Mountain Pass mine in California. For many years, the deposit at Mountain Pass was the world's dominant source of rare earth elements and the United States was essentially self-sufficient. Starting approximately 10 years ago, the U.S. has become increasingly dependent (> 90 percent of separated rare earths) upon imports from China, now the dominant source of rare earths. A knowledge of the known economic and noneconomic sources of rare earths is basic to evaluating the outlook for rare earth supply and associated issues.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr02189","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-189, Report: 174 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02189.","productDescription":"Report: 174 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166.5,-41.1 ], [ -166.5,71 ], [ 175.86666666666667,71 ], [ 175.86666666666667,-41.1 ], [ -166.5,-41.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, Richard I. 0000-0002-1763-0813 rgrauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":1193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"Richard","email":"rgrauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32980,"text":"ofr02102 - 2002 - Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr02102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-102","title":"Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency, conducted three cycles of injection, storage, and recovery tests to evaluate the feasibility of artificially recharging ground water in the Lancaster area of Antelope Valley, California. During the third cycle (March 1998 through April 1999), the tests included investigations of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes in the aquifer. Trihalomethanes are disinfection by-products formed by reaction between natural dissolved organic carbon that is present in water and chlorine that is added during the drinking-water-treatment process. This report includes a discussion of the design of the investigation; descriptions of the sampling, analytical, and experimental methods used in the investigation; and a presentation of the data collected.\r\n\r\nDuring the third cycle, 60 million gallons of chlorinated water was injected into the aquifer through well 7N/12W-27P2 in the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works well field in Lancaster between April 15 and June 16, 1998. One hundred fifty million gallons of water was extracted from the same well between June 30, 1998, and April 29, 1999. Water-quality samples were collected during the entire cycle from the well and from a nearby set of nested piezometers, and were analyzed for residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane, major anion, and dissolved solid concentrations; ultraviolet absorbance spectra; and a number of field water-quality parameters. A statistical analysis was done to evaluate the analytical precision of the residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane, and ultraviolet absorbance measurements on these samples. The formation of trihalomethanes in the injection water was examined in laboratory experiments: Trihalomethane concentrations in samples of injection water were monitored during a storage period, and trihalomethane formation potential in the presence of excess chlorine was measured. The role of mixing between injection water and ground water and the conservative or non-conservative behavior of trihalomethanes was studied by adding a conservative tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, to the injection water and monitoring its concentration in the extraction water. The potential for biodegradation of trihalomethanes by aquifer bacteria was assessed in laboratory experiments: Microcosms containing ground water or extraction water and sediment or concentrated bacteria were spiked with trihalomethanes, and the amount of trihalomethanes was monitored during an incubation period. The potential for sorption of trihalomethanes to aquifer sediments was assessed in laboratory experiments: Mixtures of sediment and water were spiked with trihalomethanes, and then the trihalomethane concentrations were measured after an equilibration period.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02102","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., Berghouse, J.K., Bergamaschi, B., Fujii, R., Goodwin, K.D., and Clark, J., 2002, Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-102, 48 p.; 8 illus.; 27 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02102.","productDescription":"48 p.; 8 illus.; 27 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berghouse, Joshua K.","contributorId":19990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berghouse","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodwin, Kelly D.","contributorId":79934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, Jordan F.","contributorId":106177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jordan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":69376,"text":"i2746 - 2002 - Geologic map transecting the highland/lowland boundary zone, Arabia Terra, Mars; quadrangles 30332, 35332, 40332, and 45332","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:14:50","indexId":"i2746","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2746","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic map transecting the highland/lowland boundary zone, Arabia Terra, Mars; quadrangles 30332, 35332, 40332, and 45332","docAbstract":"Arabia Terra is a large region of cratered terrane extending from about 20° W. longitude eastward across the prime meridian to about 300° W. longitude for an average east-west width of about 5,000 km. The northern boundary ranges from 40° N. to 45° N.; the southern boundary is a poorly defined zone at about 0° N. Thus, the north-south width is about 2,500 km. Except for the westernmost part, Arabia Terra has an albedo higher than surrounding terranes. The four quadrangles mapped (30332, 35332, 40332, 45332) provide a north-south strip from highland terrane in the south to lowland terrane in the north. The northern portion of Arabia Terra is the type region for both fretted terrane and fretted valleys and, along with the immediately adjacent northern plains, is also the site of some of the best examples of putative flow deposits present as aprons around isolated knobs and mesas or as deposits on the floors of fretted valleys and on the lowland surface. Mass wasting, eolian erosion or deposition, glacial scouring, fluvial or shoreline erosion, deposition from an ocean, hydrovolcanism, plateau volcanism, and faulting have all been proposed to account for the topography and crater characteristics in northern Arabia Terra. Although underlain by what appears to be typical highland terrane, Arabia Terra is anomalously low, with elevations generally below the planetary reference. Probably the most important question concerning the global-scale tectonic history of Mars is the origin of the crustal dichotomy. The northern lowland is not only several kilometers lower than the southern highland, it also is surfaced by materials that are significantly younger than surface materials in the southern highland. The young surface materials in the lowland rest unconformably on basement material having an age comparable to the exposed ancient highland terrane to the south. The age of the dichotomy continues to be controversial, as does the mechanism for its formation, as reviewed by McGill and Squyres (1991). Gravity and topography data from Mars Global Surveyor, however, does appear to favor early formation due to internal processes. Because complex depositional and erosional events affected the boundary since its formation, the cause and history of these events must be unraveled before we can directly attack the fundamental question of the reason for the dichotomy.