Satellite image maps have been produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since shortly after the launch of the first Landsat satellite in 1972. Over the years, the use of image data to design and produce maps has developed from a manual and photographic process to one that incorporates geographic information systems, desktop publishing, and digital prepress techniques. At the same time, the content of most image-based maps produced by the USGS has shifted from raw image data to land cover or other information layers derived from satellite imagery, often portrayed in combination with shaded relief.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Cartographers","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, J.A., 2002, Using satellite data in map design and production: Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers, v. 36, no. 1, p. 1-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg","text":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/manager/#cataloging-pane"},{"id":307601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://soc.org.uk/bulletin/"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92d6e4b05d6c4e501ae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, John A. 0000-0002-9595-5648 hutch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-5648","contributorId":4466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"John","email":"hutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156331,"text":"70156331 - 2002 - The national elevation data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T09:56:35","indexId":"70156331","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The national elevation data set","docAbstract":"The NED is a seamless raster dataset from the USGS that fulfills many of the concepts of framework geospatial data as envisioned for the NSDI, allowing users to focus on analysis rather than data preparation. It is regularly maintained and updated, and it provides basic elevation data for many GIS applications. The NED is one of several seamless datasets that the USGS is making available through the Web. The techniques and approaches developed for producing, maintaining, and distributing the NED are the type that will be used for implementing the USGS National Map (http://nationalmap.usgs.gov/).
Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
\nThis report has been downloaded from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center WorldWide Web site, www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/grasbird.htm. Please direct comments and suggestions to Douglas H. Johnson, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8711 37th Street SE, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401; telephone: 701- 253-5539; fax: 701-253-5553; e-mail: Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159912","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Marsh Wren, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159912.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311869,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159912.PNG"},{"id":312423,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159912/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c9e4b06a3ea36c569f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159922,"text":"70159922 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Sora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T12:20:47","indexId":"70159922","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Sora","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species’ distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.
\nThis report has been downloaded from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center WorldWide Web site, www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/wetbird/wetbird.htm. Please direct comments and suggestions to Douglas H. Johnson, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8711 37th Street SE, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401; telephone: 701- 253-5539; fax: 701-253-5553; e-mail: Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159922","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Jamison, B.E., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Sora, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159922.","productDescription":"66 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159922.PNG"},{"id":312444,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159922/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c9e4b06a3ea36c56a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jamison, Brent E.","contributorId":149791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023918,"text":"70023918 - 2002 - Velocity and Sediment Concentration Measurements over Bedforms in Sand-Bed Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023918","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Velocity and Sediment Concentration Measurements over Bedforms in Sand-Bed Rivers","docAbstract":"Bedforms often are present on the bed of alluvial sand-bed rivers. Bedforms, such as dunes, impact the flow field. In this field study, velocity and suspended-sediment concentration measurements were made longitudinally along a dune field in large (5-15 meters deep) alluvial sand-bed rivers. The velocity and suspended-sediment concentration data was collected using an acoustic Doppler current profiler, acoustic Doppler velocimeters, an optical backscatter sensor, and, two sediment intakes. This paper presents a description of these measurement devices and techniques for the collection of this data. Some preliminary results observed at the Missouri River at St. Charles, Missouri are presented.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and Garcia, M., 2002, Velocity and Sediment Concentration Measurements over Bedforms in Sand-Bed Rivers, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 401-409.","startPage":"401","endPage":"409","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1f3e4b08c986b32a843","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536521,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, M.H.","contributorId":45079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159620,"text":"70159620 - 2002 - Landsat-4/5 Band 6 relative radiometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T10:06:01","indexId":"70159620","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-4/5 Band 6 relative radiometry","docAbstract":"Relative radiometric responses for the thematic mapper (TM) band 6 data from Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 were analyzed, and an algorithm has been developed that significantly reduces the striping in Band 6 images due to detector mismatch. The TM internal calibration system as originally designed includes a DC restore circuit, which acts as a feedback system designed to keep detector bias at a constant value. There is a strong indication that the DC restore circuitry implemented in Band 6 does not function as it had been designed to. It operates as designed only during a portion of the calibration interval and not at all during acquisition of scene data. This renders the data acquired during the calibration shutter interval period virtually useless for correction of the individual responses of the four detectors in Band 6. It was observed and statistically quantified that the relative response of each of the detectors to the band average is stable over the dynamic range and throughout the lifetime of the instrument. This allows an alternate approach to relative radiometric correction of TM Band 6 images
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/36.981362","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Helder, D., and Boncyk, W.C., 2002, Landsat-4/5 Band 6 relative radiometry: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 40, no. 1, p. 206-210, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.981362.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"210","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311292,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717cce4b0e2669b31311a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, Gyanesh gchander@usgs.gov","contributorId":3013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"Gyanesh","email":"gchander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":579745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boncyk, Wayne C.","contributorId":46707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncyk","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016172,"text":"1016172 - 2002 - Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among willets breeding in the western Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T15:36:53.301545","indexId":"1016172","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among willets breeding in the western Great Basin","docAbstract":"Western Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus) were banded (n = 146 breeding adults and chicks) and radio-marked (n = 68 adults) at three western Great Basin wetland complexes to determine inter- and intraseasonal space use and movement patterns (primarily in 1998 and 1999). Birds were then tracked to overwintering sites where migratory connectivity and local movements were documented. Willets arrived synchronously at breeding sites during mid-April and spent less than 12 weeks in the Great Basin. There were no movements to other sites in the Great Basin during the breeding or postbreeding season. However, most breeding birds moved locally on a daily basis from upland nest sites to wetland foraging sites. The mean distance breeding birds were detected from nests did not differ between sexes or between members of a pair, although these distances were greater among postbreeding than breeding birds. Home-range estimates did not differ significantly between paired males and females during breeding or postbreeding. However, female home ranges were larger following breeding than during breeding. Shortly after chicks fledged, adult Willets left the Great Basin for locations primarily at coastal and estuarine sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Limited data revealed little among-site movements once Willets arrived at the coast, and birds appeared to be site faithful in subsequent winters. Winter sites of western Great Basin Willets differed from those used by birds from other areas in the subspecies' range, suggesting another subspecies or distinct population segment may exist. This study illustrates the importance of understanding movements and space use throughout the annual cycle in conservation planning.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/104.3.620","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Oring, L.W., Sanzenbacher, P.M., and Taft, O.W., 2002, Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among willets breeding in the western Great Basin: Condor, v. 104, no. 3, p. 620-630, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.620.