{"pageNumber":"1088","pageRowStart":"27175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40841,"records":[{"id":54019,"text":"wri034320 - 2004 - Delineation of Areas Contributing Water to the Dry Brook Public-Supply Well, South Hadley, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"wri034320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4320","title":"Delineation of Areas Contributing Water to the Dry Brook Public-Supply Well, South Hadley, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Areas contributing water to the Dry Brook public-supply well in South Hadley, Massachusetts, were delineated with a numerical ground-water-flow model that is based on geologic and hydrologic information for the confined sand and gravel aquifer pumped by the supply well. The study area is along the Connecticut River in central Massachusetts, about 12 miles north of Springfield, Massachusetts. Geologic units in the study area consist of Mesozoic-aged sedimentary and igneous bedrock, late-Pleistocene glaciolacustrine sediments, and recent alluvial deposits of the Connecticut River flood plain. Dry Brook Hill, immediately south of the supply well, is a large subaqueous lacustrine fan and delta formed during the last glacial retreat by sediment deposition into glacial Lake Hitchcock from a meltwater tunnel that was likely near where the Connecticut River cuts through the Holyoke Range. The sediments that compose the aquifer grade from very coarse sand and gravel along the northern flank of the hill, to medium sands in the body of the hill, and to finer-grained sediments along the southern flank of the hill. The interbedded and overlapping fine-grained lacustrine sediments associated with Dry Brook Hill include varved silt and clay deposits. These fine-grained sediments form a confining bed above the coarse-grained aquifer at the supply well and partially extend under the Connecticut River adjacent to the supply well.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow in the aquifer supplying water to Dry Brook well was simulated with the U.S. Geological Survey ground-water-flow modeling code MODFLOW. The Dry Brook aquifer model was calibrated to drawdown data collected from 8 observation wells during an aquifer test conducted by pumping the supply well for 10 days at a rate of 122.2 cubic feet per minute (ft3/min; 914 gallons per minute) and to water levels collected from observation wells across the study area. Generally, the largest hydraulic conductivity values used in the model were in the sand and gravel aquifer near the Dry Brook well, which is consistent with the geologic information. Results of aquifer-test simulation indicated that spatially variable aquifer hydraulic properties and boundary conditions affected heads and ground-water flow near the well. A comparison and analysis of water-level fluctuations in study area wells to fluctuations in the Connecticut River indicated a hydraulic connection of the aquifer with the river, which is also consistent with geologic information. Simulated ground-water levels indicated that most ground water in the study area flowed toward and discharged to the Connecticut River and the Dry Brook well. Small amounts of ground water also discharged to smaller streams (Dry Brook and Bachelor Brook) in the study area.\r\n\r\nAreas contributing water to the well were delineated with the MODPATH particle-tracking routine. Results of the contributing-area analysis indicated that the greatest sources of water to the well were recharge in the Dry Brook Hill area and infiltration of Connecticut River water in an area beyond the extent of the confining bed where the aquifer is in hydraulic connection with the river. The amount of water entering the Dry Brook well from recharge dominated at a lower pumping rate (40.0 ft3/min); about 90 percent of the pumped water originated from recharge and boundary flow, and infiltration from the Connecticut River supplied the remaining 10 percent. At a high pumping rate (122.2 ft3/min), however, about half of the water pumped from the Dry Brook well originated from recharge and boundary flow (49 percent), and half originated from infiltration of water from the Connecticut River (51 percent).\r\n\r\nResults of a sensitivity analysis of the extent of areas contributing water to the Dry Brook well when pumped at 122.2 ft3/min indicated that the size of these areas did not substantially change when aquifer properties were varied. In contrast, however, the size of these areas changed most when the recharge","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034320","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S.P., and Stone, J., 2004, Delineation of Areas Contributing Water to the Dry Brook Public-Supply Well, South Hadley, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4320, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034320.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5459,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034320/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67220a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway","contributorId":72793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet Radway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53999,"text":"wri034325 - 2004 - Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:57:53","indexId":"wri034325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4325","title":"Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001","docAbstract":"

Ground water supplies about one-third of the water used by the public in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The occurrence and distribution of natural and anthropogenic compounds in ground water used for public supply in the valley were evaluated. Water samples were collected from 31 public-supply wells in 2001 and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, radon, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, methylene blue active substances, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. The samples also were analyzed for the stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium), tritium, chlorofluorocarbons, and dissolved gases to determine recharge sources and ground-water age.

Dissolved-solids concentration ranged from 157 to 1,280 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in water from the 31 public-supply wells. Comparison of dissolved-solids concentration of water sampled from the principal aquifer during 1988-92 and 1998-2002 shows a reduction in the area where water with less than 500 mg/L occurs. Nitrate concentration in water sampled from 12 of the 31 public-supply wells was higher than an estimated background level of 2 mg/L, indicating a possible human influence. At least one pesticide or pesticide degradation product was detected at a concentration much lower than drinking-water standards in water from 13 of the 31 wells sampled. Chloroform was the most frequently detected volatile organic compound (17 of 31 samples). Its widespread occurrence in deeper ground water is likely a result of the recharge of chlorinated public-supply water used to irrigate lawns and gardens in residential areas of Salt Lake Valley.

Environmental tracers were used to determine the sources of recharge to the principal aquifer used for public supply in the valley. Oxygen-18 values and recharge temperatures computed from dissolved noble gases in the ground water were used to differentiate between mountain and valley recharge. Maximum recharge temperatures in the eastern part of the valley generally are below the range of valley water-table temperatures indicating that mountain-block recharge must constitute a substantial fraction of recharge to the principal aquifer in this area. Together, the recharge temperature and stable-isotope data define two zones with apparently high proportions of valley recharge on the east side of the valley.

The possibility of water samples containing a substantial proportion of water recharged before thermonuclear testing began in the early 1950s (pre-bomb) was evaluated by comparing the initial tritium concentration of each sample (measured tritium plus measured tritiogenic helium-3) to that of local precipitation at the apparent time of recharge. Three interpreted-age categories were determined for water from the sampled wells: (1) dominantly pre-bomb; (2) dominantly modern; and (3) modern or a mixture of pre-bomb and modern. Apparent tritium/helium-3 ages range from 3 years to more than 50 years. Water generally becomes older with distance from the mountain front, with the oldest water present in the discharge area.

