{"pageNumber":"1088","pageRowStart":"27175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70024760,"text":"70024760 - 2002 - Controls on old and new water contributions to stream flow at some nested catchments in Vermont, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024760","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on old and new water contributions to stream flow at some nested catchments in Vermont, USA","docAbstract":"Factors controlling the partitioning of old and new water contributions to stream flow were investigated for three events in four catchments (three of which were nested) at Sleepers River Research Watershed in Danville, Vermont. In the 1993 snowmelt period, two-component isotopic hydrograph separations showed that new water (meltwater) inputs to the stream ranged widely from 41 to 74%, and increased with catchment size (41 to 11 125 ha) (with one exception) and with open land cover (0-73%). Peak dissolved organic carbon concentrations and relative alkalinity dilution in stream water ranked in the same order among catchments as the new water fractions, suggesting that new water followed shallow flow paths. During the 1994 snowmelt, despite similar timing and magnitude of melt inputs, the new-water contribution to stream flow ranged only from 30 to 36% in the four catchments. We conclude that the uncommonly high and variable new water fractions in streamwater during the 1993 melt were caused by direct runoff of meltwater over frozen ground, which was prevalent in open land areas during the 1993 winter. In a high-intensity summer rainstorm in 1993, new water fractions were smaller relative to the 1993 snowmelt, ranging from 28 to 46%, but they ranked in the identical catchment order. Reconciliation of the contrasting patterns of new-old water partitioning in the three events appears to require an explanation that invokes multiple processes and effects, including: 1 topographically controlled increase in surface-saturated area with increasing catchment size; 2 direct runoff over frozen ground; 3 low infiltration in agriculturally compacted soils; 4 differences in soil transmissivity, which may be more relevant under dry antecedent conditions. These data highlight some of the difficulties faced by catchment hydrologists in formulating a theory of runoff generation at varying basin scales. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.312","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Kendall, C., Smith, T.E., Wolock, D., and McDonnell, J.J., 2002, Controls on old and new water contributions to stream flow at some nested catchments in Vermont, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 3, p. 589-609, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.312.","startPage":"589","endPage":"609","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207956,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.312"},{"id":233279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd2e4b0c8380cd4dfa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, T. E.","contributorId":23530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024464,"text":"70024464 - 2002 - Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024464","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes","docAbstract":"Using published slip models for five major earthquakes, 1979 Imperial Valley, 1989 Loma Prieta, 1992 Landers, 1994 Northridge, and 1995 Kobe, we produce maps of apparent stress and radiated seismic energy over their fault surfaces. The slip models, obtained by inverting seismic and geodetic data, entail the division of the fault surfaces into many subfaults for which the time histories of seismic slip are determined. To estimate the seismic energy radiated by each subfault, we measure the near-fault seismic-energy flux from the time-dependent slip there and then multiply by a function of rupture velocity to obtain the corresponding energy that propagates into the far-field. This function, the ratio of far-field to near-fault energy, is typically less than 1/3, inasmuch as most of the near-fault energy remains near the fault and is associated with permanent earthquake deformation. Adding the energy contributions from all of the subfaults yields an estimate of the total seismic energy, which can be compared with independent energy estimates based on seismic-energy flux measured in the far-field, often at teleseismic distances. Estimates of seismic energy based on slip models are robust, in that different models, for a given earthquake, yield energy estimates that are in close agreement. Moreover, the slip-model estimates of energy are generally in good accord with independent estimates by others, based on regional or teleseismic data. Apparent stress is estimated for each subfault by dividing the corresponding seismic moment into the radiated energy. Distributions of apparent stress over an earthquake fault zone show considerable heterogeneity, with peak values that are typically about double the whole-earthquake values (based on the ratio of seismic energy to seismic moment). The range of apparent stresses estimated for subfaults of the events studied here is similar to the range of apparent stresses for earthquakes in continental settings, with peak values of about 8 MPa in each case. For earthquakes in compressional tectonic settings, peak apparent stresses at a given depth are substantially greater than corresponding peak values from events in extensional settings; this suggests that crustal strength, inferred from laboratory measurements, may be a limiting factor. Lower bounds on shear stresses inferred from the apparent stress distribution of the 1995 Kobe earthquake are consistent with tectonic-stress estimates reported by Spudich et al. (1998), based partly on slip-vector rake changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010129","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2002, Mapping apparent stress and energy radiation over fault zones of major earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 5, p. 1633-1646, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010129.","startPage":"1633","endPage":"1646","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207842,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010129"},{"id":233082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5051e4b0c8380cd6b5e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024784,"text":"70024784 - 2002 - Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024784","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data","docAbstract":"Nine atmospherically corrected Landsat Thematic Mapper images were used to generate mean normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) at 11 burn sites throughout a coastal Juncus roemerianus marsh in St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. Time-since-burn, the time lapse from the date of burn to the date of image collection, was related to variation in mean NDVI over time. Regression analysis showed that NDVI increased for about 300 to 400 days immediately after the burn, overshooting the typical mean NDVI of a nonburned marsh. For about another 500 to 600 days NDVI decreased until reaching a nearly constant NDVI of about 0.40. During the phase of increasing NDVI the ability to predict time-since-burn was within about ??60 days. Within the decreasing phase this dropped to about ??88 days. Examination of each burn site revealed some nonburn related influences on NDVI (e.g., seasonality). Normalization of burn NDVI by site-specific nonburn control NDVI eliminated most influences. However, differential responses at the site-specific level remained related to either storm impacts or secondary burning. At these sites, collateral data helped clarify the abnormal changes in NDVI. Accounting for these abnormalities, site-specific burn recovery trends could be broadly standardized into four general phases: Phase 1-preburn, Phase 2-initial recovery (increasing NDVI), Phase 3-late recovery (decreasing NDVI), and Phase 4-final coalescence (unchanging NDVI). Phase 2 tended to last about 300 to 500 days, Phase 3 an additional 500 to 600 days, and finally reaching Phase 4, 900 to 1,000 days after burn.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014362616119","issn":"09234861","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Sapkota, S., Barnes, F., and Nelson, G., 2002, Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 10, no. 1, p. 85-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119.","startPage":"85","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5df0e4b0c8380cd706cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sapkota, S.K.","contributorId":24434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapkota","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, F.G.","contributorId":20943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, G.A.","contributorId":17687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024531,"text":"70024531 - 2002 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents at Area 6, Dover Air Force Base: Groundwater biogeochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024531","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents at Area 6, Dover Air Force Base: Groundwater biogeochemistry","docAbstract":"Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) has recently emerged as a viable groundwater remediation technology in the United States. Area 6 at Dover Air Force Base (Dover, DE) was chosen as a test site to examine the potential for MNA of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) in groundwater and aquifer sediments. A \"lines of evidence\" approach was used to document the occurrence of natural attenuation. Chlorinated hydrocarbon and biogeochemical data were used to develop a site-specific conceptual model where both anaerobic and aerobic biological processes are responsible for the destruction of PCE, TCE, and daughter metabolites. An examination of groundwater biogeochemical data showed a region of depleted dissolved oxygen with elevated dissolved methane and hydrogen concentrations. Reductive dechlorination likely dominated in the anaerobic portion of the aquifer where PCE and TCE levels were observed to decrease with a simultaneous increase in cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethene, and dissolved chloride. Near the anaerobic/aerobic interface, concentrations of cis-DCE and VC decreased to below detection limits, presumably due to aerobic biotransformation processes. Therefore, the contaminant and daughter product plumes present at the site appear to have been naturally attenuated by a combination of active anaerobic and aerobic biotransformation processes. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00218-2","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Witt, M., Klecka, G., Lutz, E., Ei, T., Grosso, N., and Chapelle, F.H., 2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents at Area 6, Dover Air Force Base: Groundwater biogeochemistry: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 57, no. 1-2, p. 61-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00218-2.","startPage":"61","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207800,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00218-2"},{"id":233017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62dbe4b0c8380cd72158","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witt, M.E.","contributorId":82895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klecka, G.M.","contributorId":17014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klecka","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutz, E.J.","contributorId":8260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ei, T.A.","contributorId":71733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ei","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grosso, N.R.","contributorId":70153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosso","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024497,"text":"70024497 - 2002 - Denitrification in the recharge area and discharge area of a transient agricultural nitrate plume in a glacial outwash sand aquifer, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:41:43","indexId":"70024497","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification in the recharge area and discharge area of a transient agricultural nitrate plume in a glacial outwash sand aquifer, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recharge rates of nitrate (NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>) to groundwater beneath agricultural land commonly are greater than discharge rates of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>in nearby streams, but local controls of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>distribution in the subsurface generally are poorly known. Groundwater dating (CFC,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H) was combined with chemical (ions and gases) and stable isotope (N, S, and C) analyses to resolve the effects of land use changes, flow patterns, and water‐aquifer reactions on the distributions of O</span><sub>2</sub><span>, NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>, SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>=</sup><span>, and other constituents in a two‐dimensional vertical section leading from upland cultivated fields to a riparian wetland and stream in a glacial outwash sand aquifer near Princeton, Minnesota. Within this section a “plume” of oxic NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>‐rich groundwater was present at shallow depths beneath the fields and part of the wetland but terminated before reaching the stream or the wetland surface. Groundwater dating and hydraulic measurements indicate travel times in the local flow system of 0 to &gt;40 years, with stratified recharge beneath the fields, downward diversion of the shallow NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>‐bearing plume by semiconfining organic‐rich valley‐filling sediments under the wetland and upward discharge across the valley and stream bottom. The concentrations and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N values of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and N</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>indicate that the NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume section was bounded in three directions by a curvilinear zone of active denitrification that limited its progress; however, when recalculated to remove the effects of denitrification, the data also indicate changes in both the concentrations and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N values of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>that was recharged in the past. Isotope data and mass balance calculations indicate that FeS</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and other ferrous Fe phases were the major electron donors for denitrification in at least two settings: (1) within the glacial‐fluvial aquifer sediments beneath the recharge and discharge areas and (2) along the bottom of the valley‐filling sediments in the discharge area. Combined results indicate that the shape and progress of the oxic NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume termination were controlled by a combination of (1) historical and spatial variations in land use practices, (2) contrast in groundwater flow patterns between the agricultural recharge area and riparian wetland discharge area, and (3) distribution and abundance of electron donors in both the sand aquifer and valley‐filling sediments. The data are consistent with slow migration of redox zones through the aquifer in response to recharging oxic groundwater during Holocene time, then an order‐of‐magnitude increase in the flux of electron acceptors as a result of agricultural NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>contamination in the late twentieth century, to which the redox zone configuration still may be adjusting. The importance of denitrification for NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>movement through formerly glaciated terrains should depend on the source areas and depositional environments of the glacial sediments, as well as geomorphology and recent stream‐valley sediment history.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000663","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Wanty, R., Tuttle, M., Delin, G., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Denitrification in the recharge area and discharge area of a transient agricultural nitrate plume in a glacial outwash sand aquifer, Minnesota: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 7, p. 10-1-10-26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000663.","productDescription":"1105; 26 p.","startPage":"10-1","endPage":"10-26","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe9ae4b0c8380cd4ee11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":99300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tuttle, M.","contributorId":26397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, G.","contributorId":86142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024498,"text":"70024498 - 2002 - Evaluation of numerical sediment quality targets for the St. Louis River Area of Concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024498","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of numerical sediment quality targets for the St. Louis River Area of Concern","docAbstract":"Numerical sediment quality targets (SQTs) for the protection of sediment-dwelling organisms have been established for the St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC), 1 of 42 current AOCs in the Great Lakes basin. The two types of SQTs were established primarily from consensus-based sediment quality guidelines. Level I SQTs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations below which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are unlikely to be observed. Level II SQTs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations above which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are likely to be observed. The predictive ability of the numerical SQTs was evaluated using the matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data set for the St. Louis River AOC. This evaluation involved determination of the incidence of toxicity to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and midges (Chironomus tentans) within five ranges of Level II SQT quotients (i.e., mean probable effect concentration quotients [PEC-Qs]). The incidence of toxicity was determined based on the results of 10-day toxicity tests with amphipods (endpoints: survival and growth) and 10-day toxicity tests with midges (endpoints: survival and growth). For both toxicity tests, the incidence of toxicity increased as the mean PEC-Q ranges increased. The incidence of toxicity observed in these tests was also compared to that for other geographic areas in the Great Lakes region and in North America for 10- to 14-day amphipod (H. azteca) and 10- to 14-day midge (C. tentans or C. riparius) toxicity tests. In general, the predictive ability of the mean PEC-Qs was similar across geographic areas. The results of these predictive ability evaluations indicate that collectively the mean PEC-Qs provide a reliable basis for classifying sediments as toxic or not toxic in the St. Louis River AOC, in the larger geographic areas of the Great Lakes, and elsewhere in North America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00244-002-1155-x","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Crane, J., MacDonald, D., Ingersoll, C., Smorong, D., Lindskoog, R., Severn, C., Berger, T., and Field, L., 2002, Evaluation of numerical sediment quality targets for the St. Louis River Area of Concern: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1155-x.