{"pageNumber":"1093","pageRowStart":"27300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70023837,"text":"70023837 - 2002 - Tidal Flux Variation in the Lower Pearl River and Lake Pontchartrain Estuaries of Mississippi and Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023837","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Tidal Flux Variation in the Lower Pearl River and Lake Pontchartrain Estuaries of Mississippi and Louisiana","docAbstract":"Three tidal gages were constructed to collect hydraulic and water-quality properties that could be used to compute the tidal flux of the Pearl River and Lake Pontchartrain estuarine systems in Mississippi and Louisiana. The gages record continuous tidal stage, velocity, water temperature, specific conductance, and salinity, and transmit these data via the GOES satellite for output to a USGS real-time Internet portal. A 25-hour tidal study was completed during a maximum slack tide period in September 2001, which measured hydraulic and water-quality properties. These data were correlated with data recorded by the gages. Relations were developed for stage and area, and for an index acoustic velocity signal and average velocity. Continuous tidal inflow/outflow was computed for all three gages. Tidal effects were attenuated using a ninth-order Butterworth low-pass filter. Net inflows were recorded at two of three sites during the tidal study. The data will be used to help calibrate a regional RMA2 flow model.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Turnipseed, D., 2002, Tidal Flux Variation in the Lower Pearl River and Lake Pontchartrain Estuaries of Mississippi and Louisiana, <i>in</i> Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 515-525.","startPage":"515","endPage":"525","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb360e4b08c986b325d6a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536511,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Turnipseed, D.P.","contributorId":59824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023889,"text":"70023889 - 2002 - Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023889","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS)","docAbstract":"The Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS) mission offers a novel approach to the provision of key scientific data with unprecedented radiometric accuracy for Earth Observation (EO) and solar studies, which will also establish well-calibrated reference targets/standards to support other EO missions. This paper will present the TRUTHS mission and its objectives. TRUTHS will be the first satellite mission to calibrate its instrumentation directly to SI in orbit, overcoming the usual uncertainties associated with drifts of sensor gain and spectral shape by using an electrical rather than an optical standard as the basis of its calibration. The range of instruments flown as part of the payload will also provide accurate input data to improve atmospheric radiative transfer codes by anchoring boundary conditions, through simultaneous measurements of aerosols, particulates and radiances at various heights. Therefore, TRUTHS will significantly improve the performance and accuracy of Earth observation missions with broad global or operational aims, as well as more dedicated missions. The provision of reference standards will also improve synergy between missions by reducing errors due to different calibration biases and offer cost reductions for future missions by reducing the demands for on-board calibration systems. Such improvements are important for the future success of strategies such as Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) and the implementation and monitoring of international treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol. TRUTHS will achieve these aims by measuring the geophysical variables of solar and lunar irradiance, together with both polarised and un-polarised spectral radiance of the Moon, and the Earth and its atmosphere.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI","conferenceDate":"23 September 2002 through 26 September 2002","conferenceLocation":"Agia Pelagia, Crete","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.462438","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Fox, N., Aiken, J., Barnett, J., Briottet, X., Carvell, R., Frohlich, C., Groom, S., Hagolle, O., Haigh, J., Kieffer, H.H., Lean, J., Pollock, D., Quinn, T., Sandford, M., Schaepman, M., Shine, K., Schmutz, W., Teillet, P., Thome, K.J., Verstraete, M., and Zalewski, E., 2002, Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS), <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4881, Agia Pelagia, Crete, 23 September 2002 through 26 September 2002, p. 395-406, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462438.","startPage":"395","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207109,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462438"},{"id":231745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4881","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb685e4b08c986b326cfa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fujisada H.Lurie J.B.Aten M.L.Weber K.","contributorId":128398,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Fujisada H.Lurie J.B.Aten M.L.Weber K.","id":536520,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fox, N.","contributorId":90905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, J.","contributorId":100152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnett, J.J.","contributorId":66021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briottet, X.","contributorId":80860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briottet","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carvell, R.","contributorId":58050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carvell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frohlich, C.","contributorId":30400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohlich","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Groom, S.B.","contributorId":45484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groom","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hagolle, O.","contributorId":90906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagolle","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Haigh, J.D.","contributorId":61209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haigh","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lean, J.","contributorId":88909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lean","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pollock, D.B.","contributorId":70148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Quinn, T.","contributorId":38735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sandford, M.C.W.","contributorId":26108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandford","given":"M.C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Schaepman, M.","contributorId":24527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaepman","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Shine, K.P.","contributorId":91273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shine","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schmutz, W.K.","contributorId":23716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Teillet, P.M.","contributorId":23717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teillet","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Verstraete, M.M.","contributorId":96451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraete","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Zalewski, E.","contributorId":84946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zalewski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}}
,{"id":70023989,"text":"70023989 - 2002 - Spatial scale analysis in geophysics - Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in groundwater studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:49:23","indexId":"70023989","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Spatial scale analysis in geophysics - Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in groundwater studies","docAbstract":"Integration of geophysical data obtained at various scales can bridge the gap between localized data from boreholes and site-wide data from regional survey profiles. Specific approaches to such analysis include: 1) comparing geophysical measurements in boreholes with the same measurement made from the surface; 2) regressing geophysical data obtained in boreholes with water-sample data from screened intervals; 3) using multiple, physically independent measurements in boreholes to develop multivariate response models for surface geophysical surveys; 4) defining subsurface cell geometry for most effective survey inversion methods; and 5) making geophysical measurements in boreholes to serve as independent verification of geophysical interpretations. Integrated analysis of surface electromagnetic surveys and borehole geophysical logs at a study site in south Florida indicates that salinity of water in the surficial aquifers is controlled by a simple wedge of seawater intrusion along the coast and by a complex pattern of upward brine seepage from deeper aquifers throughout the study area. This interpretation was verified by drilling three additional test boreholes in carefully selected locations.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Spatial Methods for the Solution of Environmental and Hydrologic Problems: Science, Policy and Standardization","conferenceDate":"25 January 2001 through 25 January 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 2002, Spatial scale analysis in geophysics - Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in groundwater studies, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1420, Reno, NV, 25 January 2001 through 25 January 2001, p. 77-91.","startPage":"77","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1420","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94a6e4b08c986b31abca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Singhroy, V.H.","contributorId":2451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singhroy","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730615,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, D.T.","contributorId":111343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730616,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, R.R.","contributorId":52201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730617,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730618,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024858,"text":"70024858 - 2002 - Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among Willets breeding in the western Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T16:56:14.513477","indexId":"70024858","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among Willets breeding in the western Great Basin","docAbstract":"<p>Western Willets (<i>Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus</i>) were banded (n = 146 breeding adults and chicks) and radio-marked (n = 68 adults) at three western Great Basin wetland complexes to determine inter- and intraseasonal space use and movement patterns (primarily in 1998 and 1999). Birds were then tracked to overwintering sites where migratory connectivity and local movements were documented. Willets arrived synchronously at breeding sites during mid-April and spent less than 12 weeks in the Great Basin. There were no movements to other sites in the Great Basin during the breeding or postbreeding season. However, most breeding birds moved locally on a daily basis from upland nest sites to wetland foraging sites. The mean distance breeding birds were detected from nests did not differ between sexes or between members of a pair, although these distances were greater among postbreeding than breeding birds. Home-range estimates did not differ significantly between paired males and females during breeding or postbreeding. However, female home ranges were larger following breeding than during breeding. Shortly after chicks fledged, adult Willets left the Great Basin for locations primarily at coastal and estuarine sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Limited data revealed little among-site movements once Willets arrived at the coast, and birds appeared to be site faithful in subsequent winters. Winter sites of western Great Basin Willets differed from those used by birds from other areas in the subspecies' range, suggesting another subspecies or distinct population segment may exist. This study illustrates the importance of understanding movements and space use throughout the annual cycle in conservation planning.