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"620","endPage":"630","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.620","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 37.07271048132943\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 37.07271048132943\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 37.07271048132943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e703f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oring, Lewis W.","contributorId":16757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzenbacher, Peter M.","contributorId":90260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanzenbacher","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13016,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taft, Oriane W.","contributorId":34883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taft","given":"Oriane","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1016324,"text":"1016324 - 2002 - Trends in midwinter counts of bald eagles in the contiguous United States, 1986-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T17:24:44","indexId":"1016324","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1051,"text":"Bird Populations","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in midwinter counts of bald eagles in the contiguous United States, 1986-2000","docAbstract":"We estimated statewide, regional, and national trends in counts of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) along selected routes in the contiguous United States during midwinter, 1986-2000. Each January, several hundred observers collected data as part of a survey initiated by the National Wildlife Federation in 1979. To analyze these data, we used only those routes surveyed consistently in at least four years and on which at least four eagles were counted in a single year. We included surveys conducted during fog or precipitaion after determining that changes in weather conditions probably did not affect trend estimates. Our final analysis, using a hierarchical mixed model, was based on 101,777 eagle sightings during 5,180 surveys of 563 routes in 42 states. In the model, fixed effects were year, region, and route-length category; the random effect was the route itself. Model-based estimates of Bald Eagle counts throughout the U.S. increased 1.9% yr-1, but trend estimates varied by region. Estimated trends were statistically significant, and positive, in the northeastern U.S. (6.1% yr-1), but were not significant in other regions. The proportion of increasing counts was higher north of 40° N and east of 100° W. Trends in numbers of adults and immatures showed similar geographic patterns, but counts of adults increased at a higher rate. Overall, trends were more similar to those identified by the Christmas Bird Count than the Breeding Bird Survey. In spite of limitations, the survey is a cost-effective way to monitor wintering eagles in the lower 48 states. We discuss estimated trends in the context of increased urbanization, changed weather, and recovery from pesticide pollution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute for Bird Populations","publisherLocation":"Point Reyes Station, CA","usgsCitation":"Steenhof, K., Bond, L., Bates, K.K., and Leppert, L.L., 2002, Trends in midwinter counts of bald eagles in the contiguous United States, 1986-2000: Bird Populations, v. 6, p. 21-32.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 48.60385760823255\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -78.8818359375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 43.45291889355468\n ],\n [\n -78.79394531249999,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -71.630859375,\n 45.089035564831015\n ],\n [\n -70.7080078125,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -70.09277343749999,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -69.3017578125,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -68.90625,\n 47.30903424774781\n ],\n [\n -68.203125,\n 47.42808726171425\n ],\n [\n -67.7197265625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -67.6318359375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -68.2470703125,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -70.5322265625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -70.13671875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -71.8505859375,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -71.7626953125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -74.00390625,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -73.740234375,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 39.26628442213066\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 38.89103282648849\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -75.3662109375,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 38.5825261593533\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -76.4208984375,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 32.657875736955305\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 31.615965936476076\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 26.667095801104814\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 24.407137917727653\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 24.407137917727653\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -84.638671875,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 29.611670115197406\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -89.2529296875,\n 29.611670115197406\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -95.49316406249999,\n 28.690587654250685\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 28.110748760633534\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 26.58852714730864\n ],\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 26.23430203240673\n ],\n [\n -99.580078125,\n 26.78484736105119\n ],\n [\n -99.7119140625,\n 27.332735136859146\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 27.955591004642553\n ],\n [\n -100.5908203125,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -101.2060546875,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.4365234375,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -104.80957031249999,\n 30.107117887092382\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -108.3251953125,\n 31.316101383495624\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -118.2568359375,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -122.73925781250001,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -123.837890625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 47.98992166741417\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6264f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, Laura","contributorId":89103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bates, Kirk K.","contributorId":43723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leppert, Lynda L.","contributorId":37701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leppert","given":"Lynda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014692,"text":"1014692 - 2002 - Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:04:13.067008","indexId":"1014692","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis","docAbstract":"Selection is unwittingly influenced by nuances of fish culturists and adaptation of fish to intensive culture within artificial environments. When pathogens are present, susceptible individuals may be selectively eliminated from a population, accounting for inter-specific and intra-specific differences in susceptibility to disease. Biologists often intensify such selection to enhance resistance. Particularly important to this discourse is the selective breeding program initiated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (Rome, NY, USA) to produce brown trout (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that are resistant to Aeromonas salmonicida. This program, specifically as it relates to brook trout, is reviewed throughout the current manuscript. In addition, we present a comparison between the performance of the Rome strain of brook trout to that of the Owhi strain of brook trout during a 17-month production cycle at the Ed Weed Fish Culture Station (Grand Isle, VT, USA) and after stocking into Vermont waters. The Owhi strain is used in recreational fisheries because it has good post-stocking survival, but these fish are sensitive to furunculosis. Our data indicated that the Rome strain had a food conversion rate of 1.3 that was slightly less than the 1.1 conversion rate of the Owhi brook trout. The growth rate measured as Monthly Temperature Units per inch (MTU/in.) among Rome brook trout (24.9 MTU/in.) was better than the Owhi brook trout (29.5 MTU/in.). Both the average length (23.6 cm) and weight (159.7 g) of individual Rome brook trout were superior to those of the Owhi strain (20.4 cm and 78.2 g, respectively). Just prior to stocking, survival within the hatchery was 84% among the Rome trout, but only 51% among the Owhi brook trout and mortality was attributed to a persistent epizootic of furunculosis. Microbiological assays indicated that the prevalence of A. salmonicida in dermal mucus attained equivalent levels within both strains of fish at different phases of the production cycle. The level of systemic infection, however, was regulated to a much greater extent by the Rome strain of brook trout throughout production. Our results indicated that the Rome brook trout strain satisfies management objectives for establishing an effective recreational brook trout fishery. Use of this strain also reduces management issues that complicate production when A. salmonicida is enzootic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., Marchant, D., Jones, T., and Schachte, J.H., 2002, Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis: Aquaculture, v. 206, no. 1/2, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":418,"text":"National Fish Health Research Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Grand Isle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.35296630859375,\n 44.70770622183535\n ],\n [\n -73.35433959960938,\n 44.679395168267874\n ],\n [\n -73.32138061523438,\n 44.67353598094039\n ],\n [\n -73.28842163085938,\n 44.67548910920999\n ],\n [\n -73.2568359375,\n 44.718441276800455\n ],\n [\n -73.24722290039062,\n 44.75453548416007\n ],\n [\n -73.2733154296875,\n 44.7691618526244\n ],\n [\n -73.29940795898438,\n 44.767211884106956\n ],\n [\n -73.33099365234375,\n 44.74868389996833\n ],\n [\n -73.3447265625,\n 44.73600343509071\n ],\n [\n -73.35296630859375,\n 44.70770622183535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"206","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marchant, D.","contributorId":21912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchant","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, T.E.","contributorId":47327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schachte, J. H.","contributorId":27399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schachte","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013487,"text":"1013487 - 2002 - Sea otter population structure and ecology in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:53:40","indexId":"1013487","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":897,"text":"Arctic Research of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otter population structure and ecology in Alaska","docAbstract":"Sea otters are the only fully marine otter. They share a common ancestry with the Old World land otters, but their route of dispersal to the New World is uncertain. The historic range of the species is along the northern Pacific Ocean rim, between central Baja California and the islands of northern Japan. Because they forage almost exclusively on bottom-dwelling marine invertebrates such as clams, snails, crabs, and sea urchins, they predominantly occur near shore. Their offshore distribution is limited by their diving ability; although they are capable of diving to more than 100 meters deep, most of their feeding takes place between the shoreline and depths of 40 meters. They are social animals, generally resting in protected bays or kelp forests in groups, commonly referred to as rafts. Because they are gregarious, possess a fine fur, and occur primarily near shore, they have been exploited by humans for as long as they have co-occupied coastal marine communities.
