{"pageNumber":"1094","pageRowStart":"27325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70024040,"text":"70024040 - 2002 - Seismic evidence for a mantle source for mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and implications for models of crustal growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T15:27:10.769488","indexId":"70024040","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for a mantle source for mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and implications for models of crustal growth","docAbstract":"<div class=\"book-chapter-body\"><div id=\"ContentTab\" class=\"content active\"><div class=\"widget widget-BookSectionsText widget-instance-BookChaptertext\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><div class=\"widget-items\" data-widgetname=\"BookSectionsText\"><div class=\"category-section clearfix content-section \"><p>Voluminous anorthosite intrusions are common in mid-Proterozoic crust. Historically, two end-member models have been proposed for the origin of these anorthosites. In the first model anorthosites derive from fractionation of a mantle source leaving a residue of metagabbro in the lower crust; in the second model anorthosites are the product of partial melting of the lower crust with residual pyroxene and high-grade minerals (i.e. a pyroxenitic and/or metapelitic lower crust). Although a general consensus has developed that the first model provides the best fit to petrological and geochemical constraints, the sparse evidence for mafic and ultramafic counterparts to the anorthosites leaves the issue still unresolved. We use the absolute P-wave velocity and the ratio between P- and S-wave velocities (<i>V</i><sub>P</sub>/<i>V</i><sub>S</sub>) to infer the composition of the lower crust beneath the Marcy Anorthosite (New York State, USA). Seismic refraction data reveal a lower crust 20 km thick, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>P</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and V<sub>P</sub>/V<sub>S</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>range from top to bottom between 7.0 km s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and 7.2 ± 0.1 and 1.84 km s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and 1.81 ± 0.02, respectively. Laboratory measurements on rock samples indicate that these seismic properties are typical of plagioclase-rich rocks. Magmatic underplating of basaltic melts is a mechanism to form plagioclase-rich bulk composition for the Grenville crust. At the bottom of the lower crust, increase of P-wave velocity, slight decrease of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>P</sub>/<i>V</i><sub>S</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios and the presence of a low-reflective seismic Moho are additional observations supporting crustmantle interactions related to magmatic underplating. High P-wave velocity (8.6 km s<sup>−1</sup>) in the upper mantle may indicate that the ultramafic portion (e.g. pyroxenites) of the underplated magma has become eclogite. High average P-wave velocity (6.7 km s<sup>−1</sup>) and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>P</sub>/<i>V</i><sub>S</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(1.81), and the exceptional abundance of anorthosites-norites-troctolites among the rocks exposed at the surface, indicate that the Grenville Proterozoic crust may have a unique plagioclase-rich bulk composition. We suggest magmatic underplating, occurring either over a wide time span or with separate syn- and post-collisional magmatic pulses, as being a major crust-forming mechanism operating in mid-Proterozoic time.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.07","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Musacchio, G., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Seismic evidence for a mantle source for mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and implications for models of crustal growth: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 199, no. , p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.07.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"199","issue":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b0ce4b08c986b31754b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musacchio, G.","contributorId":18918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musacchio","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024021,"text":"70024021 - 2002 - Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:05:19","indexId":"70024021","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1030,"text":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Biological soil crusts can be the dominant source of N for arid land ecosystems. We measured potential N fixation rates biweekly for 2&nbsp;years, using three types of soil crusts: (1) crusts whose directly counted cells were &gt;98% <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Microcoleus vaginatus</i> (light crusts); (2) crusts dominated by <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">M. vaginatus</i>, but with 20% or more of the directly counted cells represented by <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Nostoc commune</i> and <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Scytonema myochrous</i> (dark crusts); and (3) the soil lichen <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i> sp. At all observation times, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i> had higher nitrogenase activity (NA) than dark crusts, which had higher NA than light crusts, indicating that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar fashion to climate conditions. Without precipitation within a week of collection, no NA was recorded, regardless of other conditions being favorable. Low (&lt;1°C) and high (&gt;26°C) temperatures precluded NA, even if soils were moist. If rain or snow melt had occurred 3 or less days before collection, NA levels were highly correlated with daily average temperatures of the previous 3&nbsp;days (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.93 for <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i> crusts; <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.86 for dark crusts and <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.83 for light crusts) for temperatures between 1°C and 26°C. If a precipitation event followed a long dry period, NA levels were lower than if collection followed a time when soils were wet for extended periods (e.g., winter). Using a combination of data from a recording weather datalogger, time-domain reflectometry, manual dry-down curves, and N fixation rates at different temperatures, annual N input from the different crust types was estimated. Annual N input from dark crusts found at relatively undisturbed sites was estimated at 9&nbsp;kg ha<sup>–1</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>. With 20% cover of the N-fixing soil lichen <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Collema</i>, inputs are estimated at 13&nbsp;kg ha<sup>–1</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>. N input from light crusts, generally indicating soil surface disturbance, was estimated at 1.4&nbsp;kg ha<sup>–1</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>. The rates in light crusts are expected to be highly variable, as disturbance history will determine cyanobacterial biomass and therefore N fixation rates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., 2002, Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA: Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 35, no. 2, p. 128-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232763","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d6e4b0c8380cd73005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024007,"text":"70024007 - 2002 - The mid-cretaceous water bearer: Isotope mass balance quantification of the Albian hydrologic cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70024007","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mid-cretaceous water bearer: Isotope mass balance quantification of the Albian hydrologic cycle","docAbstract":"A latitudinal gradient in meteoric ??18O compositions compiled from paleosol sphaerosiderites throughout the Cretaceous Western Interior Basin (KWIB) (34-75??N paleolatitude) exhibits a steeper, more depleted trend than modern (predicted) values (3.0??? [34??N latitude] to 9.7??? [75??N] lighter). Furthermore, the sphaerosiderite meteoric ??18O latitudinal gradient is significantly steeper and more depleted (5.8??? [34??N] to 13.8??? [75??N] lighter) than a predicted gradient for the warm mid-Cretaceous using modern empirical temperature-??18O precipitation relationships. We have suggested that the steeper and more depleted (relative to the modern theoretical gradient) meteoric sphaerosiderite ??18O latitudinal gradient resulted from increased air mass rainout effects in coastal areas of the KWIB during the mid-Cretaceous. The sphaerosiderite isotopic data have been used to constrain a mass balance model of the hydrologic cycle in the northern hemisphere and to quantify precipitation rates of the equable 'greenhouse' Albian Stage in the KWIB. The mass balance model tracks the evolving isotopic composition of an air mass and its precipitation, and is driven by latitudinal temperature gradients. Our simulations indicate that significant increases in Albian precipitation (34-52%) and evaporation fluxes (76-96%) are required to reproduce the difference between modern and Albian meteoric siderite ??18O latitudinal gradients. Calculations of precipitation rates from model outputs suggest mid-high latitude precipitation rates greatly exceeded modern rates (156-220% greater in mid latitudes [2600-3300 mm/yr], 99% greater at high latitudes [550 mm/yr]). The calculated precipitation rates are significantly different from the precipitation rates predicted by some recent general circulation models (GCMs) for the warm Cretaceous, particularly in the mid to high latitudes. Our mass balance model by no means replaces GCMs. However, it is a simple and effective means of obtaining quantitative data regarding the mid-Cretaceous hydrologic cycle in the KWIB. Our goal is to encourage the incorporation of isotopic tracers into GCM simulations of the mid-Cretaceous, and to show how our empirical data and mass balance model estimates help constrain the boundary conditions. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00530-8","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Ufnar, D.F., Gonzalez, L.A., Ludvigson, G.A., Brenner, R.L., and Witzke, B., 2002, The mid-cretaceous water bearer: Isotope mass balance quantification of the Albian hydrologic cycle: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 188, no. 1-2, p. 51-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00530-8.","startPage":"51","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207076,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00530-8"}],"volume":"188","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badd2e4b08c986b323e0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ufnar, David F.","contributorId":64371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ufnar","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, Richard L.","contributorId":94457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13387,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 669, Cordova, AK  99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023997,"text":"70023997 - 2002 - Preliminary Results of a High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey to Identify Buried Faults at Dixie Valley, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023997","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary Results of a High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey to Identify Buried Faults at Dixie Valley, Nevada","docAbstract":"Preliminary results from a high-resolution aeromagnetic survey (200 m line spacing) acquired in Dixie Valley early in 2002 provide confirmation of intra-basin faulting based on subtle surface indications. In addition the data allow identification of the locations and trends of many faults that have not been recognized at the surface, and provide a picture of intrabasin faulting patterns not possible using other techniques. The data reveal a suite of northeasterly-trending curving and branching faults that surround a relatively coherent block in the area of Humboldt Salt Marsh, the deepest part of the basin. The producing reservoir occurs at the north end of this coherent block, where rampart faults from the northwest side of the valley merge with anthithetic faults from the central and southeast parts of the valley.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council: 2002 Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"22 September 2002 through 25 September 2002","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Smith, R., Grauch, V.J., and Blackwell, D., 2002, Preliminary Results of a High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey to Identify Buried Faults at Dixie Valley, Nevada, <i>in</i> Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, Reno, NV, 22 September 2002 through 25 September 2002, p. 543-546.","startPage":"543","endPage":"546","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a829de4b0c8380cd7bb60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R.P.","contributorId":105283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackwell, D.D.","contributorId":20905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023986,"text":"70023986 - 2002 - Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T14:01:11.885709","indexId":"70023986","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs","docAbstract":"<p><span>The results of general circulation model predictions of the effects of climate change from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (model CGCM1) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre (model HadCM2) have been used to derive potential impacts on the water resources of the Great Lakes basin. These impacts can influence the levels of the Great Lakes and the volumes of channel flow among them, thus affecting their value for interests such as riparians, shippers, recreational boaters, and natural ecosystems. On one hand, a hydrological modeling suite using input data from the CGCM1 predicts large drops in lake levels, up to a maximum of 1.38 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090. This is due to a combination of a decrease in precipitation and an increase in air temperature that leads to an increase in evaporation. On the other hand, using input from HadCM2, rises in lake levels are predicted, up to a maximum of 0.35 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090, due to increased precipitation and a reduced increase in air temperature. An interest satisfaction model shows sharp decreases in the satisfaction of the interests of commercial navigation, recreational boating, riparians, and hydropower due to lake level decreases. Most interest satisfaction scores are also reduced by lake level increases. Drastic reductions in ice cover also result from the temperature increases such that under the CGCM1 predictions, most of Lake Erie has 96% of its winters ice-free by 2090. Assessment is also made of impacts on the groundwater-dependent region of Lansing, Michigan.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70604-7","usgsCitation":"Lofgren, B.M., Quinn, F.H., Clites, A.H., Assel, R.A., Eberhardt, A.J., and Luukkonen, C.L., 2002, Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 28, no. 4, p. 537-554, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70604-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.548828125,\n              40.38002840251183\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.05859375,\n              40.38002840251183\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.05859375,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.548828125,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.548828125,\n              40.38002840251183\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cade4b0c8380cd52c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lofgren, Brent M.","contributorId":139534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lofgren","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12789,"text":"NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, F. H.","contributorId":42753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clites, A. H.","contributorId":46260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clites","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Assel, Raymond A.","contributorId":147963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Assel","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12448,"text":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberhardt, A. J.","contributorId":13780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023985,"text":"70023985 - 2002 - Satellite-based detection of global urban heat-island temperature influence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023985","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite-based detection of global urban heat-island temperature influence","docAbstract":"This study utilizes a satellite-based methodology to assess the urban heat-island influence during warm season months for over 4400 stations included in the Global Historical Climatology Network of climate stations. The methodology includes local and regional satellite retrievals of an indicator of the presence green photosynthetically active vegetation at and around the stations. The difference in local and regional samples of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used to estimate differences in mean air temperature. Stations classified as urban averaged 0.90??C (N. Hemisphere) and 0.92??C (S. Hemisphere) warmer than the surrounding environment on the basis of the NDVI-derived temperature estimates. Additionally, stations classified as rural averaged 0.19??C (N. Hemisphere) and 0.16??C (S. Hemisphere) warmer than the surrounding environment. The NDVI-derived temperature estimates were found to be in reasonable agreement with temperature differences observed between climate stations. The results suggest that satellite-derived data sets can be used to estimate the urban heat-island temperature influence on a global basis and that a more detailed analysis of rural stations and their surrounding environment may be necessary to assure that temperature trends derived from assumed rural environments are not influenced by changes in land use/land cover. Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002JD002588","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gallo, K.P., Adegoke, J.O., Owen, T., and Elvidge, C., 2002, Satellite-based detection of global urban heat-island temperature influence: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 107, no. 24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002588.