{"pageNumber":"1083","pageRowStart":"27050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40841,"records":[{"id":70027751,"text":"70027751 - 2004 - Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70027751","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents examples of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data from two study sites in southeastern Florida where karstic Pleistocene platform carbonates that comprise the unconfined Biscayne aquifer were imaged. Important features shown on resultant GPR profiles include: (1) upward and lateral qualitative interpretative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity; (2) paleotopographic relief on karstic subaerial exposure surfaces; and (3) vertical stacking of chronostratigraphic high-frequency cycles (HFCs). These characteristics were verified by comparison to rock properties observed and measured in core samples, and identified in digital optical borehole images. Results demonstrate that an empirical relation exists between measured whole-core porosity and hydraulic conductivity, observed porosity on digital optical borehole images, formation conductivity, and GPR reflection amplitudes-as porosity and hydraulic conductivity determined from core and borehole images increases, formation conductivity increases, and GPR reflection amplitude decreases. This relation allows for qualitative interpretation of the vertical and lateral distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs. Two subtidal HFCs in the uppermost Biscayne aquifer have significantly unique populations of whole-core porosity values and vertical hydraulic conductivity values. Porosity measurements from one cycle has a median value about two to three times greater than the values from the other HFC, and median values of vertical hydraulic-conductivity about three orders of magnitude higher than the other HFC. The HFC with the higher porosity and hydraulic conductivity values is shown as a discrete package of relatively low-amplitude reflections, whereas the HFC characterized by lower porosity and hydraulic-conductivity measurements is expressed by higher amplitude reflections. Porosity and hydraulic-conductivity values measured from whole-core samples, and vuggy porosity identified on digital borehole images from shallowing-upward, peritidal HFCs show that the highest porosity occurs at the base of the cycles, moderate porosity at the middle of the cycles, and lowest porosity occurs at the top of cycles. Hydraulic conductivity is also highest at the base of the peritidal cycles and lowest in the middle to upper parts of cycles. This change in porosity and hydraulic conductivity from bottom to top is visible as an upward variation in reflection amplitude on GPR profiles-lowest amplitudes at the base and highest at the cycle tops. This study demonstrates that GPR can be used to show the qualitative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within a cycle-stratigraphic framework composed of carbonate HFCs. The distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs is related to depositional textures. The upward and lateral patterns of the rock facies within the HFCs can be translated to geophysical-log properties and radar facies configurations that could aid in interpretation and prediction of ground-water flow through a carbonate aquifer. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., 2004, Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital optical borehole images, and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.06.005"},{"id":238505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca2e4b0c8380cd493c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.J.","contributorId":39852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027117,"text":"70027117 - 2004 - Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70027117","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Large sediment deposits on the reff front around Oahu are a possible resource for replenishing eroded beaches. High-resolution subbottom profiles clearly depict the deposits in three study areas: Kailua Bay off the windward coast, Makua to Kahe Point off the leeward coast, and Camp Erdman to Waimea off the north coast. Most of the sediment is in water depths between 20 and 100 m, resting on submerged shelves created during lowstands of sea level. The mapped deposits have a volume of about 4 ?? 108 m3 in water depths less than 100 m, being thickest off the mouth of channels carved into the modern insular shelf, from which most of the sediment issues. Vibracore samples contain various amounts of sediment of similar size to the sand on Oahu beaches, with the most compatible prospects located off Makaha, Haleiwa, and Camp Erdman, and the least compatible ones located in Kailua Bay. Laboratory tests show a positive correlation of abrasion with Halimeda content: samples from Kailua Bay suffered high amounts of attrition, but others were comparable to tested beach samples. The common gray color of the offshore sediment, aesthetically undesirable for sand on popular tourist beaches, was diminished in the laboratory by soaking in heated hydrogen peroxide. ?? Taylor and Francis Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641190490473407","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Blay, C., and Murray, C., 2004, Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 65-102, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190490473407.","startPage":"65","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209242,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190490473407"},{"id":235516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f370e4b0c8380cd4b7fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blay, C.T.","contributorId":24540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blay","given":"C.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, C.J.","contributorId":84120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027756,"text":"70027756 - 2004 - Isotopic, geochemical, and temporal characterization of Proterozoic basement rocks in the Quitovac region, northwestern Sonora, Mexico: Implications for the reconstruction of the southwestern margin of Laurentia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T15:47:55.83823","indexId":"70027756","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic, geochemical, and temporal characterization of Proterozoic basement rocks in the Quitovac region, northwestern Sonora, Mexico: Implications for the reconstruction of the southwestern margin of Laurentia","docAbstract":"<p>A detailed geochemical characterization of 19 representative Proterozoic basement rocks in the Quitovac region in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, has identified two distinct Paleoproterozoic basement blocks that coincide spatially with the previously proposed Caborca and \"North America\" blocks. New U-Pb zircon geochronology revises their age ranges, the Caborca (1.78-1.69 Ga) and \"North America\" (1.71-1.66 Ga) blocks at Quitovac, and precludes a simple age differentiation between them. In addition, Grenvillian-age granitoids (ca. 1.1 Ga), spatially associated with the Caborca block have been identified at Quitovac. Nd isotopes and major- and trace-element geochemistry support the distinction of these Paleoproterozoic blocks. Granitoids of the \"North America\" block are characterized by depleted <span>εNd</span> values (3.4-3.9) and younger Nd model ages (1800-1740 Ma) and have lower K2O, Y, Rb, Ba, Th, REE, and Fe/Mg values than coeval rocks of the Caborca block. The Caborca block granitoids are likewise characterized by slightly less depleted <span>εNd</span> (0.6-2.6) and older Nd model ages (2070-1880 Ma). Despite the subtle differences, granitoids from both the Caborca and \"North America\" blocks exhibit island arc-like affinities. We propose that the Proterozoic basement rocks from the Quitovac region are an extension of the Proterozoic crustal provinces in the southwestern United States. Specifically, rocks of the Caborca block exhibit an affinity to rocks of either the Yavapai province or the Mojave-Yavapai transition zone, whereas rocks of the \"North America\" block have signatures similar to those of the Mazatzal province or possibly the Yavapai province of Arizona. The new isotopic ages and geochemical data do not support the existence of the Late Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear at Quitovac, as originally proposed. However, the Quitovac region accounts only for a small fraction of the Proterozoic basement in Sonora, so these findings do not eliminate the possibility of a megashear elsewhere in northern Sonora. Our new data create the possibility of alternative hypotheses for the distribution of Paleoproterozoic crustal provinces in southwestern North America that affect reconstructions of the original southwestern margin of Laurentia, and reduce uncertainties in the configuration, timing, and existence of the Proterozoic supercontinent, Rodinia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/B25138.1","usgsCitation":"Iriondo, A., Premo, W.R., Martinez-Torres, L.M., Budahn, J., Atkinson, W.W., Siems, D.F., and Guaras-Gonzalez, B., 2004, Isotopic, geochemical, and temporal characterization of Proterozoic basement rocks in the Quitovac region, northwestern Sonora, Mexico: Implications for the reconstruction of the southwestern margin of Laurentia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 154-170, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25138.