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2746","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"McGill, G.E., 2002, Geologic map transecting the highland/lowland boundary zone, Arabia Terra, Mars; quadrangles 30332, 35332, 40332, and 45332: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2746, 1 Map: 134 x 100 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2746.","productDescription":"1 Map: 134 x 100 cm","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2746/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2746.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","otherGeospatial":"Arabia Terra;Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGill, George E.","contributorId":47462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGill","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38154,"text":"wsp2497 - 2002 - Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-10T09:21:39","indexId":"wsp2497","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2497","title":"Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"With the exception of sewage and septic effluents, most nitrogen sources and soils contain larger proportions of organic and reduced forms of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur than inorganic, oxidized forms. In contrast, most surface water and ground water contains larger proportions of dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur forms than organic forms. Data indicate that carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur are extensively processed in soils and streams.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2497","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 2002, Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2497, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2497.","productDescription":"99 p.","numberOfPages":"99","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3459,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2497/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8add","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32979,"text":"ofr0248 - 2002 - Source water identification and chemical typing for nitrogen at the Kissimmee River, Pool C, Florida — Preliminary assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T18:37:05.36277","indexId":"ofr0248","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-48","title":"Source water identification and chemical typing for nitrogen at the Kissimmee River, Pool C, Florida — Preliminary assessment","docAbstract":"As part of the South Florida Water Management District's Ground Water-Surface Water Interactions Study, a project was undertaken to identify the ages and sources of water in the area of Pool C, Kissimmee River, Florida. Twenty-two water samples were collected along two transects: at a remnant river oxbows (Site D) and in the dredged part of the channel (Site C). The samples were analyzed for concentrations of fluoride and strontium, and for isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Selected samples were analyzed for one or more additional isotopes (carbon-14, the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86, tritium, and tritium-helium-3). Delta nitrogen-15 values for nitrate at Site C can be explained by soil nitrogen and fertilizer sources; at Site D soil nitrogen accounts for most values, although animal wastes may explain higher values. Some of the isotopic data seem to be contradictory: carbon-14 data apparently indicate that shallow ground water is younger at Site D than at Site C, whereas strontium-87/86 ratios lead to the opposite conclusion. More detailed analysis of major ions and nutrients for all sampling points, along with flow measurements, could allow more definitive interpretation of isotope data and provide additional insight into mixing of ground water and surface water at the sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0248","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Source water identification and chemical typing for nitrogen at the Kissimmee River, Pool C, Florida — Preliminary assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-48, iii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0248.","productDescription":"iii, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02-048","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402704,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51405.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Kissimmee River, Pool C","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 27.352252938063845\n ],\n [\n -81.00494384765625,\n 27.352252938063845\n ],\n [\n -81.00494384765625,\n 27.49852672279832\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 27.49852672279832\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 27.352252938063845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7789","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32976,"text":"ofr0216 - 2002 - Data on occurrence of selected trace metals, organochlorines, and semivolatile organic compounds in edible fish tissues from Lake Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T17:49:04","indexId":"ofr0216","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-16","title":"Data on occurrence of selected trace metals, organochlorines, and semivolatile organic compounds in edible fish tissues from Lake Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, 1999","docAbstract":"A public-health assessment conducted for the Texas Department of Health and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry concluded that exposure to contaminants through the aquatic food chain is an indeterminate human-health hazard in Lake Worth, Fort Worth, Texas. In 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force and in collaboration with the Texas Department of Health, collected samples of edible fish tissues from Lake Worth for analysis of selected trace metals, organochlorines, and semivolatile organic compounds to support a human-health risk assessment. Left-side, skin-off fillet samples were collected from 10 individuals each of channel catfish, common carp, freshwater drum (gaspergou), largemouth bass, and white crappie but only from five smallmouth buffalo. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory analyzed the samples for 22 trace metals, 40 organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, and 75 semivolatile organic compounds.","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0216","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical System Center, Environmental Management Directorate","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., 2002, Data on occurrence of selected trace metals, organochlorines, and semivolatile organic compounds in edible fish tissues from Lake Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-16, HTML Document; Report: iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0216.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iii, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0216.JPG"},{"id":333161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-016/pdf/ofr02-016.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3138,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02-016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"Lake Worth","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.6,\n 32.9\n ],\n [\n -97.6,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -97.3,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -97.3,\n 32.9\n ],\n [\n -97.6,\n 32.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":53372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J. Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32978,"text":"ofr0224 - 2002 - Fish, benthic-macroinvertebrate, and stream-habitat data from two estuaries near Galveston Bay, Texas, 2000-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:46:24","indexId":"ofr0224","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-24","title":"Fish, benthic-macroinvertebrate, and stream-habitat data from two estuaries near Galveston Bay, Texas, 2000-2001","docAbstract":"This report presents data on the status of fish, macroinvertebrates, and stream habitat collected from 10 sites in the lower (estuarine) parts of Armand and Dickinson Bayous near Galveston Bay, Texas, during summer 2000 and winter 2001. The total number of individual fish caught at the five Armand Bayou sites (2,091) was greater than at the five Dickinson Bayou sites (1,055), but the total number of fish species caught at Dickinson Bayou sites (37) was greater than at Armand Bayou sites (30). The total number of invertebrates (26,641) and the total number of invertebrate taxa (141) were both greater at Armand Bayou sites than at Dickinson Bayou sites (10,467 and 131, respectively). Among habitat data, the average sinuosity of Armand Bayou sites (1.31) was greater than that of Dickinson Bayou sites (1.14). Mean left-bank and right-bank slopes were greater at Armand Bayou sites than at Dickinson Bayou sites, although the Armand Bayou banks were lower and narrower than the Dickinson Bayou banks. The Dickinson Bayou channel was deeper at the sampling sites than the Armand Bayou channel.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr0224","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council","usgsCitation":"Hogan, J.L., 2002, Fish, benthic-macroinvertebrate, and stream-habitat data from two estuaries near Galveston Bay, Texas, 2000-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-24, HTML Document; Report: iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0224.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iii, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0224.JPG"},{"id":333158,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-024/pdf/02-024.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3140,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02-024/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.75,\n 29.3\n ],\n [\n -94.75,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -95.3,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -95.3,\n 29.3\n ],\n [\n -94.75,\n 29.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef4ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hogan, Jennifer L.","contributorId":51812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44282,"text":"ofr0278 - 2002 - Abstracts of the annual Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting, June 18-19, 2001, Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:19:27","indexId":"ofr0278","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-78","title":"Abstracts of the annual Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting, June 18-19, 2001, Albuquerque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The annual Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting serves two purposes. In addition to giving mappers the opportunity to exchange ideas, experiences, victories, and problems with others, presentations are reviewed by the Geologic Mapping Subcommittee (GeMS) to provide input to the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Mapping Program review panel’s consideration of new proposals and progress reports that include mapping tasks. Funded mappers bring both oral presentation materials (slides or viewgraphs) and map products to post for review by GeMS and fellow mappers. Additionally, the annual meetings typically feature optional field trips offering earth analogs and parallels to planetary mapping problems.
\nThe 2001 Mappers Meeting, June 18-19, was convened by Tim Parker, Dave Senske, and Ken Tanaka and was hosted by Larry Crumpler and Jayne Aubele of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Oral presentations were given in the Museum’s Honeywell Auditorium, and maps were posted in the Sandia Room. In addition to active mappers, guests included local science teachers who had successfully competed for the right to attend and listen to the reports. It was a unique pleasure for mappers to have the opportunity to interact with and provide information to teachers responding so enthusiastically to the meeting presentation.
\nOn Sunday, June 17, Larry and Jayne conducted an optional pre-meeting field trip. The flanks of Rio Grande Rift, east and west of Albuquerque and Valles Caldera north of town presented tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary examples of the Rift and adjoining areas analogous to observed features on Mars and Venus. The arid but volcanically and tectonically active environment of New Mexico’s rift valley enables focus on features that appear morphologically young and spectacular in satellite images and digital relief models. The theme of the trip was to see what, at orbiter resolution, \"obvious\" geologic features look like at lander (outcrop) scales. Trips to the top of the rift-flanking mountains (Sandia Peak, 10,600 ft) and the Valles Caldera, as well as various active spring deposits highlighted the day.
\nAfter welcoming remarks from the host, Larry Crumpler, opening remarks by Tim Parker and Dave Senske and a report on mapping program status by Ken Tanaka, the mappers’ oral presentations began the morning of June 18, with a session on Venus Geologic Mapping. The afternoon continued with an exciting USGS Planetary GIS on the Web (PIGWAD) demonstration and ended with an open discussion of issues in planetary mapping. Posted maps of Venus quadrangles were viewed during the morning break.