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/104.3.620","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Oring, L., Sanzenbacher, P., and Taft, O., 2002, Space use, migratory connectivity, and population segregation among Willets breeding in the western Great Basin: Condor, v. 104, no. 3, p. 620-630, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.620.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"620","endPage":"630","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.620","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.88232421875,\n              39.53793974517628\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.1904296875,\n              39.53793974517628\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.1904296875,\n              42.956422511073335\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88232421875,\n              42.956422511073335\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88232421875,\n              39.53793974517628\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9409e4b08c986b31a815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oring, L.W.","contributorId":46451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzenbacher, P.M.","contributorId":29553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzenbacher","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taft, O.W.","contributorId":45435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taft","given":"O.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85938,"text":"85938 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part A. Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","indexId":"85938","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3A","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part A. Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70187856,"text":"70187856 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70187856","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3B","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","indexId":"70187857","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","indexId":"70187859","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-11T16:03:58","indexId":"70188451","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","docAbstract":"<p>The 1989 spill of some 42 million L of crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska, represents not only the largest tanker spill in United States history, but the world’s largest spill in northern waters. Acute effects have been studied extensively. However, efforts to quantify the spill’s long-term chronic effects and develop defensible restoration measures have been plagued by varying levels of scientific uncertainty. That such uncertainty exists is not unexpected. The spill occurred in Prince William Sound’s highly variable physical setting typified by its complex oceanography and fjord-like geomorphology. Additionally, uncertainty was driven by the scarcity of precise pre-spill population estimates and spotty life-history information for most species. The research reported herein in, structured in eight primary papers and 27 supporting papers (appendices), documents the state of recovery and assessments of continuing constraints to population recovery for four vertebrate predators (sea otter <i>Enhydra lutris</i>, harlequin duck <i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>, river otter <i>Lontra canadensis</i>, and pigeon guillemot <i>Cepphus</i> <i>columba</i>) whose recovery status remained uncertain some 5 years after the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill. These species are used in a collective weight of evidence approach to better understand the process of coastal community recovery. Each species is examined for the strength of information it brings in health, population, and trophic metrics to support or reject the hypothesis of continuing oil effects in the nearshore system versus the alternatives that food constraints or demographic bottlenecks limit these focal species. While data for individual species contain various levels of uncertainty, scientific confidence is developed in the following picture when examined across species, metric, and hypothesis: Within the nearshore coastal environment, sporadic releases of residual oil are occurring, and benthic species, primarily invertebrates, are being exposed in a temporally and spatially patchy manner sufficient to transport oil up through the food chain. Thus, for the two invertebrate-feeders, sea otter and harlequin duck, evidence exists over several lines of investigation to suggest that local-scale populations continue to be constrained not by food availability or natural demographic processes, but by increased levels of mortality coincident with continued exposure to residual oil. Conversely, weight of evidence suggests that only limited direct oil-related effects are being transferred through the fish trophic pathway. Sufficient evidence suggests recovery is occurring in river otter populations, while the lack of recovery in pigeon guillemot may be attributed to food limitations (both natural and indirectly related to the spill) and/or slow demographic response to initial acute mortalities. Individual lines of investigation often contained uncertainty, but the collective weight of evidence presented in this multipaper volume indicates lack of full recovery of the nearshore ecosystem from the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill nearly a decade following the event. Integrated, multispecies approaches can allow sufficient weight of evidence to develop despite inherent system variability or data limitations and, thus, facilitate both better societal understanding of such pollution events and development of appropriate restoration responses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"2002, Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill, v. 1, 1095 p.","productDescription":"1095 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchresults.projectInfo&Project_ID=630"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              59.72594656451894\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.7279052734375,\n              59.72594656451894\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.7279052734375,\n              60.98376689595989\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              60.98376689595989\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              59.72594656451894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","publicComments":"Final Report: <i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Restoration Project 99025 (Volume 1)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e3c99e4b0764e6c61b832","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":697825,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024132,"text":"70024132 - 2002 - Plotting equation for Gaussian percentiles and a spreadsheet program for generating probability plots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T16:10:47.040801","indexId":"70024132","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plotting equation for Gaussian percentiles and a spreadsheet program for generating probability plots","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two-dimensional plotting tools can be of invaluable assistance in analytical scientific pursuits, and have been widely used in the analysis and interpretation of sedimentologic data. We consider, in this work, the use of arithmetic probability paper (APP). Most statistical computer applications do not allow for the generation of APP plots, because of apparent intractable nonlinearity of the percentile (or probability) axis of the plot. We have solved this problem by identifying an equation(s) for determining plotting positions of Gaussian percentiles (or probabilities), so that APP plots can easily be computer generated. An EXCEL example is presented, and a programmed, simple-to-use EXCEL application template is hereby made publicly available, whereby a complete granulometric analysis including data listing, moment measure calculations, and frequency and cumulative APP plots, is automatically produced.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/040402720929","usgsCitation":"Balsillie, J.H., Donoghue, J.F., Butler, K.M., and Koch, J.L., 2002, Plotting equation for Gaussian percentiles and a spreadsheet program for generating probability plots: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 72, no. 6, p. 929-933, https://doi.org/10.1306/040402720929.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"929","endPage":"933","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c8ae4b0c8380cd79a36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsillie, J. H.","contributorId":12226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsillie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donoghue, Joseph F.","contributorId":195569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donoghue","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":34313,"text":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, K. M.","contributorId":105079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koch, J. L.","contributorId":103443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024432,"text":"70024432 - 2002 - Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T20:02:49","indexId":"70024432","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal located in northwestern Indiana, USA. Toxicity tests used in this assessment included 10-day sediment exposures with the amphipod </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Hyalella azteca</i><span>, 31-day sediment exposures with the oligochaete </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Lumbriculus variegatus</i><span>, and the Microtox® Solid-Phase Sediment Toxicity Test. A total of 30 sampling stations were selected in locations that had limited historic matching toxicity and chemistry data. Toxic effects on amphipod survival were observed in 60% of the samples from the assessment area. Results of a toxicity test with oligochaetes indicated that sediments from the assessment area were too toxic to be used in proposed bioaccumulation testing. Measurement of amphipod length after the 10-day exposures did not provide useful information beyond that provided by the survival endpoint. Seven of the 15 samples that were identified as toxic in the amphipod tests were not identified as toxic in the Microtox test, indicating that the 10-day </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">H. azteca</i><span> test was more sensitive than the Microtox test. Samples that were toxic tended to have the highest concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The toxic samples often had an excess of simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) relative to acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and had multiple exceedances of probable effect concentrations (PECs). Metals may have contributed to the toxicity of samples that had both an excess molar concentration of SEM relative to AVS and elevated concentrations of metals in pore water. However, of the samples that had an excess of SEM relative to AVS, only 38% of these samples had elevated concentration of metals in pore water. The lack of correspondence between SEM-AVS and pore water metals indicates that there are variables in addition to AVS controlling the concentrations of metals in pore water. A mean PEC quotient of 3.4 (based on concentrations of metals, PAHs, and PCBs) was exceeded in 33% of the sediment samples and a mean quotient of 0.63 was exceeded in 70% of the thirty sediment samples from the assessment area. A 50% incidence of toxicity has been previously reported in a database for sediment tests with </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">H. azteca</i><span> at a mean quotient of 3.4 in 10-day exposures and at a mean quotient of 0.63 in 28-day exposures. Among the Indiana Harbor samples, most of the samples with a mean PEC quotient above 0.63 (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">i.e.