During the late Pleistocene, glacial advances and retreats in the northern latitudes likely influenced genetic exchange within the sea otter’s northern range. When the glaciers were at their maximum, ice sheets extended over large coastal areas, isolating sea otter populations and causing local extinctions. During periods of glacial retreat, sea otters likely recolonized the newly available habitats, allowing exchange of individuals and gene flow between populations.
Beginning in about 1750, sea otter populations underwent dramatic declines as a direct result of commercial harvest for their furs. Explorations by Vitus Bering led to the discovery of abundant sea otter populations in the Aleutian Islands. The early harvest, conducted by Russians with enslaved Aleut hunters, began in the eastern Aleutians. Eventually the harvest became multinational and contributed significantly to the exploration and settlement of the North Pacific coastline by Europeans. There were two distinct periods of harvest—one reaching its peak about 1800 and averaging about 15,000 per year and a second about 1870, averaging about 4,000 per year. The causes for this harvest pattern are unknown, but it may represent two distinct periods of overexploitation separated by a brief period of population recovery.
By 1890 the species had been eliminated throughout most of its range, persisting in small numbers at 13 isolated locations in California, Alaska, and Russia. The number of sea otters that survived the fur trade is unknown, but available data suggest that some remnant populations may have been as small as a few dozen individuals. In 1911, sea otters were afforded protection under the International Fur Seal Treaty, and populations apparently responded by gradually increasing in abundance. The rates of population recovery varied among locations, averaging 9% annually and ranging from 6 to 13%. The population at Amchitka Island in the central Aleutians had the highest growth rate among those surviving, apparently reaching carrying capacity by about 1950.
Efforts to aid the recovery of the species into the vast unoccupied habitats between California and Prince William Sound began in 1965. Sea otters from Amchitka and Prince William Sound were translocated to Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and several locations in southeastern Alaska. With the exception of Oregon, these translocations have resulted in the establishment of successful colonies. Population growth rates of translocated sea otters have been significantly greater than among remnant populations, averaging 21% and ranging from 18 to 24%. We don’t know why the growth rates of the remnant and translocated populations are so different, but it may be partly because of the abundant food and space available at the translocated sites.
The varying patterns of sea otter population decline and recovery provide a unique and powerful tool for studying the effects of historic reductions on populations, as well as how populations respond to varying environmental conditions. During the past decade, using molecular genetics, researchers have been trying to understand how sea otter populations might differ throughout the North Pacific and what effects population reductions and recovery have had on population genetics. Also, as a result of the varying degree of recovery among isolated populations, we have the opportunity to contrast life history attributes (such as condition, reproduction, and survival) among populations throughout their range. These contrasts may be useful in developing methods to assess the status of populations where traditional methods of surveying abundance are difficult and expensive.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Monson, D., 2002, Sea otter population structure and ecology in Alaska: Arctic Research of the United States, v. 16, p. 31-35.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.arctic.gov/publications/related/arotus.html"},{"id":334801,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03021/nsf03021_5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc5bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008213,"text":"1008213 - 2002 - Conflict of interest between a nematode and a trematode in an amphipod host: Test of the \"sabotage\" hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T16:16:46","indexId":"1008213","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":982,"text":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conflict of interest between a nematode and a trematode in an amphipod host: Test of the \"sabotage\" hypothesis","docAbstract":"Microphallus papillorobustus is a manipulative trematode that induces strong behavioural alterations in the gamaridean amphipod Gammarus insensibilis, making the amphipod more vulnerable to predation by aquatic birds (definitive hosts). Conversely, the sympatric nematodeGammarinema gammari uses Gammarus insensibilis as a habitat and a source of nutrition. We investigated the conflict of interest between these two parasite species by studying the consequences of mixed infection on amphipod behaviour associated with the trematode. In the field, some amphipods infected by the trematode did not display the altered behaviour. These normal amphipods also had more nematodes, suggesting that the nematode overpowered the manipulation of the trematode, a strategy that would prolong the nematode's life. We hypothesize that sabotage of the trematode by the nematode would be an adaptive strategy for the nematode consistent with recent speculation about co-operation and conflict in manipulative parasites. A behavioural test conducted in the laboratory from naturally infected amphipods yielded the same result. However, exposing amphipods to nematodes did not negate or decrease the manipulation exerted by the trematode. Similarly, experimental elimination of nematodes from amphipods did not permit trematodes to manipulate behaviour. These experimental data do not support the hypothesis that the negative association between nematodes and manipulation by the trematode is a result of the \"sabotage\" hypothesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00265-001-0442-2","usgsCitation":"Thomas, F., Fauchier, J., and Lafferty, K.D., 2002, Conflict of interest between a nematode