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"170","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","city":"Quitovac","otherGeospatial":"Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.81448364257812,\n              31.21045241900757\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.45468139648438,\n              31.21045241900757\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.45468139648438,\n              31.624151855131153\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.81448364257812,\n              31.624151855131153\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.81448364257812,\n              31.21045241900757\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fc1e4b0c8380cd647bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iriondo, A.","contributorId":30823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iriondo","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martinez-Torres, Luis M.","contributorId":57678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martinez-Torres","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atkinson, William W. Jr.","contributorId":18801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Guaras-Gonzalez, B.","contributorId":51170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guaras-Gonzalez","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70027118,"text":"70027118 - 2004 - Oxidized sulfur-rich mafic magma at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-16T09:04:30","indexId":"70027118","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidized sulfur-rich mafic magma at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines","docAbstract":"<p>Basaltic fragments enclosed in andesitic dome lavas and pyroclastic flows erupted during the early stages of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, contain amphiboles that crystallized during the injection of mafic magma into a dacitic magma body. The amphiboles contain abundant melt inclusions, which recorded the mixing of andesitic melt in the mafic magma and rhyolitic melt in the dacitic magma. The least evolved melt inclusions have high sulfur contents (up to 1,700 ppm) mostly as SO42, which suggests an oxidized state of the magma (NNO + 1.4). The intrinsically oxidized nature of the mafic magma is confirmed by spinel-olivine oxygen barometry. The value is comparable to that of the dacitic magma (NNO + 1.6). Hence, models invoking mixing as a means of releasing sulfur from the melt are not applicable to Pinatubo. Instead, the oxidized state of the dacitic magma likely reflects that of parental mafic magma and the source region in the sub-arc mantle. Our results fit a model in which long-lived SO2 discharge from underplated mafic magma accumulated in the overlying dacitic magma and immiscible aqueous fluids. The fluids were the most likely source of sulfur that was released into the atmosphere during the cataclysmic eruption. The concurrence of highly oxidized basaltic magma and disproportionate sulfur output during the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption suggests that oxidized mafic melt is an efficient medium for transferring sulfur from the mantle to shallow crustal levels and the atmosphere. As it can carry large amounts of sulfur, effectively scavenge sulfides from the source mantle and discharge SO2 during ascent, oxidized mafic magma forms arc volcanoes with high sulfur fluxes, and potentially contributes to the formation of metallic sulfide deposits.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00410-003-0532-4","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"de Hoog, J., Hattori, K., and Hoblitt, R., 2004, Oxidized sulfur-rich mafic magma at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 146, no. 6, p. 750-761, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-003-0532-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"750","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209243,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-003-0532-4"}],"country":"Phillipines","otherGeospatial":"Mount Pinatubo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              120.24398803710939,\n              15.019074989409148\n            ],\n            [\n              120.48294067382812,\n              15.019074989409148\n            ],\n            [\n              120.48294067382812,\n              15.206012206147157\n            ],\n            [\n              120.24398803710939,\n              15.206012206147157\n            ],\n            [\n              120.24398803710939,\n              15.019074989409148\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"146","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7271e4b0c8380cd76ad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Hoog, J.C.M.","contributorId":25419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Hoog","given":"J.C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hattori, K.H.","contributorId":29615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattori","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027120,"text":"70027120 - 2004 - Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T16:41:09","indexId":"70027120","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rainbow trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>, 2 g) were exposed to 0−5 μM total copper in ion-poor water for 3 h in the presence or absence of 10 mg C/L of qualitatively different natural organic matter (NOM) derived from water spanning a large gradient in hydrologic residence time. Accumulation of Cu by trout gills was compared to Cu speciation determined by ion selective electrode (ISE) and by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) gel sampler technology. The presence of NOM decreased Cu uptake by trout gills as well as Cu concentrations determined by ISE and DGT. Furthermore, the source of NOM influenced Cu binding by trout gills with high-color, allochthonous NOM decreasing Cu accumulation by the gills more than low-color autochthonous NOM. The pattern of Cu binding to the NOM measured by Cu ISE and by Cu accumulation by DGT samplers was similar to the fish gill results. A simple Cu−gill binding model required an NOM Cu-binding factor (</span><i>F</i><span>) that depended on NOM quality to account for observed Cu accumulation by trout gills; values of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>F</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>varied by a factor of 2. Thus, NOM metal-binding quality, as well as NOM quantity, are both important when assessing the bioavailability of metals such as Cu to aquatic organisms.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es030566y","usgsCitation":"Luider, C., Crusius, J., Playle, R., and Curtis, P., 2004, Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 10, p. 2865-2872, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030566y.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2865","endPage":"2872","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b5ce4b0c8380cd6246d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luider, C.D.","contributorId":108298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luider","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Playle, R.C.","contributorId":98092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Playle","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtis, P.J.","contributorId":23737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027524,"text":"70027524 - 2004 - Delineation of tectonic provinces of New York state as a component of seismic-hazard evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70027524","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of tectonic provinces of New York state as a component of seismic-hazard evaluation","docAbstract":"Seismic-hazard evaluations in the eastern United States must be based on interpretations of the composition and form of Proterozoic basement-rock terranes and overlying Paleozoic strata, and on factors that can cause relative movements among their units, rather than Phanerozoic orogenic structures, which may be independent of modern tectonics. The tectonic-province concept is a major part of both probabilistic and deterministic seismic-hazard evaluations, yet those that have been proposed to date have not attempted to geographically correlate modern earthquakes with regional basement structure. Comparison of basement terrane (megablock) boundaries with the spatial pattern of modern seismicity may lead to the mechanically sound definition of tectonic provinces, and thus, better seismic-hazard evaluation capability than is currently available. Delineation of megablock boundaries will require research on the many factors that affect their structure and movement. This paper discusses and groups these factors into two broad categories-megablock tectonics in relation to seismicity and regional horizontal-compressive stresses, with megablock tectonics divided into subcategories of basement, overlying strata, regional lineaments, basement tectonic terranes, earthquake epicenter distribution, and epeirogeny, and compressive stresses divided into pop-ups and the contemporary maximum horizontal-compressive stress field. A list presenting four to nine proposed research topics for each of these categories is given at the end.