</i><span>, 15 of 21; 71%) and above 3.4 (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">i.e.</i><span>, 10 of 10; 100%) were toxic to amphipods. Results of this study and previous studies demonstrate that sediments from this assessment area are among the most contaminated and toxic that have ever been reported.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C., MacDonald, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Johnson, B., Kemble, N., Kunz, J., May, T., Wang, N., Smith, J., Sparks, D.W., and Ireland, D., 2002, Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 156-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.52395629882812,\n              41.55381099217959\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.52395629882812,\n              41.74416427530836\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.2314453125,\n              41.74416427530836\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.2314453125,\n              41.55381099217959\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.52395629882812,\n              41.55381099217959\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5d6e4b08c986b32691a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, J.L.","contributorId":7872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wang, N.","contributorId":81615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, J.R.","contributorId":43942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ireland, D.S.","contributorId":98497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ireland","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70024474,"text":"70024474 - 2002 - Annual emissions of mercury to the atmosphere from natural sources in Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024474","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual emissions of mercury to the atmosphere from natural sources in Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The impact of natural source emissions on atmospheric mercury concentrations and the biogeochemical cycle of mercury is not known. To begin to assess this impact, mercury emissions to the atmosphere were scaled up for three areas naturally enriched in mercury: the Steamboat Springs geothermal area, Nevada, the New Idria mercury mining district, California, and the Medicine Lake volcano, California. Data used to scale up area emissions included mercury fluxes, measured in-situ using field flux chambers, from undisturbed and disturbed geologic substrates, and relationships between mercury emissions and geologic rock types, soil mercury concentrations, and surface heat flux. At select locations mercury fluxes were measured for 24 h and the data were used to adjust fluxes measured at different times of the day to give an average daily flux. This adjustment minimized daily temporal variability, which is observed for mercury flux because of light and temperature effects. Area emissions were scaled spatially and temporally with GIS software. Measured fluxes ranged from 0.3 to approximately 50 ng m-2 h-1 at undisturbed sites devoid of mercury mineralization, and to greater than 10,000 ng m-2 h-1 from substrates that were in areas of mercury mining. Area-averaged fluxes calculated for bare soil at Steamboat Springs, New Idria, and Medicine Lake of 181, 9.2, and 2 ng m-2 h-1, respectively, are greater than fluxes previously ascribed to natural non-point sources, indicating that these sources may be more significant contributors of mercury to the atmosphere than previously realized.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00254-002-0557-4","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Coolbaugh, M., Gustin, M., and Rytuba, J.J., 2002, Annual emissions of mercury to the atmosphere from natural sources in Nevada and California: Environmental Geology, v. 42, no. 4, p. 338-349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0557-4.","startPage":"338","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207927,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0557-4"},{"id":233225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec26e4b0c8380cd490d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coolbaugh, M.F.","contributorId":55034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coolbaugh","given":"M.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gustin, M.S.","contributorId":101837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustin","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024568,"text":"70024568 - 2002 - A bilinear source-scaling model for M-log a observations of continental earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024568","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bilinear source-scaling model for M-log a observations of continental earthquakes","docAbstract":"The Wells and Coppersmith (1994) M-log A data set for continental earthquakes (where M is moment magnitude and A is fault area) and the regression lines derived from it are widely used in seismic hazard analysis for estimating M, given A. Their relations are well determined, whether for the full data set of all mechanism types or for the subset of strike-slip earthquakes. Because the coefficient of the log A term is essentially 1 in both their relations, they are equivalent to constant stress-drop scaling, at least for M ??? 7, where most of the data lie. For M > 7, however, both relations increasingly underestimate the observations with increasing M. This feature, at least for strike-slip earthquakes, is strongly suggestive of L-model scaling at large M. Using constant stress-drop scaling (???? = 26.7 bars) for M ??? 6.63 and L-model scaling (average fault slip u?? = ??L, where L is fault length and ?? = 2.19 &times 10-5) at larger M, we obtain the relations M = log A + 3.98 ?? 0.03, A ??? 537 km2 and M = 4/3 log A + 3.07 ?? 0.04, A > 537 km2. These prediction equations of our bilinear model fit the Wells and Coppersmith (1994) data set well in their respective ranges of validity, the transition magnitude corresponding to A = 537 km2 being M = 6.71.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010148","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., and Bakun, W.H., 2002, A bilinear source-scaling model for M-log a observations of continental earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 5, p. 1841-1846, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010148.","startPage":"1841","endPage":"1846","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010148"},{"id":233090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e323e4b0c8380cd45e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1000956,"text":"1000956 - 2002 - Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:56:38","indexId":"1000956","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\">\n<p id=\"p-1\">Classification methods used in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, decision trees, and&nbsp;<i>k</i>-nearest neighbor clustering) are rarely used with population genetic data. We compare different nonparametric machine learning techniques with parametric likelihood estimations commonly employed in population genetics for purposes of assigning individuals to their population of origin (&ldquo;assignment tests&rdquo;). Classifier accuracy was compared across simulated data sets representing different levels of population differentiation (low and high&nbsp;<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>), number of loci surveyed (5 and 10), and allelic diversity (average of three or eight alleles per locus). Empirical data for the lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) exhibiting levels of population differentiation comparable to those used in simulations were examined to further evaluate and compare classification methods. Classification error rates associated with artificial neural networks and likelihood estimators were lower for simulated data sets compared to&nbsp;<i>k</i>-nearest neighbor and decision tree classifiers over the entire range of parameters considered. Artificial neural networks only marginally outperformed the likelihood method for simulated data (0&ndash;2.8% lower error rates). The relative performance of each machine learning classifier improved relative likelihood estimators for empirical data sets, suggesting an ability to &ldquo;learn&rdquo; and utilize properties of empirical genotypic arrays intrinsic to each population. Likelihood-based estimation methods provide a more accessible option for reliable assignment of individuals to the population of origin due to the intricacies in development and evaluation of artificial neural networks.</p>\n</div>\n<p id=\"p-2\">In recent years, characterization of highly polymorphic molecular markers such as mini- and microsatellites and development of novel methods of analysis have enabled researchers to extend investigations of ecological and evolutionary processes below the population level to the level of individuals (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-12-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-12\">Bowcock et al. 1994</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-26-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-26\">Estoup and Angers 1998</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-42-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-42\">Jarne and Lagoda 1996</a>). Analyses of individual-based genotypic information could substantially improve our understanding of evolutionary phenomena and contribute to effective management of natural populations (review in<a id=\"xref-ref-8-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-8\">Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000</a>). The use of individual-based methods remained largely unexplored in animal populations until recently due to a lack of highly polymorphic markers (<a id=\"xref-ref-8-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-8\">Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000</a>;<a id=\"xref-ref-87-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-87\">Smouse and Chevillon 1998</a>). Traditional analytical methods in population genetics rely almost exclusively on descriptors of genetic characterizations of populations (<a id=\"xref-ref-8-3\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-8\">Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000</a>) and not on individual genotypes.