and a trematode in an amphipod host: Test of the \"sabotage\" hypothesis: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 296-301, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-001-0442-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-02524926","text":"External Repository"},{"id":132601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3260","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Frederic","contributorId":57275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Frederic","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fauchier, Jerome","contributorId":175047,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fauchier","given":"Jerome","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014937,"text":"1014937 - 2002 - Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T15:04:02","indexId":"1014937","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting","docAbstract":"Big Cypress National Preserve constitutes approximately one-third of the range of the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). Because recreational hunting is allowed in Big Cypress National Preserve, we examined 8 response variables (activity rates, movement rates, predation success, home-range size, home-range shifts, proximity to off-road vehicle trails, use of areas with concentrated human activity, and habitat selection) to evaluate how Florida panthers respond to human activity associated with deer and hog hunting. Data consisted of panther radiolocations collected since 1981 by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the National Park Service, which we augmented with radiolocations and activity monitoring from 1994 to 1998. A split-plot (treatment and control) study design with repeated measures of the variables for each panther taken before, during, and after the hunting season was used. We did not detect responses to hunting for variables most directly related to panther energy intake or expenditure (i.e., activity rates, movement rates, predation success of females; P>0.10). However, panthers reduced their use of Bear Island (P=0.021), an area of concentrated human activity, and were found farther from off-road vehicle trails (P≤0.001) during the hunting season, which was indicative of a reaction to human disturbance. Whereas the reaction to human activity on off-road vehicle trails probably has minor biological implications and may be linked to prey behavior, the decreased use of Bear Island is most likely a direct reaction to human activity and resulted in increased use of adjacent private lands. Future habitat loss on those private lands could exacerbate the negative consequences of this response by panthers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803148","usgsCitation":"Janis, M.W., and Clark, J.D., 2002, Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 3, p. 839-848, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803148.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"848","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress National Preserve, Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.84539794921875,\n 26.330345320410842\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 26.322960198925365\n ],\n [\n -80.79071044921875,\n 25.31423555219758\n ],\n [\n -81.09283447265625,\n 25.334096684794456\n ],\n [\n -81.19171142578125,\n 25.420950798326693\n ],\n [\n -81.2274169921875,\n 25.522614647623293\n ],\n [\n -81.25762939453124,\n 25.626668871238568\n ],\n [\n -81.331787109375,\n 25.68361258391759\n ],\n [\n -81.38397216796875,\n 25.725683932942644\n ],\n [\n -81.49932861328125,\n 25.82708887795793\n ],\n [\n -81.61468505859375,\n 25.861695091343652\n ],\n [\n -81.64764404296875,\n 25.854280326572407\n ],\n [\n -81.69158935546875,\n 25.83697740052369\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 25.903703303407667\n ],\n [\n -81.77398681640625,\n 26.000018556696844\n ],\n [\n -81.7987060546875,\n 26.071586453170973\n ],\n [\n -81.83441162109374,\n 26.19241214758277\n ],\n [\n -81.84539794921875,\n 26.330345320410842\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janis, Michael W.","contributorId":168719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Janis","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":321588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014935,"text":"1014935 - 2002 - IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:30:17.617167","indexId":"1014935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2350,"text":"Journal of Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression","docAbstract":"Cytokine treatment of NK cells results in alterations in multiple cellular responses that include cytotoxicity, cytokine production, proliferation, and chemotaxis. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses, microarray analysis was performed and the resulting gene expression patterns were compared between unstimulated, IL-2, IL-2 plus IL-12, and IL-2 plus IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. RNase protection assays and RT-PCR confirmed microarray predictions for changes in mRNA expression for nine genes involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, and chemotaxis. Multiprobe RNase protection assay also detected changes in the expression of CCR2 mRNA, a gene that was not imprinted on the microarray. We subsequently expanded our search for other chemokine receptor genes absent from the microarray and found an IL-2- and IL-12-dependent decrease in CXCR3 receptor mRNA expression in NK92 cells. A detailed analysis of CXCR3 expression in primary NK cells revealed that an IL-2 and an IL-12 together significantly decreased the CXCR3 receptor mRNA and receptor surface expression by 6 and 24 h of treatment, respectively. This decrease in receptor expression was associated with a significant reduction in chemotaxis in the presence of IFN-γ-inducible protein-10. The decline in CXCR3 mRNA was due to transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms as the addition of actinomycin D to IL-2- and IL-12-treated NK92 slightly altered the half-life of the CXCR3 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-2 and IL-12 directly affect NK cell migratory ability by rapid and direct down-regulation of chemokine receptor mRNA expression.
