{"pageNumber":"1092","pageRowStart":"27275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70024973,"text":"70024973 - 2002 - Estimating recharge at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Comparison of methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T09:16:11","indexId":"70024973","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating recharge at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Comparison of methods","docAbstract":"Obtaining values of net infiltration, groundwater travel time, and recharge is necessary at the Yucca Mountain site, Nevada, USA, in order to evaluate the expected performance of a potential repository as a containment system for high-level radioactive waste. However, the geologic complexities of this site, its low precipitation and net infiltration, with numerous mechanisms operating simultaneously to move water through the system, provide many challenges for the estimation of the spatial distribution of recharge. A variety of methods appropriate for arid environments has been applied, including water-balance techniques, calculations using Darcy's law in the unsaturated zone, a soil-physics method applied to neutron-hole water-content data, inverse modeling of thermal profiles in boreholes extending through the thick unsaturated zone, chloride mass balance, atmospheric radionuclides, and empirical approaches. These methods indicate that near-surface infiltration rates at Yucca Mountain are highly variable in time and space, with local (point) values ranging from zero to several hundred millimeters per year. Spatially distributed net-infiltration values average 5 mm/year, with the highest values approaching 20 mm/year near Yucca Crest. Site-scale recharge estimates range from less than 1 to about 12 mm/year. These results have been incorporated into a site-scale model that has been calibrated using these data sets that reflect infiltration processes acting on highly variable temporal and spatial scales. The modeling study predicts highly non-uniform recharge at the water table, distributed significantly differently from the non-uniform infiltration pattern at the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-001-0169-1","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Kwicklis, E., Fabryka-Martin, J.T., and Bodvarsson, G., 2002, Estimating recharge at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Comparison of methods: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 180-204, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0169-1.","startPage":"180","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207903,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0169-1"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b3de4b0c8380cd5262c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwicklis, E. M.","contributorId":86377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fabryka-Martin, J. T.","contributorId":43536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabryka-Martin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024972,"text":"70024972 - 2002 - Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024972","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data","docAbstract":"Existing models for ring recovery and recapture data analysis treat temporal variations in annual survival probability (S) as fixed effects. Often there is no explainable structure to the temporal variation in S1,..., Sk; random effects can then be a useful model: Si = E(S) + ??i. Here, the temporal variation in survival probability is treated as random with average value E(??2) = ??2. This random effects model can now be fit in program MARK. Resultant inferences include point and interval estimation for process variation, ??2, estimation of E(S) and var (E??(S)) where the latter includes a component for ??2 as well as the traditional component for v??ar(S??\\S??). Furthermore, the random effects model leads to shrinkage estimates, Si, as improved (in mean square error) estimators of Si compared to the MLE, S??i, from the unrestricted time-effects model. Appropriate confidence intervals based on the Si are also provided. In addition, AIC has been generalized to random effects models. This paper presents results of a Monte Carlo evaluation of inference performance under the simple random effects model. Examined by simulation, under the simple one group Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) model, are issues such as bias of ??s2, confidence interval coverage on ??2, coverage and mean square error comparisons for inference about Si based on shrinkage versus maximum likelihood estimators, and performance of AIC model selection over three models: Si ??? S (no effects), Si = E(S) + ??i (random effects), and S1,..., Sk (fixed effects). For the cases simulated, the random effects methods performed well and were uniformly better than fixed effects MLE for the Si.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108755","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K., and White, G.C., 2002, Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 245-264, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108755.","startPage":"245","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108755"},{"id":233152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cc5e4b0c8380cd52cb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024904,"text":"70024904 - 2002 - Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T10:16:56","indexId":"70024904","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"

We first consider the estimation of the finite rate of population increase or population growth rate, u i , using capture-recapture data from open populations. We review estimation and modelling of u i under three main approaches to modelling openpopulation data: the classic approach of Jolly (1965) and Seber (1965), the superpopulation approach of Crosbie & Manly (1985) and Schwarz & Arnason (1996), and the temporal symmetry approach of Pradel (1996). Next, we consider the contributions of different demographic components to u i using a probabilistic approach based on the composition of the population at time i + 1 (Nichols et al., 2000b). The parameters of interest are identical to the seniority parameters, n i , of Pradel (1996). We review estimation of n i under the classic, superpopulation, and temporal symmetry approaches. We then compare these direct estimation approaches for u i and n i with analogues computed using projection matrix asymptotics. We also discuss various extensions of the estimation approaches to multistate applications and to joint likelihoods involving multiple data types.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108809","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 2002, Approaches for the direct estimation of lambda, and demographic contributions to lambda, using capture-recapture data: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 539-568, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108809.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"568","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207965,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108809"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ece1e4b0c8380cd4952a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023942,"text":"70023942 - 2002 - Conventional U-Pb dating versus SHRIMP of the Santa Barbara Granite Massif, Rondonia, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023942","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1776,"text":"Geologia USP - Serie Cientifica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conventional U-Pb dating versus SHRIMP of the Santa Barbara Granite Massif, Rondonia, Brazil","docAbstract":"The Santa Ba??rbara Granite Massif is part of the Younger Granites of Rondo??nia (998 - 974 Ma) and is included in the Rondo??nia Tin Province (SW Amazonian Craton). It comprises three highly fractionated metaluminous to peraluminous within-plate A-type granite units emplaced in older medium-grade metamorphic rocks. Sn-mineralization is closely associated with the late-stage unit. U-Pb monazite conventional dating of the early-stage Serra do Cicero facies and late-stage Serra Azul facies yielded ages of 993 ?? 5 Ma and 989 ?? 