</p>\n<p id=\"p-3\">&ldquo;Assignment tests&rdquo; are designed to determine population membership for individuals. One particular application based on a likelihood estimate (LE) was introduced by&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-61-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-61\">Paetkau et al. (1995</a>; see also&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-94-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-94\">V&aacute;squez-Dom&iacute;nguez et al. 2001)</a>&nbsp;to assign an individual to the population of origin on the basis of multilocus genotype and expectations of observing this genotype in each potential source population. The LE approach can be implemented statistically in a Bayesian framework as a convenient way to evaluate hypotheses of plausible genealogical relationships (e.g., that an individual possesses an ancestor in another population) (<a id=\"xref-ref-19-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-19\">Dawson and Belkhir 2001</a>;<a id=\"xref-ref-71-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-71\">Pritchard et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-75-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-75\">Rannala and Mountain 1997</a>). Other studies have evaluated the confidence of the assignment (<a id=\"xref-ref-1-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-1\">Almudevar 2000</a>) and characteristics of genotypic data (e.g., degree of population divergence, number of loci, number of individuals, number of alleles) that lead to greater population assignment (<a id=\"xref-ref-8-4\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-8\">Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-15-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-15\">Cornuet et al. 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-34-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-34\">Haig et al. 1997</a>; Shriver et al. 1997;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-87-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-87\">Smouse and Chevillon 1998</a>). Main statistical and conceptual differences between methods leading to the use of an assignment test are given in, for example,<a id=\"xref-ref-15-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-15\">Cornuet et al. (1999)</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-81-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-81\">Rosenberg et al. (2001)</a>. However, the relative power of those tests has certainly not been fully appreciated and empirical comparisons are scarce (<a id=\"xref-ref-25-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-25\">Eldridge et al. 2001</a>). Assignment tests can also be considered as surrogates at the individual level (sensu&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-35-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-35\">Hansen et al. 2001a</a>) for other statistical tools developed earlier, such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-63-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-63\">Pella and Masuda 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-64-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-64\">Pella and Milner 1987</a>). Detailed theoretical comparison of the interests and limitations of both methods are still lacking, but empirical studies have revealed correlations between outputs of methods (<a id=\"xref-ref-46-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-46\">Knutsen et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-68-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-68\">Potvin and Bernatchez 2001</a>).</p>\n<p id=\"p-4\">Assignment tests have been widely used in different applications, including determination of degree of population differentiation or to establish the relationship among individuals within and among various taxonomic groupings (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-11-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-11\">Bogdanowicz et al. 1997</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-47-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-47\">Koskinen et al. 2001</a>;<a id=\"xref-ref-52-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-52\">Marshall et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-55-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-55\">M&uuml;ller 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-57-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-57\">Neraas and Spruell 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-59-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-59\">Nielsen et al. 2001b</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-66-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-66\">Polzhien et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-69-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-69\">Primmer et al. 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-79-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-79\">Roeder et al. 2001</a>;<a id=\"xref-ref-80-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-80\">Roques et al. 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-84-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-84\">Schulte-Hostedde et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-85-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-85\">Sefc et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-89-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-89\">Spidle et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-94-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-94\">V&aacute;squez-Dom&iacute;nguez et al. 2001</a>), including hybrids (e.g.,<a id=\"xref-ref-5-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-5\">Beaumont et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-13-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-13\">Congiu et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-74-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-74\">Randi et al. 2001</a>), introgressed individuals (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-53-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-53\">Martinez et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-73-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-73\">Randi and Lucchini 2002</a>), and ecotypes (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-91-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-91\">Taylor et al. 2000</a>). Applications of assignment tests also include [human] forensics (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-27-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-27\">Evett and Weir 1998</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-70-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-70\">Primmer et al. 2000</a>), identification and/or source of dispersers (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-17-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-17\">Davies et al. 1999</a>;<a id=\"xref-ref-25-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-25\">Eldridge et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-31-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-31\">Galbusera et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-65-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-65\">Petersson et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-93-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-93\">Tsutsui et al. 2001</a>; Vasem&auml;gi et al. 2001), phylogeographical analyses (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-45-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-45\">King et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-99-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-99\">Zeisset and Beebee 2001</a>), and the evaluation of the contribution of stocked individuals to natural populations (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-30-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-30\">Fritzner et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-37-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-37\">Hansen et al. 2000</a>,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-38-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-38\">2001b</a>) and of supportive breeding programs (<a id=\"xref-ref-58-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-58\">Nielsen et al. 2001a</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-60-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-60\">Olsen et al. 2000</a>). Fish are among the organisms that have received considerable attention using such tools (see&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-35-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-35\">Hansen et al. [2001a]</a>&nbsp;for a review). Moreover, these techniques are now used for profiles of traits outside the limited scope of population genetics (<a id=\"xref-ref-92-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-92\">Thorrold et al. 2001</a>).</p>\n<p id=\"p-5\">Methods of classification vary widely based on several criteria (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-41-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-41\">Jain et al. 2000</a>) (<a id=\"xref-fig-1-1\" class=\"xref-fig\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#F1\">Figure 1</a>). Two basic classification processes are traditionally recognized in machine learning:&nbsp;<i>supervised</i>&nbsp;classifiers and&nbsp;<i>unsupervised</i>classifiers (<a id=\"xref-fig-1-2\" class=\"xref-fig\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#F1\">Figure 1</a>; e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-22-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-22\">Duda et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-41-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-41\">Jain et al. 2000</a>). Supervised classifiers represent a group of methods whereby individual assignment is made to predefined classes (i.e., populations of origin). Unsupervised classification classes are unknown and are defined a posteriori on the basis of the degree of difference or similarity in attributes characterized from sampled individuals. Clustering methods (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis) are examples of unsupervised classification.</p>\n<p id=\"p-7\">Applications of assignment testing in population genetics first used supervised parametric likelihood-based approaches (<a id=\"xref-fig-1-3\" class=\"xref-fig\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#F1\">Figure 1</a>). Other machine learning classification methods are widely used in the physical and social sciences and in other biological disciplines (e.g.&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-10-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-10\">Boddy et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-50-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-50\">Leung and Tran 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-51-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-51\">Manel et al. 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-76-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-76\">Raymer et al. 1997</a>). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a popular technique used in machine learning (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-9-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-9\">Boddy and Morris 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-22-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-22\">Duda et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-49-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-49\">Lek and Gu&eacute;gan 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-78-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-78\">Ripley 1996</a>). However, while recognized (<a id=\"xref-ref-35-3\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-35\">Hansen et al. 2001a</a>), ANN methods rarely have been employed for population genetics applications (<a id=\"xref-ref-2-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-2\">Aurelle 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-2-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-2\">Aurelle et al. 1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-14-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-14\">Cornuet et al. 1996</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-16-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-16\">Curtis et al. 2001</a>;<a id=\"xref-ref-32-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-32\">Giraudel et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-33-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-33\">Grigull et al. 2001</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-90-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-90\">Taylor et al. 1994</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-96-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-96\">Whitler et al. 1994</a>). Other popular classification methods in machine learning, such as decision trees (e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-6-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-6\">Bell 1996</a>,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-7-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-7\">1999</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-22-3\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-22\">Duda et al. 2000</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-54-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-54\">Mitchell 1997</a>) and<i>k</i>-nearest neighbor analysis (<i>k</i>-NN; e.g.,&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-18-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-18\">Dasarathy 1991</a>;&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-22-4\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-22\">Duda et al. 2000</a>) have yet to be applied in population genetics (<a id=\"xref-fig-1-4\" class=\"xref-fig\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#F1\">Figure 1</a>). Moreover, there has not been a directed effort to compare machine learning methodologies with the likelihood-based procedures widely used in population genetics.&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-14-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-14\">Cornuet et al. (1996)</a>&nbsp;compared the relative merits of ANNs to discriminant analysis in an empirical study involving different populations and subspecies of honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>). However, they did not compare LE and ANN supervised classifiers.&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-2-3\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-2\">Aurelle (1999)</a>&nbsp;used the approach of&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-75-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-75\">Rannala and Mountain (1997)</a>&nbsp;(<a id=\"xref-fig-1-5\" class=\"xref-fig\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#F1\">Figure 1</a>) and ANN analysis using brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) microsatellite data; however, he did not provide a direct comparison of classification results or accuracies.&nbsp;<a id=\"xref-ref-35-4\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-35\">Hansen et al. (2001a)</a>&nbsp;briefly presented ANNs, but rejected their use without really testing their ability to classify individuals.</p>\n<p id=\"p-8\">The objective of this article is to describe several of the more widely used machine learning classifiers that may have utility when used with empirical population genetics data. We compare likelihood-based &ldquo;assignment tests&rdquo; (<a id=\"xref-ref-61-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\" href=\"http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/4/260.long#ref-61\">Paetkau et al. 1995</a>) with supervised machine learning classifiers including ANN, decision tree, and a&nbsp;<i>k</i>-NN clustering. Simulations were conducted which estimated and compared the assignment accuracy associated with different classifiers using ranges of parameter values (number of loci, allelic diversity, and interpopulation variance in allele frequency) typically encountered in natural populations. Comparative analyses were extended to empirical examples using lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>; Salmonidae).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","usgsCitation":"Guinand, B., Topchy, A., Page, K., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Punch, W., and Scribner, K., 2002, Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification: Journal of Heredity, v. 93, no. 4, p. 260-269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinand, B.","contributorId":6020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinand","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topchy, A.","contributorId":64619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topchy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, K.S.","contributorId":47332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punch, W.F.","contributorId":38945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punch","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024640,"text":"70024640 - 2002 - Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fracture bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:53:27","indexId":"70024640","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fracture bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id14\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id15\"><p>Near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire (USA), hydraulically conductive, fractured bedrock was investigated with the crosswell seismic method to determine whether this method could provide any information about hydraulic conductivity between wells. To this end, crosswell seismic data, acoustic logs from boreholes, image logs from boreholes, and single borehole hydraulic tests were analyzed. The analysis showed that, first, the P-wave velocities from the acoustic logs tended to be higher in schist than they were in granite. (Schist and granite were the dominant rock types). Second, the P-wave velocities from the acoustic logs tended to be low near fractures. Third, the hydraulic conductivity was always low (always less than to 10<sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m/s) where no fractures intersected the borehole, but the hydraulic conductivity ranged from low to high (from less than to 10<sup>−10</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m/s to 10<sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m/s) where one or more fractures intersected the borehole. Fourth, high hydraulic conductivities were slightly more frequent when the P-wave velocity was low (less than 5200 m/s) than when it was high (greater than or equal to 5200 m/s). The interpretation of this statistical relation was that the fractures tended to increase the hydraulic conductivity and to lower the P-wave velocity. This statistical relation was applied to a velocity tomogram to create a map showing the probability of high hydraulic conductivity; the map was consistent with results from independent hydraulic tests.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K., Hsieh, P.A., and Shapiro, A., 2002, Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fracture bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 50, no. 3, p. 299-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207874,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc8e4b0c8380cd4e429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, K.J. 0000-0003-3075-4703","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":12061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024385,"text":"70024385 - 2002 - Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T16:24:36","indexId":"70024385","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling","docAbstract":"<p>We used an analysis based on a geographic information system (GIS) to determine the amount of rearing habitat and stranding area for subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River at steady-state flows ranging from 1,416 to 11,328 m3/s. High-resolution river channel bathymetry was used in conjunction with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to estimate water velocities, depths, and lateral slopes throughout our 33-km study area. To relate the probability of fish presence in nearshore habitats to measures of physical habitat, we developed a logistic regression model from point electrofishing data. We only considered variables that were compatible with a GIS and therefore excluded other variables known to be important to juvenile salmonids. Water velocity and lateral slope were the only two variables included in our final model. The amount of available rearing habitat generally decreased as flow increased, with the greatest decreases occurring between 1,416 and 4,814 m3/s. When river discharges were between 3,682 and 7,080 m3/s, flow fluctuations of 566 m3/s produced the smallest change in available rearing area (from -6.3% to +6.8% of the total). Stranding pool area was greatly reduced at steady-state flows exceeding 4,531 m3/s, but the highest net gain in stranding area was produced by 850 m3/s decreases in flow when river discharges were between 5,381 and 5,664 m3/s. Current measures to protect rearing fall chinook salmon include limiting flow fluctuations at Priest Rapids Dam to 850 m3/s when the dam is spilling water and when the weekly flows average less than 4,814 m3/s. We believe that limiting flow fluctuations at all discharges would further protect subyearling fall chinook salmon.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2002, Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 3, p. 713-726, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"726","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207209,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.89517211914061,\n              46.66451741754235\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.92813110351561,\n              46.64283679198892\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.83474731445311,\n              46.60794102560568\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.60403442382811,\n              46.63152171082673\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.50103759765625,\n              46.6965511173143\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.34997558593749,\n              46.53713734839792\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27993774414062,\n              46.40756396630067\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27993774414062,\n              46.26724020382508\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.02999877929688,\n              46.13702492883557\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              46.20644812194458\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.94210815429688,\n              46.27198674894286\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08630371093749,\n              46.234002878622526\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27581787109374,\n              46.557916007595786\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44885253906251,\n              46.7276244872016\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.52438354492186,\n              46.73891945883612\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.65896606445312,\n              46.68147880091785\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.88006591796874,\n              46.66545985627255\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.89517211914061,\n              46.66451741754235\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91cae4b0c8380cd8046e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023973,"text":"70023973 - 2002 - Looking to the Future: Non-contact Methods for Measuring Streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023973","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Looking to the Future: Non-contact Methods for Measuring Streamflow","docAbstract":"We have conducted a series of proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate whether it is possible to make completely non-contact open-channel discharge measurements. After an extensive evaluation of potential technologies, we concluded a combination of high-frequency (microwave) radar (for measuring surface velocity) and low-frequency radar (ground-penetrating radar) for measuring channel cross-section, had the best chance for success. The first experiment in 1999 on the Skagit River, Washington, using non-contact methods, produced a discharge value nearly exactly the same as from an ADCP and current meter. Surface-velocity data were converted to mean velocity based on measurements of the velocity profile (multiplied by 0.85), and radar signal speed in impure fresh water was measured to be 0.11-0.12 ft/ns. The weak link was thought to be the requirement to suspend the GPR antenna over the water, which required a bridge or cableway. Two contractors, expert with radar, were unsuccessful in field experiments to measure channel cross-section from the riverbank. Another series of experiments were designed to demonstrate whether both radar systems could be mounted on a helicopter, flown back and forth across a river, and provide data to compute flow. In Sept. 2000 and May 2001, a series of helicopter flights with mounted radar systems successfully measured surface velocity and channel cross-section of the Cowlitz River, Washington.