The presence of anthropogenic compounds at concentrations above reporting levels and elevated nitrate concentrations (affected wells) in the principal aquifer is well correlated with the distribution of interpreted-age categories. All of the wells (10 of 10) with dominantly modern water are affected. Seventy percent (7 of 10) of the wells with dominantly modern or a mixture of modern and pre-bomb waters are affected. Only 1 of the 11 wells with dominantly pre-bomb water is affected. Anthropogenic compounds were not detected in water with an apparent age of more than 50 years, except for water from one well. All of the samples that consisted mostly of modern water contained at least one anthropogenic compound.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri034325","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., and Manning, A.H., 2004, Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4325, x, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034325.","productDescription":"x, 95 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034325/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334634,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034325/pdf/wri034325.pdf","size":"7.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.6432,40.7953],[-111.6438,40.7926],[-111.6396,40.7872],[-111.6439,40.7849],[-111.6403,40.7795],[-111.647,40.7749],[-111.6427,40.7731],[-111.6397,40.7704],[-111.6379,40.7695],[-111.6343,40.7677],[-111.6312,40.7658],[-111.6258,40.7626],[-111.6246,40.7604],[-111.6234,40.759],[-111.6222,40.7554],[-111.621,40.7504],[-111.6204,40.7431],[-111.6199,40.7381],[-111.6193,40.7327],[-111.6163,40.7299],[-111.612,40.7272],[-111.6078,40.724],[-111.6066,40.7204],[-111.6048,40.7172],[-111.6018,40.7145],[-111.5976,40.7122],[-111.5927,40.7072],[-111.5897,40.704],[-111.5897,40.6995],[-111.597,40.6945],[-111.5989,40.6904],[-111.5959,40.6805],[-111.5966,40.6696],[-111.5954,40.6623],[-111.593,40.6541],[-111.5798,40.6459],[-111.5755,40.6405],[-111.5738,40.6346],[-111.5689,40.6332],[-111.5653,40.6273],[-111.5593,40.6218],[-111.5557,40.6173],[-111.5503,40.6159],[-111.5497,40.6118],[-111.5533,40.61],[-111.5552,40.6087],[-111.5588,40.6064],[-111.5588,40.6032],[-111.5583,40.5969],[-111.5583,40.5937],[-111.5638,40.5855],[-111.5716,40.5842],[-111.5789,40.5833],[-111.5971,40.5784],[-111.5983,40.5789],[-111.6038,40.5657],[-111.6129,40.5667],[-111.622,40.5667],[-111.6311,40.5672],[-111.6347,40.5699],[-111.6414,40.5608],[-111.6468,40.5568],[-111.6523,40.5554],[-111.6565,40.5532],[-111.6608,40.5432],[-111.6669,40.541],[-111.6796,40.5328],[-111.6869,40.5342],[-111.6935,40.5351],[-111.7038,40.5356],[-111.7129,40.532],[-111.7202,40.5266],[-111.7335,40.5307],[-111.7371,40.5262],[-111.7474,40.5253],[-111.7619,40.5276],[-111.771,40.5235],[-111.7819,40.5149],[-111.7873,40.509],[-111.7867,40.5072],[-111.791,40.4959],[-111.7928,40.4954],[-111.8013,40.495],[-111.811,40.4905],[-111.8261,40.4846],[-111.8328,40.4814],[-111.8394,40.4742],[-111.8424,40.4755],[-111.8461,40.4765],[-111.8515,40.4692],[-111.8551,40.4669],[-111.8594,40.4688],[-111.8654,40.4715],[-111.8696,40.4765],[-111.8811,40.4715],[-111.8878,40.4683],[-111.8926,40.4656],[-111.8969,40.4638],[-111.9035,40.4588],[-111.9222,40.4525],[-111.9126,40.4416],[-111.9192,40.438],[-111.9271,40.4348],[-111.9307,40.433],[-111.9434,40.4267],[-111.9513,40.4221],[-111.9531,40.4212],[-111.9561,40.4198],[-111.9627,40.4189],[-111.9663,40.4176],[-111.97,40.4158],[-111.9748,40.4149],[-111.9772,40.4158],[-111.9923,40.4235],[-112.0038,40.4262],[-112.0141,40.4344],[-112.0213,40.4398],[-112.0261,40.4493],[-112.0286,40.4575],[-112.0322,40.4643],[-112.0425,40.4602],[-112.0443,40.4561],[-112.0527,40.4543],[-112.0582,40.4516],[-112.0636,40.4484],[-112.069,40.4457],[-112.0751,40.447],[-112.0835,40.4466],[-112.092,40.447],[-112.0998,40.4448],[-112.1034,40.442],[-112.1113,40.4389],[-112.1131,40.4429],[-112.1125,40.4457],[-112.1125,40.4515],[-112.1174,40.4534],[-112.1198,40.4543],[-112.1252,40.4606],[-112.1283,40.4633],[-112.1343,40.4665],[-112.1428,40.471],[-112.1506,40.4687],[-112.1524,40.4669],[-112.1591,40.4624],[-112.1675,40.4642],[-112.173,40.4674],[-112.17,40.4719],[-112.1754,40.4814],[-112.1724,40.4846],[-112.1864,40.4964],[-112.1797,40.5018],[-112.1864,40.514],[-112.1779,40.5204],[-112.1774,40.5299],[-112.181,40.5399],[-112.1822,40.5431],[-112.1774,40.5544],[-112.1762,40.5562],[-112.1817,40.5617],[-112.1805,40.5676],[-112.1835,40.573],[-112.1793,40.5785],[-112.1745,40.5857],[-112.1781,40.5943],[-112.1769,40.6021],[-112.1739,40.6039],[-112.18,40.6088],[-112.18,40.6129],[-112.1879,40.6152],[-112.1927,40.6233],[-112.1933,40.6242],[-112.194,40.6261],[-112.1928,40.6383],[-112.1928,40.6397],[-112.197,40.6433],[-112.1976,40.6483],[-112.2025,40.6533],[-112.2007,40.6646],[-112.1995,40.6728],[-112.2032,40.6787],[-112.1996,40.6882],[-112.196,40.6927],[-112.1978,40.6995],[-112.2002,40.7045],[-112.2009,40.7077],[-112.2033,40.7113],[-112.2258,40.7262],[-112.2611,40.7706],[-112.2029,40.8075],[-112.2011,40.8079],[-112.1375,40.8457],[-112.0567,40.892],[-112.0069,40.9201],[-111.9558,40.9192],[-111.9558,40.897],[-111.9667,40.8843],[-111.968,40.8748],[-111.9601,40.8675],[-111.9613,40.8594],[-111.9625,40.8526],[-111.9576,40.8471],[-111.951,40.8466],[-111.9437,40.8421],[-111.9437,40.8371],[-111.9412,40.8326],[-111.9352,40.8262],[-111.9328,40.8208],[-111.9103,40.8226],[-111.8896,40.823],[-111.8811,40.8235],[-111.8684,40.8235],[-111.8526,40.8266],[-111.8374,40.8325],[-111.8259,40.8334],[-111.8186,40.8343],[-111.8082,40.8383],[-111.7985,40.8388],[-111.7851,40.8447],[-111.7778,40.8442],[-111.7645,40.8505],[-111.748,40.8546],[-111.7444,40.8609],[-111.7352,40.8627],[-111.7231,40.855],[-111.7176,40.8563],[-111.7079,40.8531],[-111.7012,40.8567],[-111.6982,40.8617],[-111.6818,40.8585],[-111.6745,40.8562],[-111.6684,40.8544],[-111.6624,40.8507],[-111.6575,40.8475],[-111.6563,40.8453],[-111.6655,40.8362],[-111.6564,40.8285],[-111.6497,40.8258],[-111.6437,40.8221],[-111.6401,40.8194],[-111.6432,40.7953]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Salt Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","edition":"Online Only","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":true,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53972,"text":"wri034263 - 2004 - Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:39:05.135415","indexId":"wri034263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4263","title":"Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

This report describes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, to develop a regional ground-water-flow model of the French Creek Basin in Chester County, Pa. The model was used to assist water-resource managers by illustrating the interconnection between ground-water and surface-water systems. The 70.7-square mile French Creek Basin is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain by crystalline and sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers. Annual water budgets were calculated for 1969-2001 for the French Creek Basin upstream of streamflow-measurement station French Creek near Phoenixville (01472157). Average annual precipitation was 46.28 in. (inches), average annual streamflow was 20.29 in., average annual base flow determined by hydrograph separation was 12.42 in., and estimated average annual ET (evapotranspiration) was 26.10 in. Estimated average annual recharge was 14.32 in. and is equal to 31 percent of the average annual precipitation. Base flow made up an average of 61 percent of streamflow.

Ground-water flow in the French Creek Basin was simulated using the finite-difference MODFLOW-96 computer program. The model structure is based on a simplified two-dimensional conceptualization of the ground-water-flow system. The modeled area was extended outside the French Creek Basin to natural hydrologic boundaries; the modeled area includes 40 square miles of adjacent areas outside the basin. The hydraulic conductivity for each geologic unit was calculated from reported specific-capacity data determined from aquifer tests and was adjusted during model calibration. The model was calibrated for above-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on May 1, 2001, using a recharge rate of 20 in/yr (inches per year). The model was calibrated for below-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on September 11 and 17, 2001, using a recharge rate of 6.2 in/yr. Average conditions were simulated by adjusting the recharge rate until simulated streamflow at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 matched the long-term (1968-2001) average base flow of 54.1 cubic feet per second. The recharge rate used for average conditions was 15.7 in/yr.

