{"pageNumber":"108","pageRowStart":"2675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70145216,"text":"70145216 - 2004 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:19:18","indexId":"70145216","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"<p>Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate, Kayak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kuna Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies), and the Pennsylvanian-Permian Siksikpuk Formation. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert, minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) and to average shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component.</p>\n<p>Geochemical data (e.g., MnO &lt;0.01 wt %; avg Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of framboidal pyrite grains, and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with up to 8.4 wt percent C<sub>organic</sub> and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent C<sub>organic</sub> typically have only sparse pyrite (&lt;1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly &lt;0.2). Immobile element plots (e.g., Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. High average values for the chemical index of alteration [Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + CaO + Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O)] <i>&infin;</i> 100 for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering in source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not require such weathering.</p>\n<p>Textural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P, F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively low average Ce/Ce* value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (<span>&lt;</span>0.05 wt % P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) and a similar Ce/Ce* value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kayak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing. Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K<sub>2</sub>O <i>&infin;</i> 100)/(K<sub>2</sub>O + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) ratios of 21.0 to 23.0, which contrast with low ratios of generally &lt;18.0 for shales of the underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny, owing to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica.</p>\n<p>The distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have played a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model, deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios), which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H<sub>2</sub>S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H<sub>2</sub>S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. On the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Dumoulin, J.A., Schmidt, J., Young, L.E., and Rombach, C., 2004, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1385-1414, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1414","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70164321,"text":"70164321 - 2004 - Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in water resources of the United States: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:09:33","indexId":"70164321","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in water resources of the United States: A review","docAbstract":"<p>The widespread environmental presence of some pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater compounds has been documented globally (e.g. Buser et al. 1998; Ternes 1998; Stumpf et al.1999; Heberer et al. 2001; K&uuml;mmerer 2001; Ternes et al. 2001; Scheytt et al. 2001; Golet et al. 2002; Kolpin et al. 2002; Boyd et al. 2003; Metcalf et al. 2003). Recently, there have been several literature reviews and summary studies of the occurrence, fate, transport, and treatment of targeted human pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and associated environmental waters across the globe (e.g. Daughton and Ternes 1999; Sedlak et al. 2000; Suter and Giger 2000; Daughton and Jones-Lepp 2001; Jones et al. 2001; Heberer 2002; and Drewes et al. 2002). The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in water resources is explained by their ubiquitous use, excretion of large percentages of the mass consumed, and incomplete removal during wastewater treatment (Stumpf et al.1999). The recent increase in detection of trace concentrations (typically less than a part per billion) of pharmaceuticals in water resources across the globe reflects improvements in laboratory analytical methods (Sedlak et al. 2000) and the associated increases in field surveys. The detection of pharmaceutical compounds in large rivers in Europe and in the North Sea (Buser et al. 1998; Ternes 1998; Stumpf et al. 1999) highlighted the fact that highly soluble, trace organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, may escape removal in wastewater treatment, and the mixing and concentration of wastewaters through conventional wastewater treatment processes could provide a means of delivering these chemicals to environmental waters in a manner that would contaminate water resources on a large scale at trace levels (Richardson and Bowron 1985). In the United States, some of the first detections of a limited number of pharmaceutically active compounds or their transformation products were found in waters associated with landfill leachates or sewage effluent (Tabak and Bunch 1970; Garrison et al. 1976; Hignite and Azarnoff 1977; Bouwer et al. 1982; Eckel et al. 1991) decades ago. At the time of these studies, other industrial contaminants were the focus of regulatory and scientific interest; therefore, further studies on the environmental occurrence and transport of pharmaceutical compounds were rare.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M., Kolpin, D., and Furlong, E., 2004, Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in water resources of the United States: A review, chap. <i>of</i> Pharmaceuticals in the environment, p. 91-105.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-09259-0_7"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe3e4b010e2af2a5df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, M. J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70006602,"text":"70006602 - 2004 - Survival estimation in bats: historical overview, critical appraisal, and suggestions for new approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T09:39:14","indexId":"70006602","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:35:19","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Survival estimation in bats: historical overview, critical appraisal, and suggestions for new approaches","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., Ellison, L., and Stanley, T., 2004, Survival estimation in bats: historical overview, critical appraisal, and suggestions for new approaches, chap. <i>of</i> Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters, p. 297-336.","productDescription":"p. 297-336","startPage":"297","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3d86ee4b07c5f79a7f356","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thompson, W.L.","contributorId":83234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508369,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellison, L.E.","contributorId":103610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, T.R.","contributorId":61379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027783,"text":"70027783 - 2004 - 9969 Braille: Deep Space 1 infrared spectroscopy, geometric albedo, and classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027783","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"9969 Braille: Deep Space 1 infrared spectroscopy, geometric albedo, and classification","docAbstract":"Spectra of Asteroid 9969 Braille in the 1.25-2.6 ??m region returned by the Deep Space 1 (DS1) Mission show a ???10% absorption band centered at 2 ??m, and a reflectance peak at 1.6 ??m. Analysis of these features suggest that the composition of Braille is roughly equal parts pyroxene and olivine. Its spectrum between 0.4 and 2.5 ??m suggests that it is most closely related to the Q taxonomic type of asteroid. The spectrum also closely matches that of the ordinary chondrites, the most common type of terrestrial meteorite. The geometric albedo of Braille is unusually high (pv = 0.34), which is also consistent with its placement within the rarer classes of stony asteroids, and which suggests it has a relatively fresh, unweathered surface, perhaps due to a recent collision. ?? 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.06.002","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., Britt, D., Soderblom, L., Hicks, M., Boice, D.C., Brown, R.H., Meier, R., Nelson, R., Oberst, J., Owen, T., Rivkin, A., Sandel, B., Stern, S., Thomas, N., and Yelle, R., 2004, 9969 Braille: Deep Space 1 infrared spectroscopy, geometric albedo, and classification: Icarus, v. 167, no. 1, p. 129-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.06.002.","startPage":"129","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211231,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.06.002"},{"id":238468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e270e4b0c8380cd45ba7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Britt, D.T.","contributorId":72150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hicks, M.D.","contributorId":7045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boice, D. C.","contributorId":103043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boice","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meier, R.","contributorId":105524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Oberst, J.","contributorId":103427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberst","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Owen, T.C.","contributorId":62603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rivkin, A.S.","contributorId":38355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivkin","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sandel, B.R.","contributorId":105881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stern, S. A.","contributorId":46265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stern","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Thomas, N.","contributorId":72490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Yelle, R.V.","contributorId":74523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yelle","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70026916,"text":"70026916 - 2004 - Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-11T16:55:04.870702","indexId":"70026916","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests","docAbstract":"We show how simple statistical analyses of systematically collected inventory data can be used to provide reliable information about the distribution and habitat associations of rare species. Using an existing design-based sampling grid on which epiphytic macrolichens had been inventoried in the Northwest Forest Plan area of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, we (1) estimate frequencies and standard errors for each of 25 lichen species having special management designation (i.e., Survey and Manage), (2) assess the probability that individual species were associated with specific land allocation and forest stand age classifications, and (3) provide estimates of sample sizes necessary to ensure sufficient detections for these analyses. We conclude with a discussion of management and conservation information needs that extant data can satisfy and identify advantages and limitations of random vs. nonrandom sampling strategies. Combining design-assisted and model-assisted approaches can overcome some of the limitations of either single strategy.