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that play an important role in the defense against virally infected or malignant cells (1). Their activity can be characterized as nonadaptive and independent of MHC restriction (1, 2). A variety of NK cell functions including cytotoxicity, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production are modulated by regulatory cytokines including IFN-αβ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-10, and TNF (reviewed in Refs. 3 and 4). Because cytokines induce such a broad range of effects in NK cells, the potential for alterations in gene expression in stimulated cells is very great. To determine which genes are regulated in response to cytokine stimulation, our laboratory has used cDNA microarray technology to examine gene expression in NK cells. Microarray technology is very useful because it allows for large-scale examination of gene expression. Additionally, this technology has proved useful in identifying physiologically relevant gene expression patterns in eukaryotic systems such as yeast (5) and fibroblasts (6) as well as predicting patterns of gene expression in tumor cells (7, 8). To examine gene expression in response to cytokine stimulation, a human NK cell line, NK92, was stimulated with IL-2 alone or in combination with IL-12 or IL-18. These cytokines were chosen because of their ability to induce NK cell responses; however, little is known about the repertoire of genes that are activated by these cytokines. Microarray analysis of gene expression in NK92 cells identified a variety of genes whose mRNA expression patterns change in response to cytokine stimulation. The genes encoding the mRNAs are not specific to any one pathway; however, changes in cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor gene mRNAs were prevalent. Our mRNA studies on chemokine receptor gene expression were extended to cell surface analysis of receptor densities in cytokine-treated primary NK cells. Using FACS analysis, we observed a significant decrease in CXCR3 receptor expression in NK cells treated for 24 h with IL-2 and IL-12 alone or in combination. Recently, alterations in chemokine receptor expression were reported in IL-2-stimulated NK cells (9); however, the cells were cultured in IL-2 for 8–10 days. In contrast, our data demonstrate that cytokines can modify chemokine receptor function within hours, thus supporting a model whereby cytokines, in particular IL-2 and IL-12, regulate chemokine receptor expression in a direct, rapid, and novel manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090","usgsCitation":"Hodge, D.L., Schill, W.B., Wang, J.M., Blanca, I., Reynolds, D.A., Ortaldo, J.R., and Young, H., 2002, IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression: Journal of Immunology, v. 168, p. 6090-6098, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6090","endPage":"6098","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, D. L.","contributorId":20286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schill, William B. 0000-0002-9217-984X wschill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-984X","contributorId":2736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"William","email":"wschill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Ji Ming","contributorId":294521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Ji","email":"","middleInitial":"Ming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blanca, I.","contributorId":21909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanca","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reynolds, D. A.","contributorId":62555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ortaldo, J. R.","contributorId":40559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ortaldo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Young, H. A.","contributorId":24310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1016373,"text":"1016373 - 2002 - Collaborative approaches to the evolution of migration and the development of science-based conservation in shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T15:17:48","indexId":"1016373","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collaborative approaches to the evolution of migration and the development of science-based conservation in shorebirds","docAbstract":"Shorebirds are among the most highly migratory creatures on earth. Both the study of their ecology and ongoing efforts to conserve their populations must reflect this central aspect of their biology. Many species of shorebirds use migration and staging sites scattered throughout the hemisphere to complete their annual migrations between breeding areas and nonbreeding habitats (Morrison 1984). The vast distances between habitats they use pose significant challenges for studying their migration ecology. At the same time, the large number of political boundaries shorebirds cross during their epic migrations create parallel challenges for organizations working on their management and conservation.
Nebel et al. (2002) represent a collaborative effort to understand the conservation implications of Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri) migration ecology on a scale worthy of this highly migratory species. The data sets involved in the analysis come from four U.S. states, two Canadian provinces, and a total of five nations. Only by collaborating on this historic scale were the authors able to assemble the information necessary to understand important aspects of the migration ecology of this species, and the implications for conservation of the patterns they discovered.
Collaborative approaches to shorebird migration ecology developed slowly over several decades. The same period also saw the creation of large-scale efforts to monitor and conserve shorebirds. This overview first traces the history of the study of migration ecology of shorebirds during that fertile period, and then describes the monitoring and protection efforts that have been developed in an attempt to address the enormous issues of scale posed by shorebird migration ecology and conservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0914:CATTEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Harrington, B.A., Brown, S., Corven, J., and Bart, J., 2002, Collaborative approaches to the evolution of migration and the development of science-based conservation in shorebirds: The Auk, v. 119, no. 4, p. 914-921, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0914:CATTEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"914","endPage":"921","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1642/0004-8038%282002%29119%5B0914%3ACATTEO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrington, Brian A.","contributorId":58989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, S.","contributorId":80620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corven, James","contributorId":35275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corven","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1016054,"text":"1016054 - 2002 - Nitrogen loss from nonpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T15:34:57.596678","indexId":"1016054","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen loss from nonpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds","docAbstract":"Conceptual1,2,3,4 and numerical5,6,7,8 models of nitrogen cycling in temperate forests assume that nitrogen is lost from these ecosystems predominantly by way of inorganic forms, such as nitrate and ammonium ions. Of these, nitrate is thought to be particularly mobile, being responsible for nitrogen loss to deep soil and stream waters. But human activities—such as fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer production and land-use change—have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle over large regions9, making it difficult to separate natural aspects of nitrogen cycling from those induced by human perturbations10. Here we report stream chemistry data from 100 unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America. Although the sites exhibit a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles11,12,13 (such as climate, parent material, time of ecosystem development, topography and biotic diversity), we observed a remarkably consistent pattern of nitrogen loss across all forests. In contrast to findings from forests in polluted regions, streamwater nitrate concentrations are exceedingly low, such that nitrate to ammonium ratios were less than unity, and dissolved organic nitrogen is responsible for the majority of nitrogen losses from these forests. We therefore suggest that organic nitrogen losses should be considered in models of forest nutrient cycling, which could help to explain observations of nutrient limitation in temperate forest ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/415416a","usgsCitation":"Perakis, S., and Hedin, L.O., 2002, Nitrogen loss from nonpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds: Nature, v. 415, no. 6870, p. 416-419, https://doi.org/10.1038/415416a.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"419","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, Chile","otherGeospatial":"South America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n -55.67758441108951\n ],\n [\n -65.0830078125,\n -55.67758441108951\n ],\n [\n -65.0830078125,\n -39\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n -39\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n -55.67758441108951\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"415","issue":"6870","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db69720d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perakis, Steven S. 0000-0003-0703-9314","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-9314","contributorId":16797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"Steven S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedin, L. O.","contributorId":28574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hedin","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008367,"text":"1008367 - 2002 - Use of acoustic classification of sidescan sonar data for mapping benthic habitat in the Northern Channel Islands, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T15:07:31","indexId":"1008367","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of acoustic classification of sidescan sonar data for mapping benthic habitat in the Northern Channel Islands, California","docAbstract":"Highly reflective seafloor features imaged by sidescan sonar in nearshore waters off the Northern Channel Islands (California, USA) have been observed in subsequent submersible dives to be areas of thin sand covering bedrock. Adjacent areas of rocky seafloor, suitable as habitat for endangered species of abalone and rockfish, and encrusting organisms, cannot be differentiated from the areas of thin sand on the basis of acoustic backscatter (i.e. grey level) alone. We found second-order textural analysis of sidescan sonar data useful to differentiate the bottom types where data is not degraded by near-range distortion (caused by slant-range and ground-range corrections), and where data is not degraded by far-range signal attenuation. Hand editing based on submersible observations is necessary to completely convert the sidescan sonar image to a bottom character classification map suitable for habitat mapping.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00089-9","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., and Lafferty, K.D., 2002, Use of acoustic classification of sidescan sonar data for mapping benthic habitat in the Northern Channel Islands, California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 683-690, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00089-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"690","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015265,"text":"1015265 - 2002 - Excess density compensation of island herpetofaunal assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:41:34","indexId":"1015265","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Excess density compensation of island herpetofaunal assemblages","docAbstract":"Aim Some species reach extraordinary densities on islands. Island assemblages have fewer species, however, and it is possible that island species differ from their mainland counterparts in average mass. Island assemblages could be partitioned differently (fewer species or smaller individuals) from mainland sites without differing in aggregate biomass (density compensation). Our objective was to determine the generality of excess density compensation in island herpetofaunal assemblages.
