Much confusion exists over the proper way to handle nest-fate data collected after the fledge date when using the Mayfield method. I provide a simple numerical example showing how use of these data can bias estimates of daily survival probability, and present a likelihood function demonstrating that nest-fate data collected after the fledge date do not contribute any information for parameter estimation, except in a seldom-realized special case. Consequently, it is recommended that under the Mayfield model, nest-fate data collected after the fledge date be discarded.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/04-042","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T., 2004, When should Mayfield model data be discarded?: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 116, no. 3, p. 267-269, https://doi.org/10.1676/04-042.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"269","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f065a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, T.R.","contributorId":61379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027689,"text":"70027689 - 2004 - Exploring behavior of an unusual megaherbivore: A spatially explicit foraging model of the hippopotamus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70027689","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploring behavior of an unusual megaherbivore: A spatially explicit foraging model of the hippopotamus","docAbstract":"Herbivore foraging theories have been developed for and tested on herbivores across a range of sizes. Due to logistical constraints, however, little research has focused on foraging behavior of megaherbivores. Here we present a research approach that explores megaherbivore foraging behavior, and assesses the applicability of foraging theories developed on smaller herbivores to megafauna. With simulation models as reference points for the analysis of empirical data, we investigate foraging strategies of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Using a spatially explicit individual based foraging model, we apply traditional herbivore foraging strategies to a model hippopotamus, compare model output, and then relate these results to field data from wild hippopotami. Hippopotami appear to employ foraging strategies that respond to vegetation characteristics, such as vegetation quality, as well as spatial reference information, namely distance to a water source. Model predictions, field observations, and comparisons of the two support that hippopotami generally conform to the central place foraging construct. These analyses point to the applicability of general herbivore foraging concepts to megaherbivores, but also point to important differences between hippopotami and other herbivores. Our synergistic approach of models as reference points for empirical data highlights a useful method of behavioral analysis for hard-to-study megafauna. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00305-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Lewison, R., and Carter, J., 2004, Exploring behavior of an unusual megaherbivore: A spatially explicit foraging model of the hippopotamus: Ecological Modelling, v. 171, no. 1-2, p. 127-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00305-3.","startPage":"127","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210979,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00305-3"},{"id":238098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"171","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e22e4b0c8380cd532ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewison, R.L.","contributorId":43543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewison","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, J. 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":81839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":414746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027190,"text":"70027190 - 2004 - Effects of model sensitivity and nonlinearity on nonlinear regression of ground water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027190","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of model sensitivity and nonlinearity on nonlinear regression of ground water flow","docAbstract":"Nonlinear regression is increasingly applied to the calibration of hydrologic models through the use of perturbation methods to compute the Jacobian or sensitivity matrix required by the Gauss-Newton optimization method. Sensitivities obtained by perturbation methods can be less accurate than those obtained by direct differentiation, however, and concern has arisen that the optimal parameter values and the associated parameter covariance matrix computed by perturbation could also be less accurate. Sensitivities computed by both perturbation and direct differentiation were applied in nonlinear regression calibration of seven ground water flow models. The two methods gave virtually identical optimum parameter values and covariances for the three models that were relatively linear and two of the models that were relatively nonlinear, but gave widely differing results for two other nonlinear models. The perturbation method performed better than direct differentiation in some regressions with the nonlinear models, apparently because approximate sensitivities computed for an interval yielded better search directions than did more accurately computed sensitivities for a point. The method selected to avoid overshooting minima on the error surface when updating parameter values with the Gauss-Newton procedure appears for nonlinear models to be more important than the method of sensitivity calculation in controlling regression convergence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02687.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 2004, Effects of model sensitivity and nonlinearity on nonlinear regression of ground water flow: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 3, p. 390-400, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02687.x.","startPage":"390","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02687.x"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0762e4b0c8380cd51685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, R. M.","contributorId":8069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027167,"text":"70027167 - 2004 - Factors influencing occupancy of nest cavities in recently burned forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70027167","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Factors influencing occupancy of nest cavities in recently burned forests","docAbstract":"Recently burned forests in western North America provide nesting habitat for many species of cavity-nesting birds. However, little is understood about the time frame and the variables affecting occupancy of postfire habitats by these birds. We studied factors influencing the occupancy and reuse of nest cavities from 1-7 years after fire in two burned sites of western Idaho during 1994-1999. Tree cavities were used for nesting by 12 species of cavity nesters that were classified by the original occupant (strong excavator, weak excavator, or nonexcavator) of 385 nest cavities. We used logistic regression to model cavity occupancy by strong excavators (n = 575 trials) and weak excavators (n = 206 trials). Year after fire had the greatest influence on occupancy of nest cavities for both groups, while site of the burn was secondarily important in predicting occupancy by strong excavators and less important for weak excavators. Predicted probability of cavity occupancy was highest during the early years (1-4) after fire, declined over time (5-7 years after fire), and varied by site, with a faster decline in the smaller burned site with a greater mosaic of unburned forest. Closer proximity and greater interspersion of unburned forest (15% unburned) may have allowed a quicker recolonization by nest predators into the smaller burn compared to the larger