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Fakundiny, R., 2004, Delineation of tectonic provinces of New York state as a component of seismic-hazard evaluation: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 142-173.","startPage":"142","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe73e4b0c8380cd4ed2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fakundiny, R.H.","contributorId":82493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fakundiny","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027773,"text":"70027773 - 2004 - Transient Analysis of the Source of Water to Wells: Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:20:20","indexId":"70027773","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient Analysis of the Source of Water to Wells: Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A transient flow modeling analysis for potential public-supply wells on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, demonstrates the difference between transient and steady-state recharge areas can have important implications for wellhead protection. An example of a single pumping well illustrates that commonly, used steady-state time-related capture areas do not represent the recharge area and travel times of water being pumped from the well until sufficient time has elapsed for steady-state flow conditions to be established. Until that time, transient recharge areas are needed to account for the portion of water discharging from the well that entered the aquifer before pumping started. An example of two pumping wells demonstrates the same area at the water table cannot supply water to more than one well under steady-state flow conditions. Transient recharge areas to multiple wells can overlap, however, until steady-state flow conditions are established. The same area can, therefore, be a source of water to more than one well during early pumping times, and the water pumped from a given well may derive from source areas, including contaminated areas, that do not lie within the well's steady-state recharge area.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02458.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Walter, D.A., and LeBlanc, D., 2004, Transient Analysis of the Source of Water to Wells: Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 1, p. 126-134, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02458.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02458.x"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.69427490234375,\n              41.509605687197975\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.69427490234375,\n              42.10943017110108\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.90463256835938,\n              42.10943017110108\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.90463256835938,\n              41.509605687197975\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.69427490234375,\n              41.509605687197975\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f6e4b08c986b326f7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":102516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":415155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027776,"text":"70027776 - 2004 - Comparison of USGS and DLR topographic models of Comet Borrelly and photometric applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-11T11:23:50","indexId":"70027776","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of USGS and DLR topographic models of Comet Borrelly and photometric applications","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stereo analysis of images obtained during the 2001 flyby of&nbsp;Comet&nbsp;Borrelly by NASA's&nbsp;Deep Space&nbsp;1 (DS1) probe allows us to quantify the shape and photometric behavior of the nucleus. The shape is complex, with planar&nbsp;facets&nbsp;corresponding to the dark, mottled regions of the surface whereas the bright, smooth regions are convexly curved. The photometric as well as textural differences between these regions can be explained in terms of topography (roughness) at and below the&nbsp;image resolution, without invoking significant variations in single-particle properties; the material on Borrelly's surface could be quite uniform. A statistical comparison of the digital elevation models (DEMs) produced from the three&nbsp;highest-resolution&nbsp;images independently at the USGS and DLR shows that their difference standard deviation is 120 m, consistent with a matching error of 0.20 pixel (similar to reported matching accuracies for many other stereo datasets). The DEMs also show some systematic differences attributable to manual versus automatic matching. Disk-resolved photometric modeling of the nucleus using the DEM shows that bright, smooth terrains on Borrelly are similar in&nbsp;roughness&nbsp;(Hapke roughness&nbsp;</span><i>θ</i><span>=20°) to C-type&nbsp;asteroid&nbsp;Mathilde but slightly brighter and more&nbsp;backscattering&nbsp;(single-scattering&nbsp;albedo&nbsp;</span><i>w</i><span>=0.056, Henyey–Greenstein phase parameter&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><span>=−0.32). The dark, mottled terrain is photometrically consistent with the same particles but with roughnesses as large as 60°. Intrinsically darker material is inconsistent with the phase behavior of these regions. Many local radiance variations are clearly related to topography, and others are consistent with a topographic explanation; one need not invoke albedo variations greater than a few tens of percent to explain the appearance of Borrelly.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.009","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., Howington-Kraus, E., Soderblom, L.A., Giese, B., and Oberst, J., 2004, Comparison of USGS and DLR topographic models of Comet Borrelly and photometric applications: Icarus, v. 167, no. 1, p. 54-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.009.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Comet Borrelly","volume":"167","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f849e4b0c8380cd4cfc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, Elpitha 0000-0001-5787-6554 ahowington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-6554","contributorId":2815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"Elpitha","email":"ahowington@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":415166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giese, Bernd","contributorId":211337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giese","given":"Bernd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oberst, Jurgen","contributorId":147983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oberst","given":"Jurgen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027785,"text":"70027785 - 2004 - Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027785","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India","docAbstract":"Shifts in world barite production since the 1980s have resulted in China becoming the world's largest barite-producing country followed by the US and India. Most barite produced for use in drilling fluids is derived from black shale- and chert-hosted, stratiform marine deposits. In China, Late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian marine barite deposits occur on the oceanic margins of the Yangtze platform, in the Qinling region in the north and the Jiangnan region in the south. Most US ore-grade deposits are in the Nevada barite belt; most commercial deposits occur in Ordovician and Devonian marine rocks along the western margin of the early Paleozoic North American continent. Production in India is predominantly from a single Middle Proterozoic deposit in a sedimentary basin located on Archean basement in Andrah Pradesh.The geologic and geochemical characteristics of the deposits are consistent with origins from a variety of sedimentary-exhalative processes, with biogenic processes contributing to the concentration of some seafloor barite. Linear distributions of clusters of lenticular deposits suggest a geographic relationship to syndepositional seafloor fault zones. Sulfur isotope data of the barite deposits range from values that are similar to coeval seawater sulfate to significantly higher ??34S values. Strontium isotope values of continental-margin-type deposits in Nevada and China are less radiogenic than those of cratonic-rift deposits (e.g. Meggen and Rammelsberg). Comparison of Lan/ Cen ratios of barite in the Qinling region of China with marine chert ratios suggests a relationship to hydrothermal fluids, whereas ratios from the Jiangnan region and Nevada can be interpreted as reflecting a biogenic influence.The California Borderland provides a potential modern analog where hydrothermal barium is being deposited on the seafloor in fault-block-bounded basins. Anoxic to dysaerobic conditions on some marine basin floors result from upwelling, nutrient-rich currents and high productivity in surface waters. In this setting, biogenic processes could contribute to the concentration of barium from hydrothermal sources. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ore Geology Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.H., Poole, F.G., and Wang, Z., 2004, Comparison of some sediment-hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 24, no. 1-2, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211250,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009"},{"id":238506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f890e4b0c8380cd4d1ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, S. H. B.","contributorId":95052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poole, F. G. 0000-0001-8487-0799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-0799","contributorId":104883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":415210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027791,"text":"70027791 - 2004 - Acute salt marsh dieback in the Mississippi River deltaic plain: A drought-induced phenomenon?