{"pageNumber":"108","pageRowStart":"2675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":36989,"records":[{"id":70005655,"text":"ofr20111266 - 2011 - Digital archive of drilling mud weight pressures and wellbore temperatures from 49 regional cross sections of 967 well logs in Louisiana and Texas, onshore Gulf of Mexico basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"ofr20111266","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1266","title":"Digital archive of drilling mud weight pressures and wellbore temperatures from 49 regional cross sections of 967 well logs in Louisiana and Texas, onshore Gulf of Mexico basin","docAbstract":"This document provides the digital archive of in-situ temperature and drilling mud weight pressure data that were compiled from several historical sources. The data coverage includes the states of Texas and Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico basin. Data are also provided graphically, for both Texas and Louisiana, as plots of temperature as a function of depth and pressure as a function of depth. The minimum, arithmetic average, and maximum values are tabulated for each 1,000-foot depth increment for temperature as well as pressure in the Texas and Louisiana data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111266","usgsCitation":"Burke, L.A., Kinney, S.A., and Kola-Kehinde, T.B., 2011, Digital archive of drilling mud weight pressures and wellbore temperatures from 49 regional cross sections of 967 well logs in Louisiana and Texas, onshore Gulf of Mexico basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1266, iv, 14 p.; Louisiana XLS; Texas XLS, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111266.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.; Louisiana XLS; Texas XLS","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1266.png"},{"id":94264,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burke, Lauri A. 0000-0002-2035-8048 lburke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-8048","contributorId":3859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Lauri","email":"lburke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinney, Scott A. 0000-0001-5008-5813 skinney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5008-5813","contributorId":1395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinney","given":"Scott","email":"skinney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kola-Kehinde, Temidayo B.","contributorId":54336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kola-Kehinde","given":"Temidayo","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70005614,"text":"ofr20111202 - 2011 - Compilation of watershed models for tributaries to the Great Lakes, United States, as of 2010, and identification of watersheds for future modeling for the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"ofr20111202","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1202","title":"Compilation of watershed models for tributaries to the Great Lakes, United States, as of 2010, and identification of watersheds for future modeling for the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","docAbstract":"As part of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) during 2009–10, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) compiled a list of existing watershed models that had been created for tributaries within the United States that drain to the Great Lakes. Established Federal programs that are overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) are responsible for most of the existing watershed models for specific tributaries. The NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) uses the Large Basin Runoff Model to provide data for the management of water levels in the Great Lakes by estimating United States and Canadian inflows to the Great Lakes from 121 large watersheds. GLERL also simulates streamflows in 34 U.S. watersheds by a grid-based model, the Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model. The NOAA National Weather Service uses the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model to predict flows at river forecast sites. The USACE created or funded the creation of models for at least 30 tributaries to the Great Lakes to better understand sediment erosion, transport, and aggradation processes that affect Federal navigation channels and harbors. Many of the USACE hydrologic models have been coupled with hydrodynamic and sediment-transport models that simulate the processes in the stream and harbor near the mouth of the modeled tributary. Some models either have been applied or have the capability of being applied across the entire Great Lakes Basin; they are (1) the SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model, which was developed by the USGS; (2) the High Impact Targeting (HIT) and Digital Watershed models, which were developed by the Institute of Water Research at Michigan State University; (3) the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L–THIA) model, which was developed by researchers at Purdue University; and (4) the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model, which was developed by the National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. During 2010, the USGS used the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) to create a hydrologic model for the Lake Michigan Basin to assess the probable effects of climate change on future groundwater and surface-water resources. The Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) model and the Analysis of Flows In Networks of CHannels (AFINCH) program also were used to support USGS GLRI projects that required estimates of streamflows throughout the Great Lakes Basin. This information on existing watershed models, along with an assessment of geologic, soils, and land-use data across the Great Lakes Basin and the identification of problems that exist in selected tributary watersheds that could be addressed by a watershed model, was used to identify three watersheds in the Great Lakes Basin for future modeling by the USGS. These watersheds are the Kalamazoo River Basin in Michigan, the Tonawanda Creek Basin in New York, and the Bad River Basin in Wisconsin. These candidate watersheds have hydrogeologic, land-type, and soil characteristics that make them distinct from each other, but that are representative of other tributary watersheds within the Great Lakes Basin. These similarities in the characteristics among nearby watersheds will enhance the usefulness of a model by improving the likelihood that parameter values from a previously modeled watershed could reliably be used in the creation of a model of another watershed in the same region. The software program Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF) was selected to simulate the hydrologic, sedimentary, and water-quality processes in these selected watersheds. HSPF is a versatile, process-based, continuous-simulation model that has been used extensively by the scientific community, has the ongoing technical support of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and USGS, and provides a means to evaluate the effects that land-use changes or management practices might have on the simulated processes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111202","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., Murphy, E., Soong, D., and Sharpe, J.B., 2011, Compilation of watershed models for tributaries to the Great Lakes, United States, as of 2010, and identification of watersheds for future modeling for the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1202, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111202.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"29","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1202.gif"},{"id":94254,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,40 ], [ -94,49 ], [ -73,49 ], [ -73,40 ], [ -94,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9955","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, William F. 0000-0002-7007-7797 wcoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-7797","contributorId":1765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"William","email":"wcoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soong, David T.","contributorId":87487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"David T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005549,"text":"ofr20111204 - 2011 - Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T11:45:41.204995","indexId":"ofr20111204","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1204","title":"Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO) entered into an agreement with the Afghanistan Geological Survey to study and assess the fuel and nonfuel mineral resources of Afghanistan from October 2009 to September 2011 so that these resources could be economically extracted to expand the economy of Afghanistan. This report summarizes the results of joint studies on 24 important areas of interest (AOIs) of nonfuel mineral resources that were identified for mineral investment and production opportunities in Afghanistan. This report is supported by digital data and archival and non-USGS reports on each AOI, and these data are available from the Afghanistan Geological Survey Data Center in Kabul (http://mom.gov.af/en/ and http://www.bgs.ac.uk/afghanminerals/) and for viewing and download on the USGS public Web site and in a separate viewer at http://mapdss2.er.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense and the Afghanistan Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Peters, S., King, T., Mack, T.J., and Chornack, M.P., 2011, Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1204, 1,810 p.; Appendixes on DVD, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111204.","productDescription":"1,810 p.; Appendixes on DVD","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1204.gif"},{"id":94214,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[61.21082,35.65007],[62.23065,35.27066],[62.98466,35.40404],[63.19354,35.85717],[63.9829,36.00796],[64.54648,36.31207],[64.74611,37.11182],[65.58895,37.30522],[65.74563,37.66116],[66.21738,37.39379],[66.51861,37.36278],[67.07578,37.35614],[67.83,37.14499],[68.13556,37.02312],[68.85945,37.34434],[69.19627,37.15114],[69.51879,37.609],[70.11658,37.58822],[70.27057,37.73516],[70.3763,38.1384],[70.80682,38.48628],[71.34813,38.25891],[71.2394,37.95327],[71.54192,37.90577],[71.44869,37.06564],[71.84464,36.73817],[72.19304,36.94829],[72.63689,37.04756],[73.26006,37.49526],[73.9487,37.42157],[74.98,37.41999],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.57589,37.02084],[74.06755,36.83618],[72.92002,36.72001],[71.84629,36.50994],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.15677,34.34891],[70.8818,33.98886],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.68715,33.1055],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.31776,31.90141],[68.92668,31.62019],[68.55693,31.71331],[67.79269,31.58293],[67.68339,31.30315],[66.93889,31.30491],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.34647,29.88794],[65.04686,29.47218],[64.35042,29.56003],[64.148,29.34082],[63.55026,29.46833],[62.54986,29.31857],[60.87425,29.82924],[61.78122,30.73585],[61.69931,31.37951],[60.94194,31.54807],[60.86365,32.18292],[60.53608,32.98127],[60.9637,33.52883],[60.52843,33.67645],[60.80319,34.4041],[61.21082,35.65007]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Afghanistan\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69977d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Stephen