Location Our bounded removal plot data were obtained from Pacific Island sites (Guam, Saipan and Rota), the West Indies (British Virgin Islands), and the Indian Ocean (Ile aux Aigrettes off Mauritius). The literature values were taken from several locales. Other island locations included Barro Colorado Island, Bonaire, Borneo, Philippine Islands, Seychelle Islands, Barrow Island (Australia), North Brother Island (New Zealand), Dominica and Puerto Rico. Mainland sites included Costa Rica, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Australia, Thailand, Peru, Brazil, Panama and the USA.
Method We added our thirty-nine bounded total removal plots from sixteen island habitats to fifteen literature records to obtain seventy-five venues with estimable density and biomass of arboreal or terrestrial herpetofaunal assemblages. These biomass estimates were evaluated geographically and in relation to sampling method, insularity, latitude, disturbance regime, seasonality, community richness, vegetative structure and climate. Direct data on trophic interactions (food availability, parasitism and predation pressure) were generally unavailable. Sampling problems were frequent for arboreal, cryptic and evasive species.
Results and main conclusions We found strong evidence that herpetofaunal assemblages on small islands (mostly lizards) exhibit a much greater aggregate density of biomass (kg ha−1) than those of larger islands or mainland assemblages (small islands show excess density compensation). High aggregate biomass density was more strongly associated with the degree of species impoverishment on islands than it was on island area or insularity per se. High aggregate biomass density was not strongly associated with latitude, precipitation, canopy height or a variety of other physical characteristics of the study sites. The association between high aggregate biomass density and species-poor islands is consistent with the effects of a reduced suite of predators on depauperate islands, but other features may also contribute to excess density compensation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00711.x","usgsCitation":"Rodda, G., and Dean-Bradley, K., 2002, Excess density compensation of island herpetofaunal assemblages: Journal of Biogeography, v. 29, no. 5-6, p. 623-632, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00711.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"623","endPage":"632","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean-Bradley, K.","contributorId":35268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean-Bradley","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015271,"text":"1015271 - 2002 - How many kilojoules does a Black-billed Magpie nest cost?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-16T22:52:32","indexId":"1015271","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How many kilojoules does a Black-billed Magpie nest cost?","docAbstract":"Energetic costs of nest construction are difficult to estimate for birds, and currently estimates are available for only a handful of species. In this paper, I estimate the minimum cost of nest construction by a pair of Black-billed Magpies (Pica hudsonia). Data on the number of sticks and mud pellets comprising a nest were used to determine the minimum number of trips required to construct the nest, and were combined with information on distances to the nearest sources of nesting materials, data on flight speeds, and bird morphometric measures to estimate costs of transporting nesting materials. For the Black-billed Magpie pair I observed, nest construction required a minimum of 2564 trips for nesting materials, 276.2 km of commuting, 8.4 h of flight, and cost 209.1 kJ. Spreading this cost over the 40 d required to build the nest yields an estimate of 2.61 kJ/adult/day. I compared this value to published estimates of daily metabolizable energy intake for Black-billed Magpies, and calculated that breeding adults would need to increase their daily intake between 0.7% and 1.0% to cover the energetic costs of nest construction. In contrast, egg laying is estimated to require a full 23% of the daily energy expenditure of female magpies. These values suggest the energetic cost of nest building in Black-billed Magpies is relatively insignificant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-73.3.292","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T., 2002, How many kilojoules does a Black-billed Magpie nest cost?: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 292-297, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-73.3.292.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68806d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, T.R.","contributorId":61379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014608,"text":"1014608 - 2002 - Association of methylmercury with dissolved humic acids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T16:10:01.349519","indexId":"1014608","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association of methylmercury with dissolved humic acids","docAbstract":"Sorption of methylmercury (MeHg) to three different humic acids was investigated as a function of pH and humic concentration. The extent of sorption did not show a strong pH dependence within the pH range of 5−9. Below pH 5, a decrease in adsorption for all humic samples was observed. The experimental data for equilibrium sorption of MeHg were modeled using a discrete log K spectrum approach with three weakly acidic functional groups. The modeling parameters, which were the equilibrium binding constants and the total binding capacities, represented the data well at all MeHg and humic concentra tions and pH values for a given humic sample. The estimated binding constants for complexes of MeHg with humic acids were similar in magnitude to those of MeHg with thiol-containing compounds, suggesting that binding of MeHg involves the thiol groups of humic acids. The results show that only a small fraction of the reduced sulfur species in humic substances may take part in binding MeHg, but in most natural systems, this subfraction is considerably higher in concentration than ambient MeHg. The model developed here can be incorporated into speciation models to assess the bioavailability of MeHg in the presence of dissolved organic matter and competing ligands such as chloride and sulfide.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es011044q","usgsCitation":"Amirbahman, A., Reid, A., Haines, T., Kahl, J.S., and Arnold, C., 2002, Association of methylmercury with dissolved humic acids: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 690-695, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011044q.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"695","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amirbahman, A.","contributorId":25111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amirbahman","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, A.L.","contributorId":65810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arnold, C.","contributorId":107238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008273,"text":"1008273 - 2002 - Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) during the non-breeding season: Spatial segregation on a hemispheric scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:39:42","indexId":"1008273","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) during the non-breeding season: Spatial segregation on a hemispheric scale","docAbstract":"The nonbreeding distribution of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) was documented using 19 data sets from 13 sites along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the Americas. Western Sandpipers showed latitudinal segregation with regard to sex and age. Females wintered farther south than males. A “U” shaped pattern was found with respect to age, with juveniles occurring at higher proportions at both the northern and southern ends of the range. Distribution of sexes might be affected by differences in bill length and a latitudinal trend in depth distribution of prey. For age class distribution, two different life-history tactics of juveniles might exist that are related to the higher cost of feather wear for juveniles compared to adults. Most juveniles complete three long-distance migrations on one set of flight feathers whereas adults complete two. Juveniles may winter either far north, thereby reducing feather wear induced by ultraviolet light, migration, or both, or far south and spend the summer on the nonbreeding area.