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027791","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute salt marsh dieback in the Mississippi River deltaic plain: A drought-induced phenomenon?","docAbstract":"Aims Extensive dieback of salt marsh dominated by the perennial grass Spartina alterniflora occurred throughout the Mississippi River deltaic plain during 2000. More than 100,000 ha were affected, with 43,000 ha severely damaged. The aim of this work was to determine if sudden dieback could have been caused by a coincident drought and to assess the significance of this event with respect to long-term changes in coastal vegetation. Location Multiple dieback sites and reference sites were established along 150 km of shoreline in coastal Louisiana, USA. Methods Aerial and ground surveys were conducted from June 2000 to September 2001 to assess soil conditions and plant mortality and recovery. Results Dieback areas ranged in size from???300 m2-5 km2 in area with 50-100% mortality of plant shoots and rhizomes in affected zones. Co-occurring species such as Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Juncus roemerianus (needlegrass rush) were unaffected. Historical records indicate that precipitation, river discharge, and mean sea level were unusually low during the previous year. Although the cause of dieback is currently unknown, plant and soil characteristics were consistent with temporary soil desiccation that may have reduced water availability, increased soil salinity, and/or caused soil acidification (via pyrite oxidation) and increased uptake of toxic metals such as Fe or Al. Plant recovery 15 months after dieback was variable (0-58% live cover), but recovering plants were vigorous and indicated no longlasting effects of the dieback agent. Main conclusions These findings have relevance for global change models of coastal ecosystems that predict vegetation responses based primarily on long-term increases in sea level and submergence of marshes. Our results suggest that large-scale changes in coastal vegetation may occur over a relatively short time span through climatic extremes acting in concert with sea-level fluctuations and pre-existing soil conditions. ?? 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1466-882X.2004.00075.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"McKee, K., Mendelssohn, I., and Materne, M., 2004, Acute salt marsh dieback in the Mississippi River deltaic plain: A drought-induced phenomenon?: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 13, no. 1, p. 65-73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-882X.2004.00075.x.","startPage":"65","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478119,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-882x.2004.00075.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210918,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-882X.2004.00075.x"},{"id":237998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6d6e4b0c8380cd47671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendelssohn, I.A.","contributorId":24317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"I.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Materne, M.D.","contributorId":60432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Materne","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027121,"text":"70027121 - 2004 - Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70027121","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - A synthesis","docAbstract":"A synthesis of recent and previous studies of the Morrison Formation and related beds, in the context of a conceptual climatic/hydrologic framework, permits reconstruction of the Late Jurassic dinosaurian ecosystem throughout the Western Interior of the United States and Canada. Climate models and geologic evidence indicate that a dry climate persisted in the Western Interior during the Late Jurassic. Early and Middle Kimmeridgian eolian deposits and Late Kimmeridgian alkaline, saline wetland/lacustrine deposits demonstrate that dryness persisted throughout the Kimmeridgian. Tithonian-age coal reflects lower evaporation rates associated with a slight cooling trend, but not a significant climate change. With a subtropical high over the Paleo-Pacific Ocean and atmospheric circulation generally toward the east, moisture carried by prevailing winds \"rained out\" progressively eastward, leaving the continental interior-and the Morrison depositional basin-dry. Within the basin, high evaporation rates associated with the southerly paleolatitude and greenhouse effects added to the dryness. Consequently, the two main sources of water-groundwater and surface water-originated outside the basin, through recharge of regional aquifers and streams that originated in the western uplands. Precipitation that fell west of the basin recharged aquifers that underlay the basin and discharged in wetlands and lakes in the distal, low-lying part of the basin. Precipitation west of the basin also fed intermittent and scarce perennial streams that flowed eastward. The streams were probably \"losing\" streams in their upstream reaches, and contributed to a locally raised water table. Elsewhere in the basin, where the floodplain intersected the water table, small lakes dotted the landscape. Seasonal storms, perhaps in part from the Paleo-Gulf of Mexico, brought some precipitation directly to the basin, although it was also subjected to \"rain out\" en route. Thus, meteoric input to the basin was appreciably less than groundwater and surface water contributions. The terrestrial Morrison ecosystem, which can be likened to a savannah, expanded with the northward retreat of the Late Jurassic Western Interior Seaway. The ecosystem was a complex mosaic, the components of which shifted through time. Riparian environments probably were the most diverse parts of the ecosystem, where a multi-storeyed canopy supported a diverse fauna, from insects to dinosaurs. Equable conditions also existed in wetlands, lakes, and elsewhere on the floodplain when seasonal rainfall brought an herbaceous groundcover to life. Eolian environments and alkaline, saline wetlands were inhospitable to life.Large herbivorous dinosaurs were adapted to this semi-arid landscape. Their size was an adaptive asset based on considerations of food requirements associated with a low metabolism and was also an advantage for migration during drought. Some of the large sauropods were adapted to browsing the higher vegetation associated with riparian environments; others to grazing the herbaceous groundcover on the floodplain and charophytes in the wetlands. The extensive distal wetlands may, in fact, have been refugia for some of these herbivores during the dry season and droughts. Extended periods of drought account for some of the dinosaur death assemblages; yet, the ecosystem could also sustain the most unusual life forms that ever roamed the Earth. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Turner, C., and Peterson, F., 2004, Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem - A synthesis: Sedimentary Geology, v. 167, no. 3-4, p. 309-355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009.","startPage":"309","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478098,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14577/files/PAL_E1793.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009"},{"id":235591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a25fe4b0e8fec6cdb5a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, C.E.","contributorId":45463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.","contributorId":93623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027122,"text":"70027122 - 2004 - Marine-target craters on Mars? An assessment study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T17:00:28.55345","indexId":"70027122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine-target craters on Mars? An assessment study","docAbstract":"<p><span>Observations of impact craters on Earth show that a water column at the target strongly influences lithology and morphology of the resultant crater. The degree of influence varies with the target water depth and impactor diameter. Morphological features detectable in satellite imagery include a concentric shape with an inner crater inset within a shallower outer crater, which is cut by gullies excavated by the resurge of water. In this study, we show that if oceans, large seas, and lakes existed on Mars for periods of time, marine-target craters must have formed. We make an assessment of the minimum and maximum amounts of such craters based on published data on water depths, extent, and duration of putative oceans within “contacts 1 and 2,” cratering rate during the different oceanic phases, and computer modeling of minimum impactor diameters required to form long-lasting craters in the seafloor of the oceans. We also discuss the influence of erosion and sedimentation on the preservation and exposure of the craters. For an ocean within the smaller “contact 2” with a duration of 100,000 yr and the low present crater formation rate, only ˜1–2 detectable marine-target craters would have formed. In a maximum estimate with a duration of 0.8 Gyr, as many as 1400 craters may have formed. An ocean within the larger “contact 1-Meridiani,” with a duration of 100,000 yr, would not have received any seafloor craters despite the higher crater formation rate estimated before 3.5 Gyr. On the other hand, with a maximum duration of 0.8 Gyr, about 160 seafloor craters may have formed. However, terrestrial examples show that most marine-target craters may be covered by thick sediments. Ground penetrating radar surveys planned for the ESA Mars Express and NASA 2005 missions may reveal buried craters, though it is uncertain if the resolution will allow the detection of diagnostic features of marine-target craters. The implications regarding the discovery of marine-target craters on Mars is not without significance, as such discoveries would help address the ongoing debate of whether large water bodies occupied the northern plains of Mars and would help constrain future paleoclimatic reconstructions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00344.x","usgsCitation":"Ormo, J., Dohm, J.M., Ferris, J., Lepinette, A., and Fairen, A., 2004, Marine-target craters on Mars? An assessment study: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 39, no. 2, p. 333-346, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00344.