G. speters@usgs.gov","contributorId":2793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Stephen G.","email":"speters@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chornack, Michael P. mpchorna@usgs.gov","contributorId":2431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chornack","given":"Michael","email":"mpchorna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005588,"text":"ofr20111242 - 2011 - Undiscovered petroleum resources for the Woodford Shale and Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale assessment units, Anadarko Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T13:18:38","indexId":"ofr20111242","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1242","title":"Undiscovered petroleum resources for the Woodford Shale and Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale assessment units, Anadarko Basin","docAbstract":"In 2010 the U.S. Geological Survey assessed undiscovered oil and gas resources for the Anadarko Basin Province of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The assessment included three continuous (unconventional) assessment units (AU). Mean undiscovered resources for the (1) Devonian Woodford Shale Gas AU are about 16 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) and 192 million barrels of natural gas liquids (MMBNGL), (2) Woodford Shale Oil AU are 393 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 2 TCFG, and 59 MMBNGL, and (3) Pennsylvanian Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale Gas AU are 6.8 TCFG and 82 MMBNGL. The continuous gas AUs are mature for gas generation within the deep basin of Oklahoma and Texas. Gas generation from the Woodford Shale source rock started about 335 Ma, and from the Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale AU about 300 Ma. Maturation results are based on vitrinite reflectance data, and on 1D and 4D petroleum system models that calculated vitrinite reflectance (R<sub>o</sub>), and Rock-Eval and hydrous pyrolysis transformation (HP) ratios through time for petroleum source rocks. The Woodford Shale Gas AU boundary and sweet spot were defined mainly on (1) isopach thickness from well-log analysis and published sources; (2) estimated ultimate recoverable production from existing, mainly horizontal, wells; and (3) levels of thermal maturation. Measured and modeled Ro ranges from about 1.2% to 5% in the AU, which represents marginally mature to overmature for gas generation. The sweet spot included most of the Woodford that was deposited within eroded channels in the unconformably underlying Hunton Group. The Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale Gas AU has no known production in the deep basin. This AU boundary is based primarily on the gas generation window, and on thickness and distribution of organic-rich facies from these mainly thin shale and limestone beds. Estimates of organic richness were based on well-log signatures and published data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111242","usgsCitation":"Higley, D.K., 2011, Undiscovered petroleum resources for the Woodford Shale and Thirteen Finger Limestone-Atoka Shale assessment units, Anadarko Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1242, 3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 2: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 3: 64.80 inches x 40.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111242.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 2: 90.12 inches x 40.13 inches; Sheet 3: 64.80 inches x 40.13 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1242.png"},{"id":94235,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.5,34 ], [ -104.5,40 ], [ -97,40 ], [ -97,34 ], [ -104.5,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higley, Debra K. 0000-0001-8024-9954 higley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":152663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"Debra","email":"higley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005586,"text":"ofr20111245 - 2011 - Evolution of overpressured and underpressured oil and gas reservoirs, Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"ofr20111245","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1245","title":"Evolution of overpressured and underpressured oil and gas reservoirs, Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas","docAbstract":"Departures of resistivity logs from a normal compaction gradient indicate that overpressure previously extended north of the present-day overpressured zone. These indicators of paleopressure, which are strongest in the deep basin, are mapped to the Kansas-Oklahoma border in shales of Desmoinesian age. The broad area of paleopressure has contracted to the deep basin, and today the overpressured deep basin, as determined from drillstem tests, is bounded on the north by strata with near normal pressures (hydrostatic), grading to the northwest to pressures that are less than hydrostatic (underpressured). Thus the pressure regime in the northwest portion of the Anadarko Basin has evolved from paleo-overpressure to present-day underpressure.  Using pressure data from drillstem tests, we constructed cross sections and potentiometric maps that illustrate the extent and nature of present-day underpressuring. Downcutting and exposure of Lower Permian and Pennsylvanian strata along, and east of, the Nemaha fault zone in central Oklahoma form the discharge locus where pressure reaches near atmospheric. From east to west, hydraulic head increases by several hundred feet in each rock formation, whereas elevation increases by thousands of feet. The resulting underpressuring of the aquifer-supported oil and gas fields, which also increases from east to west, is a consequence of the vertical separation between surface elevation and hydraulic head. A 1,000-ft thick cap of Permian evaporites and shales isolates the underlying strata from the surface, preventing re-establishment of a normal hydrostatic gradient.  Thus, the present-day pressure regime of oil and gas reservoirs, overpressured in the deep basin and underpressured on the northwest flank of the basin, is the result of two distinct geologic events-rapid burial and uplift/erosion-widely separated in time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111245","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., and Gianoutsos, N.J., 2011, Evolution of overpressured and underpressured oil and gas reservoirs, Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1245, 3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 2: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 3: 87.00 inches x 41.13 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111245.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 2: 87.00 inches x 41.05 inches; Sheet 3: 87.00 inches x 41.13 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1245.png"},{"id":94233,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1245/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Oklahoma;Texas;Kansas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dda06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Phillip H.","contributorId":53048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gianoutsos, Nicholas J. 0000-0002-6510-6549 ngianoutsos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-6549","contributorId":3607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gianoutsos","given":"Nicholas","email":"ngianoutsos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005589,"text":"ofr20111263 - 2011 - Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70005589,"text":"ofr20111263 - 2011 - Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome","indexId":"ofr20111263","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70074640,"text":"70074640 - 2013 - Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land","indexId":"70074640","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70074640,"text":"70074640 - 2013 - Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land","indexId":"70074640","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"Monitoring of livestock grazing effects on Bureau of Land Management land"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:01","indexId":"ofr20111263","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1263","title":"Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome","docAbstract":"Domestic livestock grazing occurs in virtually all sagebrush habitats and is a prominent disturbance factor. By affecting habitat condition and trend, grazing influences the resources required by, and thus, the distribution and abundance of sagebrush-obligate wildlife species (for example, sage-grouse Centrocercus spp.). Yet, the risks that livestock grazing may pose to these species and their habitats are not always clear. Although livestock grazing intensity and associated habitat condition may be known in many places at the local level, we have not yet been able to answer questions about use, condition, and trend at the landscape scale or at the range-wide scale for wildlife species. A great deal of information about grazing use, management regimes, and ecological condition exists at the local level (for individual livestock management units) under the oversight of organizations such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). However, the extent, quality, and types of existing data are unknown, which hinders the compilation, mapping, or analysis of these data. Once compiled, these data may be helpful for drawing conclusions about rangeland status, and we may be able to identify relationships between those data and wildlife habitat at the landscape scale.  The overall objective of our study was to perform a range-wide assessment of livestock grazing effects (and the relevant supporting data) in sagebrush ecosystems managed by the BLM. Our assessments and analyses focused primarily on local-level management and data collected at the scale of BLM grazing allotments (that is, individual livestock management units). Specific objectives included the following:\r\n   1. Identify and refine existing range-wide datasets to be used for analyses of livestock grazing effects on sagebrush ecosystems.\r\n   2. Assess the extent, quality, and types of livestock grazing-related natural resource data collected by BLM range-wide (i.e., across allotments, districts and regions).\r\n   3. Compile and synthesize recommendations from federal and university rangeland science experts about how BLM might prioritize collection of different types of livestock grazing-related natural resource data.\r\n   4. Investigate whether range-wide datasets (Objective 1) could be used in conjunction with remotely sensed imagery to identify across broad scales (a) allotments potentially not meeting BLM Land Health Standards (LHS) and (b) allotments in which unmet standards might be attributable to livestock grazing.  