13 Ma, respectively. Conventional multigrain U-Pb isotope analyses of zircon demonstrate isotopic disturbance (discordance) and the preservation of inherited older zircons of several different ages and thus yield little about the ages of Sn-granite magmatism. SHRIMP U-Pb ages for the Santa Ba??rbara facies association yielded a 207Pb/206Pb weighted-mean age of 978 ?? 13 Ma. The textural complexity of the zircon crystals of the Santa Ba??rbara facies association, the variable concentrations of U, Th and Pb, as well as the mixed inheritance of zircon populations are major obstacles to using conventional multigrain U-Pb isotopic analyses. Sm-Nd model ages and ??Nd (T) values reveal anomalous isotopic data, attesting to the complex isotopic behaviour within these highly fractionated granites. Thus, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon and conventional U-Pb monazite dating methods are the most appropriate to constrain the crystallization age of the Sn-bearing granite systems in the Rondo??nia Tin Province.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologia USP - Serie Cientifica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1519874X","usgsCitation":"Sparrenberger, I., Bettencourt, J.S., Tosdal, R., and Wooden, J.L., 2002, Conventional U-Pb dating versus SHRIMP of the Santa Barbara Granite Massif, Rondonia, Brazil: Geologia USP - Serie Cientifica, v. 2, no. 1, p. 79-94.","startPage":"79","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd6e4b0c8380cd4dfcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparrenberger, I.","contributorId":51058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparrenberger","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettencourt, Jorge S.","contributorId":97269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettencourt","given":"Jorge","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024818,"text":"70024818 - 2002 - Ancient and modern subduction zone contributions to the mantle sources of lavas from the Lassen region of California inferred from Lu-Hf isotopic systematics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:36:48.589429","indexId":"70024818","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient and modern subduction zone contributions to the mantle sources of lavas from the Lassen region of California inferred from Lu-Hf isotopic systematics","docAbstract":"

Hafnium isotopic compositions have been determined on a suite of calc-alkaline and high-alumina-olivine tholeiitic lavas from the Lassen region of California and are used, in conjunction with previously published mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic data, to constrain their petrogenesis. Positive correlation between εHf values and geochemical indices of the modern subduction component indicates that the isotopic compositions of the calc-alkaline lavas record addition of radiogenic Hf from the subducted slab. However, the addition of the modern subduction component increases the εHf values of most calc-alkaline lavas by <0·5 units over estimates of non-subduction enriched peridotites of the mantle wedge. The Lu–Hf isotopic systematics of the Lassen lavas suggest that the calc-alkaline magmas have equilibrated with garnet at some point in their history, whereas the tholeiitic magmas have not. These observations require the two lava types to be derived from different sources. The isotopic variability of the Lassen lavas cannot be produced by mixing mantle sources inferred to be present in the eastern–central Pacific and western USA with a modern subduction component. Instead, the isotopic variability is consistent with mixing of a depleted mantle source, a more fertile mantle source enriched by an ancient subduction component, and a modern subduction component.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/43.4.705","usgsCitation":"Borg, L.E., Blichert-Toft, J., and Clynne, M.A., 2002, Ancient and modern subduction zone contributions to the mantle sources of lavas from the Lassen region of California inferred from Lu-Hf isotopic systematics: Journal of Petrology, v. 43, no. 4, p. 705-723, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.4.705.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"723","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.4.705","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.0086669921875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ],\n [\n -120.574951171875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ],\n [\n -120.574951171875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -122.0086669921875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -122.0086669921875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf4e4b0c8380cd48fbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borg, L. E.","contributorId":33863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blichert-Toft, Janne","contributorId":248203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blichert-Toft","given":"Janne","affiliations":[{"id":49822,"text":"Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024814,"text":"70024814 - 2002 - 234U/238U evidence for local recharge and patterns of groundwater flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024814","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"234U/238U evidence for local recharge and patterns of groundwater flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Uranium concentrations and 234U/238U ratios in saturated-zone and perched ground water were used to investigate hydrologic flow and downgradient dilution and dispersion in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, a potential high-level radioactive waste disposal site. The U data were obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry on more than 280 samples from the Death Valley regional flow system. Large variations in both U concentrations (commonly 0.6-10 ??g 1-1) and 234U/238U activity ratios (commonly 1.5-6) are present on both local and regional scales; however, ground water with 234U/238U activity ratios from 7 up to 8.06 is restricted largely to samples from Yucca Mountain. Data from ground water in the Tertiary volcanic and Quaternary alluvial aquifers at and adjacent to Yucca Mountain plot in 3 distinct fields of reciprocal U concentration versus 234U/238U activity ratio correlated to different geographic areas. Ground water to the west of Yucca Mountain has large U concentrations and moderate 234U/238U whereas ground water to the east in the Fortymile flow system has similar 234U/238U, but distinctly smaller U concentrations. Ground water beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain has intermediate U concentrations but distinctive 234U/238U activity ratios of about 7-8. Perched water from the lower part of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain has similarly large values of 234U/238U. These U data imply that the Tertiary volcanic aquifer beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain is isolated from north-south regional flow. The similarity of 234U/238U in both saturated- and unsaturated-zone ground water at Yucca Mountain further indicates that saturated-zone ground water beneath Yucca Mountain is dominated by local recharge rather than regional flow. The distinctive 234U/238U signatures also provide a natural tracer of downgradient flow. Elevated 234U/238U in ground water from two water-supply wells east of Yucca Mountain are interpreted as the result of induced flow from 40 a of ground-water withdrawal. Elevated 234U/238U in a borehole south of Yucca Mountain is interpreted as evidence that natural downgradient flow is more likely to follow southerly paths in the structurally anisotropic Tertiary volcanic aquifer where it becomes diluted by regional flow in the Fortymile system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00037-9","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Paces, J., Ludwig, K., Peterman, Z.E., and Neymark, L., 2002, 234U/238U evidence for local recharge and patterns of groundwater flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 6, p. 751-779, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00037-9.","startPage":"751","endPage":"779","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207721,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00037-9"},{"id":232894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e254e4b0c8380cd45ac6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024451,"text":"70024451 - 2002 - Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024451","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The New Almaden mercury mines in California (USA), which collectively represent the largest historic producers of mercury in North America, are a persistent source of mercury contamination to the San Francisco Bay estuary. An estimate based on total mercury concentration (HgTOT) and provisional stream flow data measured at a gauging station in the Guadalupe River during base flow conditions yields a base flow flux of 30 g of mercury for the month of October 2000. In contrast to this base flow estimate, one 2-day rain event in October 2000 resulted in a flux of 22 g of mercury past this site. An estimate of mercury transport from the entire Guadalupe River watershed based on a sediment transport model and our measured suspended particulate HgTOT (0.5-4 ??g g-1) results in a total of 4-30 kg year-1 transported to the southern reach of the estuary. Sediments in the southern reach have lower HgTOT (most ??? 