The effect of drought in the French Creek Basin was simulated using a drought year recharge rate of 8 in/yr for 3 months. After 3 months of drought, the simulated streamflow of French Creek at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 decreased 34 percent. The simulations show that after 6 months of average recharge (15.7 in/yr) following drought, streamflow and water levels recovered almost to pre-drought conditions.

The effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on stream base flow in the South Branch French Creek Subbasin was simulated under average and drought conditions with pumping rates equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the Delaware River Basin Commission Ground Water Protected Area (GWPA) withdrawal limit (1,393 million gallons per year) with all pumped water removed from the basin. For average recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 18, 28, and 37 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively. After 3 months of drought recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 27, 40, and 52 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively.

The effect of well location on base flow, water levels, and the sources of water to the well was simulated by locating a hypothetical well pumping 200 gallons per minute in different places in the Beaver Run Subbasin with all pumped water removed from the basin. The smallest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Run was from a well on the drainage divide between the French Creek Basin and the Marsh Creek Basin to the south; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 1 percent. The greatest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Creek was from a well close to Beaver Run; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 8 percent. The simulations showed that (1) if the contributing area of a well is in a basin, pumping will affect stream base flow and water levels in that basin whether the well is inside or outside that basin; (2) wells in different areas of a basin away from a divide produce a similar reduction in base flow; (3) a well within a basin will derive more water from diverted base flow and less water from storage than a well on or near a basin divide; and (4) the reduction in base flow at the mouth of the stream is the same for a well in the headwaters and a well downstream near the confluence.