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478731,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002588","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002588"},{"id":231939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86f0e4b08c986b3161f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallo, K. P.","contributorId":86527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adegoke, Jimmy O.","contributorId":94816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adegoke","given":"Jimmy","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen, T.W.","contributorId":58424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elvidge, C.D.","contributorId":35506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elvidge","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023980,"text":"70023980 - 2002 - Geologic and geophysical evidence for the influence of deep crustal structures on Paleozoic tectonics and the alignment of world-class gold deposits, north-central Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023980","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic and geophysical evidence for the influence of deep crustal structures on Paleozoic tectonics and the alignment of world-class gold deposits, north-central Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Geologic data concur with geophysical and isotopic data that suggest the presence of deep crustal fault zones along the Battle Mountain-Eureka (BME) trend and elsewhere in Nevada. The fault zones may have originated during Proterozoic rifting of the continent and were likely substantially reactivated and modified during Paleozoic tectonism. Five distinct Paleozoic structural and stratigraphic domains are defined that demonstrate the complexity of Paleozoic tectonic events and also lead to hypotheses about ways in which the margin could have been modified. The current locations of these domains adjacent to the geophysically and isotopically defined indicators of the buried continent edge corroborate their interactions with the continental margin. During the Tertiary, preexisting crustal fault zones were intersected and reopened during episodes of extension and served as the conduits for deep-sourced, gold-rich fluids, which were disseminated into Paleozoic slope facies sedimentary rocks, forming sediment-hosted Carlin-type and other deposits. Multiple factors including the locations of these deep-seated structures, the original configuration of the lower Paleozoic continental margin of Nevada, and its subsequent reactivation during the Paleozoic all were fundamental controls on the location of younger mineral deposits. A clearer understanding of the original configuration of the margin and of the effects of subsequent Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic events on the margin would provide insight into the locations of these and other prospective mineral belts. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ore Geology Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00088-4","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Crafford, A., and Grauch, V.J., 2002, Geologic and geophysical evidence for the influence of deep crustal structures on Paleozoic tectonics and the alignment of world-class gold deposits, north-central Nevada, USA: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 157-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00088-4.","startPage":"157","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207167,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00088-4"},{"id":231866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a18e2e4b0c8380cd55835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crafford, A.E.J.","contributorId":60411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crafford","given":"A.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023953,"text":"70023953 - 2002 - Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023953","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition","docAbstract":"We developed a measure of biological integrity for grasslands (GI) based on the most influential habitat types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. GI is based on proportions of habitat types and the relationships of these habitat types to breeding birds. Habitat types were identified by digital aerial photography, verified on the ground, and quantified using GIS, We then developed an index to GI based on the presence or abundance of breeding bird species. Species abundance data were obtained from 3 min roadside point counts at 889 points in 44, 4050 ha study plots over a 2-year period. Using a modified North American Breeding Bird Survey protocol, species were recorded in each of four quadrants at each point. Fifty species selected for analysis included all grassland species that occurred in at least 15 quadrants and all other bird species that occurred in at least 1 % of quadrants. We constructed preliminary models using data from each of the 2 years, then tested their predictive ability by cross-validation with data from the other year. These cross-validation tests indicated that the index consistently predicted grassland integrity. The final four models (presence and abundance models at 200 and 400 m scales) included only those species that were statistically significant (P ??? 0.05) in all preliminary models. Finally, we interpreted the components of the indices by examining associations between individual species and habitat types. Logistic regression identified 386 statistically significant relationships between species and habitat types at 200 and 400m scales. This method, though labor-intensive, successfully uses the presence of grassland-dependent species and absence of species associated with woody vegetation or cropland to provide an index to grassland integrity. Once regional associations of species with habitat types have been identified, such indices can be applied relatively inexpensively to monitor grassland integrity over large geographic areas. Indices like the ones presented here could be applied widely using bird abundance data that are currently being collected across the United States and southern Canada through the North American Breeding Bird Survey. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Browder, S., Johnson, D.H., and Ball, I., 2002, Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition: Ecological Indicators, v. 2, no. 3, p. 257-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2.","startPage":"257","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207275,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc5e4b0c8380cd499c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, S.F.","contributorId":12405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, I.J.","contributorId":104427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023942,"text":"70023942 - 2002 - Conventional U-Pb dating versus SHRIMP of the Santa Barbara Granite Massif, Rondonia, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023942","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1776,"text":"Geologia USP - Serie Cientifica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conventional U-Pb dating versus SHRIMP of the Santa Barbara Granite Massif, Rondonia, Brazil","docAbstract":"The Santa Ba??rbara Granite Massif is part of the Younger Granites of Rondo??nia (998 - 974 Ma) and is included in the Rondo??nia Tin Province (SW Amazonian Craton). It comprises three highly fractionated metaluminous to peraluminous within-plate A-type granite units emplaced in older medium-grade metamorphic rocks. Sn-mineralization is closely associated with the late-stage unit. U-Pb monazite conventional dating of the early-stage Serra do Cicero facies and late-stage Serra Azul facies yielded ages of 993 ?? 5 Ma and 989 ?? 13 Ma, respectively. Conventional multigrain U-Pb isotope analyses of zircon demonstrate isotopic disturbance (discordance) and the preservation of inherited older zircons of several different ages and thus yield little about the ages of Sn-granite magmatism. SHRIMP U-Pb ages for the Santa Ba??rbara facies association yielded a 207Pb/206Pb weighted-mean age of 978 ?? 13 Ma. The textural complexity of the zircon crystals of the Santa Ba??rbara facies association, the variable concentrations of U, Th and Pb, as well as the mixed inheritance of zircon populations are major obstacles to using conventional multigrain U-Pb isotopic analyses. Sm-Nd model ages and ??Nd (T) values reveal anomalous isotopic data, attesting to the complex isotopic behaviour within these highly fractionated granites. Thus, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon and conventional U-Pb monazite dating methods are the most appropriate to constrain the crystallization age of the Sn-bearing granite systems in the Rondo??nia Tin Province.