0.4 ??g g-1 dry wt) and monomethyl-mercury (MMHg, c. 1 ng g-1 dry wt) concentrations than those in the Guadalupe River (HgTOT, 0.41-33 ??g g-1 dry wt; MMHg, 1-10 ng g-1 dry wt). Because the most elevated methylmercury concentrations (8-12 ng g-1 dry wt) were found in sediments deposited immediately upstream of hydraulic structures (e.g. diversion dams and weirs) within the river, it is proposed that such physical structures may represent important zones of MMHg production and fluxes to San Francisco Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-787302-024","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M., Conaway, C., Steding, D., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Abu-Saba, K.E., and Flegal, A., 2002, Mercury contamination from historic mining in water and sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, California: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 2, no. 3, p. 211-217, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024.","startPage":"211","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207050,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-024"},{"id":231622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f4e4b0c8380cd6ce33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, C.H.","contributorId":87174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steding, D.J.","contributorId":96044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steding","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M.","contributorId":28367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abu-Saba, K. E.","contributorId":31154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abu-Saba","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024813,"text":"70024813 - 2002 - Pockmarks off Big Sur, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024813","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pockmarks off Big Sur, California","docAbstract":"A pockmark field was discovered during EM-300 multi-beam bathymetric surveys on the lower continental slope off the Big Sur coast of California. The field contains ??? 1500 pockmarks which are between 130 and 260 m in diameter, and typically are 8-12 m deep located within a 560 km2 area. To investigate the origin of these features, piston cores were collected from both the interior and the flanks of the pockmarks, and remotely operated vehicle observation (ROV) video and sampling transects were conducted which passed through 19 of the pockmarks. The water column within and above the pockmarks was sampled for methane concentration. Piston cores and ROV collected push cores show that the pockmark field is composed of monotonous fine silts and clays and the cores within the pockmarks are indistinguishable from those outside the pockmarks. No evidence for either sediment winnowing or diagenetic alteration suggestive of fluid venting was obtained. 14C measurements of the organic carbon in the sediments indicate continuous sedimentation throughout the time resolution of the radiocarbon technique ( ??? 45000 yr BP), with a sedimentation rate of ??? 10 cm per 1000 yr both within and between the pockmarks. Concentrations of methane, dissolved inorganic carbon, sulfate, chloride, and ammonium in pore water extracted from within the cores are generally similar in composition to seawater and show little change with depth, suggesting low biogeochemical activity. These pore water chemical gradients indicate that neither significant accumulations of gas are likely to exist in the shallow subsurface ( ??? 100 m) nor is active fluid advection occurring within the sampled sediments. Taken together the data indicate that these pockmarks are more than 45000 yr old, are presently inactive, and contain no indications of earlier fluid or gas venting events. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00247-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Paull, C., Ussler, W., Maher, N., Greene, H., Rehder, G., Lorenson, T., and Lee, H., 2002, Pockmarks off Big Sur, California: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 4, p. 323-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00247-X.","startPage":"323","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207720,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00247-X"},{"id":232893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"181","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ca8e4b0c8380cd79ae5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, C.","contributorId":99739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ussler, W. III","contributorId":101048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ussler","given":"W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maher, N.","contributorId":35099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maher","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":38958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H. Gary","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rehder, G.","contributorId":103045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lorenson, T.","contributorId":88915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, H.","contributorId":40739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1014937,"text":"1014937 - 2002 - Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T15:04:02","indexId":"1014937","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting","docAbstract":"

Big Cypress National Preserve constitutes approximately one-third of the range of the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). Because recreational hunting is allowed in Big Cypress National Preserve, we examined 8 response variables (activity rates, movement rates, predation success, home-range size, home-range shifts, proximity to off-road vehicle trails, use of areas with concentrated human activity, and habitat selection) to evaluate how Florida panthers respond to human activity associated with deer and hog hunting. Data consisted of panther radiolocations collected since 1981 by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the National Park Service, which we augmented with radiolocations and activity monitoring from 1994 to 1998. A split-plot (treatment and control) study design with repeated measures of the variables for each panther taken before, during, and after the hunting season was used. We did not detect responses to hunting for variables most directly related to panther energy intake or expenditure (i.e., activity rates, movement rates, predation success of females; P>0.10). However, panthers reduced their use of Bear Island (P=0.021), an area of concentrated human activity, and were found farther from off-road vehicle trails (P≤0.001) during the hunting season, which was indicative of a reaction to human disturbance. Whereas the reaction to human activity on off-road vehicle trails probably has minor biological implications and may be linked to prey behavior, the decreased use of Bear Island is most likely a direct reaction to human activity and resulted in increased use of adjacent private lands. Future habitat loss on those private lands could exacerbate the negative consequences of this response by panthers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803148","usgsCitation":"Janis, M.W., and Clark, J.D., 2002, Responses of Florida panthers to recreational deer and hog hunting: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 3, p. 839-848, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803148.