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00344.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51f4e4b0c8380cd6c05c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ormo, J.","contributorId":55626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ormo","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferris, J.C.","contributorId":13731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lepinette, A.","contributorId":6642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lepinette","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fairen, A.G.","contributorId":25335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027123,"text":"70027123 - 2004 - Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-12T11:42:23.731087","indexId":"70027123","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"During the MW 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, peak ground velocities recorded at sites in the central San Bernardino basin region were up to 2 times larger and had significantly longer durations of strong shaking than sites just outside the basin. To better understand the effects of 3D structure on the long-period ground-motion response in this region, we have performed finite-difference simulations for this earthquake. The simulations are numerically accurate for periods of 2 sec and longer and incorporate the detailed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of source rupture, as well as complex 3D basin structure. Here, we analyze three models of the San Bernardino basin: model A (with structural constraints from gravity and seismic reflection data), model F (water well and seismic refraction data), and the Southern California Earthquake Center version 3 model (hydrologic and seismic refraction data). Models A and F are characterized by a gradual increase in sediment thickness toward the south with an abrupt step-up in the basement surface across the San Jacinto fault. The basin structure in the SCEC version 3 model has a nearly uniform sediment thickness of 1 km with little basement topography along the San Jacinto fault. In models A and F, we impose a layered velocity structure within the sediments based on the seismic refraction data and an assumed depth-dependent Vp/Vs ratio. Sediment velocities within the SCEC version 3 model are given by a smoothly varying rule-based function that is calibrated to the seismic refraction measurements. Due to computational limitations, the minimum shear-wave velocity is fixed at 600 m/sec in all of the models. Ground-motion simulations for both models A and F provide a reasonably good match to the amplitude and waveform characteristics of the recorded motions. In these models, surface waves are generated as energy enters the basin through the gradually sloping northern margin. Due to the basement step along the San Jacinto fault, the surface wave energy is confined to the region north of this structure, consistent with the observations. The SCEC version 3 model, lacking the basin geometry complexity present in the other two models, fails to provide a satisfactory match to the characteristics of the observed motions. Our study demonstrates the importance of using detailed and accurate basin geometry for predicting ground motions and also highlights the utility of integrating geological, geophysical, and seismological observations in the development and validation of 3D velocity models.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030025","usgsCitation":"Graves, R., and Wald, D., 2004, Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 131-146, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.333984375,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.47753906249999,\n              33.687781758439364\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2138671875,\n              34.27083595165\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.5654296875,\n              34.77771580360469\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.3564453125,\n              35.639441068973944\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6748046875,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.333984375,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ae9e4b0c8380cd743fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026985,"text":"70026985 - 2004 - Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026985","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake","docAbstract":"According to some compilations, the Laguna Salada, Baja California, earthquake of 23 February 1892 ranks among the largest earthquakes in California and Baja California in historic times. Although surface rupture was not documented at the time of the earthquake, recent geologic investigations have identified and mapped a rupture on the Laguna Salada fault that can be associated with high probability with the 1892 event (Mueller and Rockwell, 1995). The only intensity-based magnitude estimate for the earthquake, M 7.8, was made by Strand (1980) based on an interpretation of macroseismic effects and a comparison of isoseismal areas with those from instrumentally recorded earthquakes. In this study we reinterpret original accounts of the Laguna Salada earthquake. We assign modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) values in keeping with current practice, focusing on objective descriptions of damage rather than subjective human response and not assigning MMI values to effects that are now known to be poor indicators of shaking level, such as liquefaction and rockfalls. The reinterpreted isoseismal contours and the estimated magnitude are both significantly smaller than those obtained earlier. Using the method of Bakun and Wentworth (1997) we obtain a magnitude estimate of M 7.2 and an optimal epicenter less than 15 km from the center of the mapped Laguna Salada rupture. The isoseismal contours are elongated toward the northwest, which is qualitatively consistent with a directivity effect, assuming that the fault ruptured from southeast to northwest. We suggest that the elongation may also thus reflect wave propagation effects, with more efficient propagation of crustal surface (Lg) waves in the direction of the overall regional tectonic fabric.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/012003244","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Elliot, A., 2004, Revisiting the 23 February 1892 Laguna Salada earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 4, p. 1571-1578, https://doi.org/10.1785/012003244.","startPage":"1571","endPage":"1578","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478241,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235799","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/012003244"},{"id":235547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad2be4b0c8380cd86e48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliot, A.","contributorId":38339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027792,"text":"70027792 - 2004 - A unique approach to estimating lateral anisotropy in complex geohydrologic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T22:28:09.904333","indexId":"70027792","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2339,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A unique approach to estimating lateral anisotropy in complex geohydrologic environments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Aquifers in fractured rock or karstic settings are likely to have anisotropic transmissivity distributions. Aquifer tests that are performed in these settings also are frequently affected by leakage from adjacent confining units. Finite-difference models such as MODFLOW are convenient tools for estimating the hydraulic characteristics of the stressed aquifer and adjacent confining units but are poor tools for the estimation of lateral anisotropy. This limitation of finite-difference methods can be overcome by application of the spin method, a technique whereby the positions of the observation wells are rotated about the production well to estimate anisotropy and orientation. Formal parameter estimation is necessary to analyze aquifer tests because of the number of parameters that are estimated. As a test, transmissivity, anisotropy, and orientation were successfully estimated for a simple hypothetical problem with known properties. The technique also was applied to estimate hydraulic properties of the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo (SL/BM) aquifer and a leaky confining unit beneath Charleston, South Carolina. A 9-day aquifer test with an average discharge of 6441/min was analyzed numerically. Drawdowns in the SL/BM aquifer and confining unit were simulated with a 12-layer MODFLOW model that was discretized into 81 rows of 81 columns. Simulated drawdowns at seven observation wells that ranged from 23 to 2700 m from the production well were matched to measured drawdowns. Transmissivity estimated along the minor axis ranged from 10 to 15 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>/day and along the major axis ranged from 80 to 10Om</span><sub>2</sub><span>/day. The major axis of transmissivity was oriented along compass heading 116° (degrees clockwise from north), which agrees with geologic interpretations. Vertical hydraulic conductivity and specific storage estimates for the overlying confining unit were 4 x 10</span><sup>-5</sup><span>&nbsp;m/day and 2 x 10</span><sup>-4</sup><span>&nbsp;1/m, respectively.