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., Cheng, R.T., Haeni, F., Melcher, N., Spicer, K., Plant, J., Keller, W., and Hayes, K., 2002, Looking to the Future: Non-contact Methods for Measuring Streamflow, <i>in</i> Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 1-9.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49cce4b0c8380cd688c7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl, T. L.","contributorId":111517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508768,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pugh, C. A.","contributorId":113458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugh","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508770,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oberg, K. A.","contributorId":67553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508767,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vermeyen, T.B.","contributorId":112473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vermeyen","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6736,"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":508769,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melcher, N.B.","contributorId":71554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spicer, K.R.","contributorId":67230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plant, J.","contributorId":7445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keller, W.C.","contributorId":49140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hayes, K.","contributorId":55178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024066,"text":"70024066 - 2002 - Deep arid system hydrodynamics 2. Application to paleohydrologic reconstruction using vadose zone profiles from the northern Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:45:28","indexId":"70024066","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep arid system hydrodynamics 2. Application to paleohydrologic reconstruction using vadose zone profiles from the northern Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"<p><span>Site‐specific numerical modeling of four sites in two arid alluvial basins within the Nevada Test Site employs a conceptual model of deep arid system hydrodynamics that includes vapor transport, the role of xeric vegetation, and long‐term surface boundary transients. Surface boundary sequences, spanning 110 kyr, that best reproduce measured chloride concentration and matric potential profiles from four deep (230–460 m) boreholes concur with independent paleohydrologic and paleoecological records from the region. Simulations constrain a pluvial period associated with infiltration of 2–5 mm yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>at 14–13 ka and denote a shift linked to the establishment of desert vegetation at 13–9.5 ka. Retrodicted moisture flux histories inferred from modeling results differ significantly from those determined using the conventional chloride mass balance approach that assumes only downward advection. The modeling approach developed here represents a significant advance in the use of deep vadose zone profile data from arid regions to recover detailed paleohydrologic and current hydrologic information.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000825","usgsCitation":"Walvoord, M.A., Phillips, F.M., Tyler, S.W., and Hartsough, P.C., 2002, Deep arid system hydrodynamics 2. Application to paleohydrologic reconstruction using vadose zone profiles from the northern Mojave Desert: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 12, p. 27-1-27-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000825.","productDescription":"1291; 12 p.","startPage":"27-1","endPage":"27-12","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe1ce4b0c8380cd4eb1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Fred M.","contributorId":57957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyler, Scott W.","contributorId":188141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tyler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartsough, Peter C.","contributorId":188044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartsough","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024189,"text":"70024189 - 2002 - Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024189","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2265,"text":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume","docAbstract":"Part I of this study (Rubin, H.; Buddemeier, R.W. Groundwater Contamination Downstream of a Contaminant Penetration Site Part 1: Extension-Expansion of the Contaminant Plume. J. of Environmental Science and Health Part A (in press).) addressed cases, in which a comparatively thin contaminated region represented by boundary layers (BLs) developed within the freshwater aquifer close to contaminant penetration site. However, at some distance downstream from the penetration site, the top of the contaminant plume reaches the top or bottom of the aquifer. This is the location of the \"attachment point,\" which comprises the entrance cross section of the domain evaluated by the present part of the study. It is shown that downstream from the entrance cross section, a set of two BLs develop in the aquifer, termed inner and outer BLs. It is assumed that the evaluated domain, in which the contaminant distribution gradually becomes uniform, can be divided into two sections, designated: (a) the restructuring section, and (b) the establishment section. In the restructuring section, the vertical concentration gradient leads to expansion of the inner BL at the expense of the outer BL, and there is almost no transfer of contaminant mass between the two layers. In the establishment section, each of the BLs occupies half of the aquifer thickness, and the vertical concentration gradient leads to transfer of contaminant mass from the inner to the outer BL. By use of BL approximations, changes of salinity distribution in the aquifer are calculated and evaluated. The establishment section ends at the uniformity point, downstream from which the contaminant concentration profile is practically uniform. The length of the restructuring section, as well as that of the establishment section, is approximately proportional to the aquifer thickness squared, and is inversely proportional to the transverse dispersivity. The study provides a convenient set of definitions and terminology that are helpful in visualizing the gradual development of uniform contaminant concentration distribution in an aquifer subject to contaminant plume penetration. The method developed in this study can be applied to a variety of problems associated with groundwater quality, such as initial evaluation of field data, design of field data collection, the identification of appropriate boundary conditions for numerical models, selection of appropriate numerical modeling approaches, interpretation and evaluation of field monitoring results, etc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1081/ESE-120015462","issn":"10934529","usgsCitation":"Rubin, H., and Buddemeier, R., 2002, Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume: Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, v. 37, no. 10, p. 1813-1839, https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120015462.","startPage":"1813","endPage":"1839","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207004,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120015462"}],"volume":"37","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2d9ae4b0c8380cd5bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, H.","contributorId":54358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024374,"text":"70024374 - 2002 - Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:48:49","indexId":"70024374","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1537,"text":"Environmental Forensics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry","docAbstract":"The n-alkylated cyclohexanes (CHs) are a homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds that are commonly present in crude oil and refinery products such as diesel fuel. These compounds exhibit specific distribution patterns for different fuel types, providing useful fingerprints for characterizing petroleum products, especially after degradation of n-alkanes has occurred. However, there are no published data to show how these compounds are altered in the environment after long-term spillage of petroleum products. This paper presents two case studies of oil spills that demonstrate the changing distribution patterns resulting from long-term anaerobic microbial degradation. These spills are the 1979 crude-oil spill in Bemidji, Minnesota, and a chronic diesel-fuel spillage from 1953-1991 at Mandan, North Dakota. The alkyl CHs in both spilled oil products are affected by similar biodegradative processes in which the compounds undergo a consistent pattern of loss from the high molecular weight end of the homolog distribution. Degradation results in a measurable increase in the concentrations of the homologs in the lower molecular weight range, a gradual lowering in carbon number of the homolog maximum, and a gradual decrease of the total homolog range from the high molecular weight end. This pattern is the opposite of low-end loss expected with weathering and aerobic biodegradation. The enhancement of the low molecular mass alkyl CH homologs, if not recognized as a degradative pathway of diesel fuel in an anaerobic environment, can potentially be misinterpreted in fuel-oil fingerprinting as deriving from lower distillation-range fuels or admixture of diesel with other fuels.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/enfo.2002.0100","issn":"15275922","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F., and Kvenvolden, K., 2002, Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry: Environmental Forensics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 293-301, https://doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0100.