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologia USP - Serie Cientifica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1519874X","usgsCitation":"Sparrenberger, I., Bettencourt, J.S., Tosdal, R., and Wooden, J.L., 2002, Conventional U-Pb dating versus SHRIMP of the Santa Barbara Granite Massif, Rondonia, Brazil: Geologia USP - Serie Cientifica, v. 2, no. 1, p. 79-94.","startPage":"79","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd6e4b0c8380cd4dfcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparrenberger, I.","contributorId":51058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparrenberger","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettencourt, Jorge S.","contributorId":97269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettencourt","given":"Jorge","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023937,"text":"70023937 - 2002 - Comparison of shear-wave slowness profiles at 10 strong-motion sites from noninvasive SASW measurements and measurements made in boreholes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:29:08.384329","indexId":"70023937","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of shear-wave slowness profiles at 10 strong-motion sites from noninvasive SASW measurements and measurements made in boreholes","docAbstract":"The spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) method is a relatively new in situ method for determining shear-wave slownesses. All measurements are made on the ground surface, making it much less costly than methods that require boreholes. The SASW method uses a number of active sources (ranging from a commercial Vibroseis truck to a small handheld hammer for the study conducted here) and different receiver spacings to map a curve of apparent phase velocity versus frequency. With the simplifying assumption that the phase velocities correspond to fundamental mode surface waves, forward modeling yields an estimate of the sub-surface shear-wave slownesses. To establish the reliability of this indirect technique, we conducted a blind evaluation of the SASW method. SASW testing was performed at 10 strong-motion stations at which borehole seismic measurements were previously or subsequently made; if previously made, the borehole results were not used for the interpretation of the SASW data, and vice-versa. Comparisons of the shear-wave slownesses from the SASW and borehole measurements are generally very good. The differences in predicted ground-motion amplifications are less than about 15% for most frequencies. In addition, both methods gave the same NEHRP site classification for seven of the sites. For the other three sites the average velocities from the downhole measurements were only 5-13 m/sec larger than the velocity defining the class C/D boundary. This study demonstrates that in many situations the SASW method can provide subsurface information suitable for site response predictions.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020030","usgsCitation":"Brown, L., Boore, D., and Stokoe, K., 2002, Comparison of shear-wave slowness profiles at 10 strong-motion sites from noninvasive SASW measurements and measurements made in boreholes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 8, p. 3116-3133, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020030.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3116","endPage":"3133","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.71850585937501,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.71850585937501,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88ee4b0c8380cd4d1a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, L.T.","contributorId":50172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stokoe, K.H. II","contributorId":85360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokoe","given":"K.H.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023928,"text":"70023928 - 2002 - Crustal structure and relocated earthquakes in the Puget Lowland, Washington, from high-resolution seismic tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:17:17.468222","indexId":"70023928","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure and relocated earthquakes in the Puget Lowland, Washington, from high-resolution seismic tomography","docAbstract":"<p><span>The availability of regional earthquake data from the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN), together with active source data from the Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS) seismic experiments, has allowed us to construct a new high-resolution 3-D, P wave velocity model of the crust to a depth of about 30 km in the central Puget Lowland. In our method, earthquake hypocenters and velocity model are jointly coupled in a fully nonlinear tomographic inversion. Active source data constrain the upper 10–15 km of the model, and earthquakes constrain the deepest portion of the model. A number of sedimentary basins are imaged, including the previously unrecognized Muckleshoot basin, and the previously incompletely defined Possession and Sequim basins. Various features of the shallow crust are imaged in detail and their structural transitions to the mid and lower crust are revealed. These include the Tacoma basin and fault zone, the Seattle basin and fault zone, the Seattle and Port Ludlow velocity highs, the Port Townsend basin, the Kingston Arch, and the Crescent basement, which is arched beneath the Lowland from its surface exposure in the eastern Olympics. Strong lateral velocity gradients, consistent with the existence of previously inferred faults, are observed, bounding the southern Port Townsend basin, the western edge of the Seattle basin beneath Dabob Bay, and portions of the Port Ludlow velocity high and the Tacoma basin. Significant velocity gradients are not observed across the southern Whidbey Island fault, the Lofall fault, or along most of the inferred location of the Hood Canal fault. Using improved earthquake locations resulting from our inversion, we determined focal mechanisms for a number of the best recorded earthquakes in the data set, revealing a complex pattern of deformation dominated by general arc-parallel regional tectonic compression. Most earthquakes occur in the basement rocks inferred to be the lower Tertiary Crescent formation. The sedimentary basins and the eastern part of the Olympic subduction complex are largely devoid of earthquakes. Clear association of hypocenters and focal mechanisms with previously mapped or proposed faults is difficult; however, seismicity, structure, and focal mechanisms associated with the Seattle fault zone suggest a possible high-angle mode of deformation with the north side up. We suggest that this deformation may be driven by isostatic readjustment of the Seattle basin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000710","usgsCitation":"Van Wagoner, T.M., Crosson, R.S., Creager, K.C., Medema, G., Preston, L., Symons, N.P., and Brocher, T., 2002, Crustal structure and relocated earthquakes in the Puget Lowland, Washington, from high-resolution seismic tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ESE 22-1-ESE 22-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000710.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"ESE 22-1","endPage":"ESE 22-23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Lowland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.98095703125,\n              46.42271253466717\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.06933593749999,\n              46.42271253466717\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.06933593749999,\n              48.4146186174932\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.98095703125,\n              48.4146186174932\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.98095703125,\n              46.42271253466717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce6e4b0c8380cd4e4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagoner, T. M.","contributorId":42750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Medema, G.","contributorId":69325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medema","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Preston, L.","contributorId":21313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Symons, N. P.","contributorId":60410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023922,"text":"70023922 - 2002 - Estimating the sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T10:44:25","indexId":"70023922","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin, New Zealand","docAbstract":"<p><span>We calibrated SPARROW (Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes) surface water‐quality models using measurements of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from 37 sites in the 13,900‐km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>Waikato River Basin, the largest watershed on the North Island of New Zealand. This first application of SPARROW outside of the United States included watersheds representative of a wide range of natural and cultural conditions and water‐resources data that were well suited for calibrating and validating the models. We applied the spatially distributed model to a drainage network of nearly 5000 stream reaches and 75 lakes and reservoirs to empirically estimate the rates of nutrient delivery (and their levels of uncertainty) from point and diffuse sources to streams, lakes, and watershed outlets. The resulting models displayed relatively small errors; predictions of stream yield (kg ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) were typically within 30% or less of the observed values at the monitoring sites. There was strong evidence of the accuracy of the model estimates of nutrient sources and the natural rates of nutrient attenuation in surface waters. Estimated loss rates for streams, lakes, and reservoirs agreed closely with experimental measurements and empirical models from New Zealand, North America, and Europe as well as with previous U.S. SPARROW models. The results indicate that the SPARROW modeling technique provides a reliable method for relating experimental data and observations from small catchments to the transport of nutrients in the surface waters of large river basins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000878","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.B., Elliott, A.H., Shankar, U., and McBride, G.B., 2002, Estimating the sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin, New Zealand: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 12, p. 4-1-4-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000878.