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/02-5236","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T., Cutler, D., Geiser, L., Alegria, J., and McKenzie, D., 2004, Assessing rarity of species with low detectability: Lichens in Pacific Northwest forests: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 2, p. 414-424, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5236.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"424","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.62890625,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              44.213709909702054\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.892578125,\n              42.61779143282346\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.71679687499999,\n              41.178653972331674\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              38.06539235133249\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              37.43997405227057\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08007812499999,\n              37.64903402157866\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.201171875,\n              44.08758502824516\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.9375,\n              49.095452162534826\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.068359375,\n              49.095452162534826\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.62890625,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddee4b0c8380cd49a76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cutler, D.R.","contributorId":89684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geiser, L.","contributorId":23498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiser","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alegria, J.","contributorId":97683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alegria","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenzie, D.","contributorId":34093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027701,"text":"70027701 - 2004 - Geochemical discrimination of five pleistocene lava-dam outburst-flood deposits, western Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T15:34:29.906533","indexId":"70027701","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical discrimination of five pleistocene lava-dam outburst-flood deposits, western Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pleistocene basaltic lava dams and outburst‐flood deposits in the western Grand Canyon, Arizona, have been correlated by means of cosmogenic&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup><span>He (</span><sup>3</sup><span>He</span><sub>c</sub><span>) ages and concentrations of SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, Na</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, K</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, and rare earth elements. These data indicate that basalt clasts and vitroclasts in a given outburst‐flood deposit came from a common source, a lava dam. With these data, it is possible to distinguish individual dam‐flood events and improve our understanding of the interrelations of volcanism and river processes. At least five lava dams on the Colorado River failed catastrophically between 100 and 525 ka; subsequent outburst floods emplaced basalt‐rich deposits preserved on benches as high as 200 m above the current river and up to 53 km downstream of dam sites. Chemical data also distinguishes individual lava flows that were collectively mapped in the past as large long‐lasting dam complexes. These chemical data, in combination with age constraints, increase our ability to correlate lava dams and outburst‐flood deposits and increase our understanding of the longevity of lava dams. Bases of correlated lava dams and flood deposits approximate the elevation of the ancestral river during each flood event. Water surface profiles are reconstructed and can be used in future hydraulic models to estimate the magnitude of these large‐scale floods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/379694","usgsCitation":"Fenton, C., Poreda, R., Nash, B., Webb, R.H., and Cerling, T., 2004, Geochemical discrimination of five pleistocene lava-dam outburst-flood deposits, western Grand Canyon, Arizona: Journal of Geology, v. 112, no. 1, p. 91-110, https://doi.org/10.1086/379694.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.686767578125,\n              35.871246850027966\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.588134765625,\n              35.871246850027966\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.588134765625,\n              36.465471886798134\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.686767578125,\n              36.465471886798134\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.686767578125,\n              35.871246850027966\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1622e4b0c8380cd55065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, C.R.","contributorId":53155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, B.P.","contributorId":35115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cerling, T.E.","contributorId":85720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerling","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026917,"text":"70026917 - 2004 - Role of a large marine protected area for conserving landscape attributes of sand habitats on Georges Bank (NW Atlantic)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T10:36:48","indexId":"70026917","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of a large marine protected area for conserving landscape attributes of sand habitats on Georges Bank (NW Atlantic)","docAbstract":"Mobile fishing gear reduces seafloor habitat complexity through the removal of structure-building fauna, e.g. emergent organisms that create pits and burrows, as well as by smoothing of sedimentary bedforms (e.g. sand ripples). In this study, we compared the relative abundance of microhabitat features (the scale at which individual fish associate with seafloor habitat) inside and outside of a large fishery closed area (6917 km<sup>2</sup>) on Georges Bank. Starting in late 1994, the closed area excluded all bottom tending fishing gear capable of capturing demersal fishes. A total of 32 stations were selected inside and outside of the closed area in sand habitats. Video and still photographic transects were conducted at each station using the Seabed Observation and Sampling System (SEABOSS). Seven common (i.e. featureless sand, rippled sand, sand with emergent fauna, bare gravelly sand, gravelly sand with attached-erect fauna, whole shell, shell fragment) and 2 rare (sponges, biogenic depressions) microhabitat types were compared separately. Results showed significant differences in the relative abundance of the shell fragment and sponge microhabitat types between fished and unfished areas. The lack of differences for the other microhabitats may indicate that the level of fishing activity in the area is matched by the system's ability to recover.","largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","language":"English","doi":"10.3354/meps269061","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, J., Auster, P., and Valentine, P., 2004, Role of a large marine protected area for conserving landscape attributes of sand habitats on Georges Bank (NW Atlantic): Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 269, p. 61-68, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps269061.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps269061","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.77392578125,\n              37.92686760148135\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.1826171875,\n              37.92686760148135\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.1826171875,\n              42.50450285299051\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.77392578125,\n              42.50450285299051\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.77392578125,\n              37.92686760148135\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"269","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae3ce4b0c8380cd87054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, J.","contributorId":7052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auster, P.","contributorId":68614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auster","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P.","contributorId":83409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008229,"text":"1008229 - 2004 - Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on the demography of sugar pine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T15:47:34","indexId":"1008229","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on the demography of sugar pine","docAbstract":"<p><span>An introduced pathogen, white pine blister rust (</span><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Cronartium ribicola</span><span>), has caused declines in five-needled pines throughout North America. Simultaneously, fire exclusion has resulted in dense stands in many forest types, which may create additional stress for these generally shade-intolerant pines. Fire exclusion also allows fuels to accumulate, and it is unclear how affected populations will respond to the reintroduction of fire. Although white pine blister rust and fire exclusion are widely recognized threats, long-term demographic data that document the