burn with few patches of unburned forest (4% unburned). In combination with time and space effects, the predicted probability of cavity occupancy was positively affected by tree and nest heights for strong and weak excavators, respectively.","largerWorkTitle":"Condor","language":"English","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Saab, V., Dudley, J., and Thompson, W., 2004, Factors influencing occupancy of nest cavities in recently burned forests, in Condor, v. 106, no. 1, p. 20-36.","startPage":"20","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ec8e4b0c8380cd5360e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saab, V.A.","contributorId":70328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, J.","contributorId":74179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, W.L.","contributorId":83234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027166,"text":"70027166 - 2004 - The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms","docAbstract":"The number of reports of coral diseases has increased throughout the world in the last 20 years. Aspergillosis, which primarily affects Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum, is one of the few diseases to be characterized. This disease is caused by Aspergillus sydowii, a terrestrial fungus with a worldwide distribution. Upon infection, colonies may lose tissue, and ultimately, mortality may occur if the infection is not sequestered. The spores of A. sydowii are <5 ??m, small enough to be easily picked up by winds and dispersed over great distances. Aspergillosis is prevalent in the Caribbean, and it appears that this primarily terrestrial fungus has adapted to a marine environment. It has been proposed that dust storms originating in Africa may be one way in which potential coral pathogens are distributed and deposited into the marine environments of the Caribbean. To test the hypothesis that African dust storms transport and deposit pathogens, we collected air samples from both dust storms and periods of nondust in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Because we focused on fungal pathogens and used A. sydowii as a model, we isolated and cultured fungi on various types of media. Fungi including Aspergillus spp. were isolated from air samples taken from dust events and non-dust events. Twenty-three separate cultures and seven genera were isolated from dust event samples whereas eight cultures from five genera were isolated from non-dust air samples. Three isolates from the Virgin Islands dust event samples morphologically identified as Aspergillus spp. produced signs of aspergillosis in seafans, and the original pathogens were re-isolated from those diseased seafans fulfilling Koch's Postulates. This research supports the hypothesis that African dust storms transport across the Atlantic Ocean and deposit potential coral pathogens in the Caribbean.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aerobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Weir-Brush, J.R., Garrison, V., Smith, G., and Shinn, E., 2004, The relationship between gorgonian coral (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) diseases and African dust storms: Aerobiologia, v. 20, no. 2, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209005,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf16e4b08c986b324538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir-Brush, J. R.","contributorId":23734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir-Brush","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrison, V.H.","contributorId":70731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.W.","contributorId":6561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027108,"text":"70027108 - 2004 - Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate adsorption and surface speciation at the hematite-water interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:57:48","indexId":"70027108","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate adsorption and surface speciation at the hematite-water interface","docAbstract":"Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate [As(V)] reactivity and surface speciation at the hematite−water interface were studied as a function of pH and two different partial pressures of carbon dioxide gas [PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm and ∼0; CO2-free argon (Ar)] using adsorption kinetics, pseudo-equilibrium adsorption/titration experiments, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic (EXAFS) analyses, and surface complexation modeling. Different adsorbed carbonate concentrations, due to the two different atmospheric systems, resulted in an enhanced and/or suppressed extent of As(V) adsorption. As(V) adsorption kinetics [4 g L-1, [As(V)]0 = 1.5 mM and I = 0.01 M NaCl] showed carbonate-enhanced As(V) uptake in the air-equilibrated systems at pH 4 and 6 and at pH 8 after 3 h of reaction. Suppressed As(V) adsorption was observed in the air-equilibrated system in the early stages of the reaction at pH 8. In the pseudo-equilibrium adsorption experiments [1 g L-1, [As(V)]0 = 0.5 mM and I = 0.01 M NaCl], in which each pH value was held constant by a pH-stat apparatus, effects of dissolved carbonate on As(V) uptake were almost negligible at equilibrium, but titrant (0.1 M HCl) consumption was greater in the air-equilibrated systems (PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm) than in the CO2-free argon system at pH 4−7.75. The EXAFS analyses indicated that As(V) tetrahedral molecules were coordinated on iron octahedral via bidentate mononuclear (≈2.8 Å) and bidentate binuclear (≈3.3 Å) bonding at pH 4.5−8 and loading levels of 0.46−3.10 μM m-2. Using the results of the pseudo-equilibrium adsorption data and the XAS analyses, the pH-dependent As(V) adsorption under the PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm and the CO2-free argon system was modeled using surface complexation modeling, and the results are consistent with the formation of nonprotonated bidentate surface species at the hematite surfaces. The results also suggest that the acid titrant consumption was strongly affected by changes to electrical double-layer potentials caused by the adsorption of carbonate in the air-equilibrated system. Overall results suggest that the effects of dissolved carbonate on As(V) adsorption were influenced by the reaction conditions [e.g., available surface sites, initial As(V) concentrations, and reaction times]. Quantifying the effects of adsorbed carbonate may be important in predicting As(V) transport processes in groundwater, where iron oxide-coated aquifer materials are exposed to seasonally fluctuating partial pressures of CO2(g).
We tested the swimming endurance of juvenile bull trout Salvelinus confluentus, lake trout S. namaycush, Arctic char S. alpinus, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at 9°C and 15°C to determine whether sublethal infection from a moderate challenge of Renibacterium salmoninarum administered months before testing affected the length of time fish could maintain a swimming speed of 5-6 body lengths per second in an experimental flume. Rainbow trout and Arctic char swam longer in trials than did bull trout or lake trout, regardless of challenge treatment. When we tested fish 14-23 weeks postchallenge, we found no measurable effect of R. salmoninarum on the swimming endurance of the study species except for bull trout, which showed a mixed response. We conducted additional trials with bull trout 5-8 weeks postchallenge to determine whether increasing the challenge dose would affect swimming endurance and hematocrit. In those tests, bull trout with clinical signs of disease and those exposed to the highest challenge doses had significantly reduced swimming endurance compared with unchallenged control fish. Fish hematocrit levels measured at the end of all swimming endurance tests varied among species and between test temperatures, and patterns were not always consistent between challenged and control fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/H03-028.1","usgsCitation":"Jones, D., and Moffitt, C., 2004, Swimming endurance of bull trout, lake trout, arctic char, and rainbow trout following challenge with Renibacterium salmoninarum: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 1, p. 10-22, https://doi.org/10.1577/H03-028.