Objective 1: We identified four datasets that potentially could be used for analyses of livestock grazing effects on sagebrush ecosystems. First, we obtained the most current spatial data (typically up to 2007, 2008, or 2009) for all BLM allotments and compiled data into a coarse, topologically enforced dataset that delineated grazing allotment boundaries. Second, we obtained LHS evaluation data (as of 2007) for all allotments across all districts and regions; these data included date of most recent evaluation, BLM determinations of whether region-specific standards were met, and whether BLM deemed livestock to have contributed to any unmet standards. Third, we examined grazing records of three types: Actual Use (permittee-reported), Billed Use (BLM-reported), and Permitted Use (legally authorized). Finally, we explored the possibility of using existing Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Ecological Site Description (ESD) data to make up-to-date estimates of production and forage availability on BLM allotments.  Objective 2: We investigated the availability of BLM livestock grazing-related monitoring data and the status of LHS across 310 randomly selected allotments in 13 BLM field offices. We found that, relative to other data types, the most commonly available monitoring data were Actual Use numbers (permittee-reported livestock numbers and season-of-use), followed by Photo Point, forage Utilization, and finally, Vegetation Trend measurement data. Data availability and frequency of data collection varied across allotments and field offices. Analysis of the BLM's LHS data indicated 67 percent of allotments analyzed were meeting standards. For those not meeting standards, livestock were considered the causal factor in 45 percent of cases (about 15 percent of all allotments).  Objective 3: We sought input from 42 university and federal rangeland science experts about how best to prioritize rangeland monitoring activities associated with ascertaining livestock impacts on vegetation resources. When we presented a hypothetical scenario to these scientists and asked them to prioritize monitoring activities, the most common response was to measure ground and vegetation cover, a variable that in many cases (10 of 13 field offices sampled) BLM had already identified as a monitoring priority. Experts identified several other traditional (for example, photo points) and emerging approaches (for example, high-resolution aerial photography) to monitoring.  Objective 4: We used spatial allotment data (described in Objective 1) and remotely sensed vegetation data (sagebrush cover, herbaceous vegetation cover, litter and bare soil) to assess differences in allotment LHS status (\"Not met\" vs. \"Met\"; if \"Not met\" - livestock-caused vs. not). We then developed logistic regression models, using vegetation variables to predict LHS status of BLM allotments in sagebrush steppe habitats in Wyoming and portions of Montana and Colorado.  In general, we found that more consistent data collection at the local level might improve suitability of data for broad-scale analyses of livestock impacts. As is, data collection methodologies varied across field offices and States, and we did not find any local-level monitoring data (Actual Use, Utilization, Vegetation Trend) that had been collected consistently enough over time or space for range-wide analyses. Moreover, continued and improved emphasis on monitoring also may aid local management decisions, particularly with respect to effects of livestock grazing. Rangeland science experts identified ground cover as a high monitoring priority for assessing range condition and emphasized the importance of tracking livestock numbers and grazing dates. Ultimately, the most effective monitoring program may entail both increased data collection effort and the integration of alternative monitoring approaches (for example, remote sensing or monitoring teams). In the course of our study, we identified three additional datasets that could potentially be used for range-wide analyses: spatial allotment boundary data for all BLM allotments range-wide, LHS evaluations of BLM allotments, and livestock use data (livestock numbers and grazing dates). It may be possible to use these spatial datasets to help prioritize monitoring activities over the extensive land areas managed by BLM. We present an example of how we used spatial allotment boundary data and LHS data to test whether remotely sensed vegetation characteristics could be used to predict which allotments met or did not meet LHS. This approach may be further improved by the results of current efforts by BLM to test whether more intensive (higher resolution) LHS assessments more accurately describe land health status. Standardized data collection in more ecologically meaningful land units may improve our ability to use local-level data for broad-scale analyses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111263","usgsCitation":"Veblen, K.E., Pyke, D.A., Jones, C.A., Casazza, M.L., Assal, T.J., and Farinha, M.A., 2011, Range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1263, iv, 53 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111263.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1263.png"},{"id":94242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1263/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veblen, Kari E.","contributorId":76872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Veblen","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":352883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Christopher A. chrisj@usgs.gov","contributorId":47478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Christopher","email":"chrisj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35993,"text":"Hydrologic Investigations and Research Section","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Assal, Timothy J. 0000-0001-6342-2954 assalt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-2954","contributorId":2203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assal","given":"Timothy","email":"assalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farinha, Melissa A.","contributorId":7791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farinha","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70005566,"text":"ofr20111259 - 2011 - Ni-Co laterite deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:57","indexId":"ofr20111259","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1259","title":"Ni-Co laterite deposits","docAbstract":"Nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) laterite deposits are an important source of nickel (Ni). Currently, there is a decline in magmatic Ni-bearing sulfide lode deposit resources. New efforts to develop an alternative source of Ni, particularly with improved metallurgy processes, make the Ni-Co laterites an important exploration target in anticipation of the future demand for Ni. This deposit model provides a general description of the geology and mineralogy of Ni-Co laterite deposits, and contains discussion of the influences of climate, geomorphology (relief), drainage, tectonism, structure, and protolith on the development of favorable weathering profiles. This model of Ni-Co laterite deposits represents part of the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program's effort to update the existing models to be used for an upcoming national mineral resource assessment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111259","usgsCitation":"Marsh, E., and Anderson, E.D., 2011, Ni-Co laterite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1259, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111259.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1259.gif"},{"id":94229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69754e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":58765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Eric D. 0000-0002-0138-6166 ericanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-6166","contributorId":1733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Eric","email":"ericanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005598,"text":"ofr20111248 - 2011 - Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Indian Gulch burn area, near Golden, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:12:01","indexId":"ofr20111248","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1248","title":"Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Indian Gulch burn area, near Golden, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents an assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned in 2011 by the Indian Gulch wildfire near Golden, Colorado. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned drainage basins throughout the intermountain western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and debris-flow volumes for selected drainage basins. Input for the models include measures of burn severity, topographic characteristics, soil properties, and rainfall total and intensity for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall.  Estimated debris-flow probabilities in the drainage basins of interest ranged from 2 percent in response to the 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall to a high of 76 percent in response to the 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall. Estimated debris-flow volumes ranged from a low of 840 cubic meters to a high of 26,000 cubic meters, indicating a considerable hazard should debris flows occur.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Ruddy, B.C., 2011, Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2011 Indian Gulch burn area, near Golden, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1248, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111248.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1248.gif"},{"id":94245,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.28416666666666,39.733333333333334 ], [ -105.28416666666666,39.7675 ], [ -105.23416666666667,39.7675 ], [ -105.23416666666667,39.733333333333334 ], [ -105.28416666666666,39.733333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruddy, Barbara C. bcruddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"Barbara","email":"bcruddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005539,"text":"ofr20111256 - 2011 - Carbonatite and alkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits&ndash;A deposit model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"ofr20111256","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1256","title":"Carbonatite and alkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits&ndash;A deposit model","docAbstract":"The rare earth elements are not as rare in nature as their name implies, but economic deposits with these elements are not common and few deposits have been large producers. In the past 25 years, demand for rare earth elements has increased dramatically because of their wide and diverse use in high-technology applications. Yet, presently the global production and supply of rare earth elements come from only a few sources. China produces more than 95 percent of the world's supply of rare earth elements. Because of China's decision to restrict exports of these elements, the price of rare earth elements has increased and industrial countries are concerned about supply shortages. As a result, understanding the distribution and origin of rare earth elements deposits, and identifying and quantifying our nation's rare earth elements resources have become priorities.  