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207844,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1155-x"},{"id":233085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ca4e4b0c8380cd52c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crane, J.L.","contributorId":47947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smorong, D.E.","contributorId":31155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smorong","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindskoog, R.A.","contributorId":91659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskoog","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Severn, C.G.","contributorId":30405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severn","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berger, T.A.","contributorId":93250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Field, L.J.","contributorId":103836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024530,"text":"70024530 - 2002 - Comparison of snowpack and winter wet-deposition chemistry in the Rocky Mountains, USA: Implications for winter dry deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:49:52","indexId":"70024530","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of snowpack and winter wet-deposition chemistry in the Rocky Mountains, USA: Implications for winter dry deposition","docAbstract":"Depth-integrated snowpack chemistry was measured just prior to maximum snowpack depth during the winters of 1992-1999 at 12 sites co-located with National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trend Network (NADP/NTN) sites in the central and southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Winter volume-weighted mean wet-deposition concentrations were calculated for the NADP/NTN sites, and the data were compared to snowpack concentrations using the paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. No statistically significant differences were indicated in concentrations of SO42- or NO3- (p>0.1). Small, but statistically significant differences (p???0.03) were indicated for all other solutes analyzed. Differences were largest for Ca2+ concentrations, which on average were 2.3??eql-1 (43%) higher in the snowpack than in winter NADP/NTN samples. Eolian carbonate dust appeared to influence snowpack chemistry through both wet and dry deposition, and the effect increased from north to south. Dry deposition of eolian carbonates was estimated to have neutralized an average of 6.9??eql-1 and a maximum of 12??eql-1 of snowpack acidity at the southernmost sites. The good agreement between snowpack and winter NADP/NTN SO42- and NO3- concentrations indicates that for those solutes the two data sets can be combined to increase data density in high-elevation areas, where few NADP/NTN sites exist. This combination of data sets will allow for better estimates of atmospheric deposition of SO42- and NO3- across the Rocky Mountain region.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00181-4","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Ingersoll, G.P., Mast, M.A., Turk, J.T., and Campbell, D.H., 2002, Comparison of snowpack and winter wet-deposition chemistry in the Rocky Mountains, USA: Implications for winter dry deposition: Atmospheric Environment, v. 36, no. 14, p. 2337-2348, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00181-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2337","endPage":"2348","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00181-4"}],"volume":"36","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88fe4b0c8380cd4d1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":401596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024504,"text":"70024504 - 2002 - HIBAL: A hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024504","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"HIBAL: A hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems","docAbstract":"A simple hydrologic-isotopic-balance (HIBAL) model for application to paleolake ??18O records is presented. Inputs to the model include discharge, on-lake precipitation, evaporation, and the ??18O values of these fluid fluxes. Monthly values of climatic parameters that govern the fractionation of 18O and 16O during evaporation have been extracted from historical data sets and held constant in the model. The ability of the model to simulate changes in the hydrologic balance and the ??18O evolution of the mixed layer has been demonstrated using measured data from Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Simulations of the response in ??18O to step- and periodic-function changes in fluid inputs indicate that the hydrologic balance and ??18O values lag climate change. Input of reconstructed river discharges and their ??18O values to Pyramid and Walker lakes indicates that minima and maxima in simulated ??18O records correspond to minima and maxima in the reconstructed volume records and that the overall shape of the volume and ??18O records is similar. The model was also used in a simulation of abrupt oscillations in the ??18O values of paleo-Owens Lake, California.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., and Paillet, F., 2002, HIBAL: A hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 12-13, p. 1521-1539, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4.","startPage":"1521","endPage":"1539","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4"},{"id":233158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"12-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e7be4b0c8380cd5c5a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, F.","contributorId":73372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70025087,"text":"70025087 - 2002 - Recharge and groundwater models: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025087","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recharge and groundwater models: An overview","docAbstract":"Recharge is a fundamental component of groundwater systems, and in groundwater-modeling exercises recharge is either measured and specified or estimated during model calibration. The most appropriate way to represent recharge in a groundwater model depends upon both physical factors and study objectives. Where the water table is close to the land surface, as in humid climates or regions with low topographic relief, a constant-head boundary condition is used. Conversely, where the water table is relatively deep, as in drier climates or regions with high relief, a specified-flux boundary condition is used. In most modeling applications, mixed-type conditions are more effective, or a combination of the different types can be used. The relative distribution of recharge can be estimated from water-level data only, but flux observations must be incorporated in order to estimate rates of recharge. Flux measurements are based on either Darcian velocities (e.g., stream base-flow) or seepage velocities (e.g., groundwater age). In order to estimate the effective porosity independently, both types of flux measurements must be available. Recharge is often estimated more efficiently when automated inverse techniques are used. Other important applications are the delineation of areas contributing recharge to wells and the estimation of paleorecharge rates using carbon-14.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-001-0173-5","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., 2002, Recharge and groundwater models: An overview: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 110-120, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0173-5.","startPage":"110","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209469,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0173-5"},{"id":235947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9661e4b0c8380cd81f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W.","contributorId":76490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024522,"text":"70024522 - 2002 - Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T12:31:13.944781","indexId":"70024522","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>Thin coatings of atmospherically deposited dust can mask the spectral characteristics of underlying surfaces on Mars from the visible to thermal infrared wavelengths, making identification of substrate and coating mineralogy difficult from lander and orbiter spectrometer data. To study the spectral effects of dust coatings, we acquired thermal emission and hemispherical reflectance spectra (5–25 μm; 2000–400 cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) of basaltic andesite coated with different thicknesses of air fall‐deposited palagonitic soils, fine‐grained ceramic clay powders, and terrestrial loess. The results show that thin coatings (10–20 μm) reduce the spectral contrast of the rock substrate substantially, consistent with previous work. This contrast reduction continues linearly with increasing coating thickness until a “saturation thickness” is reached, after which little further change is observed. The saturation thickness of the spectrally flat palagonite coatings is ∼100–120 μm, whereas that for coatings with higher spectral contrast is only ∼50–75 μm. Spectral differences among coated and uncoated samples correlate with measured coating thicknesses in a quadratic manner, whereas correlations with estimated surface area coverage are better fit by linear functions. Linear mixture modeling of coated samples using the rock substrate and coating materials as end‐members is also consistent with their measured coating thicknesses and areal coverage. A comparison of ratios of Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) spectra of dark and bright intracrater and windstreak deposits associated with Radau crater suggests that the dark windstreak material may be coated with as much as 90% areal coverage of palagonitic dust. The data presented here also will help improve interpretations of upcoming mini‐TES and Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) observations of coated Mars surface materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001405","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., Christensen, P.R., and Lucey, P.G., 2002, Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E6, p. 2-1-2-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001405.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001405","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"107","issue":"E6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-06-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a041be4b0c8380cd507b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucey, P. G.","contributorId":72532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucey","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024779,"text":"70024779 - 2002 - Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:30:20","indexId":"70024779","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Considerable progress has been made in developing a theoretical framework for modeling slug test responses in formations with high hydraulic conductivity&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>. However, several questions of practical significance remain unresolved. Given the rapid and often oscillatory nature of test responses, the traditional hydrostatic relationship between the water level and the transducer‐measured head in the water column may not be appropriate. A general dynamic interpretation is proposed that describes the relationship between water level response and transducer‐measured head. This theory is utilized to develop a procedure for transforming model‐generated water level responses to transducer readings. The magnitude of the difference between the actual water level position and the apparent position based on the transducer measurement is a function of the acceleration and velocity of the water column, test geometry, and depth of the transducer. The dynamic approach explains the entire slug test response, including the often‐noted discrepancy between the actual initial water level displacement and that measured by a transducer in the water column. Failure to use this approach can lead to a significant underestimation of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>when the transducer is a considerable distance below the static water level. Previous investigators have noted a dependence of test responses on the magnitude of the initial water level displacement and have developed various approximate methods for analyzing such data. These methods are re‐examined and their limitations clarified. Practical field guidelines are proposed on the basis of findings of this work. The soundness of the dynamic approach is demonstrated through a comparison of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>profiles from a series of multilevel slug tests with those from dipole‐flow tests performed in the same wells.