The objective of this paper is to review research conducted over the past decade on the application of multi-temporal remote sensing for monitoring changes of Arctic tundra lands. Emphasis is placed on results from the National Science Foundation Land–Air–Ice Interactions (LAII) program and on optical remote sensing techniques. Case studies demonstrate that ground-level sensors on stationary or moving track platforms and wide-swath imaging sensors on polar orbiting satellites are particularly useful for capturing optical remote sensing data at sufficient frequency to study tundra vegetation dynamics and changes for the cloud prone Arctic. Less frequent imaging with high spatial resolution instruments on aircraft and lower orbiting satellites enable more detailed analyses of land cover change and calibration/validation of coarser resolution observations.
The strongest signals of ecosystem change detected thus far appear to correspond to expansion of tundra shrubs and changes in the amount and extent of thaw lakes and ponds. Changes in shrub cover and extent have been documented by modern repeat imaging that matches archived historical aerial photography. NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) time series provide a 20-year record for determining changes in greenness that relates to photosynthetic activity, net primary production, and growing season length. The strong contrast between land materials and surface waters enables changes in lake and pond extent to be readily measured and monitored.
Accurate estimates of drug concentrations in hatchery effluent are critical to assess the environmental risk of hatchery drug discharge resulting from disease treatment. This study validated two dilution simple n models to estimate chloramine-T environmental introduction concentrations by comparing measured and predicted chloramine-T concentrations using the US Geological Survey's Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center aquaculture facility effluent as an example. The hydraulic characteristics of our treated raceway and effluent and the accuracy of our water flow rate measurements were confirmed with the marker dye rhodamine WT. We also used the rhodamine WT data to develop dilution models that would (1) estimate the chloramine-T concentration at a given time and location in the effluent system and (2) estimate the average chloramine-T concentration at a given location over the entire discharge period. To test our models, we predicted the chloramine-T concentration at two sample points based on effluent flow and the maintenance of chloramine-T at 20 mg/l for 60 min in the same raceway used with rhodamine WT. The effluent sample points selected (sample points A and B) represented 47 and 100% of the total effluent flow, respectively. Sample point B is-analogous to the discharge of a hatchery that does not have a detention lagoon, i.e. The sample site was downstream of the last dilution water addition following treatment. We then applied four chloramine-T flow-through treatments at 20mg/l for 60 min and measured the chloramine-T concentration in water samples collected every 15 min for about 180 min from the treated raceway and sample points A and B during and after application. The predicted chloramine-T concentration at each sampling interval was similar to the measured chloramine-T concentration at sample points A and B and was generally bounded by the measured 90% confidence intervals. The predicted aver,age chloramine-T concentrations at sample points A or B (2.8 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the average measured chloramine-T concentrations (2.7 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively). The close agreement between our predicted and measured chloramine-T concentrations indicate either of the dilution models could be used to adequately predict the chloramine-T environmental introduction concentration in Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center effluent.
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2003.11.001","usgsCitation":"Gaikowski, M., Larson, W., Steuer, J.J., and Gingerich, W., 2004, Validation of two dilution models to predict chloramine-T concentrations in aquaculture facility effluent: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 30, no. 3-4, p. 127-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2003.11.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaikowski, M.P. 0000-0002-6507-9341","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":51685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, W.J.","contributorId":83489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026950,"text":"70026950 - 2004 - Multivariate control of plant species richness and community biomass in blackland prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026950","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate control of plant species richness and community biomass in blackland prairie","docAbstract":"Recent studies have shown that patterns of plant species richness and community biomass are best understood in a multivariate context. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a multivariate hypothesis about how herbaceous biomass and richness relate to gradients in soil conditions and woody plant cover in blackland prairies. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate how soil characteristics and shade by scattered Juniperus virginiana trees relate to standing biomass and species richness in 99 0.25 m2 quadrats collected in eastern Mississippi, USA. Analysis proceeded in two stages. In the first stage, we evaluated the hypothesis that correlations among soil parameters could be represented by two underlying (latent) soil factors, mineral content and organic content. In the second stage, we evaluated the hypothesis that richness and biomass were related to (1) soil properties, (2) tree canopy extent, and (3) each other (i.e. reciprocal effects between richness and biomass). With some modification to the details of the original model, it was found that soil properties could be represented as two latent variables. In the overall model, 51% and 53% of the observed variation in richness and biomass were explained. The order of importance for variables explaining variations in richness was (1) soil organic content, (2) soil mineral content, (3) community biomass, and (4) tree canopy extent. The order of importance for variables explaining biomass was (1) tree canopy and (2) soil organic content, with neither soil mineral content nor species richness explaining significant variation in biomass. Based on these findings, we conclude that variations in richness are uniquely related to both variations in soil conditions and variations in herbaceous biomass. We further conclude that there is no evidence in these data for effects of species richness on biomass.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oikos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12545.x","issn":"00301299","usgsCitation":"Weiher, E., Forbes, S., Schauwecker, T., and Grace, J., 2004, Multivariate control of plant species richness and community biomass in blackland prairie: Oikos, v. 106, no. 1, p. 151-157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12545.x.","startPage":"151","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209313,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12545.x"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60b9e4b0c8380cd71644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiher, E.","contributorId":18155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiher","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forbes, S.","contributorId":80056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schauwecker, T.","contributorId":91285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schauwecker","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026946,"text":"70026946 - 2004 - Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T15:42:40.236072","indexId":"70026946","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes","docAbstract":"We present results from the tomographic analysis of seismic data from the Parkfield area using three different inversion codes. The models provide a consistent view of the complex velocity structure in the vicinity of the San Andreas, including a sharp velocity contrast across the fault. We use the inversion results to assess our confidence in the absolute location accuracy of a potential target earthquake. We derive two types of accuracy estimates, one based on a consideration of the location differences from the three inversion methods, and the other based on the absolute location accuracy of “virtual earthquakes.” Location differences are on the order of 100–200 m horizontally and up to 500 m vertically. Bounds on the absolute location errors based on the “virtual earthquake” relocations are ∼50 m horizontally and vertically. The average of our locations places the target event epicenter within about 100 m of the SAF surface trace.