\nTuesday’s Mars Geologic Mapping session began with a pep talk from Tim Parker encouraging mapping community input to the MER landing site selection committee and continued with Steve Saunders describing the potential contribution of Odyssey Mission data to the geologic mapping of Mars. A Mars map poster session was held during the morning break, and the meeting was adjourned mid-afternoon.
\nAfter the mappers meeting on Tuesday, attendants were treated to a \"Field trip to Mars.\" The Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico houses an outstanding collection of meteorites, including those that have been identified as originating from Mars. The Institute tour featured examples of most of the different lithologies exhibited by martian meteorites identified to date, as well as some of the analytical tests (scanning electron microscope) they are conducting on specimens from ALH84001.
\nWednesday, June 20, featured an optional post-meeting field trip to see a travertine quarry and nearby sites of travertine deposition, the Very Large Array near Socorro, and other volcanic features within the Rio Grande Rift.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0278","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., and Senske, D.A., 2002, Abstracts of the annual Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting, June 18-19, 2001, Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-78, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0278.","productDescription":"27 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0278.jpg"},{"id":283406,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0078/pdf/of02-078.pdf"},{"id":3707,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Rift;Mars;Valles Caldera;Venus","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a38f1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Parker, Thomas J. tparker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Thomas","email":"tparker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749308,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senske, David A.","contributorId":32975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senske","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32936,"text":"ofr02177 - 2002 - Magnetotelluric data along the Tangle Lakes profile, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T21:05:40.24783","indexId":"ofr02177","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-177","title":"Magnetotelluric data along the Tangle Lakes profile, Alaska","docAbstract":"The 89 km long Tangle Lakes profile of 14 magnetotelluric (MT) stations begins 4 km south of the confluence of Augustana Creek and the Delta River in south central Alaska. The northernmost station, TLM13, is located just south of the Denali Fault in the rugged Clearwater Mountains. The north-south profile crosses the Ampitheater Mountains northwest of the Tangle Lakes area and continues until it terminates in the flatlands south of the Alphabet Hills. The profile intersects the Denali Highway 32km west of Paxson.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr02177","usgsCitation":"Sampson, J.A., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2002, Magnetotelluric data along the Tangle Lakes profile, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-177, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02177.","productDescription":"144 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51835.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3099,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0177/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tangle Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.6333,\n 62.5947\n ],\n [\n -146.5833,\n 62.5947\n ],\n [\n -146.5833,\n 63.45\n ],\n [\n -145.6333,\n 63.45\n ],\n [\n -145.6333,\n 62.5947\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sampson, Jay A.","contributorId":13939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sampson","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33015,"text":"wri024119 - 2002 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:36:56","indexId":"wri024119","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4119","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) evaluated the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in ground water beneath the former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. The predominant contaminants in ground water are trichloroethene (TCE) and its degradation byproducts cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cisDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). The Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring of 1999 to remove and control the migration of CVOCs in shallow ground water. Previous studies provided evidence that microbial degradation processes also reduce CVOC concentrations in ground water at OU 1, so monitored natural attenuation is a potential alternative remedy if phytoremediation is ineffective. This report describes the current (2000) understanding of natural attenuation of CVOCs in ground water at OU 1 and the impacts that phytoremediation activities to date have had on attenuation processes. The evaluation is based on ground-water and surface-water chemistry data and hydrogeologic data collected at the site by the USGS and Navy contractors between 1991 and 2000. Previously unpublished data collected by the USGS during 1996-2000 are presented. Natural attenuation of CVOCs in shallow ground water at OU 1 is substantial. For 1999-2000 conditions, approximately 70 percent of the mass of dissolved chlorinated ethenes that was available to migrate from the landfill was completely degraded in shallow ground water before it could migrate to the intermediate aquifer or discharge to surface water. Attenuation of CVOC concentrations appears also to be substantial in the intermediate aquifer, but biodegradation appears to be less significant; those conclusions are less certain because of the paucity of data downgradient of the landfill beneath the tide flats. Attenuation of CVOC concentrations is also substantial in surface water as it flows through the adjacent marsh and out to the tide flats. Attenuation processes other than dilution reduce the CVOC flux in marsh surface water by about 40 percent by the time the water discharges to the tide flats. Despite the importance of natural attenuation processes at reducing both the contaminant concentrations and the contaminant mass at OU 1, natural attenuation alone was not effective enough in the year 2000 to meet current numerical remediation goals for the site. That was in part due to the relatively short distance between the landfill and the adjacent marsh, and in part due to the extremely high CVOC concentrations directly beneath the landfill. Phytoremediation activities had some apparent effect on contaminant concentrations in ground water and surface water, but ground-water redox conditions to date (2000) were not affected by the February 1999 asphalt removal for tree planting. The poplar trees in the phytoremediation