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000354","usgsCitation":"Zurbuchen, B.R., Zlotnik, V.A., and Butler, J.J., 2002, Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 3, p. 7-1-7-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000354.","productDescription":"Article 1025; 18 p.","startPage":"7-1","endPage":"7-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000354","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0426e4b0c8380cd507fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zurbuchen, Brian R.","contributorId":81531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurbuchen","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zlotnik, Vitaly A.","contributorId":19985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zlotnik","given":"Vitaly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, James J. Jr.","contributorId":199860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024788,"text":"70024788 - 2002 - High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California (Mw 7.1) from airborne laser swath mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024788","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California (Mw 7.1) from airborne laser swath mapping","docAbstract":"In order to document surface rupture associated with the Hector Mine earthquake, in particular, the area of maximum slip and the deformed surface of Lavic Lake playa, we acquired high-resolution data using relatively new topographic-mapping methods. We performed a raster-laser scan of the main surface breaks along the entire rupture zone, as well as along an unruptured portion of the Bullion fault. The image of the ground surface produced by this method is highly detailed, comparable to that obtained when geologists make particularly detailed site maps for geomorphic or paleoseismic studies. In this case, however, for the first time after a surface-rupturing earthquake, the detailed mapping is along the entire fault zone rather than being confined to selected sites. These data are geodetically referenced, using the Global Positioning System, thus enabling more accurate mapping of the rupture traces. In addition, digital photographs taken along the same flight lines can be overlaid onto the precise topographic data, improving terrain visualization. We demonstrate the potential of these techniques for measuring fault-slip vectors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000934","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hudnutt, K., Borsa, A., Glennie, C., and Minster, J., 2002, High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California (Mw 7.1) from airborne laser swath mapping: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1570-1576, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000934.","startPage":"1570","endPage":"1576","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478784,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140804-073023391","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207857,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000934"},{"id":233104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a313ae4b0c8380cd5dd48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudnutt, K.W.","contributorId":104674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnutt","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borsa, A.","contributorId":43137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borsa","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glennie, C.","contributorId":97678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glennie","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Minster, J.-B.","contributorId":34277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minster","given":"J.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70159912,"text":"70159912 - 2002 - Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Marsh Wren","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T09:15:02","indexId":"70159912","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Marsh Wren","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on wetland birds were summarized from information in more than 500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although the BBS may not capture the presence of elusive waterbird species, the BBS is a standardized survey and the range maps, in many cases, represent the most consistent information available on species&rsquo; distributions. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The section on brood parasitism summarizes information on intra- and interspecific parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species&rsquo; nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species&rsquo; response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of wetland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.</p>\n<p>This report has been downloaded from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center WorldWide Web site, www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/grasbird.htm. Please direct comments and suggestions to Douglas H. Johnson, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8711 37th Street SE, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401; telephone: 701- 253-5539; fax: 701-253-5553; e-mail: Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159912","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, A., Dechant, J., Johnson, D.H., Goldade, C., Church, J.O., and Euliss, B., 2002, Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Marsh Wren, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159912.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311869,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159912.PNG"},{"id":312423,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159912/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c9e4b06a3ea36c569f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, James O.","contributorId":150063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1000945,"text":"1000945 - 2002 - Hydrologic variability and the application of Index of Biotic Integrity metrics to wetlands: a Great Lakes evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:10:38","indexId":"1000945","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic variability and the application of Index of Biotic Integrity metrics to wetlands: a Great Lakes evaluation","docAbstract":"<p>Interest by land-management and regulatory agencies in using biological indicators to detect wetland degradation, coupled with ongoing use of this approach to assess water quality in streams, led to the desire to develop and evaluate an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for wetlands that could be used to categorize the level of degradation. We undertook this challenge with data from coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes, which have been degraded by a variety of human disturbances. We studied six barrier beach wetlands in western Lake Superior, six drowned-river-mouth wetlands along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, and six open shoreline wetlands in Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron. Plant, fish, and invertebrate communities were sampled in each wetland. The resulting data were assessed in various forms against gradients of human disturbance to identify potential metrics that could be used in IBI development. Our results suggested that the metrics proposed as potential components of an IBI for barrier beach wetlands of Lake Superior held promise. The metrics for Lake Michigan drowned-river-mouth wetlands were inconsistent in identifying gradients of disturbance; those for Lake Huron open embayment wetlands were yet more inconsistent. Despite the potential displayed by the Lake Superior results within the year sampled, we concluded that an IBI for use in Great Lakes wetlands would not be valid unless separate scoring ranges were derived for each of several sequences of water-level histories. Variability in lake levels from year to year can produce variability in data and affect the reproducibility of data collected, primarily due to extreme changes in plant communities and the faunal habitat they provide. Substantially different results could be obtained in the same wetland in different years as a result of the response to lake-level change, with no change in the level of human disturbance. Additional problems included limited numbers of comparable sites, potential lack of undisturbed reference sites, and variable effects of different disturbance types. We also evaluated our conclusions with respect to hydrologic variability and other major natural disturbances affecting wetlands in other regions. We concluded that after segregation of wetland types by geographic, geomorphic, and hydrologic features, a functional IBI may be possible for wetlands with relatively stable hydrology. However, an IBI for wetlands with unpredictable yet recurring influences of climate-induced, long-term high water periods, droughts, or drought-related fires or weather-related catastrophic floods or high winds (hurricanes) would also require differing scales of measurement for years that differ in the length of time since the last major natural disturbance. A site-specific, detailed ecological analysis of biological indicators may indeed be of value in determining the quality or status of wetlands, but we recommend that IBI scores not be used unless the scoring ranges are calibrated for the specific hydrologic history pre-dating any sampling year.