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL019398","usgsCitation":"Thurber, C., Roecker, S., Zhang, H., Baher, S., and Ellsworth, W., 2004, Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 12, L12S02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019398.","productDescription":"L12S02, 4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019398","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 35.337533782800946\n ],\n [\n -119.38568115234374,\n 35.337533782800946\n ],\n [\n -119.38568115234374,\n 36.26531407324164\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 36.26531407324164\n ],\n [\n -120.6353759765625,\n 35.337533782800946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1028e4b0c8380cd53b5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roecker, S.","contributorId":10173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baher, S.","contributorId":36710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baher","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.","contributorId":59967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026922,"text":"70026922 - 2004 - Paleogeodetic records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026922","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogeodetic records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia","docAbstract":"We utilize coral microatolls in western Sumatra to document vertical deformation associated with subduction. Microatolls are very sensitive to fluctuations in sea level and thus act as natural tide gauges. They record not only the magnitude of vertical deformation associated with earthquakes (paleoseismic data), but also continuously track the long-term aseismic deformation that occurs during the intervals between earthquakes (paleogeodetic data). This paper focuses on the twentieth century paleogeodetic history of the equatorial region. Our coral paleogeodetic record of the 1935 event reveals a classical example of deformations produced by seismic rupture of a shallow subduction interface. The site closest to the trench rose 90 cm, whereas sites further east sank by as much as 35 cm. Our model reproduces these paleogeodetic data with a 2.3 m slip event on the interface 88 to 125 km from the trench axis. Our coral paleogeodetic data reveal slow submergence during the decades before and after the event in the areas of coseismic emergence. Likewise, interseismic emergence occurred before and after the 1935 event in areas of coseismic submergence. Among the interesting phenomenon we have discovered in the coral record is evidence of a large aseismic slip or \"silent even\" in 1962, 27 years after the 1935 event. Paleogeodetic deformation rates in the decades before, after, and between the 1935 and 1962 events have varied both temporally and spatially. During the 25 years following the 1935 event, submergence rates were dramatically greater than in prior decades. During the past four decades, however, rates have been lower than in the preceding decades, but are still higher than they were prior to 1935. These paleogeodetic records enable us to model the kinematics of the subduction interface throughout the twentieth century. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002398","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Natawidjaja, D., Sieh, K., Ward, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Galetzka, J., and Suwargadi, B., 2004, Paleogeodetic records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002398.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478268,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20110111-150222201","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208995,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002398"},{"id":235153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73ede4b0c8380cd7731b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Natawidjaja, D.H.","contributorId":91668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natawidjaja","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sieh, K.","contributorId":61972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sieh","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, S.N.","contributorId":96887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cheng, H.","contributorId":19752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edwards, R. Lawrence","contributorId":69760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Galetzka, J.","contributorId":80054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galetzka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suwargadi, B.W.","contributorId":87732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suwargadi","given":"B.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026921,"text":"70026921 - 2004 - Crustal deformation measurements in Guerrero, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026921","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation measurements in Guerrero, Mexico","docAbstract":"GPS measurements of crustal deformation in Guerrero, southern Mexico, include surveys collected between 1992 and 2001 as well as continuous GPS measurements at a few sites. These geodetic observations are used to calculate interseismic deformation rates and assess the presence and possible location of transient deformation during the period encompassing 1992.25 to 2001.75. The data are used to examine transient deformation in 1998 previously described from data at a single site by Lowry et al. [2001]. Survey measurements and continuous data from a site near Popocate??petl volcano confirm the 1998 transient, and survey data also suggest another transient occurred following the 14 September 1995 (Mw = 7.3) Copala earthquake. All of the available GPS position estimates have been inverted for a combined model of slip during each event plus the steady state slip on the plate interface. Modeling of the steady state deformation rates confirms that the Guerrero seismic gap is partially frictionally locked at depths shallower than about 25 km and accumulating strain that may eventually be released in a great earthquake. The data also suggest that there is frictional coupling to much greater (>40 km) depths, which releases more frequently in aseismic slip events. The locations and sizes of the transient events are only partially constrained by the available data. However, the transient models which best fit the GPS coordinate time series suggest that aseismic slip was centered downdip of the seismogenic portion of the plate-bounding thrust in both events, and the moment release had equivalent magnitudes Mw = 7.1 + 1.3/-1.0 in 1995-1996 and 7.1 + 0.4/-0.1 in 1998. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002843","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Larson, K., Lowry, A., Kostoglodov, V., Hutton, W., Sanchez, O., Hudnut, K., and Suarez, G., 2004, Crustal deformation measurements in Guerrero, Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002843.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478131,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002843","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208994,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002843"},{"id":235152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdce4b0c8380cd4e48e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, K.M.","contributorId":84949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, A.R.","contributorId":87731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kostoglodov, V.","contributorId":86545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostoglodov","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutton, W.","contributorId":28050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sanchez, O.","contributorId":59188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suarez, G.","contributorId":34664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1008617,"text":"1008617 - 2004 - Use and interpretation of logistic regression in habitat-selection studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T09:30:57","indexId":"1008617","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use and interpretation of logistic regression in habitat-selection studies","docAbstract":"Logistic regression is an important tool for wildlife habitat-selection studies, but the method frequently has been misapplied due to an inadequate understanding of the logistic model, its interpretation, and the influence of sampling design. To promote better use of this method, we review its application and interpretation under 3 sampling designs: random, case-control, and use-availability. Logistic regression is appropriate for habitat use-nonuse studies employing random sampling and can be used to directly model the conditional probability of use in such cases. Logistic regression also is appropriate for studies employing case-control sampling designs, but careful attention is required to interpret results correctly. Unless bias can be estimated or probability of use is small for all habitats, results of case-control studies should be interpreted as odds ratios, rather than probability of use or relative probability of use. When data are gathered under a use-availability design, logistic regression can be used to estimate approximate odds ratios if probability of use is small, at least on average. More generally, however, logistic regression is inappropriate for modeling habitat selection in use-availability studies. In particular, using logistic regression to fit the exponential model of Manly et