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0922:WSCMDT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nebel, S., Lank, D.B., O'Hara, P., Fernandez, G., Haase, B., Delgado, F., Estela, F.A., Evans Ogden, L.J., Harrington, B.A., Kus, B., Lyons, J., Mercier, F., Ortego, B., Takekawa, J.Y., Warnock, N., and Warnock, S.E., 2002, Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) during the non-breeding season: Spatial segregation on a hemispheric scale: The Auk, v. 119, no. 4, p. 922-928, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0922:WSCMDT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"922","endPage":"928","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0922:wscmdt]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f07f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nebel, Silke","contributorId":174986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nebel","given":"Silke","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lank, David B.","contributorId":42533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lank","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":29801,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":317241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Hara, Patrick D.","contributorId":174987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O'Hara","given":"Patrick D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fernandez, Guillermo","contributorId":174988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Guillermo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haase, Ben","contributorId":99907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"Ben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Delgado, Francisco","contributorId":174989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delgado","given":"Francisco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Estela, Felipe A.","contributorId":174990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Estela","given":"Felipe","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Evans Ogden, Lesley J.","contributorId":174991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans Ogden","given":"Lesley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrington, Brian A.","contributorId":58989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kus, Barbara E. 0000-0002-3679-3044 barbara_kus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3679-3044","contributorId":3026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"Barbara E.","email":"barbara_kus@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lyons, James E.","contributorId":35461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mercier, Francine","contributorId":174992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mercier","given":"Francine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ortego, Brent","contributorId":99060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortego","given":"Brent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Warnock, Nils","contributorId":64534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Warnock, Sarah E.","contributorId":174903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":1008251,"text":"1008251 - 2002 - Activity patterns and time budgets of the declining sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T16:47:55","indexId":"1008251","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity patterns and time budgets of the declining sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Time budgets of predators may reflect population status if time spent foraging varies with local prey abun- dance. We assumed that the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population at Amchitka Island, Alaska, USA, had been at equilibrium since the early 1960s and collected time budgets of otters to be used to represent future conditions of currently expanding sea otter populations. We used radiotelemetry to monitor activity-time budgets of otters from August 1992 to March 1994. Sea otter activity was directly linked to sex, age, weather condition, season, and time of day. Sea otters differed in percent time foraging among cohorts but not within cohorts. Percent time foraging ranged from 21% for females with very young (≤ 3weeks of age) dependent pups to 52% for females with old (≥10 weeks of age) pups. Otters foraged more and hauled out more as local sea conditions worsened. Adult males spent less time foraging during winter and spring, consistent with seasonal changes in prey selection. Time spent for- aging was similar to that reported for otters in California and an established population in Prince William Sound, Alaska, but greater than that of otters in recently established populations in Oregon and Alaska. Despite current evidence indicating that the population was in decline during our study, we were unable to recognize this change using time budgets. Our results illustrate the importance of stratifying analyses of activity patterns by age and sex cohorts and the complexity inherent in comparisons of behavioral data between different populations relying on distinct prey bases.
Coastal horned lizards ( Phrynosoma coronatum) have undergone severe declines in southern California and are a candidate species for state and federal listing under the Endangered Species Act. Quantitative data on their habitat use, abundance, and distribution are lacking, however. We investigated the determinants of abundance for coastal horned lizards at multiple spatial scales throughout southern California. Specifically, we estimated lizard distribution and abundance by establishing 256 pitfall trap arrays clustered within 21 sites across four counties. These arrays were sampled bimonthly for 2–3 years. At each array we measured 26 “local” site descriptors and averaged these values with other “regional” measures to determine site characteristics. Our analyses were successful at identifying factors within and among sites correlated with the presence and abundance of coastal horned lizards. These factors included the absence of the invasive Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile) (and presence of native ant species eaten by the lizards), the presence of chaparral community plants, and the presence of sandy substrates. At a regional scale the relative abundance of Argentine ants was correlated with the relative amount of developed edge around a site. There was no evidence for spatial autocorrelation, even at the scale of the arrays within sites, suggesting that the determinants of the presence or absence and abundance of horned lizard can vary over relatively small spatial scales ( hundreds of meters). Our results suggest that a gap-type approach may miss some of the fine-scale determinants of species abundance in fragmented habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00326.x","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R.N., Suarez, A.V., and Case, T.J., 2002, Spatial patterns in the abundance of the coastal horned lizard: Conservation Biology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 205-215, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00326.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6cc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suarez, Andrew V.","contributorId":175031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suarez","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Case, Ted J.","contributorId":70714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013155,"text":"1013155 - 2002 - Seasonal comparisons of sea ice concentration estimates derived from SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T12:39:18","indexId":"1013155","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal comparisons of sea ice concentration estimates derived from SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT data","docAbstract":"The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) microwave satellite radiometer and its predecessor SMMR are primary sources of information for global sea ice and climate studies. However, comparisons of SSM/I, Landsat, AVHRR, and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) have shown substantial seasonal and regional differences in their estimates of sea ice concentration. To evaluate these differences, we compared SSM/I estimates of sea ice coverage derived with the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms to estimates made using RADARSAT, and OKEAN-01 satellite sensor data. The study area included the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, during October 1995 through October 1999. Ice concentration estimates from spatially and temporally near-coincident imagery were calculated using independent algorithms for each sensor type. The OKEAN algorithm implemented the satellite's two-channel active (radar) and passive microwave data in a linear mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar backscatter. The RADARSAT algorithm utilized a segmentation approach of the measured radar backscatter, and the SSM/I ice concentrations were derived at National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) using the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms. Seasonal and monthly differences between SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT ice concentrations were calculated and compared. Overall, total sea ice concentration estimates derived independently from near-coincident RADARSAT, OKEAN-01, and SSM/I satellite imagery demonstrated mean differences of less than 5.5% (S.D.