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"4-1","endPage":"4-23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000878","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":" Waikato River","volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b62e4b0c8380cd526cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Alexander H.","contributorId":202424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliott","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shankar, Ude","contributorId":80033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shankar","given":"Ude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McBride, Graham B.","contributorId":83306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBride","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023914,"text":"70023914 - 2002 - Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023914","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2351,"text":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","docAbstract":"Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high-temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials perton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which calcination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each contribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by-products of other industries (industrial symbiosis). In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion article (part II), some of the environmental challenges and opportunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1162/108819802320971650","issn":"10881980","usgsCitation":"Van Oss, H., and Padovani, A., 2002, Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650"},{"id":232089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3dbe4b0c8380cd4b9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oss, H. G.","contributorId":84581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oss","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padovani, A.C.","contributorId":53150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padovani","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023913,"text":"70023913 - 2002 - Monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movement in the Cretaceous Dakota aquifer, western Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023913","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movement in the Cretaceous Dakota aquifer, western Kansas","docAbstract":"Aquifer properties can be evaluated by monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movements between wells, if the fluid is heated. Changes in the temperature profile recorded in observation wells indicate the flow path of the heated fluid, which in effect acts as a tracer. A fluid-flow experiment in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation at the Hodgeman County site, west-central Kansas, demonstrated the advantage of using the distributed optical-fiber temperature sensing method for monitoring transient temperature conditions in his hydrological application. The fluid flow in the aquifer was increased by producing water from a pumping well and injecting heated water in an injection well 13 m (43 ft) distant from the pumping well. The time-temperature series data obtained and compared with results from previous pumping tests point to interwell heterogeneity of the aquifer and to a zone in the sandstone aquifer of high hydraulic conductivity. However, the experiment would have allowed further clarification of aquifer heterogeneity and thermal properties if at least one observation well had been present between the injection and production wells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0223-7","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Macfarlane, P.A., Forster, A., Merriam, D.F., Schrotter, J., and Healey, J., 2002, Monitoring artificially stimulated fluid movement in the Cretaceous Dakota aquifer, western Kansas: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 6, p. 662-673, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0223-7.","startPage":"662","endPage":"673","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0223-7"},{"id":232088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d8ce4b0c8380cd70454","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forster, A.","contributorId":14580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forster","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schrotter, J.","contributorId":105458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrotter","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Healey, J.M.","contributorId":61199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023908,"text":"70023908 - 2002 - Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:09:13","indexId":"70023908","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, dilute glacial meltwater flows down well‐established streambeds to closed basin lakes during the austral summer. During the 6–12 week flow season, a hyporheic zone develops in the saturated sediment adjacent to the streams. Longer Dry Valley streams have higher concentrations of major ions than shorter streams. The longitudinal increases in Si and K suggest that primary weathering contributes to the downstream solute increase. The hypothesis that weathering reactions in the hyporheic zone control stream chemistry was tested by modeling the downstream increase in solute concentration in von Guerard Stream in Taylor Valley. The average rates of solute supplied from these sources over the 5.2 km length of the stream were 6.1 × 10</span><sup>−9</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>mol Si L</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>m</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and 3.7 × 10</span><sup>−9</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>mol K L</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>m</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, yielding annual dissolved Si loads of 0.02–1.30 mol Si m</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of watershed land surface. Silicate minerals in streambed sediment were analyzed to determine the representative surface area of minerals in the hyporheic zone subject to primary weathering. Two strategies were evaluated to compute sediment surface area normalized weathering rates. The first applies a best linear fit to synoptic data in order to calculate a constant downstream solute concentration gradient,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>dC</i><span>/</span><i>dx</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(constant weathering rate contribution, CRC method); the second uses a transient storage model to simulate<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>dC</i><span>/</span><i>dx</i><span>, representing both hyporheic exchange and chemical weathering (hydrologic exchange, HE method). Geometric surface area normalized dissolution rates of the silicate minerals in the stream ranged from 0.6 × 10</span><sup>−12</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>mol Si m</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to 4.5 × 10</span><sup>−12</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>mol Si m</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and 0.4 × 10</span><sup>−12</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>mol K m</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>to 1.9 × 10</span><sup>−12</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>mol K m</span><sup>−2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. These values are an order of magnitude lower than geometric surface area normalized weathering rates determined in laboratory studies and are an order of magnitude greater than geometric surface area normalized weathering rates determined in a warmer, wetter setting in temperate basins, despite the cold temperatures, lack of precipitation and lack of organic material. These results suggest that the continuous saturation and rapid flushing of the sediment due to hyporheic exchange facilitates weathering in Dry Valley streams.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000834","usgsCitation":"Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., Lyons, W.B., and Blum, A.E., 2002, Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 12, p. 15-1-15-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000834.