Model simulations illustrate some of the typical analyses and results that can be produced. The model was calibrated using annual values for recharge and ground-water ET and then was run using the annual values in a seasonally independent transient mode to show changes with time. The timing and relative magnitude of some of the changes simulated with the model when viewed in terms of a normal climatic year may be subject to considerable uncertainty because of the variability in seasonal recharge and ground-water ET rates. Transient model simulations for short-term periods are indicative of possible hydrologic system response and are considered an approximation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034263","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2004, Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4263, viii, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034263.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393932,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_65959.htm"},{"id":368080,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034263/wrir03-4263.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsyvlania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"French Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.85,\n 40.0853\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.0853\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.2233\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 40.2233\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 40.0853\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a898f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53865,"text":"bsr20020007 - 2004 - Coefficients of productivity for Yellowstone's grizzly bear habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T12:33:14","indexId":"bsr20020007","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0007","title":"Coefficients of productivity for Yellowstone's grizzly bear habitat","docAbstract":"This report describes methods for calculating coefficients used to depict habitat productivity for grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Calculations based on these coefficients are used in the Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Cumulative Effects Model to map the distribution of habitat productivity and account for the impacts of human facilities. The coefficients of habitat productivity incorporate detailed information that was collected over a 20-year period (1977-96) on the foraging behavior of Yellowstone's bears and include records of what bears were feeding on, when and where they fed, the extent of that feeding activity, and relative measures of the quantity consumed. The coefficients also incorporate information, collected primarily from 1986 to 1992, on the nutrient content of foods that were consumed, their digestibility, characteristic bite sizes, and the energy required to extract and handle each food. Coefficients were calculated for different time periods and different habitat types, specific to different parts of the Yellowstone ecosystem. Stratifications included four seasons of bear activity (spring, estrus, early hyperphagia, late hyperphagia), years when ungulate carrion and whitebark pine seed crops were abundant versus not, areas adjacent to (< 100 m) or far away from forest/nonforest edges, and areas inside or outside of ungulate winter ranges. Densities of bear activity in each region, habitat type, and time period were incorporated into calculations, controlling for the effects of proximity to human facilities. The coefficients described in this report and associated estimates of grizzly bear habitat productivity are unique among many efforts to model the conditions of bear habitat because calculations include information on energetics derived from the observed behavior of radio-marked bears.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., Barber, K., Maw, R., and Renkin, R., 2004, Coefficients of productivity for Yellowstone's grizzly bear habitat: Biological Science Report 2002-0007, 76 p.","productDescription":"76 p.","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4697,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/others/grixzzly.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David John","contributorId":23213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, Kim","contributorId":53461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Kim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maw, Ralene","contributorId":25235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maw","given":"Ralene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Renkin, Roy","contributorId":17688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renkin","given":"Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58164,"text":"wri034268 - 2004 - Documentation of revisions to the regional aquifer system analysis model of the New Jersey coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:17","indexId":"wri034268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4268","title":"Documentation of revisions to the regional aquifer system analysis model of the New Jersey coastal plain","docAbstract":"The model, which simulates flow in the New Jersey Coastal Plain sediments, developed for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) program was revised. The RASA model was revised with (1) a rediscretization of the model parameters with a finer cell size, (2) a spatially variable recharge rate that is based on rates determined by recent studies and, (3) ground-water withdrawal data from 1981 to 1998.\r\n\r\nThe RASA model framework, which subdivided the Coastal Plain sediments into 10 aquifers and 9 confining units, was preserved in the revised model. A transient model that simulates flow conditions from January 1, 1968 to December 31, 1998, was constructed using 21 stress periods.\r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated by attempting to match the simulated results with (1) estimated base flow for five river basins, (2) measured water levels in long-term hydrographs for 28 selected observation wells, and (3) potentiometric surfaces in the model area for 1978, 1983, 1998, 1993, and 1998 conditions. The estimated and simulated base flow in the five river basins compare well. In general, the simulated water levels matched the interpreted potentiometric surfaces and the measured water levels of the hydrographs within 25 feet.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034268","usgsCitation":"Voronin, L.M., 2004, Documentation of revisions to the regional aquifer system analysis model of the New Jersey coastal plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4268, 58 p. and 1 plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034268.","productDescription":"58 p. and 1 plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5777,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri03-4268/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voronin, Lois M. 0000-0002-1064-1675 lvoronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-1675","contributorId":1475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"Lois","email":"lvoronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58259,"text":"fs20043111 - 2004 - User interface for ATLSS models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:18","indexId":"fs20043111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3111","title":"User interface for ATLSS models","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043111","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, User interface for ATLSS models: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3111, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043111.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3111.bmp"},{"id":5842,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58263,"text":"fs20043130 - 2004 - Development of coastal flow and transport models in support of everglades restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:19","indexId":"fs20043130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3130","title":"Development of coastal flow and transport models in support of everglades restoration","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043130","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C.D., Swain, E.D., Wang, J.D., Wolfert, M.A., Schaffranek, R.W., and Riscassi, A.L., 2004, Development of coastal flow and transport models in support of everglades restoration: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3130, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043130.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3130.bmp"},{"id":5846,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, John D.","contributorId":75224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolfert, Melinda A.","contributorId":86033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfert","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Riscassi, Ami L.","contributorId":24399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riscassi","given":"Ami","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":58268,"text":"fs20043110 - 2004 - Modeling the effects of hydrology on fire, vegetation dynamics, and their interaction in the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:19","indexId":"fs20043110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3110","title":"Modeling the effects of hydrology on fire, vegetation dynamics, and their interaction in the Florida Everglades","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043110","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Duke-Sylvester, S., and Gross, L.J., 2004, Modeling the effects of hydrology on fire, vegetation dynamics, and their interaction in the Florida Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3110, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043110.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5851,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3110.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6997a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":88015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duke-Sylvester, Scott M.","contributorId":40661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke-Sylvester","given":"Scott M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, Louis J.","contributorId":56705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58292,"text":"ofr20041354 - 2004 - Thickness of Santa Fe Group sediments in the Espanola Basin south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, as estimated from aeromagnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:04","indexId":"ofr20041354","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1354","title":"Thickness of Santa Fe Group sediments in the Espanola Basin south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, as estimated from aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"In the southern Espa?ola basin south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, weakly magnetic Santa Fe Group sediments of Oligocene to Pleistocene age, which represent the primary aquifers for the region, are locally underlain by moderately to strongly magnetic igneous and volcaniclastic rocks of Oligocene age. Where this relationship exists, the thickness of Santa Fe Group sediments, and thus the maximum thickness of the aquifers, can be estimated from quantitative analysis of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. These thickness estimates provide guidance for characterizing the ground-water resources in between scattered water wells in this area of rapid urban development and declining water supplies. This report presents one such analysis based on the two-step extended Euler method for estimating depth to magnetic sources. The results show the general form of a north-trending synclinal basin located between the Cerrillos Hills and Eldorado with northward thickening of Santa Fe Group sediments. The increase in thickness is gradual from the erosional edge on the south to a U-shaped \u001CSanta Fe embayment hinge line,\u001D north of which sediments thicken much more dramatically. Along the north-south basin axis, Santa Fe Group sediments thicken from 300 feet (91 meters) at the hinge line near latitude 35o32'30'N to 2,000 feet (610 meters) at the Cerrillos Road interchange at Interstate 25, north of latitude 35o36'N. The depth analysis indicates that, superimposed on this general synclinal form, there are many local areas where the Santa Fe Group sediments may be thickened by a few hundred feet, presumably due to erosional relief on the underlying Oligocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Some larger areas of greater apparent thickening occur where the presence of magnetic rocks directly underlying the Santa Fe Group is uncertain. Where magnetic rocks are absent beneath the Santa Fe Group, the thickness cannot be estimated from the aeromagnetic data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041354","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J.D., and Grauch, V.J., 2004, Thickness of Santa Fe Group sediments in the Espanola Basin south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, as estimated from aeromagnetic data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1354, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041354.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5863,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1354/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58298,"text":"tm4A5 - 2004 - Load estimator (LOADEST): a FORTRAN program for estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:06","indexId":"tm4A5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-A5","title":"Load estimator (LOADEST): a FORTRAN program for estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers","docAbstract":"LOAD ESTimator (LOADEST) is a FORTRAN program for estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers. Given a time series of streamflow, additional data variables, and constituent concentration, LOADEST assists the user in developing a regression model for the estimation of constituent load (calibration). Explanatory variables within the regression model include various functions of streamflow, decimal time, and additional user-specified data variables. The formulated regression model then is used to estimate loads over a user-specified time interval (estimation). Mean load estimates, standard errors, and 95 percent confidence intervals are developed on a monthly and(or) seasonal basis. \r\n\r\nThe calibration and estimation procedures within LOADEST are based on three statistical estimation methods. The first two methods, Adjusted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (AMLE) and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), are appropriate when the calibration model errors (residuals) are normally distributed. Of the two, AMLE is the method of choice when the calibration data set (time series of streamflow, additional data variables, and concentration) contains censored data. The third method, Least Absolute Deviation (LAD), is an alternative to maximum likelihood estimation when the residuals are not normally distributed. LOADEST output includes diagnostic tests and warnings to assist the user in determining the appropriate estimation method and in interpreting the estimated loads. This report describes the development and application of LOADEST. Sections of the report describe estimation theory, input/output specifications, sample applications, and installation instructions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm4A5","collaboration":"See errata","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., Crawford, C.G., and Cohn, T., 2004, Load estimator (LOADEST): a FORTRAN program for estimating constituent loads in streams and rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A5, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4A5.","productDescription":"75 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7903,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm4A5/Errata.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7841,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm4A5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b1a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58299,"text":"tm6A8 - 2004 - PHAST--a program for simulating ground-water flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T19:57:13","indexId":"tm6A8","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A8","title":"PHAST--a program for simulating ground-water flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions","docAbstract":"The computer program PHAST simulates multi-component, reactive solute transport in three-dimensional saturated ground-water flow systems. PHAST is a versatile ground-water flow and solute-transport simulator with capabilities to model a wide range of equilibrium and kinetic geochemical reactions. The flow and transport calculations are based on a modified version of HST3D that is restricted to constant fluid density and constant temperature. The geochemical reactions are simulated with the geochemical model PHREEQC, which is embedded in PHAST.\r\n\r\nPHAST is applicable to the study of natural and contaminated ground-water systems at a variety of scales ranging from laboratory experiments to local and regional field scales. PHAST can be used in studies of migration of nutrients, inorganic and organic contaminants, and radionuclides; in projects such as aquifer storage and recovery or engineered remediation; and in investigations of the natural rock-water interactions in aquifers. PHAST is not appropriate for unsaturated-zone flow, multiphase flow, density-dependent flow, or waters with high ionic strengths.\r\n\r\nA variety of boundary conditions are available in PHAST to simulate flow and transport, including specified-head, flux, and leaky conditions, as well as the special cases of rivers and wells. Chemical reactions in PHAST include (1) homogeneous equilibria using an ion-association thermodynamic model; (2) heterogeneous equilibria between the aqueous solution and minerals, gases, surface complexation sites, ion exchange sites, and solid solutions; and (3) kinetic reactions with rates that are a function of solution composition. The aqueous model (elements, chemical reactions, and equilibrium constants), minerals, gases, exchangers, surfaces, and rate expressions may be defined or modified by the user. \r\n\r\nA number of options are available to save results of simulations to output files. The data may be saved in three formats: a format suitable for viewing with a text editor; a format suitable for exporting to spreadsheets and post-processing programs; or in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), which is a compressed binary format. Data in the HDF file can be visualized on Windows computers with the program Model Viewer and extracted with the utility program PHASTHDF; both programs are distributed with PHAST.\r\n\r\nOperator splitting of the flow, transport, and geochemical equations is used to separate the three processes into three sequential calculations. No iterations between transport and reaction calculations are implemented. A three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and finite-difference techniques are used for the spatial and temporal discretization of the flow and transport equations. The non-linear chemical equilibrium equations are solved by a Newton-Raphson method, and the kinetic reaction equations are solved by a Runge-Kutta or an implicit method for integrating ordinary differential equations. \r\n\r\nThe PHAST simulator may require large amounts of memory and long Central Processing Unit (CPU) times. To reduce the long CPU times, a parallel version of PHAST has been developed that runs on a multiprocessor computer or on a collection of computers that are networked. The parallel version requires Message Passing Interface, which is currently (2004) freely available. The parallel version is effective in reducing simulation times.\r\n\r\nThis report documents the use of the PHAST simulator, including running the simulator, preparing the input files, selecting the output files, and visualizing the results. It also presents four examples that verify the numerical method and demonstrate the capabilities of the simulator. PHAST requires three input files. Only the flow and transport file is described in detail in this report. The other two files, the chemistry data file and the database file, are identical to PHREEQC files and the detailed description of these files is found in the PHREEQC documentation.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A8","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Kipp, K.L., Engesgaard, P., and Charlton, S.R., 2004, PHAST--a program for simulating ground-water flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A8, 154 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A8.","productDescription":"154 p.","numberOfPages":"154","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a8.gif"},{"id":5869,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm6A8/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engesgaard, Peter","contributorId":49044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engesgaard","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58300,"text":"sir20045200 - 2004 - Constituent loads and flow-weighted average concentrations for major subbasins of the upper Red River of the North Basin, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:02:14","indexId":"sir20045200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5200","title":"Constituent loads and flow-weighted average concentrations for major subbasins of the upper Red River of the North Basin, 1997-99","docAbstract":"

Data were collected at 11 water-quality sampling sites in the upper Red River of the North (Red River) Basin from May 1997 through September 1999 to describe the water-quality characteristics of the upper Red River and to estimate constituent loads and flow-weighted average concentrations for major tributaries of the Red River upstream from the bridge crossing the Red River at Perley, Minn. Samples collected from the sites were analyzed for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, bacteria, dissolved solids, nutrients, and suspended sediment.