plantations were not yet mature in 2000, so the lack of discernible changes to date is understandable. Concentration changes of some redox-sensitive compounds suggest that increased recharge following asphalt removal diluted ambient landfill ground water. CVOC concentrations increased in some downgradient wells in both the northern and southern plantations after asphalt removal, whereas CVOC concentrations decreased in some upgradient wells in the southern plantation. A clear increase in CVOC concentrations in marsh surface water followed asphalt removal, apparently from increased contaminant discharge in ground water beneath the southern plantation. The results of the natural attenuation evaluation suggest than minor modifications to the current sampling plan may be beneficial to understanding the future impacts of phytoremediation and natural attenuation on the fate and distribution of CVOCs at OU 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024119","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., Cox, S., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4119, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024119.","productDescription":"116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3184,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024119","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.803008949806895\n ],\n [\n -122.58682250976562,\n 47.60986653003798\n ],\n [\n -122.88070678710938,\n 47.60986653003798\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.E.","contributorId":66663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32941,"text":"ofr02203 - 2002 - Borehole velocity measurements at five sites that recorded the Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of 25 April, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T14:44:55","indexId":"ofr02203","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-203","title":"Borehole velocity measurements at five sites that recorded the Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of 25 April, 1992","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of an ongoing program to acquire seismic velocity and geologic data at locations that recorded strong-ground motions during earthquakes, has investigated five sites in the Fortuna, California region (Figure 1). We selected drill sites at strong-motion stations that recorded high accelerations (Table 1) from the Cape Mendocino earthquake (M 7.0) of 25 April 1992 (Oppenheimer et al., 1993). The boreholes were drilled to a nominal depth of 95 meters (310 ft) and cased with schedule 80 pvc-casing grouted in place at each location. S-wave and P-wave data were acquired at each site using a surface source and a borehole three-component geophone. This report contains the velocity models interpreted from the borehole data and gives reference to locations and peak accelerations at the selected strong-motion stations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02203","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, J., Tinsley, J., and Boore, D.M., 2002, Borehole velocity measurements at five sites that recorded the Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of 25 April, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-203, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02203.","productDescription":"48 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0203/pdf/of02-203.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.40655,40.283417 ], [ -124.40655,40.345413 ], [ -124.266993,40.345413 ], [ -124.266993,40.283417 ], [ -124.40655,40.283417 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6029bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, James F.","contributorId":95880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinsley, John C. III jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":3266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John C.","suffix":"III","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33030,"text":"wri014221 - 2002 - Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-22T10:07:25","indexId":"wri014221","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4221","displayTitle":"Geohydrology, Water Quality, and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Vicinity of a Former Waste-Oil Refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000","docAbstract":"Geohydrologic and water-quality data collected during 1997 through 2000 in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, define a plume of 1,4-dioxane in ground water that extends to the southwest approximately 0.8 miles from the refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane in the plume ranged from 3 to 31,000 micrograms per liter. Ground water containing 1,4-dioxane is discharged to Crumpacker Ditch, approximately one-half mile west of the refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane detected in surface water ranged from 8 to 140 micrograms per liter; 1,4-dioxane also is transported in ground water beneath the ditch.
The study area is underlain by glacial deposits of sand and gravel that overlie lacustrine clay and shale. The sand and gravel deposits form an extensive aquifer ranging from 148 to 215 feet thick in the study area. Ground water generally flows from northeast to southwest and the depth to water ranges from about 3 to 36 feet below land surface. The average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, determined from a multiple-well aquifer test, was 121 feet per day, and the transmissivity was 18,600 feet squared per day. Vertical hydraulic conductivity ranged from 24 to 36 feet per day and specific yield ranged from 0.05 to 0.08. Analysis of single-well aquifer tests indicated that horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.6 to 127 feet per day and was largest in the lower part of the aquifer. Horizontal gradients averaged about 0.001 feet per foot; estimated ground-water- flow velocities averaged about 0.1 feet per day in the upper and middle parts of the glacial aquifer and about 0.4 feet per day near the bottom of the aquifer.
Analytical results of water samples indicate the ground water generally is a calcium-bicarbonate type with a nearly neutral pH. Specific conductivity ranged from 437 to 1,030 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in water from wells upgradient from the refinery site and 330 to 3,780 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in water from downgradient wells. Barium, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc commonly were detected in samples of ground water. Volatile organic compounds (including chlorinated solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons) were consistently detected in samples from shallow wells near the boundaries of the former refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane were detected in water from wells screened in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the aquifer downgradient from the site and in samples of surface water collected approximately 5 miles downstream from where the plume intersects Crumpacker Ditch.