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba331e4b08c986b31fbe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, D.T.","contributorId":35024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffitt, C.M.","contributorId":84554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffitt","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53658,"text":"ofr20041010 - 2004 - Effect of structural heterogeneity and slip distribution on coseismic vertical displacement from rupture on the Seattle Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-12T10:17:13","indexId":"ofr20041010","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1010","title":"Effect of structural heterogeneity and slip distribution on coseismic vertical displacement from rupture on the Seattle Fault","docAbstract":"Workshops in 2001 and 2002 were convened to determine critical issues in the development of tsunami inundation maps for the Puget Sound region. The Tsunami Inundation Mapping Effort (TIME) is conducted under the multi-agency National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP). The Puget Sound Tsunami/Landslide Workshop in 2001 focused on integrated tsunami research involving a wide range of research studies and tsunami hazard mitigation issues. The 2002 Puget Sound Tsunami Sources workshop (González et al., 2003) made specific recommendations for tsunami source modeling and improving our state of knowledge for sources in the Puget Sound region. One of the recommendations stated in González et al. (2003) is \"Develop methods to assess the sensitivity of coastal areas to tsunami inundation, based on multiple simulations that reflect the possible range of variations in the source parameters.\" Tsunami inundation models rely heavily on the imposed initial conditions which, for an earthquake source, is the coseismic vertical displacement field. For example, Koshimura et al. (2002) use the geologic uplift observations (Buknam et al., 1992) to constrain the slip distribution for the event that occurred 1100 years ago, resulting in an average slip of 3.7 m and a magnitude of 7.6. Walsh et al. (2003) develop a tsunami inundation map for Elliot Bay based on a M 7.3 earthquake and the geologic uplift observations from the 1100 y.b.p. event as in Koshimura et al. (2002), though they use a constant fault dip of 60° rather than different dips for deep and shallow segments. The objective of this report is to examine how coseismic vertical displacement from a smaller M 6.5 Seattle Fault earthquake (as in Hartzell et al., 2002) is affected by structural heterogeneity and different slip distribution patterns.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041010","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Yoshioka, S., 2004, Effect of structural heterogeneity and slip distribution on coseismic vertical displacement from rupture on the Seattle Fault: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1010, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041010.","productDescription":"HTML document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1010/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6257d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoshioka, Shoichi","contributorId":7358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshioka","given":"Shoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026722,"text":"70026722 - 2004 - Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026722","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data","docAbstract":"The stable isotope of oxygen, 18O, is used as a naturally occurring ground-water tracer. Time-series data for ??18O are analyzed to model the distinct responses and relative proportions of the conduit, intermediate, and diffuse flow components in karst aquifers. This analysis also describes mathematically the dynamics of the transient fluid interchange between conduits and diffusive networks. Conduit and intermediate flow are described by linear-systems methods, whereas diffuse flow is described by mass-balance methods. An automated optimization process estimates parameters of lognormal, Pearson type III, and gamma distributions, which are used as transfer functions in linear-systems analysis. Diffuse flow and mixing parameters also are estimated by these optimization methods. Results indicate the relative proximity of a well to a main conduit flowpath and can help to predict the movement and residence times of potential contaminants. The three-component linear model is applied to five wells, which respond to changes in the isotopic composition of point recharge water from a sinking stream in the Madison aquifer in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Flow velocities as much as 540 m/d and system memories of as much as 71 years are estimated by this method. Also, the mean, median, and standard deviation of traveltimes; time to peak response; and the relative fraction of flow for each of the three components are determined for these wells. This analysis infers that flow may branch apart and rejoin as a result of an anastomotic (or channeled) karst network.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.023","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Long, A., and Putnam, L., 2004, Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data: Journal of Hydrology, v. 296, no. 1-4, p. 254-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.023.","startPage":"254","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208566,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.023"},{"id":234390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"296","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47c3e4b0c8380cd67963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J.","contributorId":80023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, L.D.","contributorId":47417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027449,"text":"70027449 - 2004 - Mineralization and nitrification patterns at eight northeastern USA forested research sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70027449","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralization and nitrification patterns at eight northeastern USA forested research sites","docAbstract":"Nitrogen transformation rates in eight northeastern US research sites were measured in soil samples taken in the early season of 2000 and the late season of 2001. Net mineralization and nitrification rates were determined on Oa or A horizon samples by two different sampling methods - intact cores and repeated measurements on composite samples taken from around the cores. Net rates in the composite samples (n=30) showed three different temporal patterns: high net nitrification with minimal NH4+ accumulation, high net nitrification and high NH4+ accumulation, and minimal net nitrification and moderate NH4+ accumulation. The 4-week net rates in intact cores were about half that of the rates from the composite samples but were well related (R2 > 0.70). Composite samples from sites that exhibited high net nitrification were incubated with acetylene and net nitrification was completely stopped, suggesting an autotrophic pathway. Gross mineralization and nitrification (2000 only) rates were estimated using the isotope dilution technique. Gross rates of nitrification and consumption in intact cores were relatively low. Gross rates of mineralization and net rates of nitrification were both related to the soil C/N ratio, with higher rates generally occurring in sites containing Acer saccharum as a dominant or co-dominant species. The comparison of methods suggests that all provide a similar hierarchy of potential rates but that the degree of net nitrification is strongly influenced by the degree of sample disturbance. Differences between sites appear to be related to an interaction of soil (C/N) and vegetation (A. saccharum contribution) characteristics. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.004","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., Lawrence, G., and Fredriksen, G., 2004, Mineralization and nitrification patterns at eight northeastern USA forested research sites: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 188, no. 1-3, p. 317-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.004.","startPage":"317","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.004"},{"id":238371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"188","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a74e4b0c8380cd6eec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D.S.","contributorId":33867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredriksen, G.","contributorId":56434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredriksen","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026723,"text":"70026723 - 2004 - Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026723","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2305,"text":"Journal of Geographical Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model","docAbstract":"Researchers have been coupling geographic information systems (GIS) data handling and processing capability to watershed and waterquality models for many years. This capability is suited for the development of databases appropriate for water modeling. However, it is rare for GIS to provide direct inputs to the models. To demonstrate the logical procedure of coupling GIS for model parameter extraction, we selected the Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) pollution model. Investigators can generate data layers at various resolutions and resample to pixel sizes to support models at particular scales. We developed databases of elevation, land cover, and soils at various resolutions in four watersheds. The ability to use multiresolution databases for the generation of model parameters is problematic for grid-based models. We used database development procedures and observed the effects of resolution and resampling on GIS input datasets and parameters generated from those inputs for AGNPS. Results indicate that elevation values at specific points compare favorably between 3- and 30-m raster datasets. Categorical data analysis indicates that land cover classes vary significantly. Derived parameters parallel the results of the base GIS datasets. Analysis of data resampled from 30-m to 60-, 120-, 210-, 240-, 480-, 960-, and 1920-m pixels indicates a general degradation of both elevation and land cover correlations as resolution decreases. Initial evaluation of model output values for soluble nitrogen and phosphorous indicates similar degradation with resolution. ?? Springer-Verlag 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geographical Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10109-004-0138-z","issn":"14355930","usgsCitation":"Usery, E., Finn, M., Scheidt, D.J., Ruhl, S., Beard, T., and Bearden, M., 2004, Geospatial data resampling and resolution effects on watershed modeling: A case study using the agricultural non-point source pollution model: Journal of Geographical Systems, v. 6, no. 3, p. 289-306, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0138-z.","startPage":"289","endPage":"306","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0138-z"},{"id":234356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28aae4b0c8380cd5a2d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, M.P.","contributorId":73246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scheidt, Daniel J.","contributorId":43393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheidt","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruhl, S.","contributorId":44329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beard, T.","contributorId":36337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bearden, M.","contributorId":68510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bearden","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027751,"text":"70027751 - 2004 - Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70027751","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents examples of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data from two study sites in southeastern Florida where karstic Pleistocene platform carbonates that comprise the unconfined Biscayne aquifer were imaged. Important features shown on resultant GPR profiles include: (1) upward and lateral qualitative interpretative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity; (2) paleotopographic relief on karstic subaerial exposure surfaces; and (3) vertical stacking of chronostratigraphic high-frequency cycles (HFCs). These characteristics were verified by comparison to rock properties observed and measured in core samples, and identified in digital optical borehole images. Results demonstrate that an empirical relation exists between measured whole-core porosity and hydraulic conductivity, observed porosity on digital optical borehole images, formation conductivity, and GPR reflection amplitudes-as porosity and hydraulic conductivity determined from core and borehole images increases, formation conductivity increases, and GPR reflection amplitude decreases. This relation allows for qualitative interpretation of the vertical and lateral distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs. Two subtidal HFCs in the uppermost Biscayne aquifer have significantly unique populations of whole-core porosity values and vertical hydraulic conductivity values. Porosity measurements from one cycle has a median value about two to three times greater than the values from the other HFC, and median values of vertical hydraulic-conductivity about three orders of magnitude higher than the other HFC. The HFC with the higher porosity and hydraulic conductivity values is shown as a discrete package of relatively low-amplitude reflections, whereas the HFC characterized by lower porosity and hydraulic-conductivity measurements is expressed by higher amplitude reflections. Porosity and hydraulic-conductivity values measured from whole-core samples, and vuggy porosity identified on digital borehole images from shallowing-upward, peritidal HFCs show that the highest porosity occurs at the base of the cycles, moderate porosity at the middle of the cycles, and lowest porosity occurs at the top of cycles. Hydraulic conductivity is also highest at the base of the peritidal cycles and lowest in the middle to upper parts of cycles. This change in porosity and hydraulic conductivity from bottom to top is visible as an upward variation in reflection amplitude on GPR profiles-lowest amplitudes at the base and highest at the cycle tops. This study demonstrates that GPR can be used to show the qualitative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within a cycle-stratigraphic framework composed of carbonate HFCs. The distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs is related to depositional textures. The upward and lateral patterns of the rock facies within the HFCs can be translated to geophysical-log properties and radar facies configurations that could aid in interpretation and prediction of ground-water flow through a carbonate aquifer. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., 2004, Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005"},{"id":238505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca2e4b0c8380cd493c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.J.","contributorId":39852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026759,"text":"70026759 - 2004 - Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70026759","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"This study examines historical changes in sediment and nutrient accumulation rates in Bear Lake along the northeastern Utah/Idaho border, USA. Two sediment cores were dated by measuring excess 210Pb activities and applying the constant rate of supply (CRS) dating model. Historical rates of bulk sediment accumulation were calculated based on the ages within the sediment cores. Bulk sediment accumulation rates increased throughout the last 100 years. According to the CRS model, bulk sediment accumulation rates were <25mg cm-2 year-1 prior to 1935. Between 1935 and 1980, bulk sediment accumulation rates increased to approximately 40mg cm -2 year-1. This increase in sediment accumulation probably resulted from the re-connection of Bear River to Bear Lake. Bulk sediment accumulation rates accelerated again after 1980. Accumulation rates of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and total organic carbon (TOC) were calculated by multiplying bulk sediment accumulation rates times the concentrations of these nutrients in the sediment. Accumulation rates of TP, TN, TIC, and TOC increased as a consequence of increased bulk sediment accumulation rates after the re-connection of Bear River with Bear Lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Smoak, J., and Swarzenski, P., 2004, Recent increases in sediment and nutrient accumulation in Bear Lake, Utah/Idaho, USA: Hydrobiologia, v. 525, no. 1-3, p. 175-184, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09.","startPage":"175","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502511,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.usfsp.edu/fac_publications/1322","text":"External Repository"},{"id":234000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208328,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000038865.16732.09"}],"volume":"525","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9623e4b0c8380cd81e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoak, J.M.","contributorId":40384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoak","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027151,"text":"70027151 - 2004 - Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027151","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Ground-water chemistry and water levels at three levels in a well nest were monitored biweekly for two and a half years in a shallow unconfined floodplain aquifer in order to study the dynamics of such shallow aquifers. The aquifer, in northeastern Kansas, consists of high porosity, low hydraulic conductivity fine-grained sediments dominated by silt and bounded by fractured limestone and shale bedrock. Results show that the aquifer underwent chemical stratification followed by homogenization three times during the study period. The length of time between maximum stratification and complete homogenization was 3-5 months. The chemical parameters most useful for demonstrating the mixing trends were dissolved nitrate and sulfate. Higher nitrate concentrations were typical of unsaturated zone water and were sourced from fertilizer applied to the cultivated fields on the floodplain. Variations in sulfate concentrations are attributed to dissolution of rare gypsum in limestone bedrock and variable evapoconcentration in the unsaturated zone. The mixing of three chemically different waters (entrained, unsaturated-zone water; water entering the base of the floodplain aquifer; and water in residence before each mixing event) was simulated. The resident water component for each mixing event was a fixed composition based on measured water chemistry in the intermediate part of the aquifer. The entrained water composition was calculated using a measured composition of the shallow part of the aquifer and measurements of soil-water content in the unsaturated zone. The incoming basal water composition and the fractions of each mixing component were fitted to match the measured chemistry at the three levels in the aquifer. A conceptual model for this site explains: (1) rapid water-level rises, (2) water-chemistry changes at all levels in the aquifer coincident with the water-level rises, (3) low measured hydraulic conductivity of the valley fill and apparent lack of preferential flow pathways, (4) minuscule amounts of unsaturated-zone recharge, and (5) dissolved oxygen peaks in the saturated zone lagging water-level peaks. We postulate that rainfall enters fractures in bedrock adjacent to the floodplain. This recharge water moves rapidly through the fractured bedrock into the base of the floodplain aquifer. The recharge event through the bedrock causes a rapid rise in water level in the floodplain aquifer, and the chemistry of the deepest water in the floodplain aquifer changes at that time. The rising water also entrains slow-moving, nitrate-rich, unsaturated-zone water, altering the chemistry of water in the shallow part of the aquifer. Vertical chemical stratification in the aquifer is thus created by the change in water chemistry in the upper and lower parts of the saturated zone. As the water level begins to decline, the aquifer undergoes mixing that eventually results in homogeneous water chemistry. The rise in water level from the recharge event also displaces gas from the unsaturated zone that is then replaced as the water level declines following the recharge event. This new, oxygen-rich vadose-zone air equilibrates rapidly with saturated-zone water, resulting in a dissolved oxygen pulse in the ground water that peaks one-half to 2 months after the water-level peak. This oxygen pulse subsequently declines over a period of 2-6 months. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Macpherson, G., and Sophocleous, M., 2004, Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 286, no. 1-4, p. 271-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016.","startPage":"271","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209227,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016"},{"id":235486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0efde4b0c8380cd536e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macpherson, G.L.","contributorId":31181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macpherson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027481,"text":"70027481 - 2004 - The National Map: Benefits at what cost?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027481","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1747,"text":"GeoSpatial Solutions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The National Map: Benefits at what cost?","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has conducted a cost-benefit analysis of The National Map, and determined that, during its 30-year projected lifespan, the project will likely bring a net present value of benefits to society of $2.05 billion. Such a survey enhances the United States' ability to access, integrate, and apply geospatial data at global, national, and local scales. This paper gives an overview on the underlying economic model for evaluating program benefits and presents the primary findings as well as a sensitivity analysis assessing the robustness of the results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GeoSpatial Solutions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15297403","usgsCitation":"Halsing, D., Theissen, K., and Bernknopf, R., 2004, The National Map: Benefits at what cost?: GeoSpatial Solutions, v. 14, no. 2, p. 25-31.","startPage":"25","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba837e4b08c986b321aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halsing, D.L.","contributorId":96081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halsing","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theissen, K. M.","contributorId":22119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Theissen","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026756,"text":"70026756 - 2004 - Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T09:14:51","indexId":"70026756","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The fringing coral reef off the south coast of Molokai, Hawaii is currently being studied as part of a US Geological Survey (USGS) multi-disciplinary project that focuses on geologic and oceanographic processes that affect coral reef systems. For this investigation, four instrument packages were deployed across the fringing coral reef during the summer of 2001 to understand the processes governing fine-grained terrestrial sediment suspension on the shallow reef flat (h=1m) and its advection across the reef crest and onto the deeper fore reef. The time-series measurements suggest the following conceptual model of water and fine-grained sediment transport across the reef: Relatively cool, clear water flows up onto the reef flat during flooding tides. At high tide, more deep-water wave energy is able to propagate onto the reef flat and larger Trade wind-driven waves can develop on the reef flat, thereby increasing sediment suspension. Trade wind-driven surface currents and wave breaking at the reef crest cause setup of water on the reef flat, further increasing the water depth and enhancing the development of depth-limited waves and sediment suspension. As the tide ebbs, the water and associated suspended sediment on the reef flat drains off the reef flat and is advected offshore and to the west by Trade wind- and tidally- driven currents. Observations on the fore reef show relatively high turbidity throughout the water column during the ebb tide. It therefore appears that high suspended sediment concentrations on the deeper fore reef, where active coral growth is at a maximum, are dynamically linked to processes on the muddy, shallow reef flat.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.010","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Ogston, A., Bothner, M., Field, M., and Presto, M., 2004, Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii: Continental Shelf Research, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1397-1419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.010.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1397","endPage":"1419","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1629","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Molokai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.31048583984375,\n 21.03836431386586\n ],\n [\n -156.708984375,\n 21.03836431386586\n ],\n [\n -156.708984375,\n 21.256101625916397\n ],\n [\n -157.31048583984375,\n 21.256101625916397\n ],\n [\n -157.31048583984375,\n 21.03836431386586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf97e4b08c986b32e9ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogston, A.S.","contributorId":86920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogston","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":410967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Presto, M.K.","contributorId":77333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presto","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156755,"text":"70156755 - 2004 - Land cover mapping of North and Central America—Global Land Cover 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T12:48:09","indexId":"70156755","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land cover mapping of North and Central America—Global Land Cover 2000","docAbstract":"The Land Cover Map of North and Central America for the year 2000 (GLC 2000-NCA), prepared by NRCan/CCRS and USGS/EROS Data Centre (EDC) as a regional component of the Global Land Cover 2000 project, is the subject of this paper. A new mapping approach for transforming satellite observations acquired by the SPOT4/VGTETATION (VGT) sensor into land cover information is outlined. The procedure includes: (1) conversion of daily data into 10-day composite; (2) post-seasonal correction and refinement of apparent surface reflectance in 10-day composite images; and (3) extraction of land cover information from the composite images. The pre-processing and mosaicking techniques developed and used in this study proved to be very effective in removing cloud contamination, BRDF effects, and noise in Short Wave Infra-Red (SWIR). The GLC 2000-NCA land cover map is provided as a regional product with 28 land cover classes based on modified Federal Geographic Data Committee/Vegetation Classification Standard (FGDC NVCS) classification system, and as part of a global product with 22 land cover classes based on Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation. The map was compared on both areal and per-pixel bases over North and Central America to the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP) global land cover classification, the University of Maryland global land cover classification (UMd) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Global land cover classification produced by Boston University (BU). There was good agreement (79%) on the spatial distribution and areal extent of forest between GLC 2000-NCA and the other maps, however, GLC 2000-NCA provides additional information on the spatial distribution of forest types. The GLC 2000-NCA map was produced at the continental level incorporating specific needs of the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.002","usgsCitation":"Latifovic, R., and Zhu, Z., 2004, Land cover mapping of North and Central America—Global Land Cover 2000: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 89, no. 1, p. 116-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.002.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034bee4b0f42e3d040e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Latifovic, Rasim","contributorId":147109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Latifovic","given":"Rasim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026125,"text":"70026125 - 2004 - Data dictionary and formatting standard for dissemination of geotechnical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026125","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data dictionary and formatting standard for dissemination of geotechnical data","docAbstract":"A pilot system for archiving and web dissemination of geotechnical data collected and stored by various agencies is currently under development. Part of the scope of this project, sponsored by the Consortium of Organizations for Strong-Motion Observation Systems (COSMOS) and by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Lifelines Program, is the development of a data dictionary and formatting standard. This paper presents the data model along with the basic structure of the data dictionary tables for this pilot system.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: Proceedings of Geo-Trans 2004","conferenceDate":"27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Benoit, J., Bobbitt, J., Ponti, D., and Shimel, S., 2004, Data dictionary and formatting standard for dissemination of geotechnical data, in Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 126 I, Los Angeles, CA, 27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004, p. 829-836.","startPage":"829","endPage":"836","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"126 I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd71e4b0c8380cd4e82a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","contributorId":128426,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","id":536576,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Benoit, J.","contributorId":83807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benoit","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bobbitt, J.I.","contributorId":59696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bobbitt","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponti, D.J.","contributorId":94326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shimel, S.A.","contributorId":37220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimel","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026445,"text":"70026445 - 2004 - Gene flow and genetic characterization of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T15:55:25.747366","indexId":"70026445","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gene flow and genetic characterization of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah","docAbstract":"Adult movement and natal dispersal data demonstrate that Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) are able to travel over long distances, suggesting a large functional population. However, these data are unable to determine whether these movements contribute to gene flow among adjacent breeding areas. We used eight microsatellite DNA loci and mitochondrial DNA control-region sequence data to assess population structure of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah. Goshawks had moderate levels of genetic variation at microsatellite loci (observed heterozygosity = 50%), similar to levels found in other medium-sized, highly mobile birds. Overall estimates of interpopulation variance in microsatellite alleles (FST = 0.011) and mtDNA haplotypes (ΦST = 0.126) were low and not significantly different from zero. Pairwise population comparisons using microsatellite markers revealed no differentiation among sampled sites, indicating that the functional population extends beyond Utah. However, pairwise population analyses of mtDNA uncovered a single case of differentiation between goshawks inhabiting Ashley National Forest, in northeastern Utah, and Dixie National Forest, in southwestern Utah. Low levels of population structuring observed in mtDNA between the two forests may be due to the smaller effective population size sampled by mtDNA, a cline of haplotypes across the West, or the presence of a contact zone between A. g. atricapillus and goshawks of southern Arizona and the Mexican Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1650/7448","usgsCitation":"Sonsthagen, S.A., Talbot, S.L., and White, C., 2004, Gene flow and genetic characterization of Northern Goshawks breeding in Utah: Condor, v. 106, no. 4, p. 826-836, https://doi.org/10.1650/7448.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"826","endPage":"836","costCenters":[{"id":463,"text":"Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7448","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -110.91796875,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.914764288955936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14f9e4b0c8380cd54c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonsthagen, Sarah A. 0000-0001-6215-5874 ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6215-5874","contributorId":3711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonsthagen","given":"Sarah","email":"ssonsthagen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, C.M.","contributorId":97459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027292,"text":"70027292 - 2004 - Microforms in gravel bed rivers: Formation, disintegration, and effects on bedload transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70027292","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microforms in gravel bed rivers: Formation, disintegration, and effects on bedload transport","docAbstract":"This research aims to advance current knowledge on cluster formation and evolution by tackling some of the aspects associated with cluster microtopography and the effects of clusters on bedload transport. The specific objectives of the study are (1) to identify the bed shear stress range in which clusters form and disintegrate, (2) to quantitatively describe the spacing characteristics and orientation of clusters with respect to flow characteristics, (3) to quantify the effects clusters have on the mean bedload rate, and (4) to assess the effects of clusters on the pulsating nature of bedload. In order to meet the objectives of this study, two main experimental scenarios, namely, Test Series A and B (20 experiments overall) are considered in a laboratory flume under well-controlled conditions. Series A tests are performed to address objectives (1) and (2) while Series B is designed to meet objectives (3) and (4). Results show that cluster microforms develop in uniform sediment at 1.25 to 2 times the Shields parameter of an individual particle and start disintegrating at about 2.25 times the Shields parameter. It is found that during an unsteady flow event, effects of clusters on bedload transport rate can be classified in three different phases: a sink phase where clusters absorb incoming sediment, a neutral phase where clusters do not affect bedload, and a source phase where clusters release particles. Clusters also increase the magnitude of the fluctuations in bedload transport rate, showing that clusters amplify the unsteady nature of bedload transport. A fourth-order autoregressive, autoregressive integrated moving average model is employed to describe the time series of bedload and provide a predictive formula for predicting bedload at different periods. Finally, a change-point analysis enhanced with a binary segmentation procedure is performed to identify the abrupt changes in the bedload statistic characteristics due to the effects of clusters and detect the different phases in bedload time series using probability theory. The analysis verifies the experimental findings that three phases are detected in the bedload rate time series structure, namely, sink, neutral, and source. ?? ASCE / JUNE 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:6(554)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Strom, K., Papanicolaou, A., Evangelopoulos, N., and Odeh, M., 2004, Microforms in gravel bed rivers: Formation, disintegration, and effects on bedload transport: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 130, no. 6, p. 554-567, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:6(554).","startPage":"554","endPage":"567","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209209,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:6(554)"},{"id":235458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a567ce4b0c8380cd6d612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strom, K.","contributorId":75735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papanicolaou, A.N.","contributorId":10208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papanicolaou","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evangelopoulos, N.","contributorId":93678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evangelopoulos","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odeh, M.","contributorId":95413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53436,"text":"ofr20041017 - 2004 - Invertebrate Paleontology of the Wilson Grove Formation (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene), Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, with some Observations on Its Stratigraphy, Thickness, and Structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"ofr20041017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1017","title":"Invertebrate Paleontology of the Wilson Grove Formation (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene), Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, with some Observations on Its Stratigraphy, Thickness, and Structure","docAbstract":"The Wilson Grove Formation is exposed from Petaluma north to northern Santa Rosa, and from Bennett Valley west to Bodega Bay. A fauna of at least 107 invertebrate taxa consisting of two brachiopods, 95 mollusks (48 bivalves and 46 gastropods), at least eight arthropods, and at least two echinoids have been collected, ranging in age from late Miocene to late Pliocene. Rocks and fossils from the southwest part of the outcrop area, along the Estero de San Antonio, were deposited in a deep-water marine environment. At Meacham Hill, near the Stony Point Rock Quarry, and along the northern margin of the outcrop area at River