Concentration data indicated the median concentrations for most constituents and sampling sites during the study period were less than existing North Dakota and Minnesota standards or guidelines. However, more than 25 percent of the samples for the Red River at Perley, Minn., site had fecal coliform concentrations that were greater than 200 colonies per 100 milliliters, indicating an abundance of pathogens in the upper Red River Basin. Although total nitrite plus nitrate concentrations generally increased in a downstream direction, the median concentrations for all sites were less than the North Dakota suggested guideline of 1.0 milligram per liter. Total and dissolved phosphorus concentrations also generally increased in a downstream direction, but, for those constituents, the median concentrations for most sampling sites exceeded the North Dakota suggested guideline of 0.1 milligram per liter.

For dissolved solids, nutrients, and suspended sediments, a relation between constituent concentration and streamflow was determined using the data collected during the study period. The relation was determined by a multiple regression model in which concentration was the dependent variable and streamflow was the primary explanatory variable. The regression model was used to compute unbiased estimates of annual loads for each constituent and for each of eight primary water-quality sampling sites and to compute the degree of uncertainty associated with each estimated annual load. The estimated annual loads for the eight primary sites then were used to estimate annual loads for five intervening reaches in the study area.  Results were used as a screening tool to identify which subbasins contributed a disproportionate amount of pollutants to the Red River. To compare the relative water quality of the different subbasins, an estimated flow-weighted average (FWA) concentration was computed from the estimated average annual load and the average annual streamflow for each subbasin.

The 5-day biochemical oxygen demands in the upper Red River Basin were fairly small, and medians ranged from 1 to 3 milligrams per liter. The largest estimated FWA concentration for dissolved solids (about 630 milligrams per liter) was for the Bois de Sioux River near Doran, Minn., site. The Otter Tail River above Breckenridge, Minn., site had the smallest estimated FWA concentration (about 240 milligrams per liter). The estimated FWA concentrations for dissolved solids for the main-stem sites ranged from about 300 to 500 milligrams per liter and generally increased in a downstream direction.

The estimated FWA concentrations for total nitrite plus nitrate for the main-stem sites increased from about 0.2 milligram per liter for the Red River below Wahpeton, N. Dak., site to about 0.9 milligram per liter for the Red River at Perley, Minn., site. Much of the increase probably resulted from flows from the tributary sites and intervening reaches, excluding the Otter Tail River above Breckenridge, Minn., site. However, uncertainty in the estimated concentrations prevented any reliable conclusions regarding which sites or reaches contributed most to the increase.

The estimated FWA concentrations for total ammonia for the main-stem sites increased from about 0.05 milligram per liter for the Red River above Fargo, N. Dak., site to about 0.15 milligram per liter for the Red River near Harwood, N. Dak., site. The increase resulted from a decrease in flows in the Red River above Fargo, N. Dak., to the Red River near Harwood, N. Dak., intervening reach and the large load for that reach.

The estimated FWA concentrations for total organic nitrogen for the main-stem sites were relatively constant and ranged from about 0.5 to 0.7 milligram per liter. The relatively constant concentrations were in sharp contrast to the total nitrite plus nitrate concentrations, which increased about fivefold between the Red River below Wahpeton, N. Dak., site and the Red River at Perley, Minn., site.

The Red River near Harwood, N. Dak., to the Red River at Perley, Minn., intervening reach had the largest estimated FWA concentration for total nitrogen (about 2.9 milligrams per liter), but the estimate was highly uncertain. The Otter Tail River above Breckenridge, Minn., site had the smallest concentration (about 0.6 milligram per liter). The estimated FWA concentrations for total nitrogen for the main-stem sites increased from about 0.9 milligram per liter for the Red River at Hickson, N. Dak., site to about 1.6 milligrams per liter for the Red River at Perley, Minn., site.

The Sheyenne River at Harwood, N. Dak., site had the largest estimated FWA concentration for total phosphorus (about 0.5 milligram per liter). The Otter Tail River above Breckenridge, Minn., site had the smallest concentration (about 0.1 milligram per liter). The estimated FWA concentrations for total phosphorus for the main-stem sites increased from about 0.15 milligram per liter for the Red River below Wahpeton, N. Dak., site to about 0.35 milligram per liter for the Red River at Perley, Minn., site.

The estimated FWA concentrations for suspended sediment for the main-stem sites increased from about 50 milligrams per liter for the Red River below Wahpeton, N. Dak., site to about 300 milligrams per liter for the Red River at Perley, Minn., site. Much of the increase occurred as a result of the large yield of suspended sediment from the Red River below Wahpeton, N. Dak., to the Red River at Hickson, N. Dak., intervening reach.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045200","usgsCitation":"Sether, B.A., Berkas, W.R., and Vecchia, A.V., 2004, Constituent loads and flow-weighted average concentrations for major subbasins of the upper Red River of the North Basin, 1997-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5200, v, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045200.","productDescription":"v, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5881,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352701,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5200/pdf/sir20045200.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sether, Bradley A.","contributorId":54985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sether","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58301,"text":"sir20045204 - 2004 - Characterization and simulation of flow in the lower Arkansas River alluvial aquifer, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:03","indexId":"sir20045204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5204","title":"Characterization and simulation of flow in the lower Arkansas River alluvial aquifer, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"Large parts of the lower Arkansas, Ninnescah, and Walnut River Basins in south-central Kansas\u0014an area that includes Wichita, the largest city in Kansas\u0014are experiencing rapid population growth and, consequently, increasing demands on surface- and ground-water resources in addition to agricultural irrigation in the area. The quantity and quality of water available in the lower Arkansas, Ninnescah, and Walnut River Basins in Butler, Cowley, Sedgwick, and Sumner Counties are crucial as population and water use continue to increase in the region. \r\n\r\nA steady-state model was constructed to simulate flow in the Arkansas River alluvial aquifer between Wichita and Arkansas City. Calibration was achieved using March 2001 measured water levels and streamflow gain using long-term (1940\u00132001) streamflow records. Average recharge about 5 inches per year; average aquifer hydraulic conductivity was about 500 feet per day; well pumpage (average of reported 1998\u00132001 use) was 56 cubic feet per second; and net flow from the alluvial aquifer to streams in the modeled area was computed by hydrograph separation to be 157 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\nNine hypothetical simulations were conducted with ground-water pumpage varying from zero to double authorized pumpage (206 cubic feet per second). Net remaining aquifer thickness declined for the largest simulated pumpage increases in comparison to 1998\u00132001 average pumping, as did flow from the aquifer to the Arkansas River. Simulated aquifer thickness decreases were more pronounced in areas where pumpage is currently (2004) greatest.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045204","usgsCitation":"Jian, X., Combs, L.J., and Hansen, C.V., 2004, Characterization and simulation of flow in the lower Arkansas River alluvial aquifer, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5204, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045204.","productDescription":"90 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5882,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jian, Xiaodong 0000-0002-9173-3482 xjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-3482","contributorId":1282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jian","given":"Xiaodong","email":"xjian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Combs, Lanna J.","contributorId":86411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Combs","given":"Lanna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58312,"text":"ofr20041335 - 2004 - Binational digital soils map of the Ambos Nogales watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T21:56:42.446593","indexId":"ofr20041335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1335","title":"Binational digital soils map of the Ambos Nogales watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"We have prepared a digital map of soil parameters for the international Ambos Nogales watershed to use as input for selected soils-erosion models. The Ambos Nogales watershed in southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico, contains the Nogales wash, a tributary of the Upper Santa Cruz River. The watershed covers an area of 235 km2, just under half of which is in Mexico. Preliminary investigations of potential erosion revealed a discrepancy in soils data and mapping across the United States-Mexican border due to issues including different mapping resolutions, incompatible formatting, and varying nomenclature and classification systems. To prepare a digital soils map appropriate for input to a soils-erosion model, the historical analog soils maps for Nogales, Ariz., were scanned and merged with the larger-scale digital soils data available for Nogales, Sonora, Mexico using a geographic information system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041335","usgsCitation":"Norman, L., 2004, Binational digital soils map of the Ambos Nogales watershed, southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1335, Report: 39 p.; Metadata; Shapefile Download, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041335.","productDescription":"Report: 39 p.; Metadata; Shapefile Download","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5893,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1335/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":408785,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70092.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Sonora","otherGeospatial":"Ambos Nogales watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.5686,\n 31.3789\n ],\n [\n -109.5686,\n 31.2958\n ],\n [\n -109.5122,\n 31.2958\n ],\n [\n -109.5122,\n 31.3789\n ],\n [\n -109.5686,\n 31.3789\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625ee9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura","contributorId":90382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58315,"text":"ofr20041408 - 2004 - Incorporating uncertainty into mercury-offset decisions with a probabilistic network for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit holders: An interim report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T18:38:06.021135","indexId":"ofr20041408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1408","title":"Incorporating uncertainty into mercury-offset decisions with a probabilistic network for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit holders: An interim report","docAbstract":"