A three-dimensional, four layer groundwater- flow model was constructed and calibrated to match ground-water levels and streamflow measured during December 1997. The model was used to simulate possible mechanisms of contaminant release, the effect of increased pumpage from water-supply wells, and pumping at the leading edge of the plume as a possible means of remediation. Based on simulation of three waste-oil lagoons, a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 0.2 feet per day was required to move contaminants into the bottom layer of the model at a constant leakage rate of about 98 gallons per minute. Simulations of a disposal well in layer 3 of the model indicated an injection rate of 50 gallons per minute was necessary to spread contaminants vertically in the aquifer. Simulated pumping rates of about 300 and 1,000 gallons per minute were required for water supply wells at the Town of Westville and the Westville Correctional Facility to draw water from the plume of 1,4-dioxane. Simulated pumping from hypothetical wells at the leading edge of the plume indicated that three wells, each pumping 25 gallons per minute from model layer 3, would capture the plume of 1,4-dioxane.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R.F., Yeskis, D.J., Wilson, J.T., and Robinson, B.A., 2002, Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4221, vii, 161 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014221.","productDescription":"vii, 161 p.","numberOfPages":"169","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4221/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4221/wri20014221.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4221"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Westville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.96296691894531,\n 41.478232450820364\n ],\n [\n -87.04193115234374,\n 41.597986086554684\n ],\n [\n -86.80984497070312,\n 41.67496335351134\n ],\n [\n -86.72590255737303,\n 41.56524291087755\n ],\n [\n -86.96296691894531,\n 41.478232450820364\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
A study of ground-water quantity and quality was conducted in the Big Elk Creek Basin, a rural area undergoing rapid growth. The 79.4-square mile study area is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain almost entirely by crystalline rocks. Most of the basin in Pennsylvania is underlain by Wissahickon Schist, a fractured crystalline- rock aquifer. Yields of wells in the Wissahickon Schist range from 5 to 200 gal/min (gallons per minute); the median yield is 15 gal/min. Specific capacity ranges from 0.03 to 15 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown; the median specific capacity is 0.4 (gal/min)/ft.
Recharge to the basin occurs by infiltration of precipitation, and ground water discharges locally to streams. The median annual ground-water discharge to streams (base flow) for 1933-99 was 10.79 in. (inches) or 0.518 (Mgal/d)/mi2 (million gallons per day per square mile), which was 63 percent of the median annual streamflow. The median annual ground-water discharge to streams ranged from 5.32 in. or 0.255 (Mgal/d)/mi2 in 1966 to 17.98 in. or 0.863 (Mgal/d)/mi2 in 1972. Estimated ground-water availability ranges from 0.127 to 0.535 (Mgal/d)/mi2, depending on the estimation method used.
Annual water budgets were calculated for the Big Elk Creek Basin for 1998-99. The 1998-99 average annual streamflow was 15.38 in., change in ground-water storage was an increase of 1.32 in., ground-water exports were 0.03 in., and estimated evapotranspiration (ET) was 30.5 in. Despite a 12.27-in. difference in precipitation between 1998 and 1999, the percentage of precipitation as ET (65.6 and 64 percent, respectively) is similar. Estimated average annual recharge for 1998-99 was 12.12 in. [0.580 (Mgal/d)/mi2].
For this study, water samples from 20 wells in the Big Elk Creek Basin were collected for analysis for inorganic constituents and pesticides. In addition, data were available from 44 additional wells. Major ions, in order of decreasing concentration, based on median concentrations for the Wissahickon Schist, are silica, calcium, chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, and potassium. The Wissahickon Schist and Peters Creek Schist have similar water types; ground water from serpentinite, the basal unit of the Baltimore Mafic Complex that straddles the Pennsylvania-Maryland border, is distinctly different. For the Wissahickon Schist and Peters Creek Schist, no cation is predominant; calcium, magnesium, and sodium are in nearly equal concentrations expressed in milliequivalents per liter. Bicarbonate is the dominant anion. Water from serpentinite is of the magnesium bicarbonate type; magnesium is the dominant cation, and bicarbonate is the dominant anion.