effects of these stressors are rare. We present population trends from 2168 individuals over 5–15 years for an affected species, sugar pine (</span><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Pinus lambertiana</span><span>), at several burned and unburned sites in the Sierra Nevada of California. Size-based matrix models indicate that most unburned populations have negative growth rates (λ range: 0.82–1.04). The growth rate of most populations was, however, indistinguishable from replacement levels (λ = 1.0), implying that, if populations are indeed declining, the progression of any such decline is slow, and longer observations are needed to clearly determine population trends. We found significant differences among population growth rates, primarily due to variation in recruitment rates. Deaths associated with blister rust and stress (i.e., resource competition) were common, suggesting significant roles for both blister rust and fire exclusion in determining population trajectories. Data from 15 prescribed fires showed that the immediate effect of burning was the death of many small trees, with the frequency of mortality returning to pre-fire levels within five years. In spite of a poor prognosis for sugar pine, our results suggest that we have time to apply and refine management strategies to protect this species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/03-5109","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., Stephenson, N.L., Keifer, M., and Keeley, J.E., 2004, Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on the demography of sugar pine: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 5, p. 1590-1602, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5109.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1590","endPage":"1602","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keifer, MaryBeth","contributorId":21841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keifer","given":"MaryBeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":53436,"text":"ofr20041017 - 2004 - Invertebrate Paleontology of the Wilson Grove Formation (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene), Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, with some Observations on Its Stratigraphy, Thickness, and Structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1017","title":"Invertebrate Paleontology of the Wilson Grove Formation (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene), Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, with some Observations on Its Stratigraphy, Thickness, and Structure","docAbstract":"The Wilson Grove Formation is exposed from Petaluma north to northern Santa Rosa, and from Bennett Valley west to Bodega Bay. A fauna of at least 107 invertebrate taxa consisting of two brachiopods, 95 mollusks (48 bivalves and 46 gastropods), at least eight arthropods, and at least two echinoids have been collected, ranging in age from late Miocene to late Pliocene. Rocks and fossils from the southwest part of the outcrop area, along the Estero de San Antonio, were deposited in a deep-water marine environment. At Meacham Hill, near the Stony Point Rock Quarry, and along the northern margin of the outcrop area at River Road and Wilson Grove, the Wilson Grove Formation was deposited in shallow marine to continental environments. At Meacham Hill, these shallow water deposits represent a brackish bay to continental environment, whereas at River Road and Wilson Grove, fossils suggest normal, euhaline (normal marine salinity) conditions. \r\n\r\nA few taxa from the River Road area suggest water temperatures slightly warmer than along the adjacent coast today because their modern ranges do not extend as far north in latitude as River Road. In addition, fossil collections from along River Road contain the bivalve mollusks Macoma addicotti (Nikas) and Nuttallia jamesii Roth and Naidu, both of which are restricted to the late Pliocene. The late Miocene Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) also crops out northeast of the River Road area and underlies the late Pliocene section at Wilson Grove by almost 300 m. Outcrops in the central part of the region are older than those to the northeast, and presumably younger than deposits to the southwest. The Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) occurs at Steinbeck Ranch in the central portion of the outcrop area. At Spring Hill, also in the central part of the outcrop area, the sanddollar Scutellaster sp., cf. S. oregonensis (Clark) has been recently collected. This species, questionably identified here, is restricted to the late Miocene from central California through Oregon. Outcrops at Salmon Creek, northeast of Steinbeck Ranch and also in the central part of the outcrop area, contain Aulacofusus? recurva (Gabb) and Turcica brevis Stewart, which are both restricted to the Pliocene, as well as Lirabuccinum portolaensis (Arnold) known from the early Pliocene of central and northern California and into the late Pliocene in southern California. These data suggest an overall pattern of older rocks and deeper water to the south and west, and younger rocks and shallower water to the east and north. Outcrops to the southwest, south of the Bloomfield fault, are not well dated but presumably are older than the late Miocene Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992). Fossils in this part of the section are rare and are not useful in determining a precise age or environment of deposition for the lower part of the Wilson Grove Formation. However, sedimentary sequences and structures in the rocks here are useful and suggest probable outer shelf and slope water depths. Lituyapecten turneri (Arnold) which occurs in this part of the section has previously been restricted to the Pliocene, but its occurrence below the Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) indicates a revised late Miocene age for this taxon.\r\n\r\nThree possibly new gastropods (Mollusca) are reported here: Calyptraea (Trochita) n. sp. and Nucella sp., aff. N. lamellosa (Gmelin), both from the Bloomfield Quarry area, and Acanthinucella? n. sp. from the River Road area. These species are not described here because this venue is deemed insufficient for the description of new taxa.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041017","usgsCitation":"Powell, C.L., Allen, J., and Holland, P.J., 2004, Invertebrate Paleontology of the Wilson Grove Formation (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene), Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, with some Observations on Its Stratigraphy, Thickness, and Structure: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1017, 105 p.; 2 over-sized sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041017.","productDescription":"105 p.; 2 over-sized sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5216,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b7e4b07f02db534581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Charles L. II 0000-0002-1913-555X cpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-555X","contributorId":3243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","email":"cpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, James R.","contributorId":51840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"James R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland, Peter J.","contributorId":75220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026930,"text":"70026930 - 2004 - Standard weight (Ws) equations for four rare desert fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70026930","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standard weight (Ws) equations for four rare desert fishes","docAbstract":"Standard weight (Ws) equations have been used extensively to examine body condition in sport fishes. However, development of these equations for nongame fishes has only recently been emphasized. We used the regression-line-percentile technique to develop standard weight equations for four rare desert fishes: flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis, razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, roundtail chub Gila robusta, and humpback chub G. cypha. The Ws equation for flannelmouth suckers of 100-690 mm total length (TL) was developed from 17 populations: log10Ws = -5.180 + 3.068 log10TL. The Ws equation for razorback suckers of 110-885 mm TL was developed from 12 populations: log 10Ws = -4.886 + 2.985 log10TL. The W s equation for roundtail chub of 100-525 mm TL was developed from 20 populations: log10Ws = -5.065 + 3.015 log10TL. The Ws equation for humpback chub of 120-495 mm TL was developed from 9 populations: log10Ws = -5.278 + 3.096 log 10TL. These equations meet criteria for acceptable standard weight indexes and can be used to calculate relative weight, an index of body condition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M02-119.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Didenko, A., Bonar, S.A., and Matter, W., 2004, Standard weight (Ws) equations for four rare desert fishes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 2, p. 697-703, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-119.1.","startPage":"697","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478097,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/m02-119.