This interim report describes an alternative approach for evaluating the efficacy of using mercury (Hg) offsets to improve water quality. Hg-offset programs may allow dischargers facing higher-pollution control costs to meet their regulatory obligations by making more cost effective pollutant-reduction decisions. Efficient Hg management requires methods to translate that science and economics into a regulatory decision framework.

This report documents the work in progress by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Western Geographic Science Center in collaboration with Stanford University toward developing this decision framework to help managers, regulators, and other stakeholders decide whether offsets can cost effectively meet the Hg total maximum daily load (TMDL) requirements in the Sacramento River watershed. Two key approaches being considered are: (1) a probabilistic approach that explicitly incorporates scientific uncertainty, cost information, and value judgments; and (2) a quantitative approach that captures uncertainty in testing the feasibility of Hg offsets.

Current fate and transport-process models commonly attempt to predict chemical transformations and transport pathways deterministically. However, the physical, chemical, and biologic processes controlling the fate and transport of Hg in aquatic environments are complex and poorly understood. Deterministic models of Hg environmental behavior contain large uncertainties, reflecting this lack of understanding. The uncertainty in these underlying physical processes may produce similarly large uncertainties in the decisionmaking process. However, decisions about control strategies are still being made despite the large uncertainties in current Hg loadings, the relations between total Hg (HgT) loading and methylmercury (MeHg) formation, and the relations between control efforts and Hg content in fish.

The research presented here focuses on an alternative analytical approach to the current use of safety factors and deterministic methods for Hg TMDL decision support, one that is fully compatible with an adaptive management approach. This alternative approach uses empirical data and informed judgment to provide a scientific and technical basis for helping National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit holders make management decisions. An Hg-offset system would be an option if a wastewater-treatment plant could not achieve NPDES permit requirements for HgT reduction.

We develop a probabilistic decision-analytical model consisting of three submodels for HgT loading, MeHg, and cost mitigation within a Bayesian network that integrates information of varying rigor and detail into a simple model of a complex system. Hg processes are identified and quantified by using a combination of historical data, statistical models, and expert judgment. Such an integrated approach to uncertainty analysis allows easy updating of prediction and inference when observations of model variables are made. We demonstrate our approach with data from the Cache Creek watershed (a subbasin of the Sacramento River watershed).

The empirical models used to generate the needed probability distributions are based on the same empirical models currently being used by the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Cache Creek Hg TMDL working group. The significant difference is that input uncertainty and error are explicitly included in the model and propagated throughout its algorithms. This work demonstrates how to integrate uncertainty into the complex and highly uncertain Hg TMDL decisionmaking process. The various sources of uncertainty are propagated as decision risk that allows decisionmakers to simultaneously consider uncertainties in remediation/implementation costs while attempting to meet environmental/ecologic targets.

We must note that this research is on going. As more data are collected, the HgT and cost-mitigation submodels are updated and the uncertainties may be reduced. Subsequently, the value of using a probabilistic framework for estimating and explicitly stating these uncertainties within a decisionmaking process can be estimated when new data are collected.

Future work includes the design and implementation of a Bayesian network decision support system (BN-DSS) to produce mitigation scenarios for offset-project evaluation in the Cache Creek watershed. The decisionmaker, a wastewater-treatment plant, is expected to evaluate potential Hg-offset programs in terms of changes in HgT load changes, MeHg-production potential, project cost, and other suitability criteria. Subsequently, scenarios can be analyzed by performing sensitivity analyses and ranking environmental and economic uncertainties in terms of the decisionmaker’s preferences and risk choices. Such an analysis allows decisionmakers and stakeholders to explore various scenarios and predict the consequences of different stated preferences over outcomes.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041408","usgsCitation":"Wood, A., 2004, Incorporating uncertainty into mercury-offset decisions with a probabilistic network for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit holders: An interim report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1408, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041408.","productDescription":"75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5896,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1408/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70112.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f56b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Alexander","contributorId":41518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58310,"text":"fs20043063 - 2004 - Overview--Development of a geodatabase and conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units beneath Air Force Plant 4 and Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field, Fort Worth, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T14:45:51","indexId":"fs20043063","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3063","title":"Overview--Development of a geodatabase and conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units beneath Air Force Plant 4 and Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field, Fort Worth, Texas","docAbstract":"

Air Force Plant 4 (AFP4) and adjacent Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field (NAS–JRB) at Fort Worth, Tex., constitute a contractor-owned, government-operated facility that has been in operation since 1942. Contaminants from the 3,600-acre facility, primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals, have entered the ground-water-flow system through leakage from waste-disposal sites and from manufacturing processes.

Environmental data collected at AFP4 and NAS–JRB during 1993–2002 created the need for consolidation of the data into a comprehensive temporal and spatial geodatabase. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center Environmental Management Directorate, developed a comprehensive geodatabase of temporal and spatial environmental data associated with the hydrogeologic units beneath the facility. A three-dimensional conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units integrally linked to the geodatabase was designed concurrently.

Three hydrogeologic units—from land surface downward, the alluvial aquifer, the GoodlandWalnut confining unit, and the Paluxy aquifer—compose the subsurface of interest at AFP4 and NAS–JRB. The alluvial aquifer consists primarily of clay and silt with sand and gravel channel deposits that might be interconnected or interfingered. The Goodland-Walnut confining unit directly underlies the alluvial aquifer and consists of limestone, marl, shale, and clay. The Paluxy aquifer is composed of dense mudstone and fine- to coarse-grained sandstone

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043063","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Shah, S., 2004, Overview--Development of a geodatabase and conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units beneath Air Force Plant 4 and Naval Air Station-Joint Reserve Base Carswell Field, Fort Worth, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3063, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043063.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3063.jpg"},{"id":338680,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3063/pdf/FS_2004-3063.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5891,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.4,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -97.45,\n 32.75\n ],\n [\n -97.45,\n 32.8\n ],\n [\n -97.4,\n 32.8\n ],\n [\n -97.4,\n 32.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a16b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Sachin D.","contributorId":60174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Sachin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58234,"text":"sir20045231 - 2004 - Documentation of the Santa Clara Valley regional ground-water/surface-water flow model, Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T14:31:08.396868","indexId":"sir20045231","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5231","title":"Documentation of the Santa Clara Valley regional ground-water/surface-water flow model, Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"

 The Santa Clara Valley is a long, narrow trough extending about 35 miles southeast from the southern end of San Francisco Bay where the regional alluvial-aquifer system has been a major source of water. Intensive agricultural and urban development throughout the 20th century and related ground-water development resulted in ground-water-level declines of more than 200 feet and land subsidence of as much as 12.7 feet between the early 1900s and the mid-1960s. Since the 1960s, Santa Clara Valley Water District has imported surface water to meet growing demands and reduce dependence on ground-water supplies. This importation of water has resulted in a sustained recovery of the ground-water flow system. To help support effective management of the ground-water resources, a regional ground-water/surface-water flow model was developed. This model simulates the flow of ground water and surface water, changes in ground-water storage, and related effects such as land subsidence.