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0588:HVATAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, D.A., Meeker, J.E., Hudson, P.L., Armitage, B.J., Black, M.G., and Uzarski, D.G., 2002, Hydrologic variability and the application of Index of Biotic Integrity metrics to wetlands: a Great Lakes evaluation: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 3, p. 588-615, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0588:HVATAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"588","endPage":"615","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2298","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meeker, James E.","contributorId":80228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armitage, Brian J.","contributorId":59747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armitage","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Black, M. Glen gblack@usgs.gov","contributorId":2394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"M.","email":"gblack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Glen","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Uzarski, Donald G.","contributorId":44510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzarski","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1001819,"text":"1001819 - 2002 - Floristic quality assessment of one natural and three restored wetland complexes in North Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:07:58","indexId":"1001819","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floristic quality assessment of one natural and three restored wetland complexes in North Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Floristic quality assessment is potentially an important tool for conservation efforts in the northern Great Plains of North America, but it has received little rigorous evaluation. Floristic quality assessments rely on coefficients assigned to each plant species of a region’s flora based on the conservatism of each species relative to others in the region. These “coefficients of conservatism” (C values) are assigned by a panel of experts familiar with a region’s flora. The floristic quality assessment method has faced some criticism due to the subjective nature of these assignments. To evaluate the effect of this subjectivity on floristic quality assessments, we performed separate evaluations of the native plant communities in a natural wetland complex and three restored wetland complexes. In our first assessment, we used C values assigned “subjectively” by the Northern Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel. We then performed an independent assessment using the observed distributions of species among a group of wetlands that ranged from highly disturbed to largely undisturbed (data-generated C values). Using the panel-assigned C values, mean C values (</span><span id=\"IE1\" class=\"InlineEquation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mover><mi>C</mi><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;>&amp;#x00AF;</mo></mover></mrow></math>\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-1\" class=\"math\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-2\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-3\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"munderover\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mi\">C</span></span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-7\" class=\"mo\">¯</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C¯</span></span></span><span>) of the restored wetlands rarely exceeded 3.4 and never exceeded 3.9, with the highest values occurring in the oldest restored complex; all but two wetlands in the natural wetland complex had a </span><span id=\"IE2\" class=\"InlineEquation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mover><mi>C</mi><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;>&amp;#x00AF;</mo></mover></mrow></math>\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-8\" class=\"math\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-9\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-10\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-11\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-12\" class=\"munderover\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-13\" class=\"mi\">C</span></span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-14\" class=\"mo\">¯</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C¯</span></span></span><span> greater than 3.9. Floristic quality indices (FQI) for the restored wetlands rarely exceeded 22 and usually reached maximums closer to 19, with higher values occurring again in the oldest restored complex; only two wetlands in the natural complex had an FQI less than 22. We observed that 95% confidence limits for species richness and percent natives overlapped greatly among wetland complexes, whereas confidence limits for both </span><span id=\"IE3\" class=\"InlineEquation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mover><mi>C</mi><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;>&amp;#x00AF;</mo></mover></mrow></math>\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-15\" class=\"math\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-16\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-17\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-18\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-19\" class=\"munderover\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-20\" class=\"mi\">C</span></span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-21\" class=\"mo\">¯</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C¯</span></span></span><span> and FQI overlapped little. </span><span id=\"IE4\" class=\"InlineEquation\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mover><mi>C</mi><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;>&amp;#x00AF;</mo></mover></mrow></math>\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-22\" class=\"math\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-23\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-24\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-25\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-26\" class=\"munderover\"><span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-27\" class=\"mi\">C</span></span><span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-28\" class=\"mo\">¯</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">C¯</span></span></span><span> and FQI values were consistently greater when we used the datagenerated C values than when we used the panel-assigned C values; nonetheless, conclusions reached based on these two independent assessment techniques were virtually identical. Our results are consistent with the opinion that coefficients assigned subjectively by expert botanists familiar with a region’s flora provide adequate information to perform accurate floristic quality assessments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0126:FQAOON]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D.M., Euliss, N.H., and Shaffer, T.L., 2002, Floristic quality assessment of one natural and three restored wetland complexes in North Dakota, USA: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 1, p. 126-138, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0126:FQAOON]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"126","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, Terry L. 0000-0001-6950-8951 tshaffer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-8951","contributorId":3192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Terry","email":"tshaffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185425,"text":"70185425 - 2002 - Conservation status of the buff-breasted sandpiper: Historic and contemporary distribution and abundance in south America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T08:01:47","indexId":"70185425","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation status of the buff-breasted sandpiper: Historic and contemporary distribution and abundance in south America","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present historic and contemporary information on the distribution and abundance of Buff-breasted Sandpipers (</span><i>Tryngites subruficollis</i><span>) in South America. Historic information was collated from the literature, area ornithologists, and museums, whereas contemporary data were derived from surveys conducted throughout the main wintering range in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil during the austral summers of 1999 and 2001. Variable circular plot sampling was used to estimate population densities. During 1999, the highest concentration of Buff-breasted Sandpipers in Argentina was in southern Bahía Samborombón (General Lavalle District) and areas north of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon. During 2001, the highest concentrations in Brazil were at Ilha da Torotama and Lagoa do Peixe National Park. During 1999 and 2001, the highest concentrations of Buff-breasted Sandpipers in Uruguay were found along three lagoons (Laguna de Rocha, Laguna de Castillos, and Laguna Garzón) bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Population densities (birds/ha) of Buff-breasted Sandpipers were 0.11 (95% C.I. = 0.04–0.31) in Argentina, 1.62 (0.67–3.93) in Brazil, and 1.08 (0.37–3.18) in Uruguay. High turnover rates at survey sites, due to the formation of large, mobile flocks, contributed to moderately large confidence intervals around our population density estimates. Nevertheless, compared with historic accounts of Buff-breasted Sandpipers, our survey data indicate the population size of this species has declined substantially since the late 1800s and contemporary information suggests the species has continued to decline during the past three decades. Buff-breasted Sandpipers were found almost exclusively in pasturelands and appear to depend heavily upon intensive grazing by livestock, which maintain suitable short grass conditions. We discuss the need for protection of critical areas and proper range management to ensure appropriate habitat remains available for the species, and provide suggestions for future research needs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0044:CSOTBB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., Blanco, D., Dias, R.A., Isacch, J.P., Gill, V., de Almeida, J.B., Delhey, K., Petracci, P.F., Bencke, G.A., and Balbueno, R.A., 2002, Conservation status of the buff-breasted sandpiper: Historic and contemporary distribution and abundance in south America: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 114, no. 1, p. 44-72, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0044:CSOTBB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0044:csotbb]2.0.co;2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"South America","volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b91e4b0236b68f828f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanco, D.E.","contributorId":173932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanco","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dias, Rafael A.","contributorId":189643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dias","given":"Rafael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isacch, Juan P.","contributorId":189644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isacch","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gill, Verena A.","contributorId":140658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Verena A.