al. (2002:100) does not guarantee maximum-likelihood estimates, valid probabilities, or valid likelihoods. We show that the resource selection function (RSF) commonly used for the exponential model is proportional to a logistic discriminant function. Thus, it may be used to rank habitats with respect to probability of use and to identify important habitat characteristics or their surrogates, but it is not guaranteed to be proportional to probability of use. Other problems associated with the exponential model also are discussed. We describe an alternative model based on Lancaster and Imbens (1996) that offers a method for estimating conditional probability of use in use-availability studies. Although promising, this model fails to converge to a unique solution in some important situations. Further work is needed to obtain a robust method that is broadly applicable to use-availability studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0774:UAIOLR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Keating, K., and Cherry, S., 2004, Use and interpretation of logistic regression in habitat-selection studies: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, p. 774-789, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0774:UAIOLR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"774","endPage":"789","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605217","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keating, Kim A.","contributorId":20271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"Kim A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Steve","contributorId":90450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026919,"text":"70026919 - 2004 - Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T11:08:19","indexId":"70026919","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes are a major volcanic hazard that could impact the western portion of the island of Hawai'i (e.g., Kona). The most recent eruptions of these two volcanoes to affect Kona occurred in A.D. 1950 and ca. 1800, respectively. In contrast, in eastern Hawai'i, eruptions of neighboring Kilauea volcano have occurred frequently since 1955, and therefore have been the focus for hazard mitigation. Official preparedness and response measures are therefore modeled on typical eruptions of Kilauea. The combinations of short-lived precursory activity (e.g., volcanic tremor) at Mauna Loa, the potential for fast-moving lava flows, and the proximity of Kona communities to potential vents represent significant emergency management concerns in Kona. Less is known about past eruptions of Hualālai, but similar concerns exist. Future lava flows present an increased threat to personal safety because of the short times that may be available for responding. Mitigation must address not only the specific characteristics of volcanic hazards in Kona, but also the manner in which the hazards relate to the communities likely to be affected. This paper describes the first steps in developing effective mitigation plans: measuring the current state of people's knowledge of eruption parameters and the implications for their safety. We present results of a questionnaire survey administered to 462 high school students and adults in Kona. The rationale for this study was the long lapsed time since the last Kona eruption, and the high population growth and expansion of infrastructure over this time interval. Anticipated future growth in social and economic infrastructure in this area provides additional justification for this work. The residents of Kona have received little or no specific information about how to react to future volcanic eruptions or warnings, and short-term preparedness levels are low. Respondents appear uncertain about how to respond to threatening lava flows and overestimate the minimum time available to react, suggesting that personal risk levels are unnecessarily high. A successful volcanic warning plan in Kona must be tailored to meet the unique situation there. Springer-Verlag 2004.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Gregg, C., Houghton, B.F., Paton, D., Swanson, D., and Johnston, D., 2004, Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes, Kona, Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 6, p. 531-540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502532,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Community_preparedness_for_lava_flows_from_Mauna_Loa_and_Hualalai_volcanoes_Kona_Hawai_i/22847921","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0338-x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano, Hualālai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.287813240262167\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.9893798828125,\n 19.287813240262167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f809e4b0c8380cd4ce3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregg, Chris E.","contributorId":40397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Chris E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paton, Douglas","contributorId":64861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paton","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":3137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnston, David M.","contributorId":68082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026342,"text":"70026342 - 2004 - An intensity scale for riverine flooding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026342","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An intensity scale for riverine flooding","docAbstract":"Recent advances in the availability and accuracy of multi-dimensional flow models, the advent of precise elevation data for floodplains (LIDAR), and geographical GIS allow the creation of hazard maps that more correctly reflect the varying levels of flood-damage risk across a floodplain when inundatecby floodwaters. Using intensity scales for wind damages, an equivalent water-damage flow intensity scale has been developed that ranges from 1 (minimal effects) to 10 (major damages to most structures). This flow intensity scale, FIS, is portrayed on a map as color-coded areas of increasing flow intensity. This should prove to be a valuable tool to assess relative risk to people and property in known flood-hazard areas.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management","conferenceTitle":"2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management","conferenceDate":"27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","language":"English","isbn":"0784407371","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J., 2004, An intensity scale for riverine flooding, in Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, Salt Lake City, UT, 27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004, p. 2008-2016.","startPage":"2008","endPage":"2016","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea82e4b0c8380cd488f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","contributorId":128420,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","id":536596,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027448,"text":"70027448 - 2004 - Role of Microbes in the Smectite-to-Illite Reaction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027448","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of Microbes in the Smectite-to-Illite Reaction","docAbstract":"Temperature, pressure, and time have been thought to control the smectiteto-illite (S-I) reaction, an important diagenetic process used for petroleum exploration. We demonstrated that microorganisms can promote the S-I reaction by dissolving smectite through reduction of structural FE(III) at room temperature and 1 atmosphere within 14 days. This reaction typically requires conditions of 300?? to 350??C, 100 megapascals, and 4 to 5 months in the absence of microbial activity. These results challenge the conventional concept of the S-I reaction and of reaction kinetic models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1093245","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Kim, J., Dong, H., Seabaugh, J., Newell, S.W., and Eberl, D.D., 2004, Role of Microbes in the Smectite-to-Illite Reaction: Science, v. 303, no. 5659, p. 830-832, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093245.","startPage":"830","endPage":"832","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093245"},{"id":238332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"303","issue":"5659","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae3ae4b0c8380cd8704e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, J.","contributorId":9813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dong, H.","contributorId":94086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dong","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seabaugh, J.","contributorId":15398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seabaugh","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newell, Steven W.","contributorId":67266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newell","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1002719,"text":"1002719 - 2004 - Mechanisms for dominance in an early successional old field by the invasive non-native Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:49","indexId":"1002719","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms for dominance in an early successional old field by the invasive non-native Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don","docAbstract":"Researchers studying invasive plants often concentrate their efforts on predictive models thought to allow invasive plants to dominate native landscapes. However, if an invasive is already well established then experimental research is necessary to provide the information necessary to effectively manage the species. Prescribing appropriate management strategies without prior experimental research may not only be ineffective but also may squander limited resources or have the unintended consequence of furthering spread. Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don. is a well-established invasive plant of old fields and tall-grass prairie in the US. Managers suspect this species shades-out native plants and this is proposed as its primary mechanism for dominance. Using field experiments we tested probable factors allowing the speices to establish itself and once established, interfere in old field plant communities. We also examined the effects of two common anthropogenic disturbances (mowing and nutrients) on L. cuneata growth and establishment. When L. cuneata was treated (clipping, herbicide and stem pull-back) there was a significant increase in species richness and native speices cover. Stem density and canopy cover of L. cuneata increased significantly with mowing frequency but decreased with nutrient input. We suggest that mowing benefits L. cuneata while also hindering woody competition. Results also indicate L. cuneata is less prevalent on nutrient enriched soils than on unamended soil. Lespedeza cuneata appears to suppress native plants by shading them out and it can subsequently take over grassland communities. Since it has a varying response to human induced disturbances and may actually benefit from mowing, land managers should be cautious when utilizing this as a management tool.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Invasions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.1023/B:BINV.0000041561.71407.f5","usgsCitation":"Brandon, A., Gibson, D., and Middleton, B., 2004, Mechanisms for dominance in an early successional old field by the invasive non-native Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don: Biological Invasions, v. 6, no. 4, p. 483-493, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BINV.0000041561.71407.f5.","productDescription":"p. 483-493","startPage":"483","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15638,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BINV.0000041561.71407.f5","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6948.000000000000000"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611def","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brandon, A.L.","contributorId":85559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandon","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibson, D.J.","contributorId":65822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, B.A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":89108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"B.A.","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027468,"text":"70027468 - 2004 - Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter preservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027468","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter preservation","docAbstract":"The fine grained carbonate mud sediments of central Florida Bay are resuspended quite easily. However, this disturbance is usually limited to the surficial ('floc') layer, as the underlying sediments appear to be stabilized by an hydrogelation involving the bulk organic matter. That gelation has occurred within these sediments is suggested from their physical behavior and an observed mathematical relationship between the percentages of organic carbon (C org) and water. Specifically, when extruded from a core barrel, the sediment maintains its integrity and has the consistency of a fine spackling compound. However, upon homogenization, as with a stirring rod prior to sieving, these sediments break into two distinct phases, 1/2-2/3 milky water and 1/3-1/2 sediment grains, by volume. The relationship observed between Corg and water was modeled as both linear (% water = (0.0777) Corg + 0.2984, R2 = 0.8664) and logarithmic (% water = 0.2489 Ln Corg + 0.2842, R2 = 0.9455) functions. As this relationship tends to be asymptotic at higher Corg (>3.5% dry)/water values (>60%) and given an higher correlation, the relationship appears better modeled as a logarithmic function. Values of C org from 1.2 to over 6.5%dry wt. and water contents from 30 to over 70%wt. were observed. The calculated intercept revealed that, without organic carbon (viz. hydrogel formation), these carbonates would likely contain only ???30% water by weight ('m' from linear model). This gelation is proposed to involve exopolymeric substances (EPS), likely polysaccharides, derived from diatoms and cyanobacteria of the microphytobenthos. A cyanobacterial-diatomaceous biofilm/mat underlain by purple sulfur bacteria was shown, by pigment based chemotaxonomy, to form the main components of the microphytobenthos. Additional water column detrital biomass, also mainly cyanobacteria and diatoms, is admixed with the living microphytobenthos in a flocculent/nephloid layer above the sediments prior to final incorporation into the gel-stabilized sediment column. Loss of seagrass cover appears to have allowed higher energy wave induced effects to reach the water-(nephloid)-sediment interface and increase overall turbidity in the bay. The effects of these gelatinized organics upon sediment stability, pore water chemistry and dissolved species flux in/out of the sediments are discussed as areas for future research which takes this (hydro-) gelation phenomenon into account.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Louda, J., Loitz, J., Melisiotis, A., and Orem, W., 2004, Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter preservation: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 20, no. 2, p. 448-463, https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"448","endPage":"463","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210994,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":238124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f60e4b0c8380cd7aac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Louda, J.W.","contributorId":58085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Louda","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loitz, J.W.","contributorId":35113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loitz","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melisiotis, A.","contributorId":96893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melisiotis","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027078,"text":"70027078 - 2004 - Temporal dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and two species of flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) used as biological control agents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T12:03:01","indexId":"70027078","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1016,"text":"Biological Control","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Temporal dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and two species of flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) used as biological control agents","title":"Temporal dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and two species of flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) used as biological control agents","docAbstract":"The goal of this study was to evaluate the biological control program of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in a large natural area, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, western North Dakota, USA. Aphthona lacertosa and Aphthona nigriscutis have been released at more than 1800 points in the 18,600-ha South Unit of the park beginning in 1989; most releases have occurred since 1994. We established permanent vegetation plots throughout the infested area of the park and determined stem counts and biomass of leafy spurge and abundance of the two flea beetle species at these plots each year from 1999 to 2001. Both biomass and stem counts declined over the 3 years of the study. Both species of flea beetle are well established within the park and have expanded into areas where they were not released. A. nigriscutis was more abundant than A. lacertosa in the grassland areas we surveyed, but in all other habitats abundances were similar. Using structural equation models, only A. lacertosa could be shown to have a significant effect on counts of mature stems of leafy spurge. A. nigriscutis numbers were positively correlated with stem counts of mature stems. Previous year’s stem counts had the greatest influence on change in stem counts over each 2-year time step examined with structural equation models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00156-7","issn":"10499644","usgsCitation":"Larson, D., and Grace, J., 2004, Temporal dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and