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15-1","endPage":"15-17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, McMurdo Dry Valleys","volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfbfe4b08c986b32eaa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gooseff, Michael N.","contributorId":191367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gooseff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, W. Berry","contributorId":193456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Berry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blum, Alex E. aeblum@usgs.gov","contributorId":2845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Alex","email":"aeblum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":399297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023905,"text":"70023905 - 2002 - A palynological biozonation for the Maastrichtian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) of South Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023905","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A palynological biozonation for the Maastrichtian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) of South Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"Three palynological biozones are proposed for the Maastrichtian Stage of South Carolina. In ascending stratigraphic order, the biozones are the Carolinapollis triangularis (Ct) Interval Biozone, the Holkopollenites chemardensis (Hc) Interval Biozone, and the Sparganiaceaepollenites uniformis (Su) Interval Biozone. Integration of the biostratigraphy with lithologic and geophysical log data suggests that within the study area, the upper and lower boundaries of each zone are bounded by regional unconformities, and that a three-fold subdivision of the Maastrichtian Stage is warranted. The biozonation is based on the analysis of 114 samples from 24 subsurface and three outcrop sections from the Coastal Plain of South Carolina; samples from an additional seven subsurface and 18 outcrop sections from North Carolina and Georgia were examined to evaluate the geographic extent of the biozones. One new genus and five new species of pollen are described, and emendations are presented for two genera and one species of pollen. ?? 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cretaceous Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/cres.2002.1029","issn":"01956671","usgsCitation":"Christopher, R.A., and Prowell, D., 2002, A palynological biozonation for the Maastrichtian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) of South Carolina, USA: Cretaceous Research, v. 23, no. 6, p. 639-669, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.2002.1029.","startPage":"639","endPage":"669","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207214,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cres.2002.1029"},{"id":231972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d0e4b0c8380cd4694b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christopher, R. A.","contributorId":53775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prowell, D.C.","contributorId":95475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023899,"text":"70023899 - 2002 - Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:21:48.134963","indexId":"70023899","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques","docAbstract":"<p><span>Using a combination of body wave and surface wave data sets to reveal the mantle plume and plume head, this study presents a tomographic image of the mantle structure beneath Iceland to 400 km depth. Data comes primarily from the PASSCAL-HOTSPOT deployment of 30 broadband instruments over a period of 2 years, and is supplemented by data from the SIL and ICEMELT networks. Three sets of relative teleseismic body wave arrival times are generated through cross correlation:&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>SKS</i><span>&nbsp;arrivals at 0.03–0.1 Hz, and&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>PKIKP</i><span>&nbsp;arrivals at 0.03–0.1 and 0.8–2.0 Hz. Prior to inversion the crustal portion of the travel time anomalies is removed using the crustal model ICECRTb. This step has a significant effect on the mantle velocity variations imaged down to a depth of ∼250 km. Inversion of relative arrival times only provides information on lateral velocity variations. Surface waves are therefore used to provide absolute velocity information for the uppermost mantle beneath Iceland. The average wave number for the Love wave fundamental mode at 0.020 and 0.024 Hz is measured and used to invert for the average&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;velocity. Combination of the body wave and surface wave information reveals a predominantly horizontal low-velocity anomaly extending from the Moho down to ∼250 km depth, interpreted as a plume head. Below the plume head a near-cylindrical low-velocity anomaly with a radius of ∼100 km and peak&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub><i>P</i></sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;anomalies of −2% and −4%, respectively, extends down to the maximum depth of resolution at 400 km. Within the plume head, in the uppermost mantle above the core of the plume, there is a relatively high velocity with a maximum&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub><i>P</i></sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;anomaly of +2%. This high-velocity anomaly may be the result of the extreme degree of melt extraction necessary to generate the thick (46 km) crust in central Iceland. Comparison of the plume volumetric flux implied by our images, the crustal generation rate, and the degree of melting suggested by rare earth element inversions, suggests that (1) mantle material must be flowing horizontally away from the plume core faster than the overlying lithosphere and (2) the bulk of the plume material does not participate in melting beneath Iceland.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000595","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Vogfjord, K., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Foulger, G., Jakobsdottir, S., Julian, B., Pritchard, M., Ragnarsson, S., and Stefansson, R., 2002, Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ESE 3-1-ESE 3-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000595.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"ESE 3-1","endPage":"ESE 3-16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -13.0078125,\n              64.44437240555092\n            ],\n            [\n              -13.1396484375,\n              65.23830662451157\n            ],\n            [\n              -14.5458984375,\n              66.48697584176404\n            ],\n            [\n              -16.45751953125,\n              66.66168361244144\n            ],\n            [\n              -18.1494140625,\n              66.7745857647255\n            ],\n            [\n              -18.720703125,\n              66.39036142576474\n            ],\n            [\n              -20.4345703125,\n              66.31103501145373\n            ],\n            [\n              -21.24755859375,\n              66.32868478255796\n            ],\n            [\n              -23.027343749999996,\n              66.57448342017541\n            ],\n            [\n              -24.98291015625,\n              65.5766364488888\n            ],\n            [\n              -24.14794921875,\n              64.63329214257156\n            ],\n            [\n              -22.74169921875,\n              64.35893097894458\n            ],\n            [\n              -22.9833984375,\n              63.869714622204825\n            ],\n            [\n              -22.69775390625,\n              63.597447665602004\n            ],\n            [\n              -20.98388671875,\n              63.58767529470318\n            ],\n            [\n              -19.75341796875,\n              63.18410771743059\n            ],\n            [\n              -17.90771484375,\n              63.174193604205094\n            ],\n            [\n              -12.89794921875,\n              64.46332329319623\n            ],\n            [\n              -13.0078125,\n              64.44437240555092\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a388ae4b0c8380cd615ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. M.","contributorId":36170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, W. J.","contributorId":10573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogfjord, K.","contributorId":13768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogfjord","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergsson, B. H.","contributorId":19320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergsson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Erlendsson, P.","contributorId":95638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erlendsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jakobsdottir, S.","contributorId":64828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakobsdottir","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pritchard, M.","contributorId":11358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ragnarsson, S.","contributorId":12644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragnarsson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stefansson, R.","contributorId":81650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70023897,"text":"70023897 - 2002 - Sampling effort affects multivariate comparisons of stream assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T10:55:39.84406","indexId":"70023897","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling effort affects multivariate comparisons of stream assemblages","docAbstract":"<p><span>Multivariate analyses are used widely for determining patterns of assemblage structure, inferring species–environment relationships and assessing human impacts on ecosystems. The estimation of ecological patterns often depends on sampling effort, so the degree to which sampling effort affects the outcome of multivariate analyses is a concern. We examined the effect of sampling effort on site and group separation, which was measured using a mean similarity method. Two similarity measures, the Jaccard Coefficient and Bray–Curtis Index were investigated with 1 benthic macroinvertebrate and 2 fish data sets. Site separation was significantly improved with increased sampling effort because the similarity between replicate samples of a site increased more rapidly than between sites. Similarly, the faster increase in similarity between sites of the same group than between sites of different groups caused clearer separation between groups. The strength of site and group separation completely stabilized only when the mean similarity between replicates reached 1. These results are applicable to commonly used multivariate techniques such as cluster analysis and ordination because these multivariate techniques start with a similarity matrix. Completely stable outcomes of multivariate analyses are not feasible. Instead, we suggest 2 criteria for estimating the stability of multivariate analyses of assemblage data: 1) mean within-site similarity across all sites compared, indicating sample representativeness, and 2) the SD of within-site similarity across sites, measuring sample comparability.