Carbonatite and alkaline intrusive complexes, as well as their weathering products, are the primary sources of rare earth elements. The general mineral deposit model summarized here is part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey's Mineral Resources Program to update existing models and develop new descriptive mineral deposit models to supplement previously published models for use in mineral-resource and mineral-environmental assessments. Carbonatite and alkaline intrusion-related REE deposits are discussed together because of their spatial association, common enrichment in incompatible elements, and similarities in genesis. A wide variety of commodities have been exploited from carbonatites and alkaline igneous rocks, such as rare earth elements, niobium, phosphate, titanium, vermiculite, barite, fluorite, copper, calcite, and zirconium. Other enrichments include manganese, strontium, tantalum, thorium, vanadium, and uranium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111256","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P.L., and Van Gosen, B.S., 2011, Carbonatite and alkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits&ndash;A deposit model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1256, ii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111256.","productDescription":"ii, 6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1256.png"},{"id":94200,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e62df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005553,"text":"ofr20111253 - 2011 - Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:01","indexId":"ofr20111253","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1253","title":"Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa","docAbstract":"To produce materials from mine to market it is necessary to overcome obstacles that include the force of gravity, the strength of molecular bonds, and technological inefficiencies. These challenges are met by the application of energy to accomplish the work that includes the direct use of electricity, fossil fuel, and manual labor. The tables and analyses presented in this study contain estimates of electricity consumption for the mining and processing of ores, concentrates, intermediate products, and industrial and refined metallic commodities on a kilowatt-hour per unit basis, primarily the metric ton or troy ounce. Data contained in tables pertaining to specific currently operating facilities are static, as the amount of electricity consumed to process or produce a unit of material changes over time for a great number of reasons. Estimates were developed from diverse sources that included feasibility studies, company-produced annual and sustainability reports, conference proceedings, discussions with government and industry experts, journal articles, reference texts, and studies by nongovernmental organizations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111253","usgsCitation":"Bleiwas, D.I., 2011, Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1253, vi, 20 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111253.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1253.png"},{"id":94216,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Sub-saharan Africa","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005516,"text":"ofr20111255 - 2011 - Deposit model for volcanogenic uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"ofr20111255","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1255","title":"Deposit model for volcanogenic uranium deposits","docAbstract":"Volcanism is a major contributor to the formation of important uranium deposits both close to centers of eruption and more distal as a result of deposition of ash with leachable uranium. Hydrothermal fluids that are driven by magmatic heat proximal to some volcanic centers directly form some deposits. These fluids leach uranium from U-bearing silicic volcanic rocks and concentrate it at sites of deposition within veins, stockworks, breccias, volcaniclastic rocks, and lacustrine caldera sediments. The volcanogenic uranium deposit model presented here summarizes attributes of those deposits and follows the focus of the International Atomic Energy Agency caldera-hosted uranium deposit model. Although inferred by some to have a volcanic component to their origin, iron oxide-copper-gold deposits with economically recoverable uranium contents are not considered in this model.\nThe International Atomic Energy Agency's tabulation of volcanogenic uranium deposits lists 100 deposits in 20 countries, with major deposits in Russia, Mongolia, and China. Collectively these deposits are estimated to contain uranium resources of approximately 500,000 tons of uranium, which amounts to 6 percent of the known global resources. Prior to the 1990s, these deposits were considered to be small (less than 10,000 tons of uranium) with relatively low to moderate grades (0.05 to 0.2 weight percent of uranium). Recent availability of information on volcanogenic uranium deposits in Asia highlighted the large resource potential of this deposit type. For example, the Streltsovskoye district in eastern Russia produced more than 100,000 tons of uranium as of 2005; with equivalent resources remaining. Known volcanogenic uranium deposits within the United States are located in Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. These deposits produced an estimated total of 800 tons of uranium during mining from the 1950s through the 1970s and have known resources of 30,000 tons of uranium. The most recent estimate of speculative resources proposed an endowment of 200,000 tons of uranium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111255","usgsCitation":"Breit, G.N., and Hall, S.M., 2011, Deposit model for volcanogenic uranium deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1255, iii, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111255.","productDescription":"iii, 5 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1255.gif"},{"id":94198,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1255/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Susan M. 0000-0002-0931-8694 susanhall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-8694","contributorId":2481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Susan","email":"susanhall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005497,"text":"ofr20111176 - 2011 - Technique for estimation of streamflow statistics in mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"ofr20111176","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1176","title":"Technique for estimation of streamflow statistics in mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan","docAbstract":"A technique for estimating streamflow statistics at ungaged stream sites in areas of mineral interest in Afghanistan using drainage-area-ratio relations of historical streamflow data was developed and is documented in this report. The technique can be used to estimate the following streamflow statistics at ungaged sites: (1) 7-day low flow with a 10-year recurrence interval, (2) 7-day low flow with a 2-year recurrence interval, (3) daily mean streamflow exceeded 90 percent of the time, (4) daily mean streamflow exceeded 80 percent of the time, (5) mean monthly streamflow for each month of the year, (6) mean annual streamflow, and (7) minimum monthly streamflow for each month of the year. Because they are based on limited historical data, the estimates of streamflow statistics at ungaged sites are considered preliminary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Afghanistan Geological Survey, Ministry of Mines under the auspices of the Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, Department of Defense","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Mack, T.J., 2011, Technique for estimation of streamflow statistics in mineral areas of interest in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1176, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111176.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1176.jpg"},{"id":94189,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1176/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 60,29 ], [ 60,39 ], [ 70,39 ], [ 70,29 ], [ 60,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005504,"text":"ofr20111247 - 2011 - Sampling large landscapes with small-scale stratification-User's Manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:57","indexId":"ofr20111247","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1247","title":"Sampling large landscapes with small-scale stratification-User's Manual","docAbstract":"This manual explains procedures for partitioning a large landscape into plots, assigning the plots to strata, and selecting plots in each stratum to be surveyed. These steps are referred to as the \"sampling large landscapes (SLL) process.\" We assume that users of the manual have a moderate knowledge of ArcGIS and Microsoft &reg; Excel. The manual is written for a single user but in many cases, some steps will be carried out by a biologist designing the survey and some steps will be carried out by a quantitative assistant. Thus, the manual essentially may be passed back and forth between these users. The SLL process primarily has been used to survey birds, and we refer to birds as subjects of the counts. The process, however, could be used to count any objects. &reg;","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111247","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., 2011, Sampling large landscapes with small-scale stratification-User's Manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1247, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111247.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1247.png"},{"id":94195,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9f04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005481,"text":"ofr20111191 - 2011 - Simulated changes in salinity in the York and Chickahominy Rivers from projected sea-level rise in Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T08:38:33","indexId":"ofr20111191","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1191","title":"Simulated changes in salinity in the York and Chickahominy Rivers from projected sea-level rise in Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"As a result of climate change and variability, sea level is rising throughout the world, but the rate along the east coast of the United States is higher than the global mean rate. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Newport News, Virginia, conducted a study to evaluate the effects of possible future sea-level rise on the salinity front in two tributaries to Chesapeake Bay, the York River, and the Chickahominy/James River estuaries. Numerical modeling was used to represent sea-level rise and the resulting hydrologic effects. Estuarine models for the two tributaries were developed and model simulations were made by use of the Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic-Eutrophication Model (HEM-3D), developed by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. HEM-3D was used to simulate tides, tidal currents, and salinity for Chesapeake Bay, the York River and the Chickahominy/James River. The three sea-level rise scenarios that were evaluated showed an increase of 30, 50, and 100 centimeters (cm). Model results for both estuaries indicated that high freshwater river flow was effective in pushing the salinity back toward Chesapeake Bay. Model results indicated that increases in mean salinity will greatly alter the existing water-quality gradients between brackish water and freshwater. This will be particularly important for the freshwater part of the Chickahominy River, where a drinking-water-supply intake for the City of Newport News is located. Significant changes in the salinity gradients for the York River and Chickahominy/James River estuaries were predicted for the three sea-level rise scenarios. When a 50-cm sea-level rise scenario on the York River during a typical year (2005) was used, the model simulation showed a salinity of 15 parts per thousand (ppt) at river kilometer (km) 39. During a dry year (2002), the same salinity (15 ppt) was simulated at river km 45, which means that saltwater was shown to migrate 6 km farther upstream during a dry year than a typical year. The same was true of the Chickahominy River for a 50-cm sea-level rise scenario but to a greater extent; a salinity of 4 ppt was simulated at river km 13 during a typical year and at river km 28 during a dry year, indicating that saltwater migrated 15 km farther upstream during a dry year. Near a drinking-water intake on the Chickahominy River, for a dry year, salinity is predicted to more than double for all three sea-level rise scenarios, relative to a typical year. During a typical year at this location, salinity is predicted to increase to 0.006, 0.07, and more than 2 ppt for the 30-, 50-, and 100-cm rise scenarios, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111191","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Newport News","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., Bennett, M., and Shen, J., 2011, Simulated changes in salinity in the York and Chickahominy Rivers from projected sea-level rise in Chesapeake Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1191, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111191.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1191.gif"},{"id":333063,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1191/pdf/ofr20111191.pdf"},{"id":94179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Newport News","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.66666666666667,36.5 ], [ -77.66666666666667,38.25 ], [ -76,38.25 ], [ -76,36.5 ], [ -77.66666666666667,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b6e4b07f02db5cb847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Mark mrbennet@usgs.gov","contributorId":2147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Mark","email":"mrbennet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shen, Jian","contributorId":81242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"Jian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70005480,"text":"ofr20111221 - 2011 - Developing an institutional framework to incorporate ecosystem services into decision making-Proceedings of a workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:56","indexId":"ofr20111221","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1221","title":"Developing an institutional framework to incorporate ecosystem services into decision making-Proceedings of a workshop","docAbstract":"The routine and effective incorporation of ecosystem services information into resource management decisions requires a careful consideration of the value of goods and services provided by natural systems. A multidisciplinary workshop was held in October 2008 on \"Developing an Institutional Framework to Incorporate Ecosystem Services into Decision Making.\" This report summarizes that workshop, which focused on examining the relationship between an institutional framework and consideration of ecosystem services in resource management decision making.\nThis workshop was the third in a series of three preconference workshops associated with ACES 2008 (A Conference on Ecosystem Services): Using Science for Decision Making in Dynamic Systems. These workshops were designed to explore the ACES 2008 theme on decision making and how the concept of ecosystem services can more effectively be incorporated into conservation, restoration, resource management, and development decisions. Preconference workshop 1, \"Developing a Vision: Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Decision Making,\" was held April 15, 2008, in Cambridge, MA. In this workshop, participants addressed what would have to happen to make ecosystem services more routinely and effectively used in conservation, restoration, resource management, and development decisions, and identified some key challenges to developing the analytical framework (Hogan and others, 2009). Preconference workshop 2, \"Developing an Analytical Framework: Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Decision Making,\" was held July 28, 2008, in Naples, FL, and focused on the analytical process and identification of research priorities for ecosystem services, their production and use, their spatial and temporal characteristics, their relationship with natural systems, and their interdependencies (Hogan and others, 2010). The summary presented here synthesizes the discussion at workshop 3 and considers how institutional structures and policy instruments can be used to achieve the vision developed in workshop 1, while recognizing the analytical capabilities and limitations identified in workshop 2.\nOur purpose was to identify how to use ecosystem service information more effectively and broadly in resource management and development decisions. We recognized the need to facilitate an integrated understanding of (1) the natural capital that produces ecosystem services; (2) the geospatial and temporal aspects of ecosystem service production, values, and use; (3) the value of ecosystem services (monetary and nonmonetary); and (4) institutional instruments, processes, and structures (property rights, laws, governance structures, and courts, for example). Interdisciplinary collaboration and understanding is beneficial and needs to engage stakeholders.\nThe appropriate use of institutional structures, including markets, to integrate ecosystem services into decision making depends on the players and characteristics of the specific situation (such as stakeholders, the ecosystem, resources, and the political environment). Incorporating ecosystem service values into decisions requires consideration of place-based social, cultural, economic, and landscape characteristics and institutions. Thus, a single, prescribed solution will not work-various institutional strategies must be used in different situations. Market-based approaches require appropriate regulations, monitoring, and enforcement, depending on the situation and place. Further, market approaches will need to be coupled with nonmarket approaches into an integrated institutional framework.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111221","usgsCitation":"Hogan, D., Arthaud, G., Brookshire, D., Gunther, T., Pincetl, S., Shapiro, C., and Van Horne, B., 2011, Developing an institutional framework to incorporate ecosystem services into decision making-Proceedings of a workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1221, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111221.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1221.gif"},{"id":94177,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1221/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hogan, Dianna","contributorId":79565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"Dianna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthaud, Greg","contributorId":48269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthaud","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brookshire, David","contributorId":103787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brookshire","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gunther, Tom","contributorId":52317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunther","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pincetl, Stephanie","contributorId":31518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pincetl","given":"Stephanie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shapiro, Carl 0000-0002-1598-6808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-6808","contributorId":104584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Horne, Bea","contributorId":26388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Horne","given":"Bea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70005479,"text":"ofr20111243 - 2011 - Simulating daily water temperatures of the Klamath River under dam removal and climate change scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:24","indexId":"ofr20111243","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1243","title":"Simulating daily water temperatures of the Klamath River under dam removal and climate change scenarios","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional daily averaged water temperature model was used to simulate Klamath River temperatures for two management alternatives under historical climate conditions and six future climate scenarios. The analysis was conducted for the Secretarial Determination on removal of four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River. In 2012, the Secretary of the Interior will determine if dam removal and implementation of the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010) will advance restoration of salmonid fisheries and is in the public interest. If the Secretary decides dam removal is appropriate, then the four dams are scheduled for removal in 2020.