two species of flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) used as biological control agents: Biological Control, v. 29, no. 2, p. 207-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00156-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.58322143554688,\n 47.03222659199384\n ],\n [\n -103.612060546875,\n 46.9989876381546\n ],\n [\n -103.60862731933592,\n 46.98634204252131\n ],\n [\n -103.58596801757811,\n 46.971819335298015\n ],\n [\n -103.57772827148436,\n 46.931509883369316\n ],\n [\n -103.55369567871094,\n 46.924007100770275\n ],\n [\n -103.52073669433594,\n 46.91087470241917\n ],\n [\n -103.38409423828125,\n 46.88741598566432\n ],\n [\n -103.30787658691406,\n 46.89351623937826\n ],\n [\n -103.30718994140625,\n 46.93244765730184\n ],\n [\n -103.39645385742188,\n 46.99570943771268\n ],\n [\n -103.58322143554688,\n 47.03222659199384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba50ce4b08c986b320780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026395,"text":"70026395 - 2004 - Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-13T10:29:46.553962","indexId":"70026395","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves","docAbstract":"Displacement, velocity, and velocity-squared records of P and SH body waves recorded at teleseismic distances are analyzed to determine the rupture characteristics of the Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002 (MW 7.9, Me 8.1). Three episodes of rupture can be identified from broadband (∼0.1–5.0 Hz) waveforms. The Denali fault earthquake started as a MW 7.3 thrust event. Subsequent right-lateral strike-slip rupture events with centroid depths of 9 km occurred about 22 and 49 sec later. The teleseismic P waves are dominated by energy at intermediate frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) radiated by the thrust event, while the SH waves are dominated by energy at lower frequencies (0.05-0.2 Hz) radiated by the strike-slip events. The strike-slip events exhibit strong directivity in the teleseismic SH waves. Correcting the recorded P-wave acceleration spectra for the effect of the free surface yields an estimate of 2.8 × 1015 N m for the energy radiated by the thrust event. Correcting the recorded SH-wave acceleration spectra similarly yields an estimate of 3.3 × 1016 N m for the energy radiated by the two strike-slip events. The average rupture velocity for the strike-slip rupture process is 1.1β–1.2β. The strike-slip events were located 90 and 188 km east of the epicenter. The rupture length over which significant or resolvable energy is radiated is, thus, far shorter than the 340-km fault length over which surface displacements were observed. However, the seismic moment released by these three events, 4 × 1020 N m, was approximately half the seismic moment determined from very low-frequency analyses of the earthquake. The difference in seismic moment can be reasonably attributed to slip on fault segments that did not radiate significant or coherent seismic energy. These results suggest that very large and great strike-slip earthquakes can generate stress pulses that rapidly produce substantial slip with negligible stress drop and little discernible radiated energy on fault segments distant from the initial point of nucleation. The existence of this energy-deficient rupture mode has important implications for the evaluation of the seismic hazard of very large strike-slip earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040605","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Boatwright, J., 2004, Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S269-S277, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040605.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"S269","endPage":"S277","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.44507509904714\n ],\n [\n -143.26171875,\n 63.450509218001095\n ],\n [\n -146.8212890625,\n 63.80189351770543\n ],\n [\n -150.6884765625,\n 63.6267446447533\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 63.15435519659187\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 61.18562468142281\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9392e4b0c8380cd80ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027080,"text":"70027080 - 2004 - Dissolution rates of pure methane hydrate and carbon-dioxide hydrate in undersaturated seawater at 1000-m depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70027080","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolution rates of pure methane hydrate and carbon-dioxide hydrate in undersaturated seawater at 1000-m depth","docAbstract":"To help constrain models involving the chemical stability and lifetime of gas clathrate hydrates exposed at the seafloor, dissolution rates of pure methane and carbon-dioxide hydrates were measured directly on the seafloor within the nominal pressure-temperature (P/T) range of the gas hydrate stability zone. Other natural boundary conditions included variable flow velocity and undersaturation of seawater with respect to the hydrate-forming species. Four cylindrical test specimens of pure, polycrystalline CH4 and CO2 hydrate were grown and fully compacted in the laboratory, then transferred by pressure vessel to the seafloor (1028 m depth), exposed to the deep ocean environment, and monitored for 27 hours using time-lapse and HDTV cameras. Video analysis showed diameter reductions at rates between 0.94 and 1.20 ??m/s and between 9.0 and 10.6 ?? 10-2 ??m/s for the CO2 and CH4 hydrates, respectively, corresponding to dissolution rates of 4.15 ?? 0.5 mmol CO2/m2s and 0.37 ?? 0.03 mmol CH4/m2s. The ratio of the dissolution rates fits a diffusive boundary layer model that incorporates relative gas solubilities appropriate to the field site, which implies that the kinetics of the dissolution of both hydrates is diffusion-controlled. The observed dissolution of several mm (CH4) or tens of mm (CO2) of hydrate from the sample surfaces per day has major implications for estimating the longevity of natural gas hydrate outcrops as well as for the possible roles of CO2 hydrates in marine carbon sequestration strategies. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2003.07.001","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rehder, G., Kirby, S.H., Durham, W., Stern, L., Peltzer, E., Pinkston, J., and Brewer, P., 2004, Dissolution rates of pure methane hydrate and carbon-dioxide hydrate in undersaturated seawater at 1000-m depth: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 2, p. 285-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.07.001.","startPage":"285","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.07.001"},{"id":235406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0230e4b0c8380cd4ff2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rehder, G.","contributorId":103045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peltzer, E.T.","contributorId":98927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltzer","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pinkston, J.","contributorId":13778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinkston","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brewer, P.G.","contributorId":16080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70027098,"text":"70027098 - 2004 - Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-22T15:27:56.250143","indexId":"70027098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow","docAbstract":"This paper examines an archive containing over 40 years of 8-day atmospheric forecasts over the contiguous United States from the NCEP reanalysis project to assess the possibilities for using medium-range numerical weather prediction model output for predictions of streamflow. This analysis shows the biases in the NCEP forecasts to be quite extreme. In many regions, systematic precipitation biases exceed 100% of the mean, with temperature biases exceeding 3°C. In some locations, biases are even higher. The accuracy of NCEP precipitation and 2-m maximum temperature forecasts is computed by interpolating the NCEP model output for each forecast day to the location of each station in the NWS cooperative network and computing the correlation with station observations. Results show that the accuracy of the NCEP forecasts is rather low in many areas of the country. Most apparent is the generally low skill in precipitation forecasts (particularly in July) and low skill in temperature forecasts in the western United States, the eastern seaboard, and the southern tier of states. These results outline a clear need for additional processing of the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) output before it is used for hydrologic predictions. Techniques of model output statistics (MOS) are used in this paper to downscale the NCEP forecasts to station locations. Forecasted atmospheric variables (e.g., total column precipitable water, 2-m air temperature) are used as predictors in a forward screening multiple linear regression model to improve forecasts of precipitation and temperature for stations in the National Weather Service cooperative network. This procedure effectively removes all systematic biases in the raw NCEP precipitation and temperature forecasts. MOS guidance also results in substantial improvements in the accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature forecasts throughout the country. For precipitation, forecast improvements were less impressive. MOS guidance increases he accuracy of precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States, but overall, the accuracy of MOS-based precipitation forecasts is slightly lower than the raw NCEP forecasts. Four basins in the United States were chosen as case studies to evaluate the value of MRF output for predictions of streamflow. Streamflow forecasts using MRF output were generated for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado: East Fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). Hydrologic model output forced with measured-station data were used as \"truth\" to focus attention on the hydrologic effects of errors in the MRF forecasts. Eight-day streamflow forecasts produced using the MOS-corrected MRF output as input (MOS) were compared with those produced using the climatic Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique. MOS-based streamflow forecasts showed increased skill in the snowmelt-dominated river basins, where daily variations in streamflow are strongly forced by temperature. In contrast, the skill of MOS forecasts in the rainfall-dominated basin (the Alapaha River) were equivalent to the skill of the ESP forecasts. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts require more accurate local-scale forecasts of precipitation and temperature, more accurate specification of basin initial conditions, and more accurate model simulations of streamflow.
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deformation detection for Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using SAR interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-13T16:42:15.509265","indexId":"70026419","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DEM generation and tidal deformation detection for Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using SAR interferometry","docAbstract":"In this study we generated a relative Digital Elevation Model (DEM) over the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using ERS1/2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry data. Four repeat pass differential interferograms are used to find the grounding zone and to classify the study area. An interferometrically derived DEM is compared with laser altimetry profile from ICESat. Standard deviation of the relative height difference is 5.12 m and 1.34 m in total length of the profile and at the center of the profile respectively. The magnitude and the direction of tidal changes estimated from interferogram are compared with those predicted tidal differences from four ocean tide models. Tidal deformation measured in InSAR is -16.7 cm and it agrees well within 3 cm with predicted ones from tide models.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the Institute of Navigation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"60th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation","conferenceDate":"Jun 7-9, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Dayton, OH","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Navigation","usgsCitation":"Baek, S., Kwoun, O., Bassler, M., Lu, Z., Shum, C., and Dietrich, R., 2004, DEM generation and tidal deformation detection for Sulzberger Ice Shelf, West Antarctica using SAR interferometry, in Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Dayton, OH, Jun 7-9, 2004, p. 424-430.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400626,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ion.org/publications/browse.cfm?proceedingsID=3"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Sulzberger Ice Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.105224609375,\n -77.65299700291865\n ],\n [\n -151.094970703125,\n -77.65299700291865\n ],\n [\n -151.094970703125,\n -76.92309950187344\n ],\n [\n -154.105224609375,\n -76.92309950187344\n ],\n [\n -154.105224609375,\n -77.65299700291865\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd3fe4b0c8380cd4e6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baek, S.","contributorId":39557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baek","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwoun, Oh-Ig","contributorId":41945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwoun","given":"Oh-Ig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bassler, M.","contributorId":71736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassler","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shum, C. 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Fire frequency analysis of several hundred wildfires over a broad expanse of California shrublands reveals that there is generally not, as is commonly assumed, a strong relationship between fuel age and fire probabilities. Instead, the hazard of burning in most locations increases only moderately with time since the last fire, and a marked age effect of fuels is observed only in limited areas. Results indicate a serious need for a re-evaluation of current fire management and policy, which is based largely on eliminating older stands of shrubland vegetation. In many shrubland ecosystems exposed to extreme fire weather, large and intense wildfires may need to be factored in as inevitable events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:TABAOS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moritz, M., Keeley, J.E., Johnson, E., and Schaffner, A.A., 2004, Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: h=How important is fuel age?: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, no. 2, p. 67-72, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:TABAOS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.92978205177783,\n 35.396195633210866\n ],\n [\n -120.98471369240282,\n 35.180973004793756\n ],\n [\n -120.72104181740309,\n 35.055162492870565\n ],\n [\n -120.72104181740309,\n 34.59521339650149\n ],\n [\n -120.47934259865295,\n 34.39601245394195\n ],\n [\n -119.98495783302788,\n 34.38694656339405\n ],\n [\n -119.49057306740282,\n 34.33253060561431\n ],\n [\n -119.24887384865302,\n 34.087222088565056\n ],\n [\n -118.99618830177809,\n 33.99618605973805\n ],\n [\n -118.56772150490312,\n 33.987077083757896\n ],\n [\n -118.46884455177796,\n 33.841200759913946\n ],\n [\n -118.49081720802788,\n 33.658504632845435\n ],\n [\n -118.1392547080278,\n 33.658504632845435\n ],\n [\n -117.73276056740309,\n 33.42958794343964\n ],\n [\n -117.33725275490283,\n 33.02522559939085\n ],\n [\n -117.31528009865292,\n 32.66525518485925\n ],\n [\n -117.150485176778,\n 32.535679492497366\n ],\n [\n -114.74447931740308,\n 32.702242370327696\n ],\n [\n -114.56869806740303,\n 32.702242370327696\n ],\n [\n -114.42587580177806,\n 32.81311194818994\n ],\n [\n -114.44784845802798,\n 33.043646223505974\n ],\n [\n -114.65658869240306,\n 33.10808806968279\n ],\n [\n -114.65658869240306,\n 33.36538270383163\n ],\n [\n -114.43686212990285,\n 33.62191872650649\n ],\n [\n -114.4698211142779,\n 33.923286919026054\n ],\n [\n -114.35995783302795,\n 34.06902270121475\n ],\n [\n -114.0852996299031,\n 34.27807932760514\n ],\n [\n -114.305026192403,\n 34.513779628529235\n ],\n [\n -114.34897150490283,\n 34.640419923579074\n ],\n [\n -114.6016570517781,\n 34.902131626657024\n ],\n [\n -114.6346160361528,\n 35.028177829966666\n ],\n [\n -115.24985041115295,\n 35.50359219388329\n ],\n [\n -120.92978205177783,\n 35.396195633210866\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moritz, Max A.","contributorId":57586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moritz","given":"Max A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Edward A.","contributorId":25552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Edward A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaffner, Andrew A.","contributorId":174954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaffner","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008259,"text":"1008259 - 2004 - Common raven juvenile survival in a human-augmented landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T16:07:16","indexId":"1008259","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common raven juvenile survival in a human-augmented landscape","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic resource subsidies have contributed to the dramatic increase in the abundance of Common Ravens (Corvus corax) in the western Mojave Desert, California, during the past 30 years. To better understand the effects of these subsidies on raven demography, we examined whether survival to juvenile departure from the natal territory could be predicted by a set of environmental and morphological variables, such as nest proximity to anthropogenic resources and juvenile condition. We captured 240 juvenile ravens over 2 years and marked them prior to fledging. Nest proximity to anthropogenic resources and earlier fledging dates significantly predicted raven juvenile survival to departure from the natal territory. The best-fitting mark-recapture models predicted postdeparture survival as a function of time since fledging, nest proximity to anthropogenic resources, and year hatched. The positive effect of nest proximity to anthropogenic resources influenced postdeparture survival for at least 9 months after fledging, as revealed by the mark-recapture analysis. Annual survival was 47% for first-year, 81% for second-year, and 83% for third-year birds. Our results support the hypothesis that anthropogenic resources contribute to increasing raven numbers via increased juvenile survival to departure as well as increased postdeparture survival. We expect raven numbers to grow in concert with the growing human presence in the Mojave Desert unless raven access to anthropogenic resources is diminished.