</span></p>","language":"French, English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00221680409500050","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., and Campbell, B., 2004, A unique approach to estimating lateral anisotropy in complex geohydrologic environments: Journal of Hydraulic Research, v. 42, no. Sup. 1, p. 77-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680409500050.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"81","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238035,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.1397705078125,\n              32.731840896865684\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.7882080078125,\n              32.731840896865684\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.7882080078125,\n              32.88420028540548\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.1397705078125,\n              32.88420028540548\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.1397705078125,\n              32.731840896865684\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"Sup. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e60ce4b0c8380cd4711f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, B.","contributorId":65279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027798,"text":"70027798 - 2004 - Late Quaternary stratigraphy and geochronology of the western Killpecker Dunes, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027798","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary stratigraphy and geochronology of the western Killpecker Dunes, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"New stratigraphic and geochronologic data from the Killpecker Dunes in southwestern Wyoming facilitate a more precise understanding of the dune field's history. Prior investigations suggested that evidence for late Pleistocene eolian activity in the dune field was lacking. However, luminescence ages from eolian sand of ???15,000 yr, as well as Folsom (12,950-11,950 cal yr B.P.) and Agate Basin (12,600-10,700 cal yr) artifacts overlying eolian sand, indicate the dune field existed at least during the latest Pleistocene, with initial eolian sedimentation probably occurring under a dry periglacial climate. The period between ???13,000 and 8900 cal yr B.P. was characterized by relatively slow eolian sedimentation concomitant with soil formation. Erosion occurred between ???8182 and 6600 cal yr B.P. on the upwind region of the dune field, followed by relative stability and soil formation between ???5900 and 2700 cal yr B.P. The first of at least two latest Holocene episodes of eolian sedimentation occurred between ???2000 and 1500 yr, followed by a brief (???500 yr) episode of soil formation; a second episode of sedimentation, occurring by at least ???700 yr, may coincide with a hypothesized Medieval warm period. Recent stabilization of the western Killpecker Dunes likely occurred during the Little Ice Age (???350-100 yr B.P.). The eolian chronology of the western Killpecker Dunes correlates reasonably well with those of other major dune fields in the Wyoming Basin, suggesting that dune field reactivation resulted primarily due to departures toward aridity during the late Quaternary. Similar to dune fields on the central Great Plains, dune fields in the Wyoming Basin have been active under a periglacial climate during the late Pleistocene, as well as under near-modern conditions during the latest Holocene. ?? 2003 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2003.10.003","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Mayer, J.H., and Mahan, S., 2004, Late Quaternary stratigraphy and geochronology of the western Killpecker Dunes, Wyoming, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 61, no. 1, p. 72-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.10.003.","startPage":"72","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210985,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.10.003"},{"id":238108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4537e4b0c8380cd67129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, J. H.","contributorId":59619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahan, S. A. 0000-0001-5214-7774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":94333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027801,"text":"70027801 - 2004 - A Complex Systems Model Approach to Quantified Mineral Resource Appraisal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70027801","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Complex Systems Model Approach to Quantified Mineral Resource Appraisal","docAbstract":"For federal and state land management agencies, mineral resource appraisal has evolved from value-based to outcome-based procedures wherein the consequences of resource development are compared with those of other management options. Complex systems modeling is proposed as a general framework in which to build models that can evaluate outcomes. Three frequently used methods of mineral resource appraisal (subjective probabilistic estimates, weights of evidence modeling, and fuzzy logic modeling) are discussed to obtain insight into methods of incorporating complexity into mineral resource appraisal models. Fuzzy logic and weights of evidence are most easily utilized in complex systems models. A fundamental product of new appraisals is the production of reusable, accessible databases and methodologies so that appraisals can easily be repeated with new or refined data. The data are representations of complex systems and must be so regarded if all of their information content is to be utilized. The proposed generalized model framework is applicable to mineral assessment and other geoscience problems. We begin with a (fuzzy) cognitive map using (+1,0,-1) values for the links and evaluate the map for various scenarios to obtain a ranking of the importance of various links. Fieldwork and modeling studies identify important links and help identify unanticipated links. Next, the links are given membership functions in accordance with the data. Finally, processes are associated with the links; ideally, the controlling physical and chemical events and equations are found for each link. After calibration and testing, this complex systems model is used for predictions under various scenarios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-2835-7","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., Bultman, M., and Fisher, F., 2004, A Complex Systems Model Approach to Quantified Mineral Resource Appraisal: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. 1, p. 87-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-2835-7.","startPage":"87","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211031,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-2835-7"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d3e4b0c8380cd45c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bultman, M.W.","contributorId":107306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, F. S.","contributorId":36149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"F. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027128,"text":"70027128 - 2004 - Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:01:59","indexId":"70027128","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake","docAbstract":"Polar dissolved organic matter (DOM) was isolated from a surface-water sample from the Great Salt Lake by separating it from colloidal organic matter by membrane dialysis, from less-polar DOM fractions by resin sorbents, and from inorganic salts by a combination of sodium cation exchange followed by precipitation of sodium salts by acetic acid during evaporative concentration. Polar DOM was the most abundant DOM fraction, accounting for 56% of the isolated DOM. Colloidal organic matter was 14C-age dated to be about 100% modern carbon and all of the DOM fractions were 14C-age dated to be between 94 and 95% modern carbon. Average structural models of each DOM fraction were derived that incorporated quantitative elemental and infrared, 13C-NMR, and electrospray/mass spectrometric data. The polar DOM model consisted of open-chain N-acetyl hydroxy carboxylic acids likely derived from N-acetyl heteropolysaccharides that constituted the colloidal organic matter. The less polar DOM fraction models consisted of aliphatic alicyclic ring structures substituted with carboxyl, hydroxyl, ether, ester, and methyl groups. These ring structures had characteristics similar to terpenoid precursors. All DOM fractions in the Great Salt Lake are derived from algae and bacteria that dominate DOM inputs in this lake.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031044.16410.27","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Noyes, T., Rostad, C., and Davisson, M., 2004, Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake: Biogeochemistry, v. 69, no. 1, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031044.16410.27.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208984,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031044.16410.27"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4b0e4b0c8380cd4be6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davisson, M.L.","contributorId":62277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027130,"text":"70027130 - 2004 - Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027130","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland","docAbstract":"Margin-parallel shortening of the Cascadia forearc is a consequence of oblique subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America. Strike-slip, thrust, and oblique crustal faults beneath the densely populated Puget Lowland accommodate much of this north-south compression, resulting in large crustal earthquakes. To better understand this forearc deformation and improve earthquake hazard, assessment, we here use seismic reflection surveys, coastal exposures of Pleistocene strata, potential-field data, and airborne laser swath mapping to document and interpret a significant structural boundary near the City of Tacoma. This boundary is a complex structural zone characterized by two distinct segments. The northwest trending, eastern segment, extending from Tacoma to Carr Inlet, is formed by the broad (??? 