<9.5%) during the winter period. Differences between the SSM/I NASA Team and the SSM/I Bootstrap concentrations were no more than 3.1% (S.D.<5.4%) during this period. RADARSAT and OKEAN-01 data both yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team and the Bootstrap algorithms. The Bootstrap algorithm yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team algorithm. Total ice concentrations derived from OKEAN-01 and SSM/I satellite imagery were highly correlated during winter, spring, and fall, with mean differences of less than 8.1% (S.D.<15%) for the NASA Team algorithm, and less than 2.8% (S.D.<13.8%) for the Bootstrap algorithm. Respective differences between SSM/I NASA Team and SSM/I Bootstrap total concentrations were less than 5.3% (S.D.<6.9%). Monthly mean differences between SSM/I and OKEAN differed annually by less than 6%, with smaller differences primarily in winter. The NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms underestimated the total sea ice concentrations relative to the RADARSAT ScanSAR no more than 3.0% (S.D.<9%) and 1.2% (S.D.<7.5%) during cold months, and no more than 12% and 7% during summer, respectively. ScanSAR tended to estimate higher ice concentrations for ice concentrations greater than 50%, when compared to SSM/I during all months. ScanSAR underestimated total sea ice concentration by 2% compared to the OKEAN-01 algorithm during cold months, and gave an overestimation by 2% during spring and summer months. Total NASA Team and Bootstrap sea ice concentration estimates derived from coincident SSM/I and OKEAN-01 data demonstrated mean differences of no more than 5.3% (S.D.<7%), 3.1% (S.D.<5.5%), 2.0% (S.D.<5.5%), and 7.3% (S.D.<10%) for fall, winter, spring, and summer periods, respectively. Large disagreements were observed between the OKEAN and NASA Team results in spring and summer for estimates of the first-year (FY) and multiyear (MY) age classes. The OKEAN-01 algorithm and data tended to estimate, on average, lower concentrations of young or FY ice and higher concentrations of total and MY ice for all months and seasons. Our results contribute to the growing body of documentation about the levels of disparity obtained when seasonal sea ice concentrations are estimated using various types of satellite data and algorithms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00333-9","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G.I., and Douglas, D.C., 2002, Seasonal comparisons of sea ice concentration estimates derived from SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 81, no. 1, p. 67-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00333-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, Gennady I.","contributorId":71471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belchansky","given":"Gennady","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015241,"text":"1015241 - 2002 - Influences of spatial and temporal variation on fish-habitat relationships defined by regression quantiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T12:31:38","indexId":"1015241","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of spatial and temporal variation on fish-habitat relationships defined by regression quantiles","docAbstract":"We used regression quantiles to model potentially limiting relationships between the standing crop of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki and measures of stream channel morphology. Regression quantile models indicated that variation in fish density was inversely related to the width:depth ratio of streams but not to stream width or depth alone. The spatial and temporal stability of model predictions were examined across years and streams, respectively. Variation in fish density with width:depth ratio (10th-90th regression quantiles) modeled for streams sampled in 1993-1997 predicted the variation observed in 1998-1999, indicating similar habitat relationships across years. Both linear and nonlinear models described the limiting relationships well, the latter performing slightly better. Although estimated relationships were transferable in time, results were strongly dependent on the influence of spatial variation in fish density among streams. Density changes with width:depth ratio in a single stream were responsible for the significant (P < 0.10) negative slopes estimated for the higher quantiles (>80th). This suggests that stream-scale factors other than width:depth ratio play a more direct role in determining population density. Much of the variation in densities of cutthroat trout among streams was attributed to the occurrence of nonnative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (a possible competitor) or connectivity to migratory habitats. Regression quantiles can be useful for estimating the effects of limiting factors when ecological responses are highly variable, but our results indicate that spatiotemporal variability in the data should be explicitly considered. In this study, data from individual streams and stream-specific characteristics (e.g., the occurrence of nonnative species and habitat connectivity) strongly affected our interpretation of the relationship between width:depth ratio and fish density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0086:IOSATV>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dunham, J., Cade, B., and Terrell, J., 2002, Influences of spatial and temporal variation on fish-habitat relationships defined by regression quantiles: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 1, p. 86-98, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0086:IOSATV>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunham, J. B. 0000-0002-6268-0633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":96637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terrell, J.W.","contributorId":15975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015242,"text":"1015242 - 2002 - Spatial correlations of Diceroprocta apache and its host plants: Evidence for a negative impact from Tamarix invasion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T15:28:22","indexId":"1015242","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1455,"text":"Ecological Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spatial correlations of Diceroprocta apache and its host plants: Evidence for a negative impact from Tamarix invasion","title":"Spatial correlations of Diceroprocta apache and its host plants: Evidence for a negative impact from Tamarix invasion","docAbstract":"1. The hypothesis that the habitat-scale spatial distribution of the Apache cicada Diceroprocta apache Davis is unaffected by the presence of the invasive exotic saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima was tested using data from 205 1-m2 quadrats placed within the flood-plain of the Bill Williams River, Arizona, U.S.A. Spatial dependencies within and between cicada density and habitat variables were estimated using Moran's I and its bivariate analogue to discern patterns and associations at spatial scales from 1 to 30 m.
2. Apache cicadas were spatially aggregated in high-density clusters averaging 3 m in diameter. A positive association between cicada density, estimated by exuvial density, and the per cent canopy cover of a native tree, Goodding's willow Salix gooddingii, was detected in a non-spatial correlation analysis. No non-spatial association between cicada density and saltcedar canopy cover was detected.
3. Tests for spatial cross-correlation using the bivariate IYZ indicated the presence of a broad-scale negative association between cicada density and saltcedar canopy cover. This result suggests that large continuous stands of saltcedar are associated with reduced cicada density. In contrast, positive associations detected at spatial scales larger than individual quadrats suggested a spill-over of high cicada density from areas featuring Goodding's willow canopy into surrounding saltcedar monoculture.
4. Taken together and considered in light of the Apache cicada's polyphagous habits, the observed spatial patterns suggest that broad-scale factors such as canopy heterogeneity affect cicada habitat use more than host plant selection. This has implications for management of lower Colorado River riparian woodlands to promote cicada presence and density through maintenance or creation of stands of native trees as well as manipulation of the characteristically dense and homogeneous saltcedar canopies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.0307-6946.2001.00387.x","usgsCitation":"Ellingson, A., and Andersen, D., 2002, Spatial correlations of Diceroprocta apache and its host plants: Evidence for a negative impact from Tamarix invasion: Ecological Entomology, v. 27, p. 16-24, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0307-6946.2001.00387.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0307-6946.2001.00387.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6ee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellingson, A.R.","contributorId":19514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellingson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}