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7443","usgsCitation":"Webb, W.C., Boarman, W., and Rotenberry, J.T., 2004, Common raven juvenile survival in a human-augmented landscape: The Condor, v. 106, no. 3, p. 517-528, https://doi.org/10.1650/7443.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"528","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7443","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, William C.","contributorId":174938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boarman, William I.","contributorId":75462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"William I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rotenberry, John T.","contributorId":60121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotenberry","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026881,"text":"70026881 - 2004 - Vestiges of an Iapetan rift basin in the New Jersey Highlands: Implfications for the Neoproterozoic Laurentian margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026881","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vestiges of an Iapetan rift basin in the New Jersey Highlands: Implfications for the Neoproterozoic Laurentian margin","docAbstract":"Thin, discontinuous remnants of Neoproterozoic intracratonic rift-basin deposits of the Chestnut Hill Formation occur in the western New Jersey Highlands. These deposits form an important link between well-documented Iapetan rift-basins in both the northern and southern Appalachians. The close spatial relations of Chestnut Hill rocks to Paleozoic sedimentary rocks open the possibility that additional Iapetan rift-basins could be concealed beneath the rocks of the Valley and Ridge Province to the west indicating a much broader zone of rifting than has been previously proposed. The Chestnut Hill Formation is intermittently exposed along a 100 km-long band that extends northeast from Pennsylvania nearly to New York State. The lower part of the Chestnut Hill Formation is composed of interbedded lithic pebble- to boulder-conglomerate and feldspathic sandstone grading upward into interbedded phyllite, feldspathic and quartz sandstone, local paleosaprolite, quartz-pebble conglomerate, thin limestone lenses, volcanic, and volcaniclasic rocks, abundant bedded ironstone (hematite ore), and ultimately into diamictites that are interpreted as possible tilloids and containing rounded intra and extrabasinal clasts of the other lithologies. Extensive soft-sediment deformation, cross bedding, and clastic dikes are common in all but the lowest and upper facies. Banded hematite layers occur preferentially in fine-grained tuffs and tuffaceous sediments, but hematitization has affected most lithologies. Volcanic rocks consist of altered rhyolitic tuffs and lapilli tuffs that are interbedded with sediments. The Chestnut Hill Formation is interpreted to have been deposited in early alluvial, and later a complex of fluvial, lacustrine and deltaic environments. Provenance studies based upon petrographic and geochemical analysis of clastic rocks indicate that the sediments are predominantly immature and reflect derivation from local uplifted felsic basement sources in a rifted-margin tectonic setting. Low to moderate weathering of the source rocks is indicated by the geochemistry of most samples, as is the locally intense effect of hydrothermal alteration. Most occurrences of the Chestnut Hill Formation are associated with major faults that exhibit normal movement of apparent Neoproterozoic age. Rocks from the Morgan Hill fault near Easton, Pennsylvania display consistent normal shear sense and vary from low temperature S-C mylonites to breccia that contains deformed pieces of Chestnut Hill Formation. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.013","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Gates, A., and Volkert, R., 2004, Vestiges of an Iapetan rift basin in the New Jersey Highlands: Implfications for the Neoproterozoic Laurentian margin: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 37, no. 3-5, p. 381-409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.013.","startPage":"381","endPage":"409","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208951,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.013"},{"id":235076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc251e4b08c986b32aa7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gates, A.E.","contributorId":30416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026441,"text":"70026441 - 2004 - Estimating functional connectivity of wildlife habitat and its relevance to ecological risk assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:34:49","indexId":"70026441","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5339,"text":"ASTM Selected Technical Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"seriesNumber":"STP1458","title":"Estimating functional connectivity of wildlife habitat and its relevance to ecological risk assessment","docAbstract":"Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to the viability of wildlife populations and the maintenance of biodiversity. Fragmentation relates to the sub-division of habitat into disjunct patches. Usually coincident with fragmentation per se is loss of habitat, a reduction in the size of the remnant patches, and increasing distance between patches. Natural and anthropogenic processes leading to habitat fragmentation occur at many spatial scales, and their impacts on wildlife depend on the scales at which species interact with the landscape. The concept of functional connectivity captures this organism-based view of the relative ease of movement or degree of exchange between physically disjunct habitat patches. Functional connectivity of a given habitat arrangement for a given wildlife species depends on details of the organism's life history and behavioral ecology, but, for broad categories of species, quantities such as home range size and dispersal distance scale allometrically with body mass. These relationships can be incorporated into spatial analyses of functional connectivity, which can be quantified by indices or displayed graphically in maps. We review indices and GIS-based approaches to estimating functional connectivity, presenting examples from the literature and our own work on mammalian distributions. Such analyses can be readily incorporated within an ecological risk framework. Estimates of functional connectivity may be useful in a screening-level assessment of the impact of habitat fragmentation relative to other stressors, and may be crucial in detailed population modeling and viability analysis.
","largerWorkTitle":"Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: Critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement","conferenceTitle":"Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: Critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement","conferenceDate":"April 7-9, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM International","doi":"10.1520/STP11941S","issn":"10403094","isbn":"978-0-8031-3476-8","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., Allen, C.R., and Simpson, K., 2004, Estimating functional connectivity of wildlife habitat and its relevance to ecological risk assessment, in Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation: Critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement, Kansas City, MO, April 7-9, 2003, p. 41-55, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11941S.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b1ee4b0c8380cd5259f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kapustka, Lawrence","contributorId":178433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kapustka","given":"Lawrence","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725484,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biddinger, Gregory R.","contributorId":111662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biddinger","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725485,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luxon, Matthew","contributorId":40886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luxon","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725486,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galbraith, Hector","contributorId":197459,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galbraith","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725487,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A.R.","contributorId":72176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, K.A.N.","contributorId":84957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"K.A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026443,"text":"70026443 - 2004 - Two-threshold model for scaling laws of noninteracting snow avalanches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026443","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3064,"text":"Physical Review Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-threshold model for scaling laws of noninteracting snow avalanches","docAbstract":"A two-threshold model was proposed for scaling laws of noninteracting snow avalanches. It was found that the sizes of the largest avalanches just preceding the lattice system were power-law distributed. The proposed model reproduced the range of power-law exponents observe for land, rock or snow avalanches, by tuning the maximum value of the ratio of the two failure thresholds. A two-threshold 2D cellular automation was introduced to study the scaling for gravity-driven systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physical Review Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.208001","issn":"00319007","usgsCitation":"Faillettaz, J., Louchet, F., and Grasso, J., 2004, Two-threshold model for scaling laws of noninteracting snow avalanches: Physical Review Letters, v. 93, no. 20, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.208001.