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M02-119.1"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96ade4b08c986b31b64f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Didenko, A.V.","contributorId":92026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Didenko","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonar, Scott A.","contributorId":79617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matter, W.J.","contributorId":71740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matter","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026961,"text":"70026961 - 2004 - U-Pb zircon and geochemical evidence for bimodal mid-Paleozoic magmatism and syngenetic base-metal mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T12:51:53","indexId":"70026961","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon and geochemical evidence for bimodal mid-Paleozoic magmatism and syngenetic base-metal mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>New SHRIMP (sensitive, high-resolution ion microprobe) U-Pb zircon ages and trace element geochemical data for mafic and felsic metaigneous rocks of the pericratonic Yukon-Tanana terrane in east-central Alaska help define the tectonic setting of mid-Paleo-zoic magmatism and syngenetic hydrothermal Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization along the ancient Pacific margin of North America. We compare data from similar greenschist-facies sequences of bimodal volcanic and subvolcanic rocks associated with carbonaceous and siliciclastic marine sedimentary rocks, in the Wood River area of the Alaska Range and the Salcha River area of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, and from amphibolite-facies augen gneiss and mafic gneiss (amphibolite) in the Goodpaster River area of the upland. Allowing for analytical uncertainties, igneous crystallization age ranges of 376–353 Ma, 378–346 Ma, and 374–358 Ma are indicated by 13 new SHRIMP U-Pb dates for the Wood River, Salcha River, and Goodpaster River areas, respectively. Bimodal magmatism is indicated by Late Devonian crystallization ages for both augen gneiss (371 ± 3 and 362 ± 4 Ma) and associated orthoamphibolite (369 ± 3 Ma) in the upland and by stratigraphic interleaving of mafic and felsic rocks in the Alaska Range. Metabasites in all three study areas have elevated HFSE (high field strength element) and REE (rare earth element) contents indicative of generation in a within-plate (extensional) tectonic setting. Within-plate trace element signatures also are indicated for peralkaline metarhyolites that host the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield district in the Wood River area and for metarhyolite tuff interlayered with the carbonaceous Nasina assemblage, which hosts sedimentary exhalative sulfide occurrences in the Salcha River area. Most of the other felsic metaigneous samples from the Alaska Range and the Yukon-Tanana Upland have geochemical signatures that are similar to those of both average upper continental crust and continental-margin arc rocks generated in thick continental crust. Given the absence in our study areas of intermediate-composition magmatic products generally found in most arcs, and the presence of bimodal magmatism, the alkalic within-plate chemistry of the mafic rocks and some of the felsic rocks, and the widespread occurrence of interlayered carbonaceous sedimentary rocks indicative of deposition within a restricted marine basin or submerged continental margin, we consider it most likely that this prolonged Late Devonian to Early Mississippian magmatic episode resulted from attenuation of the ancient continental margin of western North America, rather than development of an arc, as proposed by many others.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B25342.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Wooden, J.L., and Hopkins, M., 2004, U-Pb zircon and geochemical evidence for bimodal mid-Paleozoic magmatism and syngenetic base-metal mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 7-8, p. 989-1015, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25342.1.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"1015","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana terrane  ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -151.5234375,\n              65.44000165965534\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              62.95522304515911\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.296875,\n              59.88893689676585\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.28710937499997,\n              59.88893689676585\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.232421875,\n              62.91523303947614\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.703125,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              68.07330474079025\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.359375,\n              67.30597574414466\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.5234375,\n              65.44000165965534\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d2e4b08c986b327e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, M.J.","contributorId":20128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003769,"text":"1003769 - 2004 - Proposed list of extinct, rare, and/or endangered microlichens in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T13:27:37","indexId":"1003769","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2800,"text":"Mycotaxon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proposed list of extinct, rare, and/or endangered microlichens in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>We propose that 41 species of macrolichens be listed for rare status in Wisconsin, along with 6 other species we think are now extinct in the state. Almost 60% of the species occur in the northern part of the state. Some of the extinct species occurred in the southern part. The rare and extinct species exist(ed) in 43% of the counties. None of the rare and extinct species are endemic to Wisconsin, and they represent 7% of the total lichen flora of the state. One species was last collected in 1884, but others were collected only recently. Forty-seven percent of the listed species are ranked critically imperiled (S1).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mycotaxon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wetmore, C.M., 2004, Proposed list of extinct, rare, and/or endangered microlichens in Wisconsin: Mycotaxon, v. 89, no. 1, p. 169-180.","productDescription":"p. 169-180","startPage":"169","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4352.000000000000000"}],"country":"United 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P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetmore, C. M.","contributorId":65036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003408,"text":"1003408 - 2004 - Agricultural ponds support amphibian populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-13T15:37:46.652996","indexId":"1003408","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agricultural ponds support amphibian populations","docAbstract":"<p>In some agricultural regions, natural wetlands are scarce, and constructed agricultural ponds may represent important alternative breeding habitats for amphibians. Properly managed, these agricultural ponds may effectively increase the total amount of breeding habitat and help to sustain populations. We studied small, constructed agricultural ponds in southeastern Minnesota to assess their value as amphibian breeding sites. Our study examined habitat factors associated with amphibian reproduction at two spatial scales: the pond and the landscape surrounding the pond. We found that small agricultural ponds in southeastern Minnesota provided breeding habitat for at least 10 species of amphibians. Species richness and multispecies reproductive success were more closely associated with characteristics of the pond (water quality, vegetation, and predators) compared with characteristics of the surrounding landscape, but individual species were associated with both pond and landscape variables. Ponds surrounded by row crops had similar species richness and reproductive success compared with natural wetlands and ponds surrounded by nongrazed pasture. Ponds used for watering livestock had elevated concentrations of phosphorus, higher turbidity, and a trend toward reduced amphibian reproductive success. Species richness was highest in small ponds, ponds with lower total nitrogen concentrations, tiger salamanders (<i>Ambystoma tigrinum</i>) present, and lacking fish. Multispecies reproductive success was best in ponds with lower total nitrogen concentrations, less emergent vegetation, and lacking fish. Habitat factors associated with higher reproductive success varied among individual species. We conclude that small, constructed farm ponds, properly managed, may help sustain amphibian populations in landscapes where natural wetland habitat is rare. We recommend management actions such as limiting livestock access to the pond to improve water quality, reducing nitrogen input, and avoiding the introduction of fish.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/02-5305","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M.G., Richardson, W.B., Reineke, D., Gray, B., Parmelee, J., and Weick, S., 2004, Agricultural ponds support amphibian populations: Ecological Applications, v. 14, no. 3, p. 669-684, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5305.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"684","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Houston County, Winona Counties","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              43.42100882994726\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.021484375,\n              43.42100882994726\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23046875,\n              43.42100882994726\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.2744140625,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.49414062499999,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              44.465151013519616\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              43.42100882994726\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c6e4b07f02db540224","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, W. B.","contributorId":16363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reineke, D.M.","contributorId":39337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reineke","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, B. R. 0000-0001-7682-9550","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":14785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parmelee, J.R.","contributorId":64215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmelee","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weick, S.E.","contributorId":58246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weick","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026962,"text":"70026962 - 2004 - Nevadaite, (Cu2+, Al, V3+)6 [Al8 (PO4)8 F8] (OH 2 (H2O)22, a new phosphate mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada: Description and crystal structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-12T16:00:21.879523","indexId":"70026962","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nevadaite, (Cu2+, Al, V3+)6 [Al8 (PO4)8 F8] (OH 2 (H2O)22, a new phosphate mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada: Description and crystal structure","docAbstract":"<p>Nevadaite, <span>&nbsp;(Cu</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, □, Al, V</span><sup>3+</sup><span>)</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;(PO</span><sub>4</sub><span>)</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;F</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;(OH)</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O)</span><sub>22</sub>, is a new supergene mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, near Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada, U.S.A. Nevadaite forms radiating clusters to 1 mm of prismatic crystals, locally covering surfaces more that 2 cm across; individual crystals are elongate on [001] with a length:width ratio of &gt; 10:1 and a maximum diameter of <span>~30 μm</span>. It also occurs as spherules and druses associated with colorless to purple-black fluellite, colorless wavellite, strengitevariscite, acicular maroon-to-red hewettite, and rare anatase, kazakhstanite, tinticite, leucophosphite, torbernite and tyuyamunite. Nevadaite is pale green to turquoise blue with a pale powder-blue streak and a vitreous luster; it does not fluoresce under ultra-violet light. It has no cleavage, a Mohs hardness of ~3, is brittle with a conchoidal fracture, and has measured and calculated densities of <span>2.54 and 2.55 g/cm</span><sup>3</sup>, respectively. Nevadaite is biaxial negative, with <span>1.540, β 1.548, γ 1.553, 2</span><i>V</i><span>(obs.) = 76°, 2</span><i>V</i><span>(calc.) = 76°</span>, pleochroic with X pale greenish blue, Y very pale greenish blue, Z blue, and with absorption <i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;≫&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;</span><i>Y</i> and orientation X = c, Y = a, Z = b. Nevadaite is orthorhombic, space group <i>P</i><span>2</span><sub>1</sub><i>mn</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;12.123(2),&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;18.999(2),&nbsp;</span><i>c</i><span>&nbsp;4.961(1) Å,&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;1142.8(2) Å&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;= 1,&nbsp;</span><i>a:b:c</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.6391:1:0.2611</span>. The strongest seven lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern <span>[</span><i>d</i><span>&nbsp;in Å(I)(</span><i>hkl</i><span>)]</span> are: 6.077(10)(200), 5.618(9)(130), 9.535(8)(020), 2.983(6)(241), 3.430(4)(041), 2.661(4)(061), and 1.844(4)(352). A chemical analysis with an electron microprobe gave <span>&nbsp;P</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>5</sub><span>&nbsp;32.54, Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;27.07, V</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;4.24, Fe</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;0.07, CuO 9.24, ZnO 0.11, F 9.22, H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O (calc.) 23.48, OH ≡ F–3.88, sum 102.09 wt.%</span>; the valence states of V and Fe, and the amount of <span>H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span>, were determined by crystal-structure analysis. The resulting empirical formula on the basis of 63.65 anions (<span>including 21.65 H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O&nbsp;</span><i>pfu</i>) is (<span>(Cu</span><sub>2.00</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;Zn</span><sub>0.02</sub><span>&nbsp;V</span><sub>0.98</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;Fe</span><sub>0.01</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;Al</span><sub>1.15</sub><span>)</span><sub>∑ 4.16</sub><span>&nbsp;Al</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;P</span><sub>7.90</sub><span>&nbsp;O</span><sub>32</sub><span>&nbsp;[F</span><sub>8.37</sub><span>&nbsp;(OH)</span><sub>1.63</sub><span>]</span><sub>∑10</sub><span>&nbsp;(H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O)</span><sub>21.65</sub>. The crystal structure of nevadaite was solved by direct methods and refined to an R index of 4.0% based on 1307 observed reflections collected on a four-circle diffractometer with <span>Mo</span><i>K</i><span>α X-radiation</span>. The structure consists of ordered layers of vertex-sharing octahedra and tetrahedra alternating with layers of disordered vertex-sharing and face-sharing octahedra in the <i>b</i><span>&nbsp;direction. [Alϕ</span><sub>5</sub><span>] chains of octahedra are decorated by (PO</span><sub>4</sub><span>) tetrahedra that share vertices with octahedra adjacent in the chain</span>. These chains link in the <i>c</i> direction by sharing vertices between octahedra and tetrahedra to form an ordered layer of the form <span>[Al</span><sub>8</sub><span>(PO</span><sub>4</sub><span>)</span><sub>8</sub><span>F</span><sub>8</sub><span>(H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O)</span><sub>8</sub><span>]</span>. In the disordered layer, octahedra containing positionally disordered <span>Cu</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, V</span><sup>3+</sup><span>, Al and □ (vacancy) share&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>&nbsp;faces</span> to form columns that link by sharing octahedron vertices to form ribbons extending in the <i>c</i> direction; the resulting layer has the form <span>{(Cu</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>2+</sup><span>□</span><sub>2</sub><span>V</span><sup>3+</sup><span>,Al)</span><sub>∑6</sub><span>&nbsp;(H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O)</span><sub>12</sub><span>&nbsp;(OH)</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O)</span><sub><i>x</i></sub><span>},&nbsp;</span><i>x</i><span>&nbsp;≈ 2</span>. The layers link in the <i>b</i> direction by sharing vertices between octahedra and tetrahedra. Although decorated chains topologically equivalent to that in nevadaite are common in many oxysalt minerals, its chain is geometrically distinct from those topologically equivalent chains. <span>The&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>–</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;linkage along the [</span><i>M</i><span>ϕ</span><sub>5</sub><span>] chains in most minerals take place through&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>&nbsp;vertices of the octahedra, with one example of linkage through&nbsp;</span><i>cis</i><span>&nbsp;vertices; in nevadaite, the&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>–</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;linkage involves both&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>cis</i><span>&nbsp;vertices, as does the chain in slavíkite</span>. In most of these decorated chains, alternate tetrahedra along the chain occur either in a <i>trans</i> or a <i>cis</i> arrangement. In nevadaite and <span>slavíkite, the tetrahedra are arranged in both&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>cis</i> arrangements; the arrangements in these two minerals are geometrically distinct, however.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.42.3.741","usgsCitation":"Cooper, M.A., Hawthorne, F.C., Roberts, A.C., Foord, E., Erd, R.C., Evans, H.T., and Jensen, M., 2004, Nevadaite, (Cu2+, Al, V3+)6 [Al8 (PO4)8 F8] (OH 2 (H2O)22, a new phosphate mineral species from the Gold Quarry mine, Carlin, Eureka County, Nevada: Description and crystal structure: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 42, no. 3, p. 741-752, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.42.3.741.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"752","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Eureka County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.21337890625,\n              39.41497702499074\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.7464599609375,\n              39.41497702499074\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.7464599609375,\n              40.76806170936614\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.21337890625,\n              40.76806170936614\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.21337890625,\n              39.41497702499074\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a650fe4b0c8380cd72ae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, M. A.","contributorId":57635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawthorne, Frank C.","contributorId":47924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Andrew C.","contributorId":85733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erd, Richard C.","contributorId":89899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jensen, M.C.","contributorId":100561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70027151,"text":"70027151 - 2004 - Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027151","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Ground-water chemistry and water levels at three levels in a well nest were monitored biweekly for two and a half years in a shallow unconfined floodplain aquifer in order to study the dynamics of such shallow aquifers. The aquifer, in northeastern Kansas, consists of high porosity, low hydraulic conductivity fine-grained sediments dominated by silt and bounded by fractured limestone and shale bedrock. Results show that the aquifer underwent chemical stratification followed by homogenization three times during the study period. The length of time between maximum stratification and complete homogenization was 3-5 months. The chemical parameters most useful for demonstrating the mixing trends were dissolved nitrate and sulfate. Higher nitrate concentrations were typical of unsaturated zone water and were sourced from fertilizer applied to the cultivated fields on the floodplain. Variations in sulfate concentrations are attributed to dissolution of rare gypsum in limestone bedrock and variable evapoconcentration in the unsaturated zone. The mixing of three chemically different waters (entrained, unsaturated-zone water; water entering the base of the floodplain aquifer; and water in residence before each mixing event) was simulated. The resident water component for each mixing event was a fixed composition based on measured water chemistry in the intermediate part of the aquifer. The entrained water composition was calculated using a measured composition of the shallow part of the aquifer and measurements of soil-water content in the unsaturated zone. The incoming basal water composition and the fractions of each mixing component were fitted to match the measured chemistry at the three levels in the aquifer. A conceptual model for this site explains: (1) rapid water-level rises, (2) water-chemistry changes at all levels in the aquifer coincident with the water-level rises, (3) low measured hydraulic conductivity of the valley fill and apparent lack of preferential flow pathways, (4) minuscule amounts of unsaturated-zone recharge, and (5) dissolved oxygen peaks in the saturated zone lagging water-level peaks. We postulate that rainfall enters fractures in bedrock adjacent to the floodplain. This recharge water moves rapidly through the fractured bedrock into the base of the floodplain aquifer. The recharge event through the bedrock causes a rapid rise in water level in the floodplain aquifer, and the chemistry of the deepest water in the floodplain aquifer changes at that time. The rising water also entrains slow-moving, nitrate-rich, unsaturated-zone water, altering the chemistry of water in the shallow part of the aquifer. Vertical chemical stratification in the aquifer is thus created by the change in water chemistry in the upper and lower parts of the saturated zone. As the water level begins to decline, the aquifer undergoes mixing that eventually results in homogeneous water chemistry. The rise in water level from the recharge event also displaces gas from the unsaturated zone that is then replaced as the water level declines following the recharge event. This new, oxygen-rich vadose-zone air equilibrates rapidly with saturated-zone water, resulting in a dissolved oxygen pulse in the ground water that peaks one-half to 2 months after the water-level peak. This oxygen pulse subsequently declines over a period of 2-6 months. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Macpherson, G., and Sophocleous, M., 2004, Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 286, no. 1-4, p. 271-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016.","startPage":"271","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209227,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016"},{"id":235486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0efde4b0c8380cd536e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macpherson, G.L.","contributorId":31181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macpherson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027207,"text":"70027207 - 2004 - Origin of placer laurite from Borneo: Se and As contents, and S isotopic compositions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027207","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2748,"text":"Mineralogical Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of placer laurite from Borneo: Se and As contents, and S isotopic compositions","docAbstract":"We examined grains of the platinum-group mineral, laurite (RuS2), from the type locality, Pontyn River, Tanah Laut, Borneo, and from the Tambanio River, southeast Borneo. The grains show a variety of morphologies, including euhedral grains with conchoidal fractures and pits, and spherical grains with no crystal faces, probably because of abrasion. Inclusions are rare, but one grain contains Ca-Al amphilbole inclusions, and another contains an inclusion of chalcopyrite+bornite+pentlandite+heazlewoodite (Ni3S2) that is considered to have formed by a two-stage process of exsolution and crystallization from a once homogeneous Fe-Cu-Ni sulphide melt. All grains examined are solid solutions of Ru and Os with Ir (2.71-11.76 wt.%) and Pd (0.31-0.66 wt%). Their compositions are similar to laurite from ophiolitic rocks. The compositions show broad negative correlations between Os and Ir, between As and Ir, and between As (0.4-0.74 wt.%) and Se (140 to 240 ppm). Laurite with higher Os contains more Se and less Ir and As. The negative correlations between Se and As may be attributed to their occupancy of the S site, but the compositional variations of Os. Ir and As probably reflect the compositional variation of rocks where the crystals grew. Ratios of S/Se in laurite show a narrow spread from 1380 to 2300, which are similar to ratios for sulphides from the refractory sub-are mantle. Sulphur isotopic compositions of laurite are independent of chemical compositions and morphologies and are similar to the chondritic value of 0???. The data suggest that S in laurite has not undergone redox changes and originated from the refractory mantle. The data support the formation of laurite in the residual mantle or in a magnia generated from such a refractory mantle, followed by erosion after the obduction of the host ultramafic rocks. ?? 2004 The Mineralogical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1180/0026461046820192","issn":"0026461X","usgsCitation":"Hattori, K., Cabri, L., Johanson, B., and Zientek, M.L., 2004, Origin of placer laurite from Borneo: Se and As contents, and S isotopic compositions: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 68, no. 2, p. 353-368, https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461046820192.","startPage":"353","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209075,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046820192"},{"id":235267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70ece4b0c8380cd76343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hattori, K.H.","contributorId":29615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattori","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cabri, L.J.","contributorId":33895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabri","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johanson, B.","contributorId":24539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zientek, M. L.","contributorId":6118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015212,"text":"1015212 - 2004 - Reintroduction of the flannelmouth sucker in the lower Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-28T09:38:15","indexId":"1015212","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reintroduction of the flannelmouth sucker in the lower Colorado River","docAbstract":"<p>A single stocking of 611 wild flannelmouth suckers <i>Catostomus latipinnis</i> in 1976 represented the first successful reintroduction of a native fish in the lower Colorado River. Flannelmouth suckers ranging in age from young of the year to 24 years were captured during 1999–2001; their population was estimated as at least 2,286 (95% confidence interval, 1,847–2,998). Recruitment appeared sporadic, consisting of consecutive years of low recruitment (&lt;10%) supplemented by a stronger (31%) year-class. Historically, this native fish was rare and was believed extirpated from the lower river by 1975, but it now reproduces naturally in a reach dramatically altered by water development. This successful reintroduction indicates that one native fish can successfully tolerate environmental alterations whereas another, the razorback sucker <i>Xyrauchen texanus</i>, apparently cannot. Other opportunities may exist in altered rivers to benefit native fishes where they were absent or historically rare.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M02-170","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., and Wydoski, R., 2004, Reintroduction of the flannelmouth sucker in the lower Colorado River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 24, no. 1, p. 41-46, https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-170.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634cff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, G.A.","contributorId":9205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wydoski, R.","contributorId":23502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015215,"text":"1015215 - 2004 - Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:24:24","indexId":"1015215","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events","docAbstract":"<p>Catastrophic events share characteristic nonlinear behaviors that are often generated by cross-scale interactions and feedbacks among system elements. These events result in surprises that cannot easily be predicted based on information obtained at a single scale. Progress on catastrophic events has focused on one of the following two areas: nonlinear dynamics through time without an explicit consideration of spatial connectivity [Holling, C. S. (1992) <i>Ecol. Monogr.</i> 62, 447–502] or spatial connectivity and the spread of contagious processes without a consideration of cross-scale interactions and feedbacks [Zeng, N., Neeling, J. D., Lau, L. M. &amp; Tucker, C. J. (1999) <i>Science</i> 286, 1537–1540]. These approaches rarely have ventured beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. We provide an interdisciplinary, conceptual, and general mathematical framework for understanding and forecasting nonlinear dynamics through time and across space. We illustrate the generality and usefulness of our approach by using new data and recasting published data from ecology (wildfires and desertification), epidemiology (infectious diseases), and engineering (structural failures). We show that decisions that minimize the likelihood of catastrophic events must be based on cross-scale interactions, and such decisions will often be counterintuitive. Given the continuing challenges associated with global change, approaches that cross disciplinary boundaries to include interactions and feedbacks at multiple scales are needed to increase our ability to predict catastrophic events and develop strategies for minimizing their occurrence and impacts. Our framework is an important step in developing predictive tools and designing experiments to examine cross-scale interactions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0403822101","usgsCitation":"Peters, D., Pielke, R.A., Bestelmeyer, B.T., Allen, C.D., Munson-McGee, S., and Havstad, K.M., 2004, Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events: PNAS, v. 101, no. 42, p. 15130-15135, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403822101.