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468440","usgsCitation":"Cao, Y., Larsen, D.P., Hughes, R.M., Angermeier, P., and Patton, T.M., 2002, Sampling effort affects multivariate comparisons of stream assemblages: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 21, no. 4, p. 701-714, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468440.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"714","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab080e4b0c8380cd87b3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cao, Y.","contributorId":29991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, D. P.","contributorId":17012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, R. M.","contributorId":69997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, T. M.","contributorId":80453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023887,"text":"70023887 - 2002 - Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:29:44.254712","indexId":"70023887","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>We describe the three-dimensional geometry and Quaternary slip history of the Puente Hills blind-thrust system (PHT) using seismic reflection profiles, petroleum well data, and precisely located seismicity. The PHT generated the 1987 Whittier Narrows (moment magnitude [</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>] 6.0) earthquake and extends for more than 40 km along strike beneath the northern Los Angeles basin. The PHT comprises three, north-dipping ramp segments that are overlain by contractional fault-related folds. Based on an analysis of these folds, we produce Quaternary slip profiles along each ramp segment. The fault geometry and slip patterns indicate that segments of the PHT are related by soft-linkage boundaries, where the fault ramps are en echelon and displacements are gradually transferred from one segment to the next. Average Quaternary slip rates on the ramp segments range from 0.44 to 1.7 mm/yr, with preferred rates between 0.62 and 1.28 mm/yr. Using empirical relations among rupture area, magnitude, and coseismic displacement, we estimate the magnitude and frequency of single (</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;6.5-6.6) and multisegment (</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;7.1) rupture scenarios for the PHT.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010291","usgsCitation":"Shaw, J., Plesch, A., Dolan, J., Pratt, T.L., and Fiore, P., 2002, Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 8, p. 2946-2960, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010291.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2946","endPage":"2960","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.71850585937501,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.71850585937501,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.69628906249999,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9012e4b0c8380cd7fafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, J.H.","contributorId":87261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plesch, A.","contributorId":14603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plesch","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, J.F.","contributorId":64813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fiore, P.","contributorId":98910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiore","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023878,"text":"70023878 - 2002 - Nitrate stable isotopes: Tools for determining nitrate sources among different land uses in the Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T07:59:53","indexId":"70023878","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate stable isotopes: Tools for determining nitrate sources among different land uses in the Mississippi River Basin","docAbstract":"<div class=\"box-pad border-lightgray margin-bottom\"><div><div class=\"abstractSection\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p class=\"first last\">A study was conducted to determine whether NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>stable isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O), at natural abundance levels, could discriminate among NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>sources from sites with different land uses at the basin scale. Water samples were collected from 24 sites in the Mississippi River Basin from five land-use categories: (1) large river basins (&gt;34 590 km<sup>2</sup>) draining multiple land uses and smaller basins in which the predominant land use was (2) urban, (3) undeveloped, (4) crops, or (5) crops and livestock. Our data suggest that riverine nitrates from different land uses have overlapping but moderately distinct isotopic signatures. δ<sup>18</sup>O data were critical in showing abrupt changes in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>source with discharge. The isotopic values of large rivers resembled crop sites, sites with livestock tended to have δ<sup>15</sup>N values characteristic of manure, and urban sites tended to have high δ<sup>18</sup>O values characteristic of atmospheric nitrate.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f02-153","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chang, C.C., Kendall, C., Silva, S.R., Battaglin, W., and Campbell, K., 2002, Nitrate stable isotopes: Tools for determining nitrate sources among different land uses in the Mississippi River Basin: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 59, no. 12, p. 1874-1885, https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-153.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1874","endPage":"1885","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207038,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-153"}],"volume":"59","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66b1e4b0c8380cd72f1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023870,"text":"70023870 - 2002 - Historical changes in lake ice-out dates as indicators of climate change in New England, 1850-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023870","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical changes in lake ice-out dates as indicators of climate change in New England, 1850-2000","docAbstract":"Various studies have shown that changes over time in spring ice-out dates can be used as indicators of climate change. Ice-out dates from 29 lakes in New England (USA) with 64 to 163 years of record were assembled and analysed for this study. Ice-out dates have become significantly earlier in New England since the 1800s. Changes in ice-out dates between 1850 and 2000 were 9 days and 16 days in the northern/mountainous and southern regions of New England respectively. The changes in the ice-out data over time were very consistent within each of the two regions of New England, and more consistent than four air-temperature records in each region. The ice-out dates of the two regions had a different response to changes in air temperature. The inferred late winter-early spring air-temperature warming in both regions of New England since 1850, based on linear regression analysis, was about 1.5 ??C. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Climatology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/joc.857","issn":"08998418","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G., James, I., and Huntington, T., 2002, Historical changes in lake ice-out dates as indicators of climate change in New England, 1850-2000: International Journal of Climatology, v. 22, no. 15, p. 1819-1827, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.857.","startPage":"1819","endPage":"1827","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207230,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.857"},{"id":232009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3183e4b0c8380cd5dfa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, G.A.","contributorId":14022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, Ivan C. , I. C.","contributorId":60812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Ivan","suffix":"C. , I. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023867,"text":"70023867 - 2002 - Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:50:44.294068","indexId":"70023867","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Methyl <i>tert</i>-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline","title":"Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline","docAbstract":"<p><span>The detection frequency of methyl&nbsp;</span><i>tert</i><span>-butyl ether (MTBE) in ground and surface water of the United States is positively related to the content of MTBE in gasoline in various metropolitan areas of the U.S. The frequency of detection of MTBE is generally higher in areas that use larger amounts of MTBE in gasoline. Sampling of surface and ground water by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program between 1993 and 1998 revealed a frequent detection of low concentrations of MTBE. In this analysis, data from several national-scale gasoline surveys are examined and data from one survey that is most extensive in geographic and temporal coverage is used to relate the detection of MTBE in ground and surface water to the volumetric content of MTBE in gasoline.