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"848","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress National Preserve, Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.84539794921875,\n 26.330345320410842\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 26.322960198925365\n ],\n [\n -80.79071044921875,\n 25.31423555219758\n ],\n [\n -81.09283447265625,\n 25.334096684794456\n ],\n [\n -81.19171142578125,\n 25.420950798326693\n ],\n [\n -81.2274169921875,\n 25.522614647623293\n ],\n [\n -81.25762939453124,\n 25.626668871238568\n ],\n [\n -81.331787109375,\n 25.68361258391759\n ],\n [\n -81.38397216796875,\n 25.725683932942644\n ],\n [\n -81.49932861328125,\n 25.82708887795793\n ],\n [\n -81.61468505859375,\n 25.861695091343652\n ],\n [\n -81.64764404296875,\n 25.854280326572407\n ],\n [\n -81.69158935546875,\n 25.83697740052369\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 25.903703303407667\n ],\n [\n -81.77398681640625,\n 26.000018556696844\n ],\n [\n -81.7987060546875,\n 26.071586453170973\n ],\n [\n -81.83441162109374,\n 26.19241214758277\n ],\n [\n -81.84539794921875,\n 26.330345320410842\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janis, Michael W.","contributorId":168719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Janis","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":321588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025015,"text":"70025015 - 2002 - Comparison of the basin-scale effect of dredging operations and natural estuarine processes on suspended sediment concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:38:58","indexId":"70025015","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the basin-scale effect of dredging operations and natural estuarine processes on suspended sediment concentration","docAbstract":"

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from San Pablo Bay, California, were analyzed to compare the basin-scale effect of dredging and disposal of dredged material (dredging operations) and natural estuarine processes. The analysis used twelve 3-wk to 5-wk periods of mid-depth and near-bottom SSC data collected at Point San Pablo every 15 min from 1993-1998. Point San Pablo is within a tidal excursion of a dredged-material disposal site. The SSC data were compared to dredging volume, Julian day, and hydrodynamic and meteorological variables that could affect SSC. Kendall's ??, Spearman's ??, and weighted (by the fraction of valid data in each period) Spearman's ??w correlation coefficients of the variables indicated which variables were significantly correlated with SSC. Wind-wave resuspension had the greatest effect on SSC. Median water-surface elevation was the primary factor affecting mid-depth SSC. Greater depths inhibit wind-wave resuspension of bottom sediment and indicate greater influence of less turbid water from down estuary. Seasonal variability in the supply of erodible sediment is the primary factor affecting near-bottom SSC. Natural physical processes in San Pablo Bay are more areally extensive, of equal or longer duration, and as frequent as dredging operations (when occurring), and they affect SSC at the tidal time scale. Natural processes control SSC at Point San Pablo even when dredging operations are occurring.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02695990","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 2002, Comparison of the basin-scale effect of dredging operations and natural estuarine processes on suspended sediment concentration: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 3, p. 488-495, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695990.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"495","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Pablo Bay","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f898e4b0c8380cd4d1eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025078,"text":"70025078 - 2002 - Microbial ecology of a crude oil contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025078","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial ecology of a crude oil contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"Detailed microbial analyses of a glacial outwash aquifer contaminated by crude oil provide insights into the pattern of microbial succession from iron reducing to methanogenic in the anaerobic portion of the contaminant plume. We analysed sediments from this area for populations of aerobes, iron reducers, fermenters and methanogens, using the most probable number method. On the basis of the microbial data the anaerobic area can be divided into distinct physiological zones dominated by either iron-reducers or a consortium of fermenters and methanogens. Chemistry and permeability data show that methanogenic conditions develop first in areas of high hydrocarbon flux. Thus, we find methanogens both in high permeability horizons and also where separate-phase crude oil is present in either the saturated or unsaturated zone. Microbial numbers peak at the top of the separate-phase oil suggesting that growth is most rapid in locations with access to both hydrocarbons and nutrients infiltrating from the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Bekins, B., Cozzarelli, I., Warren, E., and Godsy, E., 2002, Microbial ecology of a crude oil contaminated aquifer: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 275, p. 57-64.","startPage":"57","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"275","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a564fe4b0c8380cd6d4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, E.","contributorId":15360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godsy, E.M.","contributorId":56685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025113,"text":"70025113 - 2002 - Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025113","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases","docAbstract":"In this study, 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases for Kansas were compared statistically and spatially. The soil attributes used in this comparison were soil permeability, percent clay, and hydrologic group. Results indicate that, although the two databases were correlated, the potential exists for substantial site-specific variability between them. The largest differences between the two databases typically are in and along the stream networks. With distance away from the stream networks, the mean differences generally stabilize. The results also indicate the possibility of systematic bias between the two databases that varies with landscape position. For applications using mean soil attribute values, the two soil databases usually yield similar values for the three soil attributes analyzed, especially for areas of 25 km2 (9.7 mi2) or larger. However, for applications where more detailed information on soil variability and the spatial pattern of soil properties within the landscape is required, such as for studies focused on small areas or areas in and along stream networks, the two soil databases are sufficiently different such that using one or the other may result in substantially different results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00224561","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Wolock, D., 2002, Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 57, no. 2, p. 89-94.","startPage":"89","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9430e4b08c986b31a900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025119,"text":"70025119 - 2002 - Evaluation of fish sampling using rotenone in a navigation lock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025119","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of fish sampling using rotenone in a navigation lock","docAbstract":"Annual sampling in locks with rotenone has been a principal means of assessing fish populations in the commercially navigable portions of the Ohio River. Despite extensive use, sampling in locks with rotenone and interpretation of the data obtained have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of our study was to determine the degree of inter- and intraseasonal variation in lock samples, estimate correction factors (CFs) for fish recovery rates, and compare lock samples to other fish collections from the navigational pools above and below the lock. Lock samples from all seasons had a greater proportion of pelagic and demersal fish than samples from the navigational pools, which contained greater proportions of littoral species. CF for non-recovery of fish were determined. Spring and summer lock collections yielded several more species and estimates of overall fish biomass were an order of magnitude higher than fall collections. Within season variation between lock samples was relatively low; however, variation in lock samples among seasons was high, equivalent to that seen among the annual samples from the 1980s. Thus, single-season sampling may not be adequate, and fall may be the least preferred season.