A numerical ground-water/surface-water flow model of the Santa Clara Valley subbasin of the Santa Clara Valley was developed as part of a cooperative investigation with the Santa Clara Valley Water District. The model better defines the geohydrologic framework of the regional flow system and better delineates the supply and demand components that affect the inflows to and outflows from the regional ground-water flow system. Development of the model includes revisions to the previous ground-water flow model that upgraded the temporal and spatial discretization, added source-specific inflows and outflows, simulated additional flow features such as land subsidence and multi-aquifer wellbore flow, and extended the period of simulation through September 1999. The transient-state model was calibrated to historical surface-water and ground-water data for the period 1970–99 and to historical subsidence for the period 1983–99.

The regional ground-water flow system consists of multiple aquifers that are grouped into upper- and lower-aquifer systems. Ground-water inflow occurs as natural recharge in the form of streamflow infiltration and areal infiltration of precipitation along stream channels, artificial recharge from infiltration of imported water at recharge ponds and along selected stream channels, and leakage along selected transmission pipelines. Ground-water outflow occurs as evapotranspiration, stream base flow, discharge through pumpage from wells, and subsurface flow to the San Francisco Bay.

 The geohydrologic framework of the regional ground-water flow system was represented as six model layers. The hydraulic properties were redefined on the basis of cell-based lithologic properties that were delineated in terms of aggregate thicknesses of coarse-grained, fine-grained, and mixed textural categories. The regional aquifer systems also are dissected by several laterally extensive faults that may form at least partial barriers to the lateral flow of ground water. The spatial extent of the ground-water flow model was extended and refined to cover the entire Santa Clara Valley, including the Evergreen subregion. The temporal discretization was refined and the period of simulation was extended to 1970–99.

The model was upgraded to MODFLOW-2000 (MF2K) and was calibrated to fit historical ground-water levels, streamflow, and land subsidence for the period 1970–99. The revised model slightly overestimates measured water levels with an root-mean-square error of -7.34 feet. The streamflow generally shows a good match on gaged creeks and rivers for flows greater than 1.2 cubic feet per second. The revised model also fits the measured deformation at the borehole extensometer site located near San Jose within 16 to 27 percent and the extensometer site near Sunnyvale within 3 percent of the maximum measured seasonal deformation for the deepest extensometers.

 The total ground-water inflow and outflow of about 225,500 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) for the period 1970–89 and of about 205,300 acre-feet per year for the period for the period 1970–99 is comparable with that of the previous model, 207,200 acre-ft/yr for the period 1970–89. Overall the simulated net change in storage increased by about 189,500 acre-ft/yr for the entire period of simulation, which represents about one and a half years of the 1970–99 average pumping. The changes in ground-water flow and storage generally reflect the major climate cycles and the additional importation of water by Santa Clara Valley Water District, with the basin in recovery since the drought of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The average total recharge rate, from natural and artificial recharge and from streamflow infiltration for the revised model for the entire simulation period 1970–99, was about 157,100 acre-ft/yr, which represents about 59 percent of the inflow to the ground-water flow system. The average rate of artificial recharge of about 77,600 acre-ft/yr represents about 30 percent of the inflow to the ground-water flow system. The average pumpage for the entire 29.75-year simulation period is about 133,400 acre-ft/yr and represents about 69 percent of the outflow from the ground-water flow system. Most of the simulated recharge infiltrates and flows through the uppermost layers (i.e. model layers 1 and 3) of the aquifer system. Most of the water that flows to the deeper model layers is occurring through wellbores, with wellbore flow representing 19 percent of the total ground-water inflow between model layers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045231","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Li, Z., and Faunt, C., 2004, Documentation of the Santa Clara Valley regional ground-water/surface-water flow model, Santa Clara Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5231, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045231.","productDescription":"85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5231/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Zhen zhenli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Zhen","email":"zhenli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53862,"text":"bsr030002 - 2003 - Physical stream habitat dynamics in Lower Bear Creek, northern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T13:00:04.432684","indexId":"bsr030002","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-10T09:05:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2003-0002","title":"Physical stream habitat dynamics in Lower Bear Creek, northern Arkansas","docAbstract":"We evaluated the roles of geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics in determining physical stream habitat in Bear Creek, a stream with a 239 km2 drainage basin in the Ozark Plateaus (Ozarks) in northern Arkansas. During a relatively wet 12-month monitoring period, the geomorphology of Bear Creek was altered by a series of floods, including at least four floods with peak discharges exceeding a 1-year recurrence interval and another flood with an estimated 2- to 4-year recurrence interval. These floods resulted in a net erosion of sediment from the study reach at Crane Bottom at rates far in excess of other sites previously studied in the Ozarks. The riffle-pool framework of the study reach at Crane Bottom was not substantially altered by these floods, but volumes of habitat in riffles and pools changed. The 2- to 4-year flood scoured gravel from pools and deposited it in riffles, increasing the diversity of available stream habitat. In contract, the smaller floods eroded gravel from the riffles and deposited it in pools, possibly flushing fine sediment from the substrate but also decreasing habitat diversity.\r\n\r\nChannel geometry measured at the beginning of the study was use to develop a two-dimensional, finite-element hydraulic model at assess how habitat varies with hydrologic dynamics. Distributions of depth and velocity simulated over the range of discharges observed during the study (0.1 to 556 cubic meters per second, cms) were classified into habitat units based on limiting depths and Froude number criteria. The results indicate that the areas of habitats are especially sensitive to change to low to medium flows. Races (areas of swift, relatively deep water downstream from riffles) disappear completely at the lowest flows, and riffles (areas of swift, relatively shallow water) contract substantially in area. Pools also contract in area during low flow, but deep scours associated with bedrock outcrops sustain some pool area even at the lowest modeled flows. Modeled boundary shear stresses were used to evaluate which flows are responsible for the most mobilization of the bed, and therefore, habitat maintenance. Evaluation of the magnitude and frequency of bed-sediment entrainment shows that most of the habitat maintenance results from flows that occur on average about 4 to 7 days a year.\r\n\r\nOur analysis documents the geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics that form and maintain habitats in a warmwater stream in the Ozarks. The range of flows that occurs on this stream can be partitioned into those that sustain habitat by providing the combinations of depth and velocity that stream organisms live with most of the time, and those flows that surpass sediment entrainment thresholds, alter stream geomorphology, and therefore maintain habitat. The quantitative relations show sensitivity of habitats to flow variation, but do not address how flow may vary in the future, or the extent to which stream geomorphology may be affected by variations in sediment supply.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S.Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reuter, J.M., Jacobson, R.B., and Elliott, C.M., 2003, Physical stream habitat dynamics in Lower Bear Creek, northern Arkansas: Biological Science Report 2003-0002, iv, 49 p.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2003/0002/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2003/0002/bsr20030002.pdf","text":"Report","size":"48.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 35.33529320309328\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 36.36822190085111\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.68017578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 35.33529320309328\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reuter, Joanna M.","contributorId":50179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reuter","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Caroline M. 0000-0002-9190-7462 celliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-7462","contributorId":2380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Caroline","email":"celliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205506,"text":"70205506 - 2003 - Modeling manifest variables in longitudinal designs - A two-stage approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T14:56:04","indexId":"70205506","displayToPublicDate":"2019-12-31T14:50:52","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Modeling manifest variables in longitudinal designs - A two-stage approach","docAbstract":"