11.5 km), southwest dipping (??? 11??-2??) Rosedale monocline. This monocline raises Crescent Formation basement about 2.5 km, resulting in a moderate gravity gradient. We interpret the Rosedale monocline as a fault-bend fold, forming above a deep thrust fault. Within the Rosedale monocline, inferred Quaternary strata thin northward and form a growth triangle that is 4.1 to 6.6 km wide at its base, suggesting ??? 2-3 mm/yr of slip on the underlying thrust. The western section of the >40-km-long, north dipping Tacoma fault, extending from Hood Canal to Carr Inlet, forms the western segment of the Tacoma basin margin. Structural relief on this portion of the basin margin may be several kilometers, resulting in steep gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies. Quaternary structural relief along the Tacoma fault is as much as 350-400 m, indicating a minimum slip rate of about 0.2 mm/yr. The inferred eastern section of the Tacoma fault (east of Carr Inlet) crosses the southern part of the Seattle uplift, has variable geometry along strike, and diminished structural relief. The Tacoma fault is regarded as a north dipping backthrust to the Seattle fault, so that slip on a master thrust fault at depth could result in movement on the Seattle fault, the Tacoma fault, or both.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003TC001507","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Blakely, R., Stephenson, W.J., Dadisman, S.V., and Fisher, M.A., 2004, Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland: Tectonics, v. 23, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001507.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478133,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003tc001507","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209003,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001507"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ace4b0c8380cd4759e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dadisman, S. V.","contributorId":98735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"S.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027132,"text":"70027132 - 2004 - Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T09:59:13","indexId":"70027132","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>Citlalt&eacute;petl volcano is the easternmost stratovolcano in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Situated within 110&nbsp;km of Veracruz, it has experienced two major collapse events and, subsequent to its last collapse, rebuilt a massive, symmetrical summit cone. To enhance hazard mitigation efforts we assess the stability of Citlalt&eacute;petl's summit cone, the area thought most likely to fail during a potential massive collapse event. Through geologic mapping, alteration mineralogy, geotechnical studies, and stability modeling we provide important constraints on the likelihood, location, and size of a potential collapse event. The volcano's summit cone is young, highly fractured, and hydrothermally altered. Fractures are most abundant within 5&ndash;20-m wide zones defined by multiple parallel to subparallel fractures. Alteration is most pervasive within the fracture systems and includes acid sulfate, advanced argillic, argillic, and silicification ranks. Fractured and altered rocks both have significantly reduced rock strengths, representing likely bounding surfaces for future collapse events. The fracture systems and altered rock masses occur non-uniformly, as an orthogonal set with N&ndash;S and E&ndash;W trends. Because these surfaces occur non-uniformly, hazards associated with collapse are unevenly distributed about the volcano. Depending on uncertainties in bounding surfaces, but constrained by detailed field studies, potential failure volumes are estimated to range between 0.04&ndash;0.5&nbsp;km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup>. Stability modeling was used to assess potential edifice failure events. Modeled failure of the outer portion of the cone initially occurs as an \"intact block\" bounded by steeply dipping joints and outwardly dipping flow contacts. As collapse progresses, more of the inner cone fails and the outer \"intact\" block transforms into a collection of smaller blocks. Eventually, a steep face develops in the uppermost and central portion of the cone. This modeled failure morphology mimics collapse amphitheaters</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., Watters, R., Firth, I., Breit, G.N., and Carrasco-Nunez, G., 2004, Stratovolcano stability assessment methods and results from Citlaltepetl, Mexico: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 66-79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"79","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209004,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0296-8"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a59e4b08c986b31c8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watters, R.J.","contributorId":40778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Firth, I.R.","contributorId":97684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firth","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carrasco-Nunez, Gerardo","contributorId":44714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco-Nunez","given":"Gerardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027136,"text":"70027136 - 2004 - The Hurricane-flood-landslide continuum-forecasting Hurricane effects at landfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027136","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The Hurricane-flood-landslide continuum-forecasting Hurricane effects at landfall","docAbstract":"The integration of remote-sensing and in-situ observations, and assimilation of these observations into high-resolution mesoscale models was described. It was observed that the greatest loss of life and property is the direct result of the storm because of the high winds and heavy rain. The research were conducted to develop a warning system that included satellite observations to track dangerous level of precipitation and hurricane. The focus of the continuum project was to improve the ability to predict the evolution of the Earth system.","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","conferenceTitle":"Combined Preprints: 84th American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"11 January 2004 through 15 January 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA.","language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Negri, A.J., Golden, J.H., and Updike, R.G., 2004, The Hurricane-flood-landslide continuum-forecasting Hurricane effects at landfall, <i>in</i> Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Seattle, WA., 11 January 2004 through 15 January 2004, p. 6275-6281.","startPage":"6275","endPage":"6281","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba77be4b08c986b3215ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Negri, A. J.","contributorId":59598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Negri","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golden, J. H.","contributorId":30796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Updike, R. G.","contributorId":18387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027137,"text":"70027137 - 2004 - Water table fluctuations near an incised stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027137","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water table fluctuations near an incised stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa","docAbstract":"Incised channels are common features in many agricultural watersheds, but the effects of channel incision on riparian water table conditions have been poorly documented. In this study, we evaluate the water table fluctuations in the floodplain near an incised stream (Walnut Creek, Iowa) and investigate the roles that channel incision and variable recharge play in modifying the water table configuration in the floodplain. Groundwater flows from higher landscape positions towards Walnut Creek under hydraulic gradients that were steepest near the upland/floodplain contact and in the near-stream riparian zone. Annually, water table fluctuations on the floodplain were greatest in wells located 30 m from the creek, midway between the creek and upland. Water levels monitored continuously during a runoff event indicated that bank storage was confined to a narrow zone adjacent to the channel. A steady-state, one-dimensional analytical model was developed to describe the shape of the water table surface near an incised stream and evaluate how variable groundwater recharge and channel bed lowering has affected the shape of the water table surface. Results from this study have implications for managing the riparian buffers of incised streams with successful establishment dependent upon matching buffer vegetation to riparian water table conditions. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Zhang, Y., and Drobney, P., 2004, Water table fluctuations near an incised stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa: Journal of Hydrology, v. 286, no. 1-4, p. 236-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.017.","startPage":"236","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209072,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.017"},{"id":235263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcc8ae4b08c986b32dbd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobney, P.","contributorId":13421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobney","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027149,"text":"70027149 - 2004 - Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T13:16:00","indexId":"70027149","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Most large native carnivores have experienced range contractions due to conflicts with humans, although neither rates of spatial collapse nor expansion have been well characterised. In North America, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) once ranged from Mexico northward to Alaska, however its range in the continental USA has been reduced by 95-98%. Under the U. S. Endangered Species Act, the Yellowstone grizzly bear population has re-colonised habitats outside Yellowstone National Park. We analysed historical and current records, including data on radio-collared bears, (1) to evaluate changes in grizzly bear distribution in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) over a 100-year period, (2) to utilise historical rates of re-colonisation to project future expansion trends and (3) to evaluate the reality of future expansion based on human limitations and land use. Analysis of distribution in 20-year increments reflects range reduction from south to north (1900-1940) and expansion to the south (1940-2000). Expansion was exponential and the area occupied by grizzly bears doubled approximately every 20 years. A complementary analysis of bear occurrence in Grand Teton National Park also suggests an unprecedented period of rapid expansion during the last 20-30 years. The grizzly bear population currently has re-occupied about 50% of the southern GYE. Based on assumptions of continued protection and ecological stasis, our model suggests total occupancy in 25 years. Alternatively, extrapolation of linear expansion rates from the period prior to protection suggests total occupancy could take &gt; 100 years. Analyses of historical trends can be useful as a restoration tool because they enable a framework and timeline to be constructed to pre-emptively address the social challenges affecting future carnivore recovery. ?? 2004 The Zoological Society of London.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","publisherLocation":"United Kingdom","doi":"10.1017/S1367943003001203","issn":"13679430","usgsCitation":"Pyare, S., Cain, S., Moody, D., Schwartz, C., and Berger, J., 2004, Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem: Animal Conservation, v. 7, no. 1, p. 71-77, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943003001203.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science 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J.","contributorId":103010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027151,"text":"70027151 - 2004 - Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027151","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Ground-water chemistry and water levels at three levels in a well nest were monitored biweekly for two and a half years in a shallow unconfined floodplain aquifer in order to study the dynamics of such shallow aquifers. The aquifer, in northeastern Kansas, consists of high porosity, low hydraulic conductivity fine-grained sediments dominated by silt and bounded by fractured limestone and shale bedrock. Results show that the aquifer underwent chemical stratification followed by homogenization three times during the study period. The length of time between maximum stratification and complete homogenization was 3-5 months. The chemical parameters most useful for demonstrating the mixing trends were dissolved nitrate and sulfate. Higher nitrate concentrations were typical of unsaturated zone water and were sourced from fertilizer applied to the cultivated fields on the floodplain. Variations in sulfate concentrations are attributed to dissolution of rare gypsum in limestone bedrock and variable evapoconcentration in the unsaturated zone. The mixing of three chemically different waters (entrained, unsaturated-zone water; water entering the base of the floodplain aquifer; and water in residence before each mixing event) was simulated. The resident water component for each mixing event was a fixed composition based on measured water chemistry in the intermediate part of the aquifer. The entrained water composition was calculated using a measured composition of the shallow part of the aquifer and measurements of soil-water content in the unsaturated zone. The incoming basal water composition and the fractions of each mixing component were fitted to match the measured chemistry at the three levels in the aquifer. A conceptual model for this site explains: (1) rapid water-level rises, (2) water-chemistry changes at all levels in the aquifer coincident with the water-level rises, (3) low measured hydraulic conductivity of the valley fill and apparent lack of preferential flow pathways, (4) minuscule amounts of unsaturated-zone recharge, and (5) dissolved oxygen peaks in the saturated zone lagging water-level peaks. We postulate that rainfall enters fractures in bedrock adjacent to the floodplain. This recharge water moves rapidly through the fractured bedrock into the base of the floodplain aquifer. The recharge event through the bedrock causes a rapid rise in water level in the floodplain aquifer, and the chemistry of the deepest water in the floodplain aquifer changes at that time. The rising water also entrains slow-moving, nitrate-rich, unsaturated-zone water, altering the chemistry of water in the shallow part of the aquifer. Vertical chemical stratification in the aquifer is thus created by the change in water chemistry in the upper and lower parts of the saturated zone. As the water level begins to decline, the aquifer undergoes mixing that eventually results in homogeneous water chemistry. The rise in water level from the recharge event also displaces gas from the unsaturated zone that is then replaced as the water level declines following the recharge event. This new, oxygen-rich vadose-zone air equilibrates rapidly with saturated-zone water, resulting in a dissolved oxygen pulse in the ground water that peaks one-half to 2 months after the water-level peak. This oxygen pulse subsequently declines over a period of 2-6 months. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Macpherson, G., and Sophocleous, M., 2004, Fast ground-water mixing and basal recharge in an unconfined, alluvial aquifer, Konza LTER Site, Northeastern Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 286, no. 1-4, p. 271-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016.","startPage":"271","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209227,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.016"},{"id":235486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0efde4b0c8380cd536e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macpherson, G.L.","contributorId":31181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macpherson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027154,"text":"70027154 - 2004 - Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:06:43","indexId":"70027154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"Assessing the quantity of U(VI) that participates in sorption/desorption processes in a contaminated aquifer is an important task when investigating U migration behavior. U-contaminated aquifer sediments were obtained from 16 different locations at a former U mill tailings site at Naturita, CO (U.S.A.) and were extracted with an artificial groundwater, a high pH sodium bicarbonate solution, hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, and concentrated nitric acid. With an isotopic exchange method, both a KD value for the specific experimental conditions as well as the total exchangeable mass of U(VI) was determined. Except for one sample, KD values determined by isotopic exchange with U-contaminated sediments that were in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 agreed within a factor of 2 with KD values predicted from a nonelectrostatic surface complexation model (NEM) developed from U(VI) adsorption experiments with uncontaminated sediments. The labile fraction of U(VI) and U extracted by the bicarbonate solution were highly correlated (r2 = 0.997), with a slope of 0.96 ?? 0.01. The proximity of the slope to one suggests that both methods likely access the same reservoir of U(VI) associated with the sediments. The results indicate that the bicarbonate extraction method is useful for estimating the mass of labile U(VI) in sediments that do not contain U(IV). In-situ KD values calculated from the measured labile U(VI) and the dissolved U(VI) in the Naturita alluvial aquifer agreed within a factor of 3 with in-situ K D values predicted with the NEM and groundwater chemistry at each well.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es0341236","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kohler, M., Curtis, G., Meece, D., and Davis, J., 2004, Methods for estimating adsorbed uranium(VI) and distribution coefficients of contaminated sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 240-247, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0341236.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209272,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0341236"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a558ae4b0c8380cd6d228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohler, M.","contributorId":32694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtis, G.P.","contributorId":65619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meece, D.E.","contributorId":107893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meece","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}