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0100"},{"id":231856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e968e4b0c8380cd4826c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024229,"text":"70024229 - 2002 - A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T12:20:53.418149","indexId":"70024229","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years","docAbstract":"<p>The Hayward fault, a major branch of the right-lateral San Andreas fault system, traverses the densely populated eastern San Francisco Bay region, California. We conducted a paleoseismic investigation to better understand the Hayward fault's past earthquake behavior. The site is near the south end of Tyson's Lagoon, a sag pond formed in a right step of the fault in Fremont. Because the Hayward fault creeps at the surface, we identified paleoseismic events using features that we judge to be unique to ground ruptures or the result of strong ground motion, such as the presence of fault-scarp colluvial deposits and liquefaction. We correlate the most recent event evidence (E1) to the historical 1868 M 6.9 earthquake that caused liquefaction in the pond and recognize three additional paleoruptures since A.D. 1470 <span>±</span> 110 yr. Event ages were estimated by chronological modeling, which incorporated historical and stratigraphic information and radiocarbon and pollen data. Modeled, mean age and 95-percentile ranges of the three earlier events are A.D. 1730 (1650-1790) yr (E2), A.D. 1630 (1530-1740) yr (E3), and A.D. 1470 (1360-1580) (E4). The ages of these paleoearthquakes yield a mean recurrence of 130 <span>±</span> 40 yr. Although the mean recurrence is well determined for the period A.D. 1470-1868, individual intervals are less well determined: <span>E1-E2, 140 +80/-70 yr; E2-E3, 100 +90/-100 yr; and E3-E4, 150 +130/-110 yr.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000611","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Dawson, T.E., Personius, S., Seitz, G.G., Reidy, L., and Schwartz, D.P., 2002, A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2637-2658, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000611.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2637","endPage":"2658","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.1075439453125,\n              37.63380988687157\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95510864257811,\n              37.492293998628746\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.93450927734375,\n              37.48575600784826\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.16110229492186,\n              37.83907230547638\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.35748291015625,\n              37.95610943630718\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37670898437499,\n              37.95394377350263\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1075439453125,\n              37.63380988687157\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e53ce4b0c8380cd46c18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reidy, L.M.","contributorId":106672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reidy","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024128,"text":"70024128 - 2002 - Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:56:21","indexId":"70024128","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-6041348_20=\"26871\" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-6041348_20=\"100\" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-6041348_20=\"1\"><p id=\"p-1\">Arsenite [As(III)]-enriched anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, produced arsenate [As(V)] during incubation with either nitrate or nitrite. No such oxidation occurred in killed controls or in live samples incubated without added nitrate or nitrite. A small amount of biological As(III) oxidation was observed in samples amended with Fe(III) chelated with nitrolotriacetic acid, although some chemical oxidation was also evident in killed controls. A pure culture, strain MLHE-1, that was capable of growth with As(III) as its electron donor and nitrate as its electron acceptor was isolated in a defined mineral salts medium. Cells were also able to grow in nitrate-mineral salts medium by using H<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or sulfide as their electron donor in lieu of As(III). Arsenite-grown cells demonstrated dark<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>fixation, and PCR was used to indicate the presence of a gene encoding ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Strain MLHE-1 is a facultative chemoautotroph, able to grow with these inorganic electron donors and nitrate as its electron acceptor, but heterotrophic growth on acetate was also observed under both aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate) conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence placed strain MLHE-1 within the haloalkaliphilic<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ectothiorhodospira</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of the γ-<i>Proteobacteria</i>. Arsenite oxidation has never been reported for any members of this subgroup of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Proteobacteria</i>.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ASM","doi":"10.1128/AEM.68.10.4795-4802.2002","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., Hoeft, S., Santini, J., Bano, N., Hollibaugh, R., and Hollibaugh, J., 2002, Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 68, no. 10, p. 4795-4802, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.10.4795-4802.2002.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4795","endPage":"4802","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478781,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.10.4795-4802.2002","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207096,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.10.4795-4802.2002"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono 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Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoeft, S.E.","contributorId":24479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeft","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santini, J.M.","contributorId":71348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santini","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bano, N.","contributorId":74163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bano","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hollibaugh, R.A.","contributorId":52364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024551,"text":"70024551 - 2002 - Provisioning rates and time budgets of adult and nestling Bald Eagles at Inland Wisconsin nests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024551","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Provisioning rates and time budgets of adult and nestling Bald Eagles at Inland Wisconsin nests","docAbstract":"We used a remote video recording system and direct observation to quantify provisioning rate and adult and nestling behavior at Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nests in north-central Wisconsin in 1992 (N = 5) and 1993 (N = 8). Eagles nesting in this region have a high reproductive rate (??? 1.3 young/occupied territory), and the number of occupied territories has expanded nearly three-fold since 1980. The season-long provisioning rate averaged 5.2 prey deliveries/nest/d and 3.0 prey deliveries/nestling/d, and did not vary by year or with nestling number or age. Fish (Osteichthyes) made up 97% of identified prey deliveries followed by reptiles (Reptilia) (1.5%), birds (Aves) (1.2%), and mammals (Mammalia) (0.6%). Nearly 85% of prey items were >15 cm and <45 cm and 13% were <15 cm in length. Adult attendance (time ??? adult was at the nest) at nestling age 2-4 wk was >90% of the day and was negatively correlated with nestling age. Time adults spent feeding nestlings was negatively correlated with nestling age. Nestlings stood or sat in the nest >30% of the day, began to feed themselves, and exhibited increased mobility in the nest at 6-8 wk. We identified three stages of the nestling period and several benchmarks that may be useful when scheduling data collection for comparison of Bald Eagle nesting behavior. Our results support the hypothesis that food was not limiting this breeding population of Bald Eagles. ?? 2002 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.D., Andersen, D., Dykstra, C.R., Meyer, M., and Karasov, W.H., 2002, Provisioning rates and time budgets of adult and nestling Bald Eagles at Inland Wisconsin nests: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 121-127.","startPage":"121","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8fb2e4b0c8380cd7f8ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Warnke D.","contributorId":95236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Warnke","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D. E.","contributorId":27816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dykstra, Cheryl R.","contributorId":18142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dykstra","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M.W.","contributorId":38094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karasov, W. H.","contributorId":25889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karasov","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024021,"text":"70024021 - 2002 - Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:05:19","indexId":"70024021","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1030,"text":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Biological soil crusts can be the dominant source of N for arid land ecosystems. We measured potential N fixation rates biweekly for 2&nbsp;years, using three types of soil crusts: (1) crusts whose directly counted cells were &gt;98% <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Microcoleus vaginatus</i> (light crusts); (2) crusts dominated by <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">M. vaginatus</i>, but with 20% or more of the directly counted cells represented by <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Nostoc commune</i> and <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Scytonema myochrous</i> (dark crusts); and (3) the soil lichen <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i> sp. At all observation times, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i> had higher nitrogenase activity (NA) than dark crusts, which had higher NA than light crusts, indicating that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar fashion to climate conditions. Without precipitation within a week of collection, no NA was recorded, regardless of other conditions being favorable. Low (&lt;1°C) and high (&gt;26°C) temperatures precluded NA, even if soils were moist. If rain or snow melt had occurred 3 or less days before collection, NA levels were highly correlated with daily average temperatures of the previous 3&nbsp;days (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.93 for <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i> crusts; <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.86 for dark crusts and <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.83 for light crusts) for temperatures between 1°C and 26°C. If a precipitation event followed a long dry period, NA levels were lower than if collection followed a time when soils were wet for extended periods (e.g., winter). Using a combination of data from a recording weather datalogger, time-domain reflectometry, manual dry-down curves, and N fixation rates at different temperatures, annual N input from the different crust types was estimated. Annual N input from dark crusts found at relatively undisturbed sites was estimated at 9&nbsp;kg ha<sup>–1</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>. With 20% cover of the N-fixing soil lichen <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i>, inputs are estimated at 13&nbsp;kg ha<sup>–1</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>. N input from light crusts, generally indicating soil surface disturbance, was estimated at 1.4&nbsp;kg ha<sup>–1</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>. The rates in light crusts are expected to be highly variable, as disturbance history will determine cyanobacterial biomass and therefore N