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"de Almeida, Juliana Bose","contributorId":189645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Almeida","given":"Juliana","middleInitial":"Bose","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Delhey, Kaspar","contributorId":189646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delhey","given":"Kaspar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Petracci, Pablo F.","contributorId":189647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petracci","given":"Pablo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bencke, Glayson A.","contributorId":189648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bencke","given":"Glayson","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Balbueno, Rodrigo A.","contributorId":189649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balbueno","given":"Rodrigo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70024246,"text":"70024246 - 2002 - Stream piracy in the Black Hills: A geomorphology lab exercise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T13:21:11.668644","indexId":"70024246","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2324,"text":"Journal of Geoscience Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream piracy in the Black Hills: A geomorphology lab exercise","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Black Hills of South Dakota exhibits many fine examples of stream piracy that are very suitable for teaching geomorphology lab exercises. This lab goes beyond standard topographic map interpretation by using geologic maps, well logs, gravel provenance and other types of data to teach students about stream piracy. Using a step-by-step method in which the lab exercises ramp up in difficulty, students hone their skills in deductive reasoning and data assimilation. The first exercises deal with the identification of stream piracy at a variety of spatial scales and the lab culminates with an exercise on landscape evolution and drainage rearrangement.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/1089-9995-50.4.380","usgsCitation":"Zaprowski, B.J., Evenson, E.B., and Epstein, J.B., 2002, Stream piracy in the Black Hills: A geomorphology lab exercise: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 50, no. 4, p. 380-388, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-50.4.380.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"380","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              43.55252937447483\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.4197998046875,\n              43.55252937447483\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.4197998046875,\n              44.50434127765394\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              44.50434127765394\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              43.55252937447483\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a81e4b08c986b31c996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zaprowski, Brent J.","contributorId":6362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaprowski","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evenson, Edward B.","contributorId":16751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024242,"text":"70024242 - 2002 - Variability in form and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024242","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability in form and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees","docAbstract":"Fine-grained sediment waves have been observed in many modern turbidite systems, generally restricted to the overbank depositional element. Sediment waves developed on six submarine fan systems are compared using high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, sediment core samples (including ODP drilling), multibeam bathymetry, 3D seismic-reflection imaging (including examples of burried features), and direct measurements of turbidity currents that overflow their channels. These submarine fan examples extend over more than three orders of magnitude in physical scale. The presence or absence of sediment waves is not simply a matter of either the size of the turbidite channel-levee systems or the dominant initiation process for the turbidity currents that overflow the channels to form the wave fields. Both sediment-core data and seismic-reflection profiles document the upslope migration of the wave forms, with thicker and coarser beds deposited on the up-current flank of the waves. Some wave fields are orthogonal to channel trend and were initiated by large flows whose direction was controlled by upflow morphology, whereas fields subparallel to channel levees resulted from local spillover. In highly meandering systems, sediment waves may mimic meander planform. Larger sediment waves form on channel-levee systems with thicker overflow of turbidity currents, but available data indicate that sediment waves can be maintaned during conditions of relatively thin overflow. Coarser-grained units in sediment waves are typically laminated and thin-bedded sand as much as several centimetres thick, but sand beds as thick as several tens of centimetres have been documented from both modern and buried systems. Current production of hydrocarbons from sediment-wave deposits suggests that it is important to develop criteria for recognising this overbank element in outcrop exposures and borehole data, where the wavelength of typical waves (several kilometres) generally exceeds outcrop scales and wave heights, which are reduced as a result of consolidation during burial, may be too subtle to recognise. Crown Copyright ?? 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00548-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., Piper, D., Posamentier, H., Pirmez, C., and Migeon, S., 2002, Variability in form and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees: Marine Geology, v. 192, no. 1-3, p. 23-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00548-0.","startPage":"23","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00548-0"},{"id":231770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"192","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc12ae4b08c986b32a47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.J.W.","contributorId":17351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7219,"text":"Natural Resources Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Posamentier, H.","contributorId":61585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Posamentier","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pirmez, C.","contributorId":17399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pirmez","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Migeon, S.","contributorId":26109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Migeon","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024243,"text":"70024243 - 2002 - Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024243","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations","docAbstract":"Daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature time series from a regional climate model (RegCM2) configured using the continental United States as a domain and run on a 52-km (approximately) spatial resolution were used as input to a distributed hydrologic model for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango. Colorado; east fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). For comparison purposes, spatially averaged daily datasets of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature were developed from measured data for each basin. These datasets included precipitation and temperature data for all stations (hereafter, All-Sta) located within the area of the RegCM2 output used for each basin, but excluded station data used to calibrate the hydrologic model. Both the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data capture the gross aspects of the seasonal cycles of precipitation and temperature. However, in all four basins, the RegCM2- and All-Sta-based simulations of runoff show little skill on a daily basis [Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) values range from 0.05 to 0.37 for RegCM2 and -0.08 to 0.65 for All-Sta]. When the precipitation and temperature biases are corrected in the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data (Bias-RegCM2 and Bias-All, respectively) the accuracy of the daily runoff simulations improve dramatically for the snowmelt-dominated basins (NS values range from 0.41 to 0.66 for RegCM2 and 0.60 to 0.76 for All-Sta). In the rainfall-dominated basin, runoff simulations based on the Bias-RegCM2 output show no skill (NS value of 0.09) whereas Bias-All simulated runoff improves (NS value improved from - 0.08 to 0.72). These results indicate that measured data at the coarse resolution of the RegCM2 output can be made appropriate for basin-scale modeling through bias correction (essentially a magnitude correction). However, RegCM2 output, even when bias corrected, does not contain the day-to-day variability present in the All-Sta dataset that is necessary for basin-scale modeling. Future work is warranted to identify the causes for systematic biases in RegCM2 simulations, develop methods to remove the biases, and improve