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00298-3","issn":"01657836","usgsCitation":"Margraf, F., and Knight, C., 2002, Evaluation of fish sampling using rotenone in a navigation lock: Fisheries Research, v. 55, no. 1-3, p. 297-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00298-3.","startPage":"297","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209400,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00298-3"},{"id":235802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c74e4b0c8380cd52b5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Margraf, F.J.","contributorId":47738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, C.T.","contributorId":66042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025017,"text":"70025017 - 2002 - Operating the EOSDIS at the land processes DAAC managing expectations, requirements, and performance across agencies, missions, instruments, systems, and user communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-09T11:13:22.901459","indexId":"70025017","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Operating the EOSDIS at the land processes DAAC managing expectations, requirements, and performance across agencies, missions, instruments, systems, and user communities","docAbstract":"NASA developed the Earth Observing System (EOS) during the 1990'S. At the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), located at the USGS EROS Data Center, the EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is required to support heritage missions as well as Landsat 7, Terra, and Aqua. The original system concept of the early 1990'S changed as each community had its say - first the managers, then engineers, scientists, developers, operators, and then finally the general public. The systems at the LP DAAC - particularly the largest single system, the EOSDIS Core System (ECS) - are changing as experience accumulates, technology changes, and each user group gains influence. The LP DAAC has adapted as contingencies were planned for, requirements and therefore plans were modified, and expectations changed faster than requirements could hope to be satisfied. Although not responsible for Quality Assurance of the science data, the LP DAAC works to ensure the data are accessible and useable by influencing systems, capabilities, and data formats where possible, and providing tools and user support as necessary. While supporting multiple missions and instruments, the LP DAAC also works with and learns from multiple management and oversight groups as they review mission requirements, system capabilities, and the overall operation of the LP DAAC. Stakeholders, including the Land Science community, are consulted regularly to ensure that the LP DAAC remains cognizant and responsive to the evolving needs of the user community. Today, the systems do not look or function as originally planned, but they do work, and they allow customers to search and order of an impressive amount of diverse data.","conferenceTitle":"Earth Observing Systems VII","conferenceDate":"July 7-10, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.451678","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Kalvelage, T.A., 2002, Operating the EOSDIS at the land processes DAAC managing expectations, requirements, and performance across agencies, missions, instruments, systems, and user communities, Earth Observing Systems VII, v. 4814, Seattle, WA, July 7-10, 2002, p. 380-391, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.451678.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"380","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4814","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e75e4b0c8380cd75662","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnes W.L.","contributorId":128354,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Barnes W.L.","id":536544,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Kalvelage, T. A.","contributorId":74548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalvelage","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024583,"text":"70024583 - 2002 - Prediction of the fate of p,p'-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T14:25:50","indexId":"70024583","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of the fate of p,p'-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA","docAbstract":"Long-term (60-yr) predictions of vertical profiles of p,p???-DDE concentrations in contaminated bottom sediments on the Palos Verdes shelf were calculated for three locations along the 60-m isobath using a numerical solution of the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. The calculations incorporated the following processes: sediment deposition (or erosion), depth-dependent solid-phase biodiffusive mixing, in situ diagenetic transformation, and loss of p,p???-DDE across the sediment-water interface by two mechanisms (resuspension of sediments by wave action and subsequent loss of p,p???-DDE to the water column by desorption, and desorption from sediments to porewater and subsequent molecular diffusion to the water column). A combination of field measurements, laboratory analyses, and calculations with supporting models was used to set parameters for the model. The model explains significant features observed in measurements made every 2 years from 1981 to 1997 by the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles (LACSD). Analyses of available data suggest that two sites northwest of the Whites Point sewage outfalls will remain depositional, even as particulate supply from the sewage-treatment plant and nearby Portuguese Bend Landslide decreases. At these sites, model predictions for 1991-2050 indicate that most of the existing inventory of p,p???-DDE will remain buried and that surface concentrations will gradually decrease. Analyses of data southeast of the outfalls suggest that erosion is likely to occur somewhere on the southeast edge of the existing effluent-affected deposit, and model predictions for such a site showed that erosion and biodiffusion will reintroduce the p,p???-DDE to the upper layer of sediments, with subsequent increases in surface concentrations and loss to the overlying water column.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00118-2","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, C.R., Drake, D., Wiberg, P., and Wheatcroft, R.A., 2002, Prediction of the fate of p,p'-DDE in sediment on the Palos Verdes shelf, California, USA: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 1025-1058, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00118-2.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1058","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palos Verdes shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 33.764307046898494\n ],\n [\n -118.48205566406251,\n 33.696922692957685\n ],\n [\n -118.46694946289064,\n 33.66149615643826\n ],\n [\n -118.45321655273438,\n 33.637489243170826\n ],\n [\n -118.40927124023438,\n 33.62948545097293\n ],\n [\n -118.38043212890625,\n 33.592887216626245\n ],\n [\n -118.30764770507811,\n 33.57687060377715\n ],\n [\n -118.28842163085938,\n 33.62605502663528\n ],\n [\n -118.25546264648438,\n 33.65349459599047\n ],\n [\n -118.28567504882812,\n 33.6912097228257\n ],\n [\n -118.32000732421875,\n 33.70263528325575\n ],\n [\n -118.36257934570312,\n 33.716343950060214\n ],\n [\n -118.42437744140625,\n 33.714059324224124\n ],\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 33.764307046898494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81f6e4b0c8380cd7b81a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wheatcroft, R. A.","contributorId":76503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheatcroft","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024200,"text":"70024200 - 2002 - Comparison of subyearling fall chinook salmon's use of riprap revetments and unaltered habitats in Lake Wallula of the Columbia river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T15:21:47","indexId":"70024200","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of subyearling fall chinook salmon's use of riprap revetments and unaltered habitats in Lake Wallula of the Columbia river","docAbstract":"