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"15130","endPage":"15135","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/523446","text":"External Repository"},{"id":132401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Debra P. C.","contributorId":36903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Debra P. C.","affiliations":[{"id":25579,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, Roger A. Sr.","contributorId":32762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pielke","given":"Roger","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.","contributorId":26180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestelmeyer","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6973,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER, Las Cruces, NM; New Mexico State University, Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Las Cruces, NM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Munson-McGee, Stuart","contributorId":99939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munson-McGee","given":"Stuart","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27640,"text":"New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Havstad, Kris M.","contributorId":16692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havstad","given":"Kris","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027227,"text":"70027227 - 2004 - Tectonics and metallogenesis of Proterozoic rocks of the Reading Prong","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027227","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and metallogenesis of Proterozoic rocks of the Reading Prong","docAbstract":"Detailed geologic mapping, petrography, and major and trace-element analyses of Proterozoic rocks from the Greenwood Lake Quadrangle, New York are compared with chemical analyses and stratigraphic information compiled for the entire Reading Prong. A persistent regional stratigraphy is evident in the mapped area whose geochemistry indicates protoliths consistent with a back-arc marginal basin sequence. The proposed marginal basin may have been floored by an older sialic basement and overlain by a basin-fill sequence consisting of a basal tholeiitic basalt, basic to intermediate volcanic or volcaniclastic rocks and carbonate sediments, a bimodal calc-alkaline volcanic sequence, and finally volcaniclastic, marine, and continental sediments. The presence of high-chlorine biotite and scapolite may indicate circulation of brine fluids or the presence of evaporite layers in the sequence. Abundant, stratabound magnetite deposits with a geologic setting very unlike that of cratonic, Proterozoic banded-iron formations are found throughout the proposed basin sequence. Associated with many of the magnetite deposits is unusual uranium and rare-earth element mineralization. It is proposed here that these deposits formed in an exhalative, volcanogenic, depositional environment within an extensional back-arc marginal basin. Such a tectonic setting is consistent with interpretations of protoliths in other portions of the Reading Prong, the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Canadian Grenville Province, and recent interpretation of the origin of the Franklin lead-zinc deposits, suggesting a more cohesive evolving arc/back-arc tectonic model for the entire Proterozoic margin of the north-eastern portion of the North American craton. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.012","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Gundersen, L., 2004, Tectonics and metallogenesis of Proterozoic rocks of the Reading Prong: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 37, no. 3-5, p. 361-379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.012.","startPage":"361","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.012"},{"id":235597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba485e4b08c986b3203e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.S.","contributorId":24501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027238,"text":"70027238 - 2004 - Jurassic \"savannah\" - Plant taphonomy and climate of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027238","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jurassic \"savannah\" - Plant taphonomy and climate of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western USA)","docAbstract":"The Morrison Formation contains six plant taphofacies: Wood, whole-leaf, leaf-mat, root, common carbonaceous debris, and rare carbonaceous debris. None of these taphofacies is common in the Morrison; particularly striking is the paucity of wood, even in more reducing environments. The flora of the Morrison Formation is distinct in the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian parts of the section. The plant taphofacies are consistent with a predominantly herbaceous vegetation. Evidence from the plant taphofacies, floras, and sedimentology of the Morrison is consistent with a warm, seasonal, semi-arid climate throughout, changing from dry semi-arid to humid semi-arid from the Kimmeridgian to the Tithonian parts of the formation. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.004","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Parrish, J.T., Peterson, F., and Turner, C., 2004, Jurassic \"savannah\" - Plant taphonomy and climate of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western USA): Sedimentary Geology, v. 167, no. 3-4, p. 137-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.004.","startPage":"137","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478088,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14574/files/PAL_E1788.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209030,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.004"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a402de4b0c8380cd64b52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrish, Judith T.","contributorId":83945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.","contributorId":93623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, C.E.","contributorId":45463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003314,"text":"1003314 - 2004 - Spatial variation in fish species richness of the upper Mississippi River system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T16:46:34.870306","indexId":"1003314","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variation in fish species richness of the upper Mississippi River system","docAbstract":"Important natural environmental gradients, including the connectivity of off-channel aquatic habitats to the main-stem river, have been lost in many reaches of the upper Mississippi River system, and an understanding of the consequences of this isolation is lacking in regard to native fish communities. The objectives of this study were to describe patterns of fish species richness, evenness, and diversity among representative habitats and river reaches and to examine the relationship between fish species richness and habitat diversity. Each year (1994-1999) fish communities of main-channel borders (MCB), side channel borders (SCB), and contiguous backwater shorelines (BWS) were sampled using boat-mounted electrofishing, mini-fyke-nets, tyke nets, hoop nets, and seines at a standardized number of sites. A total of 0.65 million fish were collected, representing 106 species from upper Mississippi River Pools 4, 8, 13, and 26; the open (unimpounded) river reach; and the La Grange Reach of the Illinois River. Within pools, species richness based on rarefaction differed significantly among habitats and was highest in BWS and lowest in MCB (P < 0.0001). At the reach scale, Pools 4, 8, and 13 consistently had the highest species richness and Pool 26, the open-river reach, and the La Grange Reach were significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Species evenness and diversity indices showed similar trends. The relationship between native fish species richness and habitat diversity was highly significant (r(2) = 0.85; P = 0.0091). These results support efforts aimed at the conservation and enhancement of connected side channels and backwaters. Although constrained by dams, pools with high native species richness could serve as a relative reference. The remnants of natural riverine dynamics that remain in these reaches should be preserved and enhanced; conditions could be used to guide restoration activities in more degraded reaches.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/T03-089.1","usgsCitation":"Koel, T., 2004, Spatial variation in fish species richness of the upper Mississippi River system: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 133, no. 4, p. 984-1003, https://doi.org/10.1577/T03-089.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"984","endPage":"1003","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.13134765625,\n              44.29240108529005\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.47216796874996,\n              43.64402584769947\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.20849609375,\n              42.79540065303723\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.59326171874999,\n              42.309815415686664\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.32958984374999,\n              41.934976500546604\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.48339843749999,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.18652343749997,\n              41.29431726315255\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.18652343749999,\n              40.81380923056958\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.66992187499999,\n              40.329795743702064\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328124999,\n              39.774769485295465\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.25244140624999,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.57128906249999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.89013671874997,\n              38.56534784488544\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54931640624999,\n              39.30029918615029\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23046874999997,\n              40.12849105685408\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.72509765624999,\n              41.178653972331674\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.93408203124999,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.90087890624999,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.20849609375,\n              43.91372326852401\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.73583984374999,\n              44.41808794374846\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63671875,\n              44.74673324024678\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.60351562499997,\n              44.88701247981296\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.13134765625,\n              44.29240108529005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koel, T.M.","contributorId":10765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koel","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026762,"text":"70026762 - 2004 - Exploitation of pocket gophers and their food caches by grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026762","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploitation of pocket gophers and their food caches by grizzly bears","docAbstract":"I investigated the exploitation of pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Yellowstone region of the United States with the use of data collected during a study of radiomarked bears in 1977-1992. My analysis focused on the importance of pocket gophers as a source of energy and nutrients, effects of weather and site features, and importance of pocket gophers to grizzly bears in the western contiguous United States prior to historical extirpations. Pocket gophers and their food caches were infrequent in grizzly bear feces, although foraging for pocket