RegCM2 simulations of daily variability in local climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Clark, M., Wilby, R., Gutowski, W., Leavesley, G., Pan, Z., Arritt, R., and Takle, E., 2002, Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 5, p. 571-590, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"571","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478655,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:uorcmo>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf6ae4b08c986b329b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutowski, W.J.","contributorId":6623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowski","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pan, Z.","contributorId":13006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arritt, R.W.","contributorId":39544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Takle, E.S.","contributorId":7033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takle","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024328,"text":"70024328 - 2002 - Spatial forecasting of disease risk and uncertainty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T15:31:38.756575","indexId":"70024328","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial forecasting of disease risk and uncertainty","docAbstract":"Because maps typically represent the value of a single variable over 2-dimensional space, cartographers must simplify the display of multiscale complexity, temporal dynamics, and underlying uncertainty. A choropleth disease risk map based on data for polygonal regions might depict incidence (cases per 100,000 people) within each polygon for a year but ignore the uncertainty that results from finer-scale variation, generalization, misreporting, small numbers, and future unknowns. In response to such limitations, this paper reports on the bivariate mapping of data \"quantity\" and \"quality\" of Lyme disease forecasts for states of the United States. Historical state data for 1990-2000 are used in an autoregressive model to forecast 2001-2010 disease incidence and a probability index of confidence, each of which is then kriged to provide two spatial grids representing continuous values over the nation. A single bivariate map is produced from the combination of the incidence grid (using a blue-to-red hue spectrum), and a probabilistic confidence grid (used to control the saturation of the hue at each grid cell). The resultant maps are easily interpretable, and the approach may be applied to such problems as detecting unusual disease occurences, visualizing past and future incidence, and assembling a consistent regional disease atlas showing patterns of forecasted risks in light of probabilistic confidence.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304002782008413","usgsCitation":"De Cola, L., 2002, Spatial forecasting of disease risk and uncertainty: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 29, no. 4, p. 363-380, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304002782008413.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"380","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": 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           34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.86517,\n                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         ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947ce4b08c986b31ab01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Cola, L.","contributorId":50297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Cola","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024244,"text":"70024244 - 2002 - Assessing state-wide biodiversity in the Florida Gap analysis project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:41:29","indexId":"70024244","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing state-wide biodiversity in the Florida Gap analysis project","docAbstract":"The Florida Gap (FI-Gap) project provides an assessment of the degree to which native animal species and natural communities are or are not represented in existing conservation lands. Those species and communities not adequately represented in areas being managed for native species constitute 'gaps' in the existing network of conservation lands. The United States Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program is a national effort and so, eventually, all 50 states will have completed it. The objective of FI-Gap was to provide broad geographic information on the status of terrestrial vertebrates, butterflies, skippers and ants and their respective habitats to address the loss of biological diversity. To model the distributions and potential habitat of all terrestrial species of mammals, breeding birds, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, skippers and ants in Florida, natural land cover was mapped to the level of dominant or co-dominant plant species. Land cover was classified from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery and auxiliary data such as the national wetlands inventory (NWI), soils maps, aerial imagery, existing land use/land cover maps, and on-the-ground surveys, Wildlife distribution models were produced by identifying suitable habitat for each species within that species' range, Mammalian models also assessed a minimum critical area required for sustainability of the species' population. Wildlife species richness was summarized against land stewardship ranked by an area's mandates for conservation protection. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jema.2002.0551","issn":"03014797","usgsCitation":"Pearlstine, L., Smith, S.E., Brandt, L., Allen, C.R., Kitchens, W., and Stenberg, J., 2002, Assessing state-wide biodiversity in the Florida Gap analysis project: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 66, no. 2, p. 127-144, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0551.","startPage":"127","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207136,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0551"},{"id":231807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede2e4b0c8380cd49a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearlstine, L.G.","contributorId":56000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. E.","contributorId":46120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, L.A.","contributorId":67690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stenberg, J.","contributorId":24127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024268,"text":"70024268 - 2002 - Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data: A retrospective of the WISCLAND project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024268","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data: A retrospective of the WISCLAND project","docAbstract":"Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were the basis in production of a statewide land cover data set for Wisconsin, undertaken in partnership with U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Gap Analysis Program (GAP). The data set contained seven classes comparable to Anderson Level I and 24 classes comparable to Anderson Level II/III. Twelve scenes of dual-date TM data were processed with methods that included principal components analysis, stratification into spectrally consistent units, separate classification of upland, wetland, and urban areas, and a hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification called \"guided clustering.\" The final data had overall accuracies of 94% for Anderson Level I upland classes, 77% for Level II/III upland classes, and 84% for Level II/III wetland classes. Classification accuracies for deciduous and coniferous forest were 95% and 93%, respectively, and forest species' overall accuracies ranged from 70% to 84%. Limited availability of acceptable imagery necessitated use of an early May date in a majority of scene pairs, perhaps contributing to lower accuracy for upland deciduous forest species. The mixed deciduous/coniferous forest class had the lowest accuracy, most likely due to distinctly classifying a purely mixed class. Mixed forest signatures containing oak were often confused with pure oak. Guided clustering was seen as an efficient classification method, especially at the tree species level, although its success relied in part on image dates, accurate ground troth, and some analyst intervention. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Reese, H., Lillesand, T.M., Nagel, D., Stewart, J., Goldmann, R., Simmons, T., Chipman, J., and Tessar, P., 2002, Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data: A retrospective of the WISCLAND project: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 82, no. 2-3, p. 224-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1.","startPage":"224","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478712,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/3340/1/Reese_et_al_080630.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207029,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1"},{"id":231573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96f0e4b08c986b31b7c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, H.M.","contributorId":90498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillesand, T. M.","contributorId":24126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillesand","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagel, D.E.","contributorId":89303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldmann, R.A.","contributorId":13779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldmann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simmons, T.E.","contributorId":9031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chipman, J.W.","contributorId":27639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tessar, P.A.","contributorId":80032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessar","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024372,"text":"70024372 - 2002 - A comparison of models for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024372","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of models for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds","docAbstract":"We evaluated the accuracy of six watershed models of nitrogen export in streams (kg km2 yr-1) developed for use in large watersheds and representing various empirical and quasi-empirical approaches described in the literature. These models differ in their methods of calibration and have varying levels of spatial resolution and process complexity, which potentially affect the accuracy (bias and precision) of the model predictions of nitrogen export and source contributions to export. Using stream monitoring data and detailed estimates of the natural and cultural sources of nitrogen for 16 watersheds in the northeastern United States (drainage sizes = 475 to 70,000 km2), we assessed the accuracy of the model predictions of total nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen export. The model validation included the use of an error modeling technique to identify biases caused by model deficiencies in quantifying nitrogen sources and biogeochemical processes affecting the transport of nitrogen in watersheds. Most models predicted stream nitrogen export to within 50% of the measured export in a majority of the watersheds. Prediction errors were negatively correlated with cultivated land area, indicating that the watershed models tended to over predict export in less agricultural and more forested watersheds and under predict in more agricultural basins. The magnitude of these biases differed appreciably among the models. Those models having more detailed descriptions of nitrogen sources, land and water attenuation of nitrogen, and water flow paths were found to have considerably lower bias and higher precision in their predictions of nitrogen export.