Subyearling fall chinook salmon's Oncorhynchus tshawytscha use of unaltered and riprap habitats in Lake Wallula of the Columbia River was determined with point abundance data collected by electrofishing in May 1994 and 1995. We documented the presence or absence of subyearlings at 277 sample sites and collected physical habitat information at each site. Based on logistic regression, we found that the probability of fish presence was greater in unaltered shoreline habitats than in riprap habitats. Substrate size was the most important factor in determining fish presence, with dominant substrates larger than 256 mm having the lowest probability of fish presence. Water velocity, also included in our model due to its biological importance, was not a significant factor affecting presence or absence (P = 0.1102). The correct prediction rate of fish presence or absence in our sample sites using cross validation was 67%. Our model showed that substrate was the most important factor determining subyearling habitat use, but the model did not include other habitat variables known to be important to subyearlings in more diverse systems. We suggest that resource managers consider alternative methods of bank stabilization that are compatible with the habitat requirements of the fish that use them.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1283:COSFCS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Garland, R., Tiffan, K., Rondorf, D., and Clark, L., 2002, Comparison of subyearling fall chinook salmon's use of riprap revetments and unaltered habitats in Lake Wallula of the Columbia river: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1283-1289, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1283:COSFCS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1283","endPage":"1289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207083,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1283:COSFCS>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lake Wallula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.01969909667969,\n 46.19266555785523\n ],\n [\n -119.03514862060548,\n 46.1850599046479\n ],\n [\n -119.00836944580078,\n 46.15248630414552\n ],\n [\n -119.00836944580078,\n 46.13773862635802\n ],\n [\n -118.9874267578125,\n 46.11441972281433\n ],\n [\n -118.97129058837889,\n 46.089900439643465\n ],\n [\n -118.9815902709961,\n 46.02462129598765\n ],\n [\n -118.9321517944336,\n 46.02557483126793\n ],\n [\n -118.90228271484374,\n 46.07751763011812\n ],\n [\n -118.92528533935545,\n 46.15082144159971\n ],\n [\n -118.95069122314453,\n 46.173887193507575\n ],\n [\n -119.01523590087889,\n 46.193853846104204\n ],\n [\n -119.01969909667969,\n 46.19266555785523\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f893e4b0c8380cd4d1c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, L.O.","contributorId":85745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024374,"text":"70024374 - 2002 - Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:48:49","indexId":"70024374","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1537,"text":"Environmental Forensics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry","docAbstract":"The n-alkylated cyclohexanes (CHs) are a homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds that are commonly present in crude oil and refinery products such as diesel fuel. These compounds exhibit specific distribution patterns for different fuel types, providing useful fingerprints for characterizing petroleum products, especially after degradation of n-alkanes has occurred. However, there are no published data to show how these compounds are altered in the environment after long-term spillage of petroleum products. This paper presents two case studies of oil spills that demonstrate the changing distribution patterns resulting from long-term anaerobic microbial degradation. These spills are the 1979 crude-oil spill in Bemidji, Minnesota, and a chronic diesel-fuel spillage from 1953-1991 at Mandan, North Dakota. The alkyl CHs in both spilled oil products are affected by similar biodegradative processes in which the compounds undergo a consistent pattern of loss from the high molecular weight end of the homolog distribution. Degradation results in a measurable increase in the concentrations of the homologs in the lower molecular weight range, a gradual lowering in carbon number of the homolog maximum, and a gradual decrease of the total homolog range from the high molecular weight end. This pattern is the opposite of low-end loss expected with weathering and aerobic biodegradation. The enhancement of the low molecular mass alkyl CH homologs, if not recognized as a degradative pathway of diesel fuel in an anaerobic environment, can potentially be misinterpreted in fuel-oil fingerprinting as deriving from lower distillation-range fuels or admixture of diesel with other fuels.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/enfo.2002.0100","issn":"15275922","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F., and Kvenvolden, K., 2002, Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry: Environmental Forensics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 293-301, https://doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0100.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0100"},{"id":231856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e968e4b0c8380cd4826c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024040,"text":"70024040 - 2002 - Seismic evidence for a mantle source for mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and implications for models of crustal growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T15:27:10.769488","indexId":"70024040","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for a mantle source for mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and implications for models of crustal growth","docAbstract":"

Voluminous anorthosite intrusions are common in mid-Proterozoic crust. Historically, two end-member models have been proposed for the origin of these anorthosites. In the first model anorthosites derive from fractionation of a mantle source leaving a residue of metagabbro in the lower crust; in the second model anorthosites are the product of partial melting of the lower crust with residual pyroxene and high-grade minerals (i.e. a pyroxenitic and/or metapelitic lower crust). Although a general consensus has developed that the first model provides the best fit to petrological and geochemical constraints, the sparse evidence for mafic and ultramafic counterparts to the anorthosites leaves the issue still unresolved. We use the absolute P-wave velocity and the ratio between P- and S-wave velocities (VP/VS) to infer the composition of the lower crust beneath the Marcy Anorthosite (New York State, USA). Seismic refraction data reveal a lower crust 20 km thick, where VP and VP/VS range from top to bottom between 7.0 km s−1 and 7.2 ± 0.1 and 1.84 km s−1 and 1.81 ± 0.02, respectively. Laboratory measurements on rock samples indicate that these seismic properties are typical of plagioclase-rich rocks. Magmatic underplating of basaltic melts is a mechanism to form plagioclase-rich bulk composition for the Grenville crust. At the bottom of the lower crust, increase of P-wave velocity, slight decrease of VP/VS ratios and the presence of a low-reflective seismic Moho are additional observations supporting crustmantle interactions related to magmatic underplating. High P-wave velocity (8.6 km s−1) in the upper mantle may indicate that the ultramafic portion (e.g. pyroxenites) of the underplated magma has become eclogite. High average P-wave velocity (6.7 km s−1) and VP/VS (1.81), and the exceptional abundance of anorthosites-norites-troctolites among the rocks exposed at the surface, indicate that the Grenville Proterozoic crust may have a unique plagioclase-rich bulk composition. We suggest magmatic underplating, occurring either over a wide time span or with separate syn- and post-collisional magmatic pulses, as being a major crust-forming mechanism operating in mid-Proterozoic time.