\nWater temperature simulations were conducted to compare the effect of two management alternatives: the no-action alternative where dams remain in place, and the action alternative where dam removal occurs in 2020 along with habitat restoration. Each management alternative was simulated under historical climate conditions (1961-2010) and six 50-year (2012-2061) climate scenarios. The model selected for the study, River Basin Model-10 (RBM10), was used to simulate water temperatures over a 253-mile reach of the Klamath River located in south-central Oregon and northern California. RBM10 uses a simple equilibrium flow model, assuming discharge in each river segment on each day is transmitted downstream instantaneously. The model uses a heat budget formulation to quantify heat flux at the air-water interface. Inputs for the heat budget were calculated from daily-mean meteorological data, including net shortwave solar radiation, net longwave atmospheric radiation, air temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure, and a psychrometric constant needed to calculate the Bowen ratio. The modeling domain was divided into nine reaches ranging in length from 10.8 to 42.4 miles, which were calibrated and validated separately with measured water temperature data collected irregularly from 1961 to 2010. Calibration root mean square errors of observed versus simulated water temperatures for the nine reaches ranged from 0.8 to 1.5 degrees C. Mean absolute errors ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 degrees C. For model validation, a k-fold cross-validation technique was used. Validation root mean square error and mean absolute error for the nine reaches ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 degrees C and 0.8 to 1.2 degrees C, respectively.\nInput data for the six future climate scenarios (2012-2061) were derived from historical hydrological and meteorological data and simulated meteorological output from five Global Circulation Models. Total Maximum Daily Loads or other regulatory processes that might reduce future water temperatures were not included in the simulations. Under the current climate conditions scenario, impacts of dam removal on water temperatures were greatest near Iron Gate Dam (near Yreka, California) and were attenuated in the lower reaches of the Klamath River. May and October simulated mean water temperatures increased and decreased by approximately 1-2 degrees C and 2-4 degrees C, respectively, downstream of Iron Gate Dam after dam removal. Dam removal also resulted in an earlier annual temperature cycle shift of 18 days, 5 days, and 2 days, near Iron Gate Dam, Scott River, and Trinity River, respectively. Although the magnitude of precipitation and air temperature change predicted by the five Global Circulation Models varied, all five models resulted in progressive incremental increases in water temperatures with each decade from 2012 to 2061. However, dam removal under KBRA appeared to delay the effects of climate change to some extent near Iron Gate Dam. With dam removal under KBRA, annual-mean water temperatures exceeded the 49-year historical mean temperature beginning in 2045; whereas with dams, annual-mean temperatures exceeded the historical mean beginning in 2025.\nPotential changes in seasonal water temperatures resulting from dam removal, with or without future climat","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111243","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Risley, J.C., Brewer, S.J., Jones, E., and Rondorf, D.W., 2011, Simulating daily water temperatures of the Klamath River under dam removal and climate change scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1243, vi, 56 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111243.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1243.jpg"},{"id":94176,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,40.75 ], [ -125,43 ], [ -121,43 ], [ -121,40.75 ], [ -125,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673bb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, Scott J. sbrewer@usgs.gov","contributorId":4407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Scott","email":"sbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":352626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Edward C.","contributorId":20603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Edward C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rondorf, Dennis W. drondorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"Dennis","email":"drondorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70005470,"text":"ofr20111210 - 2011 - CRevolution 2&mdash;Origin and evolution of the Colorado River system, workshop abstracts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T14:41:19","indexId":"ofr20111210","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1210","title":"CRevolution 2&mdash;Origin and evolution of the Colorado River system, workshop abstracts","docAbstract":"A 2010 Colorado River symposium, held in Flagstaff, Arizona, involved 70 participants who engaged in intense debate about the origin and evolution of the Colorado River system. This symposium, built upon two previous decadal scientific meetings, focused on forging scientific consensus, where possible, while articulating continued controversies regarding the Cenozoic evolution of the Colorado River System and the landscapes of the Colorado Plateau-Rocky Mountain region that it drains. New developments involved hypotheses that Neogene mantle flow is driving plateau tilting and differential uplift and new and controversial hypotheses for the pre-6 Ma presence and evolution of ancestral rivers that may be important in the history and birth of the present Colorado River. There is a consensus that plateau tilt and uplift models must be tested with multidisciplinary studies involving differential incision studies and additional geochronology and thermochronology to determine the relative importance of tectonic and geomorphic forces that shape the spectacular landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona and region. In addition to the scientific goals, the meeting participants emphasized the iconic status of Grand Canyon for geosciences and the importance of good communication between the research community, the geoscience education/interpretation community, the public, and the media. Building on a century-long tradition, this region still provides a globally important natural laboratory for studies of the interactions of erosion and tectonism in shaping the landscape of elevated plateaus.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111210","usgsCitation":"2011, CRevolution 2&mdash;Origin and evolution of the Colorado River system, workshop abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1210, vi, 295 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111210.","productDescription":"vi, 295 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":670,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Field Science Center-Flagstaff","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1210.gif"},{"id":94167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River System","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,30 ], [ -116,45 ], [ -105,45 ], [ -105,30 ], [ -116,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9816","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beard, L. Sue 0000-0001-9552-1893 sbeard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-1893","contributorId":152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"L.","email":"sbeard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Sue","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlstrom, Karl E.","contributorId":75597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlstrom","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725432,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, Richard A.","contributorId":38975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725433,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725434,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005474,"text":"ofr20111100 - 2011 - Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream-water samples collected in June and August 2008&mdash;Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr20111100","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1100","title":"Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream-water samples collected in June and August 2008&mdash;Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"We report on the chemical analysis of water samples collected from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska. Reported parameters include pH, conductivity, water temperature, major cation and anion concentrations, and trace-element concentrations. We collected the samples as part of a multiyear U.S. Geological Survey project entitled \"Geologic and Mineral Deposit Data for Alaskan Economic Development.\" Data presented here are from samples collected in June and August 2008. Minimal interpretation accompanies this data release. This is the fourth release of aqueous geochemical data from this project; data from samples collected in 2004, 2005, and 2006 were published previously. The data in this report augment but do not duplicate or supersede the previous data releases. Site selection was based on a regional sampling strategy that focused on first- and second-order drainages. Water sample sites were selected on the basis of landscape parameters that included physiography, wetland extent, lithological changes, and a cursory field review of mineralogy from pan concentrates. Stream water in the study area is dominated by bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), although in a few samples more than 50 percent of the anionic charge can be attributed to sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>). The major-cation chemistry of these samples ranges from Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup> dominated to a mix of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>+K<sup>2+</sup>. In most cases, analysis of duplicate samples showed good agreement for the major cation and major anions with the exception of the duplicate samples at site 08TA565. At site 08TA565, Ca, Mg, Cl, and CaCO<sub>3</sub> exceeded 25 percent and the concentrations of trace elements As, Fe and Mn also exceeded 25 percent in this duplicate pair. Chloride concentration varied by more than 25 percent in 5 of the 11 duplicated samples. Trace-element concentrations in these samples generally were at or near the detection limit for the method used and, except for Co at site 08TA565, generally good agreement was determined between duplicate samples for elements with detectable concentrations. Major-ion concentrations were below detection limits in all field blanks, and the trace-element concentrations also were generally below detection limits; however, Co, Mn, Na, Zn, Cl, and Hg were detected in one or more field blank samples.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111100","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., Owens, V., Bailey, E., and Lee, G., 2011, Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream-water samples collected in June and August 2008&mdash;Taylor Mountains 1:250,000- and Dillingham D-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1100, iv, 18 p.; Appendices; Download of Appendix A; Download of Appendix B, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111100.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.; Appendices; Download of Appendix A; Download of Appendix B","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1100.jpg"},{"id":94172,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160,59.75 ], [ -160,61.25 ], [ -155,61.25 ], [ -155,59.75 ], [ -160,59.