Water from 2 percent of sampled wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for total dissolved solids. None of the chloride or sulfate concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Water from 10 percent of sampled wells exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) nitrate as nitrogen. All of those wells are in the Wissahickon Schist. The median concentration of nitrate in water samples from the Wissahickon Schist was 3.6 mg/L, and the maximum concentration was 36 mg/L. Except for iron and manganese, metals and other trace inorganic constituents do not appear to pose a water-quality problem. Fourteen percent of water samples analyzed for iron and 29 percent of water samples analyzed for manganese exceeded the USEPA SMCL's. The median activity of radon-222 for all formations was 2,400 pCi/L (picoCuries per liter). The median activity for water from 35 wells sampled in the Wissahickon Schist in the Big Elk Creek Basin was 2,500 pCi/L. Water from 94 percent of sampled wells exceeded the proposed USEPA MCL of 300 pCi/L, and water from 25 percent of sampled wells exceeded proposed USEPA alternate MCL of 4,000 pCi/L.
In addition to the 20 wells sampled for pesticides for this study, data were available for 20 other wells sampled for pesticides. The most commonly detected pesticides in the Big Elk Creek Basin are deethyl atrazine (71 percent of sampled wells), atrazine (35 percent of sampled wells), metolachlor (32 percent of sampled wells), carbaryl (19 percent of sampled wells), picloram (14 percent of sampled wells), simazine (13 percent of sampled wells), and carbofuran (11 percent of sampled wells). Most concentrations are extremely low and are in the parts per trillion range. Concentrations of pesticides detected did not exceed USEPA MCL’s. Out of 43 volatile organic compounds analyzed, only 4 were detected—chloroform, total phenols, tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), and toluene. None of the concentrations exceeded USEPA MCL’s.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2002, Geohydrology and ground-water quality, Big Elk Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and Cecil County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4057, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024057.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4057/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351231,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4057/wri20024057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
This research aims at building a decision support system (DSS) for selecting an optimum projection considering various factors, such as pixel size, areal extent, number of categories, spatial pattern of categories, resampling methods, and error correction methods. Specifically, this research will investigate three goals theoretically and empirically and, using the already developed empirical base of knowledge with these results, develop an expert system for map projection of raster data for regional and global database modeling. The three theoretical goals are as follows:
(1) The development of a dynamic projection that adjusts projection formulas for latitude on the basis of raster cell size to maintain equal-sized cells.
(2) The investigation of the relationships between the raster representation and the distortion of features, number of categories, and spatial pattern.
(3) The development of an error correction and resampling procedure that is based on error analysis of raster projection.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01383","usgsCitation":"Usery, E., Seong, J., Steinwand, D., and Finn, M., 2002, Methods to achieve accurate projection of regional and global raster databases: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-383, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01383.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0383/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60867,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0383/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seong, J.C.","contributorId":104109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seong","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinwand, D.R.","contributorId":84806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinwand","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finn, M.P.","contributorId":73246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33012,"text":"wri024073 - 2002 - Sediment deposition and selected water-quality characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T16:31:57","indexId":"wri024073","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4073","displayTitle":"Sediment Deposition and Selected Water-Quality Characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000","title":"Sediment deposition and selected water-quality characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000","docAbstract":"The Lake Olathe watershed, located in northeast Kansas, was investigated using bathymetric survey data and reservoir bottom-sediment cores to determine sediment deposition, water-quality trends, and transport of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen species), selected trace elements, selected pesticides, and diatoms as indicators of eutrophic (organic-enriched and depleted oxygen supply) conditions. To determine sediment deposition and loads, bathymetric data from Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, both located in the Lake Olathe watershed, were collected in 2000 and compared to historical topographic data collected when the lakes were built.
Approximately 338 acre-feet of sediment deposition has occurred in Cedar Lake since dam closure in 1938, and 317 acre-feet has occurred at Lake Olathe since 1956. Mean annual sediment deposition was 5.45 acre-feet per year (0.89 acre-feet per year per square mile) for Cedar Lake and 7.0 acre-feet per year (0.42 acre-feet per year per square mile) for Lake Olathe. Mean annual sediment loads for the two reservoirs were 9.6 million pounds per year for Cedar Lake and 12.6 million pounds per year for Lake Olathe.
Mean concentrations of total phosphorus in bottom-sediment samples from Cedar Lake ranged from 1,370 to 1,810 milligrams per kilogram, and concentrations in bottom-sediment samples from Lake Olathe ranged from 588 to 1,030 milligrams per kilogram. The implication of large total phosphorus concentrations in the bottom sediment of Cedar Lake is that inflow into Cedar Lake is rich in phosphorus and that adverse water-quality conditions could affect water quality in downstream Lake Olathe through discharge of water from Cedar Lake to Lake Olathe via Cedar Creek.
Mean annual phosphorus loads transported from the Lake Olathe watershed were estimated to be 14,700 pounds per year for Cedar Lake and 9,720 pounds per year for Lake Olathe. The mean annual phosphorus yields were estimated to be 3.74 pounds per acre per year for Cedar Lake and 0.91 pound per acre per year for Lake Olathe. Phosphorus yields in the Cedar Lake watershed were largest of the six Kansas impoundment watersheds recently studied.
Concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen in bottom sediment increased from upstream to downstream in both Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe. Mean concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (N) ranged from 2,000 to 2,700 milligrams per kilogram in bottom-sediment samples from Cedar Lake and from 1,300 to 2,700 milligrams per kilogram in samples from Lake Olathe. There was no statistical significance between total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen and depth of bottom sediment.
Concentrations of six trace elements in bottom sediment from Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe (arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Threshold Effects Levels (TELs) sediment-quality guidelines for aquatic organisms in sediment except for one lead concentration. Probable Effects Levels (PELs) for trace elements, however, were not exceeded at either lake.
Organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides were not detected in bottom-sediment samples from either Cedar Lake or Lake Olathe, but the acetanilide herbicides alachlor and metolachlor were detected in sediment from both lakes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not proposed TEL or PEL guideline concentrations for bottom sediment for any of the organophosphate, acetanilide, or triazine pesticides.
The diatoms (microscopic, single-celled organisms) Cyclotella bodanica, an indicator of low organic-enriched water, and Cyclotella meneghiniana, an indicator of organic-enriched water, were both present in bottom sediment from Lake Olathe. The presence of both of these diatoms suggests varying periods of low and high eutrophication in Lake Olathe from 1956 to 2000. The concentrations of two species in bottom sediment from Cedar Lake, Aulacoseira cf alpigena and Cyclotella meneghiniana, as well as two species in sediment from Lake Olathe, Aulacoseira cf alpigena and Stephanodiscus nigare, increased in sediment cores from the older bottom material to the more recent deposition near the top of the sediment cores. These diatom species indicate eutrophic conditions, and the increased concentration of these diatom species from the bottom of the cores to the sediment/water interface suggests that historically these lakes have been and continue to be eutrophic at times.
Comparison of constituent trends between Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe using reservoir bottom sediment was not possible because sediment from Cedar Lake was suspected of having been disturbed. However, trends that may be reflective of historical changes in water quality were not detected in sediment from either Cedar Lake or Lake Olathe for total phosphorus, trace elements (except lead), and organochlorine or organophosphate pesticides. A slight increasing trend in the concentration of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen was seen in the sediment profile from Lake Olathe but not in the profile from Cedar Lake. The acetanilide herbicides alachlor and metolachlor were more prevalent in more recently deposited sediment in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, as was the triazine herbicide atrazine in Lake Olathe bottom sediment, suggesting a possible increasing trend in lake-inflow water concentrations.
Trends in water-quality characteristics can be used by the Lake Olathe watershed managers to document historical changes in the watershed such as changes in land use, the suspension of the use of chlorinated insecticides, such as DDT and chlordane, and the use of hydrophobic fertilizers. The investigation described in this report provides a baseline of water-quality information to compare future changes in water quality or other watershed activities. With the addition of bathymetric surveys and the inclusion of additional reservoirs, reservoir sediment investigations can be used to estimate historical loads of phosphorus and other constituents in future water-quality assessments throughout Kansas.
Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
We assessed the importance of flow regime to the success of native and non‐native fish species by analysing winter/spring seining data collected from 1987 to 1997 on the resident fish communities of the lower Tuolumne River, California. The data were analysed using regression models to predict the percentage of non‐native fish at a site. The regression models included various combinations of the variables longitudinal location of the site, mean April/May stream discharge in the year of sampling, and mean April/May stream discharge in the previous year. Comparison of the models indicated that the best model included longitudinal location and stream discharge in the previous year. This model is consistent with the hypothesis that flow in the previous year differentially affects reproductive success of native and non‐native species and thus the resulting community sampled in the following winter/spring. A detrended correspondence analysis of percentage abundance species data identified a co‐occurring group of native species and a co‐occurring group of non‐native species with the non‐native red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) grouping separately. The differing reproductive strategies of the species were consistent with the hypothesis concerning spawning success. Our results indicate that flow regime is an important determinant of the reproductive success of native and non‐native fish species in regulated rivers. Manipulations of flow regime are a potentially powerful tool for managing native fish species, but should be considered in combination with other restoration efforts and in the context of ecosystem restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.673","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., and Ford, T., 2002, Effects of flow on the fish communities of a regulated California river: Implications for managing native fishes: River Research and Applications, v. 18, no. 4, p. 331-342, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.673.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"342","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tuolumne River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.19979858398438,\n 37.473768205267504\n ],\n [\n -120.42663574218749,\n 37.473768205267504\n ],\n [\n -120.42663574218749,\n 37.74574303801687\n ],\n [\n -121.19979858398438,\n 37.74574303801687\n ],\n [\n -121.19979858398438,\n 37.473768205267504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, Tim","contributorId":256820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"Tim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}