","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.07","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Musacchio, G., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Seismic evidence for a mantle source for mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and implications for models of crustal growth: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 199, no. , p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.07.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"199","issue":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b0ce4b08c986b31754b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musacchio, G.","contributorId":18918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musacchio","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023862,"text":"70023862 - 2002 - AVHRR composite period selection for land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:11:29","indexId":"70023862","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AVHRR composite period selection for land cover classification","docAbstract":"Multitemporal satellite image datasets provide valuable information on the phenological characteristics of vegetation, thereby significantly increasing the accuracy of cover type classifications compared to single date classifications. However, the processing of these datasets can become very complex when dealing with multitemporal data combined with multispectral data. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) biweekly composite data are commonly used to classify land cover over large regions. Selecting a subset of these biweekly composite periods may be required to reduce the complexity and cost of land cover mapping. The objective of our research was to evaluate the effect of reducing the number of composite periods and altering the spacing of those composite periods on classification accuracy. Because inter-annual variability can have a major impact on classification results, 5 years of AVHRR data were evaluated. AVHRR biweekly composite images for spectral channels 1-4 (visible, near-infrared and two thermal bands) covering the entire growing season were used to classify 14 cover types over the entire state of Colorado for each of five different years. A supervised classification method was applied to maintain consistent procedures for each case tested. Results indicate that the number of composite periods can be halved-reduced from 14 composite dates to seven composite dates-without significantly reducing overall classification accuracy (80.4% Kappa accuracy for the 14-composite data-set as compared to 80.0% for a seven-composite dataset). At least seven composite periods were required to ensure the classification accuracy was not affected by inter-annual variability due to climate fluctuations. Concentrating more composites near the beginning and end of the growing season, as compared to using evenly spaced time periods, consistently produced slightly higher classification values over the 5 years tested (average Kappa) of 80.3% for the heavy early/late case as compared to 79.0% for the alternate dataset case).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160210145579","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Maxwell, S., Hoffer, R., and Chapman, P., 2002, AVHRR composite period selection for land cover classification: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, no. 23, p. 5043-5059, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145579.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"5043","endPage":"5059","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207180,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145579"},{"id":231893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e63ce4b0c8380cd47294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maxwell, S.K.","contributorId":36665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, P.L.","contributorId":29144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023887,"text":"70023887 - 2002 - Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:29:44.254712","indexId":"70023887","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","docAbstract":"

We describe the three-dimensional geometry and Quaternary slip history of the Puente Hills blind-thrust system (PHT) using seismic reflection profiles, petroleum well data, and precisely located seismicity. The PHT generated the 1987 Whittier Narrows (moment magnitude [Mw] 6.0) earthquake and extends for more than 40 km along strike beneath the northern Los Angeles basin. The PHT comprises three, north-dipping ramp segments that are overlain by contractional fault-related folds. Based on an analysis of these folds, we produce Quaternary slip profiles along each ramp segment. The fault geometry and slip patterns indicate that segments of the PHT are related by soft-linkage boundaries, where the fault ramps are en echelon and displacements are gradually transferred from one segment to the next. Average Quaternary slip rates on the ramp segments range from 0.44 to 1.7 mm/yr, with preferred rates between 0.62 and 1.28 mm/yr. Using empirical relations among rupture area, magnitude, and coseismic displacement, we estimate the magnitude and frequency of single (Mw 6.5-6.6) and multisegment (Mw 7.1) rupture scenarios for the PHT.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010291","usgsCitation":"Shaw, J., Plesch, A., Dolan, J., Pratt, T.L., and Fiore, P., 2002, Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 8, p. 2946-2960, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010291.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2946","endPage":"2960","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9012e4b0c8380cd7fafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, J.H.","contributorId":87261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plesch, A.","contributorId":14603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plesch","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, J.F.","contributorId":64813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fiore, P.","contributorId":98910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiore","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024454,"text":"70024454 - 2002 - Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:51:56","indexId":"70024454","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA","docAbstract":"This article is the second in a series of three that describes the results of a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) conducted in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern (IHAOC). The assessment area is located in northwest Indiana and was divided into nine reaches to facilitate the assessment. This component of the NRDA was undertaken to determine if fish and wildlife resources have been injured due to exposure to contaminants that are associated with discharges of oil or releases of other hazardous substances. To support this assessment, information was compiled on the chemical composition of sediment and tissues; on the toxicity of whole sediments, pore water, and elutriates to fish; on the status of fish communities; and on fish health. The data on each of these indicators were compared to regionally relevant benchmarks to assess the presence and extent of injury to fish and wildlife resources. The results of this assessment indicate that injury to fish and wildlife resources has occurred throughout the assessment area, with up to five distinct lines of evidence demonstrating injury within the various reaches. Based on the frequency of exceedance of the benchmarks for assessing sediment and tissue chemistry data, total polychlorinated biphenyls is the primary bioaccumulative contaminant of concern in the assessment area. It is important to note, however, that this assessment was restricted by the availability of published bioaccumulation-based sediment quality guidelines, tissue residue guidelines, and other benchmarks of sediment quality conditions. The availability of chemistry data for tissues also restricted this assessment in certain reaches of the assessment area. Furthermore, insufficient information was located to facilitate identification of the substances that are causing or substantially contributing to effects on fish (i.e., sediment toxicity, impaired fish health, or impaired fish community structure). Therefore, substances not included on the list of COCs cannot necessarily be considered to be of low priority with respect to sediment injury (e.g., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, dioxins, and furans, etc.).","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D., Ingersoll, C., Smorong, D., Lindskoog, R., Sparks, D.W., Smith, J., Simon, T., and Hanacek, M., 2002, Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 130-140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"130","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478697,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.504.6930","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee3be4b0c8380cd49c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smorong, D.E.","contributorId":31155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smorong","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindskoog, R.A.","contributorId":91659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskoog","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, J.R.","contributorId":43942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simon, T.P.","contributorId":75465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hanacek, M.A.","contributorId":12651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanacek","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024229,"text":"70024229 - 2002 - A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T12:20:53.418149","indexId":"70024229","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years","docAbstract":"