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679fb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, Victoria","contributorId":47242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Victoria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth","contributorId":61011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Greg","contributorId":68272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Greg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005460,"text":"ofr20111189 - 2011 - The future of rare earth elements&mdash;will these high-tech industry elements continue in short supply?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:53","indexId":"ofr20111189","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1189","title":"The future of rare earth elements&mdash;will these high-tech industry elements continue in short supply?","docAbstract":"* REE will continue to find increasing use due to their unique properties. * There is a realistic possibility around 2015-2016 of sufficient REE capacity to meet demand under conditions of healthy price competition. * REE supplies will be tight and prices high for a few years. * There is significant downside risk that newly developed mines will not perform as planned.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111189","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., 2011, The future of rare earth elements&mdash;will these high-tech industry elements continue in short supply?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1189, ii, 41 p.; PDF Slides ;Powerpoint, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111189.","productDescription":"ii, 41 p.; PDF Slides ;Powerpoint","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1189.jpg"},{"id":94158,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b1e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Keith R. 0000-0002-6457-2820 klong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820","contributorId":2279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Keith","email":"klong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005458,"text":"ofr20111170 - 2011 - Four studies on effects of environmental factors on the quality of National Atmospheric Deposition Program measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:52","indexId":"ofr20111170","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1170","title":"Four studies on effects of environmental factors on the quality of National Atmospheric Deposition Program measurements","docAbstract":"Selected aspects of National Atmospheric Deposition Program / National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) protocols are evaluated in four studies. Meteorological conditions have minor impacts on the error in NADP/NTN sampling. Efficiency of frozen precipitation sample collection is lower than for liquid precipitation samples. Variability of NTN measurements is higher for relatively low-intensity deposition of frozen precipitation than for higher-intensity deposition of liquid precipitation. Urbanization of the landscape surrounding NADP/NTN sites is not affecting trends in wet-deposition chemistry data to a measureable degree. Five NADP siting criteria intended to preserve wet-deposition sample integrity have varying degrees of effectiveness. NADP siting criteria for objects within the 90 degrees cones and trees within the 120 degrees cones projected from the collector bucket to sky are important for protecting sample integrity. Tall vegetation, fences, and other objects located within 5 meters of the collectors are related to the frequency of visible sample contamination, indicating the importance of these factors in NADP siting criteria.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111170","usgsCitation":"Wetherbee, G.A., Latysh, N.E., Lehmann, C.M., and Rhodes, M.F., 2011, Four studies on effects of environmental factors on the quality of National Atmospheric Deposition Program measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1170, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111170.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":143,"text":"Branch of Quality Systems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1170.png"},{"id":94153,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1170/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetherbee, Gregory A. 0000-0002-6720-2294 wetherbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-2294","contributorId":1044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"Gregory","email":"wetherbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":143,"text":"Branch of Quality Systems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Latysh, Natalie E.","contributorId":39860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latysh","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lehmann, Christopher M.B.","contributorId":84859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmann","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhodes, Mark F.","contributorId":17360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70005448,"text":"ofr20111203 - 2011 - Liquefaction hazard for the region of Evansville, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:52","indexId":"ofr20111203","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1203","title":"Liquefaction hazard for the region of Evansville, Indiana","docAbstract":"We calculated liquefaction potential index for a grid of sites in the Evansville, Indiana area for two scenario earthquakes-a magnitude 7.7 in the New Madrid seismic zone and a M6.8 in the Wabash Valley seismic zone. For the latter event, peak ground accelerations range from 0.13 gravity to 0.81 gravity, sufficiently high to be of concern for liquefaction.\nRecently acquired cone-penetrometer test data at 58 sites were used to estimate the factor of safety against liquefaction and liquefaction potential index at each site. To extend the estimation of liquefaction hazard to a grid of sites in the area, the soil columns at these grid sites were divided into three categories, and for each category a sufficient number of cone-penetrometer test sites were available to characterize statistically each group's cone-penetrometer test tip resistance and sleeve friction. At each grid site, Monte Carlo sampling was used to generate values for these two parameters at 2-meter intervals for depths down to 20 meters or bedrock. The groundwater table at each grid site was likewise sampled from a mean value and group-dependent standard deviation. For each grid site, 25,000 realizations of the soil profile were generated and a probability distribution of liquefaction potential index values was obtained.\nMaps of liquefaction hazard for each scenario earthquake present (1) Mean liquefaction potential index at each site, and (2) Probabilities that liquefaction potential index values exceed 5 (threshold for expression of surface liquefaction) and 12 (threshold for lateral spreading). Values for the liquefaction potential index are high in the River alluvium group, where the soil profiles are predominantly sand, while values in the Lacustrine terrace group are lower, owing to the predominance of clay. Liquefaction potential index values in the Outwash terrace group are less consistent because the soil profiles contain highly variable sequences of silty sand, clayey sand, and sandy clay, justifying the use of the Monte Carlo procedure to capture the consequences of this complexity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111203","collaboration":"In collaboration with the Evansville Area Earthquake Hazards Mapping Project (EAEHMP)","usgsCitation":"Haase, J.S., Choi, Y.S., Nowack, R.L., Cramer, C.H., Boyd, O.S., and Bauer, R., 2011, Liquefaction hazard for the region of Evansville, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1203, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111203.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":415,"text":"National Earthquake Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1203.png"},{"id":94140,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Indiana","city":"Evansville","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haase, Jennifer S.","contributorId":81238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choi, Yoon S.","contributorId":41128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"Yoon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowack, Robert L.","contributorId":100516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowack","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cramer, Chris H.","contributorId":32196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. olboyd@usgs.gov","contributorId":956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bauer, Robert A.","contributorId":92412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70005449,"text":"ofr20111232 - 2011 - An inventory and monitoring plan for a Sonoran Desert ecosystem; Barry M. Goldwater Range-West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:48:44","indexId":"ofr20111232","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1232","title":"An inventory and monitoring plan for a Sonoran Desert ecosystem; Barry M. Goldwater Range-West","docAbstract":"Marine Corps Air Station Yuma manages the Barry M. Goldwater Range-West, which encompasses approximately 2,800 square kilometers of Sonoran Desert habitat in southwestern Arizona. The Barry M. Goldwater Range is a major U.S. military installation designed as an air combat training location for the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force, but it also includes some of the most pristine desert habitat in the United States. In an effort to ensure the long-term viability of this unique natural resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan and Inventory and Monitoring Plan to guide natural resource management of the Barry M. Goldwater Range-West. This Inventory and Monitoring Plan provides a framework for long-term ecosystem monitoring on Barry M. Goldwater Range-West lands by identifying existing and potential threats to ecosystem function, prioritizing resources for monitoring, and providing information and protocols necessary to initiate a long-term ecosystem monitoring program. The Inventory and Monitoring Plan and related protocols were developed through extensive review of existing Sonoran Desert monitoring programs and monitoring literature and through a 2-day workshop with resource managers, monitoring experts, and other stakeholders. The Barry M. Goldwater Range-West Inventory and Monitoring Plan stresses the importance of regional monitoring partnerships and protocol standardization for understanding landscape-scale ecosystem changes in the Sonoran Desert; information and protocols contained within the plan may also be of interest to land managers engaged in large-scale ecosystem monitoring and adaptive management of other arid regions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111232","collaboration":"In cooperation with The University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Nauman Geospatial, National Park Service, and the U.S. Marine Corps","usgsCitation":"Villarreal, M., van Riper, C., Lovich, R.E., Palmer, R.L., Nauman, T., Studd, S.E., Drake, S., Rosenberg, A.S., Malusa, J., and Pearce, R.L., 2011, An inventory and monitoring plan for a Sonoran Desert ecosystem; Barry M. Goldwater Range-West: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1232, viii, 70 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111232.","productDescription":"viii, 70 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1232.gif"},{"id":94151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1232/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115,31.75 ], [ -115,33.5 ], [ -112,33.5 ], [ -112,31.75 ], [ -115,31.