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1015752801818","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.B., Johnes, P., Boyer, E., and Smith, R.A., 2002, A comparison of models for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds: Biogeochemistry, v. 57-58, p. 295-339, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015752801818.","startPage":"295","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207177,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015752801818"},{"id":231887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57-58","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e36ee4b0c8380cd45ff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnes, P.J.","contributorId":28020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnes","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyer, E.W.","contributorId":56358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024386,"text":"70024386 - 2002 - Relations between soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices in the U.S. Corn Belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:08:49","indexId":"70024386","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices in the U.S. Corn Belt","docAbstract":"<p><span>Satellite-derived vegetation indices extracted over locations representative of midwestern U.S. cropland and forest for the period 1990–94 are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of the indices to neutron probe soil moisture measurements of the Illinois Climate Network (ICN). The deseasoned (i.e., departures from multiyear mean annual cycle) soil moisture measurements are shown to be weakly correlated with the deseasoned full resolution (1 km × 1 km) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) data over both land cover types. The association, measured by the Pearson-moment-correlation coefficient, is stronger over forest than over cropland during the growing season (April–September). The correlations improve successively when the NDVI and FVC pixel data are aggregated to 3 km × 3 km, 5 km × 5 km, and 7 km × 7 km areas. The improved correlations are partly explained by the reduction in satellite navigation errors as spatial aggregation occurs, as well as the apparent scale dependence of the NDVI–soil moisture association. Similarly, stronger relations are obtained with soil moisture data that are lagged by up to 8 weeks with respect to the vegetation indices, implying that soil moisture may be a useful predictor of warm season satellite-derived vegetation conditions. This study suggests that a “long-term” memory of several weeks is present in the near-surface hydrological characteristics, especially soil water content, of the Midwest Corn Belt. The memory is integrated into the satellite vegetation indices and may be useful for predicting crop yield estimates and surface temperature anomalies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0395:RBSMAS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Adegoke, J.O., and Carleton, A., 2002, Relations between soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices in the U.S. Corn Belt: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 4, p. 395-405, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0395:RBSMAS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478723,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0395:rbsmas>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207210,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0395:RBSMAS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a703e4b0e8fec6cdc33a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adegoke, Jimmy O.","contributorId":94816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adegoke","given":"Jimmy","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carleton, A.M.","contributorId":87330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024267,"text":"70024267 - 2002 - Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T11:48:40.733969","indexId":"70024267","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California","docAbstract":"We introduce a quantitative approach to paleoearthquake dating and apply it to paleoseismic data from the Wrightwood and Pallett Creek sites on the southern San Andreas fault. We illustrate how stratigraphic ordering, sedimentological, and historical data can be used quantitatively in the process of estimating earthquake ages. Calibrated radiocarbon age distributions are used directly from layer dating through recurrence intervals and recurrence probability estimation. The method does not eliminate subjective judgements in event dating, but it does provide a means of systematically and objectively approaching the dating process. Date distributions for the most recent 14 events at Wrightwood are based on sample and contextual evidence in Fumal et al. (2002) and site context and slip history in Weldon et al. (2002). Pallett Creek event and dating descriptions are from published sources. For the five most recent events at Wrightwood, our results are consistent with previously published estimates, with generally comparable or narrower uncertainties. For Pallett Creek, our earthquake date estimates generally overlap with previous results but typically have broader uncertainties. Some event date estimates are very sensitive to details of data interpretation. The historical earthquake in 1857 ruptured the ground at both sites but is not constrained by radiocarbon data. Radiocarbon ages, peat accumulation rates, and historical constraints at Pallett Creek for event X yield a date estimate in the earliest 1800s and preclude a date in the late 1600s. This event is almost certainly the historical 1812 earthquake, as previously concluded by Sieh et al. (1989). This earthquake also produced ground deformation at Wrightwood. All events at Pallett Creek, except for event T, about A.D. 1360, and possibly event I, about A.D. 960, have corresponding events at Wrightwood with some overlap in age ranges. Event T falls during a period of low sedimentation at Wrightwood when conditions were not favorable for recording earthquake evidence. Previously proposed correlations of Pallett Creek X with Wrightwood W3 in the 1690s and Pallett Creek event V with W5 around 1480 (Fumal et al., 1993) appear unlikely after our dating reevaluation. Apparent internal inconsistencies among event, layer, and dating relationships around events R and V identify them as candidates for further investigation at the site. Conditional probabilities of earthquake recurrence were estimated using Poisson, lognormal, and empirical models. The presence of 12 or 13 events at Wrightwood during the same interval that 10 events are reported at Pallett Creek is reflected in mean recurrence intervals of 105 and 135 years, respectively. Average Poisson model 30-year conditional probabilities are about 20% at Pallett Creek and 25% at Wrightwood. The lognormal model conditional probabilities are somewhat higher, about 25% for Pallett Creek and 34% for Wrightwood. Lognormal variance ??ln estimates of 0.76 and 0.70, respectively, imply only weak time predictability. Conditional probabilities of 29% and 46%, respectively, were estimated for an empirical distribution derived from the data alone. Conditional probability uncertainties are dominated by the brevity of the event series; dating uncertainty contributes only secondarily. Wrightwood and Pallett Creek event chronologies both suggest variations in recurrence interval with time, hinting that some form of recurrence rate modulation may be at work, but formal testing shows that neither series is more ordered than might be produced by a Poisson process.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000605","usgsCitation":"Biasi, G., Weldon, R., Fumal, T.E., and Seitz, G.G., 2002, Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2761-2781, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000605.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2761","endPage":"2781","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.75146484375,\n              34.66935854524543\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.04833984375001,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.27929687499999,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94970703125,\n              33.55970664841198\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.301025390625,\n              34.49750272138159\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.740478515625,\n              34.82282272723702\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75146484375,\n              34.66935854524543\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7443e4b0c8380cd77548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biasi, G. P. 0000-0003-0940-5488","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-5488","contributorId":41180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biasi","given":"G. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, R.J. II","contributorId":37088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"R.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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