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-2002-0799.ch001","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.J., Clawges, R.M., and Zogorski, J.S., 2002, Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline: ACS Symposium Series, v. 799, p. 2-16, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0799.ch001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478769,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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,{"id":70023862,"text":"70023862 - 2002 - AVHRR composite period selection for land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:11:29","indexId":"70023862","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AVHRR composite period selection for land cover classification","docAbstract":"Multitemporal satellite image datasets provide valuable information on the phenological characteristics of vegetation, thereby significantly increasing the accuracy of cover type classifications compared to single date classifications. However, the processing of these datasets can become very complex when dealing with multitemporal data combined with multispectral data. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) biweekly composite data are commonly used to classify land cover over large regions. Selecting a subset of these biweekly composite periods may be required to reduce the complexity and cost of land cover mapping. The objective of our research was to evaluate the effect of reducing the number of composite periods and altering the spacing of those composite periods on classification accuracy. Because inter-annual variability can have a major impact on classification results, 5 years of AVHRR data were evaluated. AVHRR biweekly composite images for spectral channels 1-4 (visible, near-infrared and two thermal bands) covering the entire growing season were used to classify 14 cover types over the entire state of Colorado for each of five different years. A supervised classification method was applied to maintain consistent procedures for each case tested. Results indicate that the number of composite periods can be halved-reduced from 14 composite dates to seven composite dates-without significantly reducing overall classification accuracy (80.4% Kappa accuracy for the 14-composite data-set as compared to 80.0% for a seven-composite dataset). At least seven composite periods were required to ensure the classification accuracy was not affected by inter-annual variability due to climate fluctuations. Concentrating more composites near the beginning and end of the growing season, as compared to using evenly spaced time periods, consistently produced slightly higher classification values over the 5 years tested (average Kappa) of 80.3% for the heavy early/late case as compared to 79.0% for the alternate dataset case).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160210145579","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Maxwell, S., Hoffer, R., and Chapman, P., 2002, AVHRR composite period selection for land cover classification: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, no. 23, p. 5043-5059, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145579.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"5043","endPage":"5059","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207180,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145579"},{"id":231893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e63ce4b0c8380cd47294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maxwell, S.K.","contributorId":36665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, P.L.","contributorId":29144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023860,"text":"70023860 - 2002 - Interannual variations in snowpack in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T13:56:50","indexId":"70023860","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual variations in snowpack in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Ecosystem changes such as glacier recession and alpine treeline advance have been documented over the previous 150 years in the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana and southern British Columbia and Alberta, a region known as the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem (CCE). Such changes are controlled, at least partially, by variations in snowpack. The CCE consists primarily of public lands, the majority of which is undeveloped or wilderness. Consequently, this region is well suited for an examination of long-term snowpack variation and associated ecosystem change. Data from nine SNOTEL sites provide an indication of the daily accumulation and ablation of snowpack over the period 1977-2001, as well as the relationship between precipitation, temperature and snowpack. 1 April data from 21 snow courses indicated the extent of regional snowpack variation and trends over the period 1950-2001, and 1 May data from three snow courses in Glacier National Park allow this record to be extended back to 1922. SNOTEL data suggest CCE snowpacks are larger and more persistent than in most regions of the western USA, and that water year precipitation is the primary control on 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE). Snow course data indicate that variations in both 1 April and 1 May mean SWE are closely tied to the Pacific decadal oscillation, an El Nino-southern oscillation-like interdecadal pattern of Pacific Ocean climate variability. Despite relatively stable snowpacks and summer temperatures since 1922, the glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded steadily during this period, implying a significant climatic shift between their Little Ice Age glacial maxima (ca 1860) and 1922. 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,{"id":70023843,"text":"70023843 - 2002 - Supporting user-defined granularities in a spatiotemporal conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023843","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Supporting user-defined granularities in a spatiotemporal conceptual model","docAbstract":"Granularities are integral to spatial and temporal data. A large number of applications require storage of facts along with their temporal and spatial context, which needs to be expressed in terms of appropriate granularities. For many real-world applications, a single granularity in the database is insufficient. In order to support any type of spatial or temporal reasoning, the semantics related to granularities needs to be embedded in the database. Specifying granularities related to facts is an important part of conceptual database design because under-specifying the granularity can restrict an application, affect the relative ordering of events and impact the topological relationships. Closely related to granularities is indeterminacy, i.e., an occurrence time or location associated with a fact that is not known exactly. In this paper, we present an ontology for spatial granularities that is a natural analog of temporal granularities. We propose an upward-compatible, annotation-based spatiotemporal conceptual model that can comprehensively capture the semantics related to spatial and temporal granularities, and indeterminacy without requiring new spatiotemporal constructs. We specify the formal semantics of this spatiotemporal conceptual model via translation to a conventional conceptual model. To underscore the practical focus of our approach, we describe an on-going case study. We apply our approach to a hydrogeologic application at the United States Geologic Survey and demonstrate that our proposed granularity-based spatiotemporal conceptual model is straightforward to use and is comprehensive.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence","language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1015868307494","issn":"10122443","usgsCitation":"Khatri, V., Ram, S., Snodgrass, R., and O’Brien, G.M., 2002, Supporting user-defined granularities in a spatiotemporal conceptual model, <i>in</i> Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, v. 36, no. 1-2, p. 195-232, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015868307494.","startPage":"195","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207347,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015868307494"},{"id":232234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f81e4b08c986b31e61d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khatri, V.","contributorId":12234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khatri","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ram, S.","contributorId":88124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ram","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snodgrass, R.T.","contributorId":63568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snodgrass","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Brien, G. M.","contributorId":31407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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