No abstract available

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Structural equation modeling: Applications in ecological and evolutionary biology research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","isbn":"9780521104029","usgsCitation":"Fuller, B.E., von Eye, A., Wood, P.K., and Keeland, B.D., 2003, Modeling manifest variables in longitudinal designs - A two-stage approach, chap. of Structural equation modeling: Applications in ecological and evolutionary biology research, p. 312-351.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"312","endPage":"351","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367564,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/ecology-and-conservation/structural-equation-modeling-applications-ecological-and-evolutionary-biology"},{"id":367565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Bret E.","contributorId":219157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"Bret","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Eye, Alexander","contributorId":26977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Eye","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, P. K.","contributorId":219158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keeland, Bobby D.","contributorId":103506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"Bobby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179117,"text":"70179117 - 2003 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T13:20:58","indexId":"70179117","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"117","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah","docAbstract":"

Kamas Valley, Utah, is located about 50 miles east of Salt Lake City and is undergoing residential development. The increasing number of wells and septic systems raised concerns of water managers and prompted this hydrologic study. About 350,000 acre-feet per year of surface water flows through Kamas Valley in the Weber River, Beaver Creek, and Provo River, which originate in the Uinta Mountains east of the study area. The ground-water system in this area consists of water in unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock; water budgets indicate very little interaction between consolidated rock and unconsolidated deposits. Most recharge to consolidated rock occurs at higher altitudes in the mountains and discharges to streams and springs upgradient of Kamas Valley. About 38,000 acre-feet per year of water flows through the unconsolidated deposits in Kamas Valley. Most recharge is from irrigation and seepage from major streams; most discharge is to Beaver Creek in the middle part of the valley. Long-term water-level fluctuations range from about 3 to 17 feet. Seasonal fluctuations exceed 50 feet. Transmissivity varies over four orders of magnitude in both the unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock and is typically 1,000 to 10,000 feet squared per day in unconsolidated deposits and 100 feet squared per day in consolidated rock as determined from specific capacity. Water samples collected from wells, streams, and springs had nitrate plus nitrite concentrations (as N) substantially less than 10 mg/L. Total and fecal coliform bacteria were detected in some surface-water samples and probably originate from livestock. Septic systems do not appear to be degrading water quality. A numerical ground-water flow model developed to test the conceptual understanding of the ground-water system adequately simulates water levels and flow in the unconsolidated deposits. Analyses of model fit and sensitivity were used to refine the conceptual and numerical models.

","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Weber Basin Water Conservancy District; Davis and Weber Counties Canal Company; and Weber River Water Users Association","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L., Stolp, B., and Spangler, L., 2003, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah: Technical Publication 117, x, 74 p.","productDescription":"x, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-311"},{"id":332241,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/wwwpub/tp_117.pdf"},{"id":332242,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/groundwater/gwmodelsview.asp#Kamas","text":"MODFLOW 2000 Model Data"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Summit County","otherGeospatial":"Kamas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.38214111328124,\n 40.753499070431374\n ],\n [\n -111.36566162109375,\n 40.75245875985305\n ],\n [\n -111.34437561035156,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -111.28875732421874,\n 40.742574997542924\n ],\n [\n -111.25373840332031,\n 40.73216945026674\n ],\n [\n -111.23588562011719,\n 40.67126439151552\n ],\n [\n -111.24893188476561,\n 40.65355504328839\n ],\n [\n -111.25373840332031,\n 40.632714496550626\n ],\n [\n -111.22558593749999,\n 40.605090749765786\n ],\n [\n -111.20429992675781,\n 40.57954165275019\n ],\n [\n -111.15211486816406,\n 40.551895925961105\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 40.54876550151149\n ],\n [\n -111.27433776855469,\n 40.56963223359563\n ],\n [\n -111.33476257324217,\n 40.61343119773193\n ],\n [\n -111.32514953613281,\n 40.660326819865354\n ],\n [\n -111.3581085205078,\n 40.701984159668676\n ],\n [\n -111.35879516601561,\n 40.72176227543699\n ],\n [\n -111.37321472167969,\n 40.737892702684064\n ],\n [\n -111.38214111328124,\n 40.753499070431374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b89e4b02bdf681568c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, L.E.","contributorId":41852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174908,"text":"70174908 - 2003 - Climate effects of pacific decadal oscillation on streamflow of the Feather River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-04T14:34:50","indexId":"70174908","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-21T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Climate effects of pacific decadal oscillation on streamflow of the Feather River, California","docAbstract":"

The timing of maximum monthly-mean streamflow for the Feather River in northern California has come earlier in the year in recent decades (since the 1950s), as have timings in most rivers throughout California and the western United States. Much of the timing shift in the Feather River basin appears to coincide with interdecadal changes in the North Pacific climate regime. The coincident timing changes are seen as a shift in the month of maximum streamflow from April-May during the cooler Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase to March-April during the warmer phase. The change in streamflow timing in the Feather River basin became an issue during the testing of a new set of watershed models of inflow to Lake Oroville, because model performance degraded in simulations of recent years (1998-2001). The model calibration period (1971-97) was dominated by the warmer (1977-98) PDO phase. However, the 1998-2001 period mostly corresponds to a newly reestablished cool PDO (beginning late 1998). Simulations during 1998-2001 failed to reproduce streamflow as well as simulations of the calibration period, probably because some model parameters, like those associated with rain-snow mixes or temperature and precipitation distributions, are not calibrated for climatic conditions that occur during a cool PDO.

","language":"English","publisher":"Western Snow Conference","publisherLocation":"Brush Prairie, WA","usgsCitation":"Koczot, K.M., and Dettinger, M., 2003, Climate effects of pacific decadal oscillation on streamflow of the Feather River, California, p. 139-142.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":325493,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.westernsnowconference.org/sites/westernsnowconference.org/PDFs/2003Koczot.pdf","text":"Climate effects of pacific decadal oscillation on streamflow of the Feather River, California","size":"545 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Climate effects of pacific decadal oscillation on streamflow of the Feather River, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Feather River Basin, Sacramento Valley of Northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ],\n [\n -121.4154052734375,\n 38.37396220263095\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.62510898062146\n ],\n [\n -122.57720947265624,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 38.638327308061875\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 38.638327308061875\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 38.638327308061875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a17be4b030378fb4741e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koczot, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-5728-9798 kmkoczot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-9798","contributorId":2039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmkoczot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":146383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159991,"text":"70159991 - 2003 - Modeling a complex conceptual theory of population change in the Shiras moose: History and recasting as a structural equation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T09:37:32","indexId":"70159991","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-06T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Modeling a complex conceptual theory of population change in the Shiras moose: History and recasting as a structural equation model","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Structural Equation Modeling: Applications in Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., 2003, Modeling a complex conceptual theory of population change in the Shiras moose: History and recasting as a structural equation model, chap. 3 of Structural Equation Modeling: Applications in Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Research, p. 60-84.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311987,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/ecology-and-conservation/structural-equation-modeling-applications-ecological-and-evolutionary-biology"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5666bbe6e4b06a3ea36c8b36","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581443,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomer, Adrian","contributorId":10333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomer","given":"Adrian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581444,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"von Eye, Alexander","contributorId":26977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Eye","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581445,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159996,"text":"70159996 - 2003 - Lessons from the fires of 2000: Post-fire heterogeneity in ponderosa pine forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T12:06:05","indexId":"70159996","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-09T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Lessons from the fires of 2000: Post-fire heterogeneity in ponderosa pine forests","docAbstract":"

We evaluate burn-severity patterns for six burns that occurred in the southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau in 2000. We compare the results of two data sources: Burned Area Rehabilitations Teams (BAER) and a spatial burnseverity model derived from satellite imagery (the Normalized Burn Ratio; NBR). BAER maps tended to overestimate area of severe burns and underestimate area of moderate-severity burns relative to NBR maps. Low elevation and more southern ponderosa pine burns were predominantly understory burns, whereas burns at higher elevations and farther north had a greater component of high-severity burns. Thus, much, if not most, of the area covered by these burns appears to be consistent with historic burns and contributes to healthy functioning ecosystems.

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