gophers accounted for about 20-25% of all grizzly bear feeding activity during April and May. Compared with roots individually excavated by bears, pocket gopher food caches were less digestible but more easily dug out. Exploitation of gopher food caches by grizzly bears was highly sensitive to site and weather conditions and peaked during and shortly after snowmelt. This peak coincided with maximum success by bears in finding pocket gopher food caches. Exploitation was most frequent and extensive on gently sloping nonforested sites with abundant spring beauty (Claytonia lanceolata) and yampah (Perdieridia gairdneri). Pocket gophers are rare in forests, and spring beauty and yampah roots are known to be important foods of both grizzly bears and burrowing rodents. Although grizzly bears commonly exploit pocket gophers only in the Yellowstone region, this behavior was probably widespread in mountainous areas of the western contiguous United States prior to extirpations of grizzly bears within the last 150 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/BJK-125","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D., 2004, Exploitation of pocket gophers and their food caches by grizzly bears: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 85, no. 4, p. 731-742, https://doi.org/10.1644/BJK-125.","startPage":"731","endPage":"742","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487451,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/bjk-125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208379,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/BJK-125"},{"id":234102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e09e4b0c8380cd53290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026723,"text":"70026723 - 2004 - Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026723","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2305,"text":"Journal of Geographical Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model","docAbstract":"Researchers have been coupling geographic information systems (GIS) data handling and processing capability to watershed and waterquality models for many years. This capability is suited for the development of databases appropriate for water modeling. However, it is rare for GIS to provide direct inputs to the models. To demonstrate the logical procedure of coupling GIS for model parameter extraction, we selected the Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) pollution model. Investigators can generate data layers at various resolutions and resample to pixel sizes to support models at particular scales. We developed databases of elevation, land cover, and soils at various resolutions in four watersheds. The ability to use multiresolution databases for the generation of model parameters is problematic for grid-based models. We used database development procedures and observed the effects of resolution and resampling on GIS input datasets and parameters generated from those inputs for AGNPS. Results indicate that elevation values at specific points compare favorably between 3- and 30-m raster datasets. Categorical data analysis indicates that land cover classes vary significantly. Derived parameters parallel the results of the base GIS datasets. Analysis of data resampled from 30-m to 60-, 120-, 210-, 240-, 480-, 960-, and 1920-m pixels indicates a general degradation of both elevation and land cover correlations as resolution decreases. Initial evaluation of model output values for soluble nitrogen and phosphorous indicates similar degradation with resolution. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geographical Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10109-004-0138-z","issn":"14355930","usgsCitation":"Usery, E., Finn, M., Scheidt, D.J., Ruhl, S., Beard, T., and Bearden, M., 2004, Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model: Journal of Geographical Systems, v. 6, no. 3, p. 289-306, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0138-z.","startPage":"289","endPage":"306","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0138-z"},{"id":234356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28aae4b0c8380cd5a2d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, M.P.","contributorId":73246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scheidt, Daniel J.","contributorId":43393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheidt","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruhl, S.","contributorId":44329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beard, T.","contributorId":36337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bearden, M.","contributorId":68510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bearden","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70026641,"text":"70026641 - 2004 - Fishes and habitat characteristics of the Keya Paha River, South Dakota-Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-03T16:35:42.36864","indexId":"70026641","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fishes and habitat characteristics of the Keya Paha River, South Dakota-Nebraska","docAbstract":"<p>Fishes were collected in four mainstem reaches and eight tributary reaches in the Keya Paha River basin during May and June 2002. Most reaches were characteristically run habitats with sand substrates and riparian pastures. Data were combined with historical records to construct a basin-wide ichthyofaunal list which comprised 38 species from seven families. Dominant species were sand shiners (<i>Notropis ludibundus</i>; 47%), red shiners (<i>Cyprinella lutrensis</i>; 37%), and brassy minnows (<i>Hybognathus hankinsoni</i>; 8%). Dominant game species were bluegill (<i>Lepomis machrochirus</i>) and channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>). We found one species previously listed as rare in South Dakota - plains topminnow (<i>Fundulus sciadicus</i>), and four species not previously found in the Keya Paha River - silver chub (<i>Macrhybopsis storeriana</i>), river carpsucker (<i>Carpiodes carpio</i>), northern pike (<i>Esox Indus</i>), yellow perch (<i>Perca flavescens</i>).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2004.9664529","usgsCitation":"Harland, B., and Berry, C.R., 2004, Fishes and habitat characteristics of the Keya Paha River, South Dakota-Nebraska: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 169-177, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2004.9664529.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2004.9664529","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.10644531249999,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.06249999999999,\n              41.11246878918088\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.17285156249999,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.0849609375,\n              39.977120098439634\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5029296875,\n              39.977120098439634\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.8330078125,\n              39.9434364619742\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.0751953125,\n              39.9434364619742\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.3173828125,\n              39.87601941962116\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.45996093749999,\n              43.004647127794435\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.416015625,\n              44.5278427984555\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.63574218749999,\n              45.920587344733654\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.10644531249999,\n              45.98169518512228\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.10644531249999,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10b6e4b0c8380cd53d94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harland, B.","contributorId":21735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harland","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, C. R. Jr.","contributorId":39167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026616,"text":"70026616 - 2004 - Morphology and sedimentation on open-coast intertidal flats of the Changjiang Delta, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026616","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Morphology and sedimentation on open-coast intertidal flats of the Changjiang Delta, China","docAbstract":"On many intertidal flats, lateral aggradation and reworking by large tidal channels is the dominant sedimentary process. On the open-coast intertidal flats of the Changjiang Delta large laterally migrating tidal channels are absent. Instead, numerous shallow tidal creeks cut across the intertidal flats. On these flats, vertical rather than lateral migration dominates sedimentation. Observations over semidiurnal tidal cycles show that both flood and ebb tides have the potential to deposit their own mud-sand couplets, but four couplets per day are rarely preserved. Reworking by tidal currents and/or weak waves results in loss of tidal couplets or amalgamation of two or more thin couplets into a single thick couplet. Measurements of preserved couplets show that they can represent a single flooding or ebbing event (half day) to a period of several neap-spring cycles. Diastems within amalgamated couplets are generally not distinguishable. The key agent for reworking open-coast intertidal flat deposits is not tidal creek migration but seasonal storm waves. Seasonal storm deposits consist of a basal scour and sand-dominant laminae with mud pebbles, grading upward to mud-dominated layers of fair-weather deposits. Sand-dominated layers are also reworked.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Fan, D., Li, C., Wang, D., Wang, P., Archer, A., and Greb, S., 2004, Morphology and sedimentation on open-coast intertidal flats of the Changjiang Delta, China, <i>in</i> Journal of Coastal Research, no. SPEC. ISS. 43, p. 23-35.","startPage":"23","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"SPEC. ISS. 43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e51e4b0c8380cd70961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fan, D.","contributorId":88517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, C.","contributorId":14954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, D.","contributorId":13384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, P.","contributorId":24967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Archer, A.W.","contributorId":8620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archer","given":"A.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
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