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478208,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0410134","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208554,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.208001"},{"id":234371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9a4e4b08c986b327cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faillettaz, J.","contributorId":58817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faillettaz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Louchet, F.","contributorId":46737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Louchet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grasso, J.-R.","contributorId":63999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grasso","given":"J.-R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026938,"text":"70026938 - 2004 - Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T14:00:03","indexId":"70026938","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape","docAbstract":"We investigated factors affecting nest success of songbirds in riparian forest and buffers in northeastern Missouri. We used an information-theoretic approach to determine support for hypotheses concerning effects of nest-site, habitat-patch, edge, and temporal factors on nest success of songbirds in three narrow (55–95 m) and three wide (400–530 m) riparian forests with adjacent grassland-shrub buffer strips and in three narrow and three wide riparian forests without adjacent grassland-shrub buffer strips. We predicted that temporal effects would have the most support and that habitat-patch and edge effects would have little support, because nest predation would be great across all sites in the highly fragmented, predominantly agricultural landscape. Interval nest success was 0.404, 0.227, 0.070, and 0.186, respectively, for Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and forest interior species pooled (Acadian Flycatcher [Empidonax virescens], Wood Thrush [Hylocichla mustelina], Ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapillus], and Kentucky Warbler [Oporornis formosus]). The effect of nest stage on nest success had the most support; daily nest success for Gray Catbird and Indigo Bunting were lowest in the laying stage. We found strong support for greater nest success of Gray Catbird in riparian forests with adjacent buffer strips than in riparian forests without adjacent buffer strips. Patch width also occurred in the most-supported model for Gray Catbird, but with very limited support. The null model received the most support for Northern Cardinal. Riparian forests provided breeding habitat for area-sensitive forest species and grassland-shrub nesting species. Buffer strips provided additional breeding habitat for grassland-shrub nesting species. Interval nest success for Indigo Bunting and area-sensitive forest species pooled, however, fell well below the level that is likely necessary to balance juvenile and adult mortality, which suggests that when riparian forests are located within agricultural landscapes, the potential even for wide riparian forests with adjacent buffer strips to provide high-quality breeding habitat is severely diminished for some species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0726:FASNSI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Peak, R., Thompson, F.R., and Shaffer, T., 2004, Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a midwestern agricultural landscape: The Auk, v. 121, no. 3, p. 726-737, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0726:FASNSI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"726","endPage":"737","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ea8e4b0c8380cd53569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peak, R.G.","contributorId":42550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peak","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, F. R. III","contributorId":17940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027295,"text":"70027295 - 2004 - Lava lakes on Io: Observations of Io's volcanic activity from Galileo NIMS during the 2001 fly-bys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70027295","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lava lakes on Io: Observations of Io's volcanic activity from Galileo NIMS during the 2001 fly-bys","docAbstract":"Galileo's Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) obtained its final observations of Io during the spacecraft's fly-bys in August (I31) and October 2001 (I32). We present a summary of the observations and results from these last two fly-bys, focusing on the distribution of thermal emission from Io's many volcanic regions that give insights into the eruption styles of individual hot spots. We include a compilation of hot spot data obtained from Galileo, Voyager, and ground-based observations. At least 152 active volcanic centers are now known on Io, 104 of which were discovered or confirmed by Galileo observations, including 23 from the I31 and I32 Io fly-by observations presented here. We modify the classification scheme of Keszthelyi et al. (2001, J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12) 33 025-33 052) of Io eruption styles to include three primary types: promethean (lava flow fields emplaced as compound pahoehoe flows with small plumes < 200 km high originating from flow fronts), pillanian (violent eruptions generally accompanied by large outbursts, > 200 km high plumes and rapidly-emplaced flow fields), and a new style we call \"lokian\" that includes all eruptions confined within paterae with or without associated plume eruptions). Thermal maps of active paterae from NIMS data reveal hot edges that are characteristic of lava lakes. Comparisons with terrestrial analogs show that Io's lava lakes have thermal properties consistent with relatively inactive lava lakes. The majority of activity on Io, based on locations and longevity of hot spots, appears to be of this third type. This finding has implications for how Io is being resurfaced as our results imply that eruptions of lava are predominantly confined within paterae, thus making it unlikely that resurfacing is done primarily by extensive lava flows. Our conclusion is consistent with the findings of Geissler et al. (2004, Icarus, this issue) that plume eruptions and deposits, rather than the eruption of copious amounts of effusive lavas, are responsible for Io's high resurfacing rates. The origin and longevity of islands within ionian lava lakes remains enigmatic. ?? 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.013","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Lopes, R.M., Kamp, L., Smythe, W.D., Mouginis-Mark, P., Kargel, J., Radebaugh, J., Turtle, E.P., Perry, J., Williams, D., Carlson, R.W., and Doute, S., 2004, Lava lakes on Io: Observations of Io's volcanic activity from Galileo NIMS during the 2001 fly-bys: Icarus, v. 169, no. 1, p. 140-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.013.","startPage":"140","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209231,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.013"},{"id":235496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a458ee4b0c8380cd67402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, R. M. C.","contributorId":49506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kamp, L.W.","contributorId":16581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamp","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smythe, W. D.","contributorId":90878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smythe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P.","contributorId":31558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kargel, J.","contributorId":81295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Radebaugh, J.","contributorId":34639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turtle, E. P.","contributorId":44281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Perry, J.","contributorId":41173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":413075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Carlson, R. 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