The Hayward fault, a major branch of the right-lateral San Andreas fault system, traverses the densely populated eastern San Francisco Bay region, California. We conducted a paleoseismic investigation to better understand the Hayward fault's past earthquake behavior. The site is near the south end of Tyson's Lagoon, a sag pond formed in a right step of the fault in Fremont. Because the Hayward fault creeps at the surface, we identified paleoseismic events using features that we judge to be unique to ground ruptures or the result of strong ground motion, such as the presence of fault-scarp colluvial deposits and liquefaction. We correlate the most recent event evidence (E1) to the historical 1868 M 6.9 earthquake that caused liquefaction in the pond and recognize three additional paleoruptures since A.D. 1470 ± 110 yr. Event ages were estimated by chronological modeling, which incorporated historical and stratigraphic information and radiocarbon and pollen data. Modeled, mean age and 95-percentile ranges of the three earlier events are A.D. 1730 (1650-1790) yr (E2), A.D. 1630 (1530-1740) yr (E3), and A.D. 1470 (1360-1580) (E4). The ages of these paleoearthquakes yield a mean recurrence of 130 ± 40 yr. Although the mean recurrence is well determined for the period A.D. 1470-1868, individual intervals are less well determined: E1-E2, 140 +80/-70 yr; E2-E3, 100 +90/-100 yr; and E3-E4, 150 +130/-110 yr.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000611","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Dawson, T.E., Personius, S., Seitz, G.G., Reidy, L., and Schwartz, D.P., 2002, A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2637-2658, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000611.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2637","endPage":"2658","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.1075439453125,\n 37.63380988687157\n ],\n [\n -121.95510864257811,\n 37.492293998628746\n ],\n [\n -121.93450927734375,\n 37.48575600784826\n ],\n [\n -122.16110229492186,\n 37.83907230547638\n ],\n [\n -122.35748291015625,\n 37.95610943630718\n ],\n [\n -122.37670898437499,\n 37.95394377350263\n ],\n [\n -122.1075439453125,\n 37.63380988687157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e53ce4b0c8380cd46c18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reidy, L.M.","contributorId":106672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reidy","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024021,"text":"70024021 - 2002 - Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:05:19","indexId":"70024021","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1030,"text":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA","docAbstract":"

Biological soil crusts can be the dominant source of N for arid land ecosystems. We measured potential N fixation rates biweekly for 2 years, using three types of soil crusts: (1) crusts whose directly counted cells were >98% Microcoleus vaginatus (light crusts); (2) crusts dominated by M. vaginatus, but with 20% or more of the directly counted cells represented by Nostoc commune and Scytonema myochrous (dark crusts); and (3) the soil lichen Collema sp. At all observation times, Collema had higher nitrogenase activity (NA) than dark crusts, which had higher NA than light crusts, indicating that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar fashion to climate conditions. Without precipitation within a week of collection, no NA was recorded, regardless of other conditions being favorable. Low (<1°C) and high (>26°C) temperatures precluded NA, even if soils were moist. If rain or snow melt had occurred 3 or less days before collection, NA levels were highly correlated with daily average temperatures of the previous 3 days (r2=0.93 for Collema crusts; r2=0.86 for dark crusts and r2=0.83 for light crusts) for temperatures between 1°C and 26°C. If a precipitation event followed a long dry period, NA levels were lower than if collection followed a time when soils were wet for extended periods (e.g., winter). Using a combination of data from a recording weather datalogger, time-domain reflectometry, manual dry-down curves, and N fixation rates at different temperatures, annual N input from the different crust types was estimated. Annual N input from dark crusts found at relatively undisturbed sites was estimated at 9 kg ha–1 year–1. With 20% cover of the N-fixing soil lichen Collema, inputs are estimated at 13 kg ha–1 year–1. N input from light crusts, generally indicating soil surface disturbance, was estimated at 1.4 kg ha–1 year–1. The rates in light crusts are expected to be highly variable, as disturbance history will determine cyanobacterial biomass and therefore N fixation rates.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., 2002, Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA: Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 35, no. 2, p. 128-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232763","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d6e4b0c8380cd73005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025058,"text":"70025058 - 2002 - Mapping Chinese tallow with color-infrared photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70025058","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping Chinese tallow with color-infrared photography","docAbstract":"Airborne color-infrared photography (CIR) (1:12,000 scale) was used to map localized occurrences of the widespread and aggressive Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), an invasive species. Photography was collected during senescence when Chinese tallow's bright red leaves presented a high spectral contrast within the native bottomland hardwood and upland forests and marsh land-cover types. Mapped occurrences were conservative because not all senescing tallow leaves are bright red simultaneously. To simulate low spectral but high spatial resolution satellite/airborne image and digital video data, the CIR photography was transformed into raster images at spatial resolutions approximating 0.5 in and 1.0 m. The image data were then spectrally classified for the occurrence of bright red leaves associated with senescing Chinese tallow. Classification accuracies were greater than 95 percent at both spatial resolutions. There was no significant difference in either forest in the detection of tallow or inclusion of non-tallow trees associated with the two spatial resolutions. In marshes, slightly more tallow occurrences were mapped with the lower spatial resolution, but there were also more misclassifications of native land covers as tallow. Combining all land covers, there was no difference at detecting tallow occurrences (equal omission errors) between the two resolutions, but the higher spatial resolution was associated with less inclusion of non-tallow land covers as tallow (lower commission error). Overall, these results confirm that high spatial (???1 m) but low spectral resolution remote sensing data can be used for mapping Chinese tallow trees in dominant environments found in coastal and adjacent upland landscapes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Nelson, G., Sapkota, S., Seeger, E., and Martella, K., 2002, Mapping Chinese tallow with color-infrared photography: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 68, no. 3, p. 251-255.","startPage":"251","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5043e4b0c8380cd6b56e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, G.A.","contributorId":17687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sapkota, S.K.","contributorId":24434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapkota","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seeger, E.B.","contributorId":97301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeger","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martella, K.D.","contributorId":107077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martella","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024225,"text":"70024225 - 2002 - Presence of organoarsenicals used in cotton production in agricultural water and soil of the Southern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024225","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2149,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence of organoarsenicals used in cotton production in agricultural water and soil of the Southern United States","docAbstract":"Arsenicals have been used extensively in agriculture in the United States as insecticides and herbicides. Mono- and disodium methylarsonate and dimethylarsinic acid are organoarsenicals used to control weeds in cotton fields and as defoliation agents applied prior to cotton harvesting. Because the toxicity of most organoarsenicals is less than that of inorganic arsenic species, the introduction of these compounds into the environment might seem benign. However, biotic and abiotic degradation reactions can produce more problematic inorganic forms of arsenic, such as arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)]. This study investigates the occurrences of these compounds in samples of soil and associated surface and groundwaters. Preliminary results show that surface water samples from cotton-producing areas have elevated concentrations of methylarsenic species (>10 ??g of As/L) compared to background areas (<1 ??g of As/L). Species transformations also occur between surface waters and adjacent soils and groundwaters, which also contain elevated arsenic. The data indicate that point sources of arsenic related to agriculture might be responsible for increased arsenic concentrations in local irrigation wells, although the elevated concentrations did not exceed the new (2002) arsenic maximum contaminant level of 10 ??g/L in any of the wells sampled thus far.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/jf025672i","issn":"00218561","usgsCitation":"Bednar, A., Garbarino, J., Ranville, J., and Wildeman, T., 2002, Presence of organoarsenicals used in cotton production in agricultural water and soil of the Southern United States: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 50, no. 25, p. 7340-7344, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025672i.","startPage":"7340","endPage":"7344","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207283,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf025672i"}],"volume":"50","issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b3fe4b0c8380cd7e1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bednar, A.J.","contributorId":67247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ranville, J. F.","contributorId":54245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wildeman, T.R.","contributorId":30248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildeman","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}