fixation rates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., 2002, Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA: Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 35, no. 2, p. 128-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232763","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d6e4b0c8380cd73005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023914,"text":"70023914 - 2002 - Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023914","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2351,"text":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","docAbstract":"Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high-temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials perton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which calcination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each contribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by-products of other industries (industrial symbiosis). In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion article (part II), some of the environmental challenges and opportunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1162/108819802320971650","issn":"10881980","usgsCitation":"Van Oss, H., and Padovani, A., 2002, Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650"},{"id":232089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3dbe4b0c8380cd4b9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oss, H. G.","contributorId":84581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oss","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padovani, A.C.","contributorId":53150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padovani","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001695,"text":"1001695 - 2002 - Using an electronic compass to determine telemetry azimuths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:49:16","indexId":"1001695","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using an electronic compass to determine telemetry azimuths","docAbstract":"Researchers typically collect azimuths from known locations to estimate locations of radiomarked animals. Mobile, vehicle-mounted telemetry receiving systems frequently are used to gather azimuth data. Use of mobile systems typically involves estimating the vehicle's orientation to grid north (vehicle azimuth), recording an azimuth to the transmitter relative to the vehicle azimuth from a fixed rosette around the antenna mast (relative azimuth), and subsequently calculating an azimuth to the transmitter (animal azimuth). We incorporated electronic compasses into standard null-peak antenna systems by mounting the compass sensors atop the antenna masts and evaluated the precision of this configuration. This system increased efficiency by eliminating vehicle orientation and calculations to determine animal azimuths and produced estimates of precision (azimuth SD=2.6 deg., SE=0.16 deg.) similar to systems that required orienting the mobile system to grid north. Using an electronic compass increased efficiency without sacrificing precision and should produce more accurate estimates of locations when marked animals are moving or when vehicle orientation is problematic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cox, R.R., Scalf, J., Jamison, B., and Lutz, R., 2002, Using an electronic compass to determine telemetry azimuths: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1039-1043.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scalf, J.D.","contributorId":82255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scalf","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jamison, B.E.","contributorId":102831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lutz, R.S.","contributorId":40156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024972,"text":"70024972 - 2002 - Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024972","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data","docAbstract":"Existing models for ring recovery and recapture data analysis treat temporal variations in annual survival probability (S) as fixed effects. Often there is no explainable structure to the temporal variation in S1,..., Sk; random effects can then be a useful model: Si = E(S) + ??i. Here, the temporal variation in survival probability is treated as random with average value E(??2) = ??2. This random effects model can now be fit in program MARK. Resultant inferences include point and interval estimation for process variation, ??2, estimation of E(S) and var (E??(S)) where the latter includes a component for ??2 as well as the traditional component for v??ar(S??\\S??). Furthermore, the random effects model leads to shrinkage estimates, Si, as improved (in mean square error) estimators of Si compared to the MLE, S??i, from the unrestricted time-effects model. Appropriate confidence intervals based on the Si are also provided. In addition, AIC has been generalized to random effects models. This paper presents results of a Monte Carlo evaluation of inference performance under the simple random effects model. Examined by simulation, under the simple one group Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) model, are issues such as bias of ??s2, confidence interval coverage on ??2, coverage and mean square error comparisons for inference about Si based on shrinkage versus maximum likelihood estimators, and performance of AIC model selection over three models: Si ??? S (no effects), Si = E(S) + ??i (random effects), and S1,..., Sk (fixed effects). For the cases simulated, the random effects methods performed well and were uniformly better than fixed effects MLE for the Si.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108755","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K., and White, G.C., 2002, Evaluation of some random effects methodology applicable to bird ringing data: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 245-264, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108755.","startPage":"245","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108755"},{"id":233152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cc5e4b0c8380cd52cb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024504,"text":"70024504 - 2002 - HIBAL: A hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024504","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"HIBAL: A hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems","docAbstract":"A simple hydrologic-isotopic-balance (HIBAL) model for application to paleolake ??18O records is presented. Inputs to the model include discharge, on-lake precipitation, evaporation, and the ??18O values of these fluid fluxes. Monthly values of climatic parameters that govern the fractionation of 18O and 16O during evaporation have been extracted from historical data sets and held constant in the model. The ability of the model to simulate changes in the hydrologic balance and the ??18O evolution of the mixed layer has been demonstrated using measured data from Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Simulations of the response in ??18O to step- and periodic-function changes in fluid inputs indicate that the hydrologic balance and ??18O values lag climate change. Input of reconstructed river discharges and their ??18O values to Pyramid and Walker lakes indicates that minima and maxima in simulated ??18O records correspond to minima and maxima in the reconstructed volume records and that the overall shape of the volume and ??18O records is similar. The model was also used in a simulation of abrupt oscillations in the ??18O values of paleo-Owens Lake, California.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., and Paillet, F., 2002, HIBAL: A hydrologic-isotopic-balance model for application to paleolake systems: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 12-13, p. 1521-1539, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4.","startPage":"1521","endPage":"1539","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00094-4"},{"id":233158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"12-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e7be4b0c8380cd5c5a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, F.","contributorId":73372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024579,"text":"70024579 - 2002 - Estimation of shoreline position and change using airborne topographic lidar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T14:50:43","indexId":"70024579","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of shoreline position and change using airborne topographic lidar data","docAbstract":"A method has been developed for estimating shoreline position from airborne scanning laser data. This technique allows rapid estimation of objective, GPS-based shoreline positions over hundreds of kilometers of coast, essential for the assessment of large-scale coastal behavior. Shoreline position, defined as the cross-shore position of a vertical shoreline datum, is found by fitting a function to cross-shore profiles of laser altimetry data located in a vertical range around the datum and then evaluating the function at the specified datum. Error bars on horizontal position are directly calculated as the 95% confidence interval on the mean value based on the Student's t distribution of the errors of the regression. The technique was tested using lidar data collected with NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) in September 1997 on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Estimated lidar-based shoreline position was compared to shoreline position as measured by a ground-based GPS vehicle survey system. The two methods agreed closely with a root mean square difference of 2.9 m. The mean 95% confidence interval for shoreline position was ?? 1.4 m. The technique has been applied to a study of shoreline change on Assateague Island, Maryland/Virginia, where three ATM data sets were used to assess the statistics of large-scale shoreline change caused by a major 'northeaster' winter storm. The accuracy of both the lidar system and the technique described provides measures of shoreline position and change that are ideal for studying storm-scale variability over large spatial scales.","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Stockdon, H., Sallenger, A.H., List, J.H., and Holman, R., 2002, Estimation of shoreline position and change using airborne topographic lidar data: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 3, p. 502-513.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"513","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345280,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://journals.fcla.edu/jcr/article/view/81307/78447"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.69580078125,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.92675781249999,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.92675781249999,\n              38.44498466889473\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.69580078125,\n              38.44498466889473\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.69580078125,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.2890625,\n              34.97600151317588\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.92675781249999,\n              34.97600151317588\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.92675781249999,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.2890625,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.2890625,\n              34.97600151317588\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0baae4b0c8380cd5280f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stockdon, H.F. 0000-0003-0791-4676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":55992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holman, R.A.","contributorId":73751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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