Road and Wilson Grove, the Wilson Grove Formation was deposited in shallow marine to continental environments. At Meacham Hill, these shallow water deposits represent a brackish bay to continental environment, whereas at River Road and Wilson Grove, fossils suggest normal, euhaline (normal marine salinity) conditions. \r\n\r\nA few taxa from the River Road area suggest water temperatures slightly warmer than along the adjacent coast today because their modern ranges do not extend as far north in latitude as River Road. In addition, fossil collections from along River Road contain the bivalve mollusks Macoma addicotti (Nikas) and Nuttallia jamesii Roth and Naidu, both of which are restricted to the late Pliocene. The late Miocene Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) also crops out northeast of the River Road area and underlies the late Pliocene section at Wilson Grove by almost 300 m. Outcrops in the central part of the region are older than those to the northeast, and presumably younger than deposits to the southwest. The Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) occurs at Steinbeck Ranch in the central portion of the outcrop area. At Spring Hill, also in the central part of the outcrop area, the sanddollar Scutellaster sp., cf. S. oregonensis (Clark) has been recently collected. This species, questionably identified here, is restricted to the late Miocene from central California through Oregon. Outcrops at Salmon Creek, northeast of Steinbeck Ranch and also in the central part of the outcrop area, contain Aulacofusus? recurva (Gabb) and Turcica brevis Stewart, which are both restricted to the Pliocene, as well as Lirabuccinum portolaensis (Arnold) known from the early Pliocene of central and northern California and into the late Pliocene in southern California. These data suggest an overall pattern of older rocks and deeper water to the south and west, and younger rocks and shallower water to the east and north. Outcrops to the southwest, south of the Bloomfield fault, are not well dated but presumably are older than the late Miocene Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992). Fossils in this part of the section are rare and are not useful in determining a precise age or environment of deposition for the lower part of the Wilson Grove Formation. However, sedimentary sequences and structures in the rocks here are useful and suggest probable outer shelf and slope water depths. Lituyapecten turneri (Arnold) which occurs in this part of the section has previously been restricted to the Pliocene, but its occurrence below the Roblar tuff of Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) indicates a revised late Miocene age for this taxon.\r\n\r\nThree possibly new gastropods (Mollusca) are reported here: Calyptraea (Trochita) n. sp. and Nucella sp., aff. N. lamellosa (Gmelin), both from the Bloomfield Quarry area, and Acanthinucella? n. sp. from the River Road area. These species are not described here because this venue is deemed insufficient for the description of new taxa.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041017","usgsCitation":"Powell, C.L., Allen, J., and Holland, P.J., 2004, Invertebrate Paleontology of the Wilson Grove Formation (Late Miocene to Late Pliocene), Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, with some Observations on Its Stratigraphy, Thickness, and Structure: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1017, 105 p.; 2 over-sized sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041017.","productDescription":"105 p.; 2 over-sized sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5216,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b7e4b07f02db534581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Charles L. II 0000-0002-1913-555X cpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-555X","contributorId":3243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","email":"cpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, James R.","contributorId":51840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"James R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland, Peter J.","contributorId":75220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027511,"text":"70027511 - 2004 - The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T11:04:53","indexId":"70027511","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Volcanic hazards in Kona (i.e. the western side of the island of Hawai'i) stem primarily from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes. The former has erupted 39 times since 1832. Lava flows were emplaced in Kona during seven of these eruptions and last impacted Kona in 1950. Hualālai last erupted in ca. 1800. Society's proximity to potential eruptive sources and the potential for relatively fast-moving lava flows, coupled with relatively long time intervals since the last eruptions in Kona, are the underlying stimuli for this study of risk perception. Target populations were high-school students and adults ( n =462). Using these data, we discuss threat knowledge as an influence on risk perception, and perception as a driving mechanism for preparedness. Threat knowledge and perception of risk were found to be low to moderate. On average, fewer than two-thirds of the residents were aware of the most recent eruptions that impacted Kona, and a minority felt that Mauna Loa and Hualālai could ever erupt again. Furthermore, only about one-third were aware that lava flows could reach the coast in Kona in less than 3 h. Lava flows and ash fall were perceived to be among the least likely hazards to affect the respondent's community within the next 10 years, whereas vog (volcanic smog) was ranked the most likely. Less than 18% identified volcanic hazards as amongst the most likely hazards to affect them at home, school, or work. Not surprisingly, individual preparedness measures were found on average to be limited to simple tasks of value in frequently occurring domestic emergencies, whereas measures specific to infrequent hazard events such as volcanic eruptions were seldom adopted. Furthermore, our data show that respondents exhibit an 'unrealistic optimism bias' and infer that responsibility for community preparedness for future eruptions primarily rests with officials. We infer that these respondents may be less likely to attend to hazard information, react to warnings as directed, and undertake preparedness measures than other populations who perceive responsibility to lie with themselves. There are significant differences in hazard awareness and risk perception between students and adults, between subpopulations representing local areas, and between varying ethnicities. We conclude that long time intervals since damaging lava flows have occurred in Kona have contributed to lower levels of awareness and risk perceptions of the threat from lava flows, and that the on-going eruption at Kilauea has facilitated greater awareness and perception of risk of vog but not of other volcanic hazards. Low levels of preparedness may be explained by low perceptions of threat and risk and perhaps by the lack of a clear motivation or incentive to seek new modes of adjustment. 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsvier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Johnston, D., Paton, D., and Swanson, D.A., 2004, The perception of volcanic risk in Kona communities from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Hawai'i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 130, no. 3-4, p. 179-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00288-9"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano, Hualālai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"130","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae84e4b08c986b32415d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":413954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, David M.","contributorId":68082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}