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L.","contributorId":107012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Robert E.","contributorId":77281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palmer, Robert L.","contributorId":15326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nauman, Travis","contributorId":13730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nauman","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Studd, Sarah E.","contributorId":22890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Studd","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Drake, Sam","contributorId":10532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rosenberg, Abigail S.","contributorId":37876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Abigail","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Malusa, Jim","contributorId":15749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malusa","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pearce, Ronald L.","contributorId":34243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70005445,"text":"ofr20111235 - 2011 - An analysis of spatial relation predicates in U.S. Geological Survey feature definitions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:52","indexId":"ofr20111235","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1235","title":"An analysis of spatial relation predicates in U.S. Geological Survey feature definitions","docAbstract":"The Semantic Web uses a data model called a triple, which consists of a subject -predicate - object structure. When represented as triples, geospatial data require a spatial relation term to serve as the predicate linking two spatial features. This document summarizes the approaches and procedures used during the identification of spatial relationships common between topographic features using terms from topographic data standards. This project identified verb-predicate arguments that could be used in the creation of data triples and ontologies for The National Map of the U.S. Geological Survey and also investigated the possibility of deriving ontology from predefined textual definitions. The primary purpose of this report is to present the data used for subsequent analysis. A summary of terms organized by basic categories is provided.\nKeywords: semantic technology, geospatial relations, topographic data","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111235","usgsCitation":"Caro, H.K., and Varanka, D.E., 2011, An analysis of spatial relation predicates in U.S. Geological Survey feature definitions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1235, iii, 6 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111235.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":161,"text":"Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94138,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1235.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caro, Holly K.","contributorId":59548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caro","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Varanka, Dalia E. 0000-0003-2857-9600 dvaranka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-9600","contributorId":1296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","email":"dvaranka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70005447,"text":"ofr20111218 - 2011 - Site-specific seismic-hazard maps and deaggregation in the western United States using the NGA models for ground-motion prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20111218","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1218","title":"Site-specific seismic-hazard maps and deaggregation in the western United States using the NGA models for ground-motion prediction","docAbstract":"The 2008 National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project (NSHMP) update for the conterminous United States employs several new ground-motion prediction equations which include modern empirical models of linear and nonlinear site response to local and regional earthquakes. The recent availability of attenuation functions incorporating site conditions via Vs30 values permits the calculation of site-specific hazard maps for a wide range of spectral accelerations. I compare alternative site specific hazard maps using Vs30 values estimated according to the methods of Wills and Clahan (2006), Wald and Allen (2007), and Yong and others (in press). These maps are presented for 5-hertz (Hz) and 3-second spectral accelerations having 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years for central California and the western part of southern California.\nBecause these attenuations incorporate nonlinear site response for the larger ground motions, the site-specific probabilistic ground motions for the western United States can show either increases or decreases with respect to the firm-rock site condition. Furthermore, the ground motions on soil can be different from those that are predicted by applying National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program recommendations for adjusting rock values to account for the soil column. One finding of this investigation is that at high spectral frequencies, strong differences in the site's Vs30 estimates often result in relatively small differences in probabilistic ground motion in western California or other tectonically active regions.\nIn addition, this report shows how incorporating geologic site condition information alters the values of the dominating magnitudes and distances in deaggregation-5-Hz values for a site near San Quentin, Calif., and 5-Hz and 1-Hz values for Harbor Island near Seattle, Wash. These deaggregations show that the modal event can shift from a larger closer source to a more distant, perhaps smaller source when nonlinear soil behavior is explicitly included in the hazard integral. The potential shift in the mode when considering the soil column's effect ought to be carefully considered by engineers who select scenario events based in part on the distribution in magnitude, distance, and epsilon space.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111218","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., 2011, Site-specific seismic-hazard maps and deaggregation in the western United States using the NGA models for ground-motion prediction: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1218, iv, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111218.","productDescription":"iv, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1218.gif"},{"id":94139,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,28 ], [ -125,50 ], [ -100,50 ], [ -100,28 ], [ -125,28 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, Stephen","contributorId":95977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70005433,"text":"ofr20111241 - 2011 - Effectiveness of post-fire seeding at the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Land Ecology Reserve, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20111241","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1241","title":"Effectiveness of post-fire seeding at the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Land Ecology Reserve, Washington","docAbstract":"In August 2007, the Milepost 17 and Wautoma fires burned a combined total of 77,349 acres (31,302 hectares) of the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Land Ecology Reserve (ALE), part of the Hanford Reach National Monument administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Mid-Columbia National Wildlife Refuge. In 2009, the USFWS implemented a series of seeding and herbicide treatments to mitigate potential negative consequences of these fires, including mortality of native vegetation, invasion of Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), and soil erosion. Treatments included combinations of seeding (drill and aerial), herbicides, and one of six different mixtures of species. Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis (Wyoming big sagebrush) also was planted by hand in a small area in the southern end of the fire perimeter. Due to differences in plant communities prior to the fire and the multiple treatments applied, treatments were grouped into five treatment associations including mid-elevation aerial seedings, low-elevation aerial seedings, low-elevation drill seedings, high-elevation drill seeding, and no seeding treatments. Data collected at the mid-elevation aerial seedings indicate that the seeding did not appear to increase the density of seedlings compared to the non-seeded area in 2010. At the low-elevation aerial seedings, there were significantly more seedlings at seeded areas as compared to non-seeded areas. Low densities of existing perennial plants probably fostered a low-competition environment enabling seeds to germinate and emerge in 2010 during adequate moisture. Low-elevation drill seedings resulted in significant emergence of seeded grasses in 2009 and 2010 and forbs in 2010. This was likely due to adequate precipitation and that the drill seeding assured soil-to-seed contact. At the high-elevation drill seeding, which was implemented in 2009, there were a high number of seedlings in 2010. Transplanting of A. tridentata following the fires resulted in variable survival rates that warrant further testing; however, transplants located closer to washes tended to have the highest survival rates. Overall, the low-elevation aerial and drill seedings, and the high-elevation drill seedings resulted in significant numbers of seedlings. Further research is needed on methods that provide land managers with critical information about whether or not to seed post-fire areas including status of pre-fire vegetation and estimates of plant mortality due to fire.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111241","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Wirth, T., and Pyke, D.A., 2011, Effectiveness of post-fire seeding at the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Land Ecology Reserve, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1241, vi, 33 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111241.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1241.jpg"},{"id":94133,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.78444444444445,46.333333333333336 ], [ -119.78444444444445,46.583333333333336 ], [ -126,46.583333333333336 ], [ -126,46.333333333333336 ], [ -119.78444444444445,46.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wirth, Troy A.","contributorId":27837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirth","given":"Troy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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