Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is a highly invasive species in the Northern Great Basin that helps decrease fire return intervals. Fire fragments the shrub steppe and reduces its capacity to provide forage for livestock and wildlife and habitat critical to sagebrush obligates. Of particular interest is the greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), an obligate whose populations have declined so severely due, in part, to increases in cheatgrass and fires that it was considered for inclusion as an endangered species. Remote sensing technologies and satellite archives help scientists monitor terrestrial vegetation globally, including cheatgrass in the Northern Great Basin. Along with geospatial analysis and advanced spatial modeling, these data and technologies can identify areas susceptible to increased cheatgrass cover and compare these with greater sage grouse priority areas for conservation (PAC). Future climate models forecast a warmer and wetter climate for the Northern Great Basin, which likely will force changing cheatgrass dynamics. Therefore, we examine potential climate-caused changes to cheatgrass. Our results indicate that future cheatgrass percent cover will remain stable over more than 80% of the study area when compared with recent estimates, and higher overall cheatgrass cover will occur with slightly more spatial variability. The land area projected to increase or decrease in cheatgrass cover equals 18% and 1%, respectively, making an increase in fire disturbances in greater sage grouse habitat likely. Relative susceptibility measures, created by integrating cheatgrass percent cover and temporal standard deviation datasets, show that potential increases in future cheatgrass cover match future projections. This discovery indicates that some greater sage grouse PACs for conservation could be at heightened risk of fire disturbance. Multiple factors will affect future cheatgrass cover including changes in precipitation timing and totals and increases in freeze-thaw cycles. Understanding these effects can help direct land management, guide scientific research, and influence policy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2016.03.002","usgsCitation":"Boyte, S.P., Wylie, B.K., and Major, D.J., 2016, Cheatgrass percent cover change: Comparing recent estimates to climate change − Driven predictions in the Northern Great Basin: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 69, no. 4, p. 265-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2016.03.002.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"279","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073690","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325536,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 46.42271253466719\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 46.42271253466719\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57933613e4b0eb1ce79e8baf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyte, Stephen P. 0000-0002-5462-3225 sboyte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-3225","contributorId":3463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyte","given":"Stephen","email":"sboyte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Major, Donald J.","contributorId":83405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Major","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174929,"text":"70174929 - 2016 - Fluvial system response to late Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level change on Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:02:01","indexId":"70174929","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial system response to late Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level change on Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, California","docAbstract":"Santa Rosa Island (SRI) is one of four east-west aligned islands forming the northern Channel Islands chain, and one of the five islands in Channel Islands National Park, California, USA. The island setting provides an unparalleled environment in which to record the response of fluvial systems to major changes of sea level. Many of the larger streams on the island occupy broad valleys that have been filled with alluvium and later incised to form steep- to vertical-walled arroyos, leaving a relict floodplain as much as 12–14 m above the present channel. The period of falling sea level between the end of the last interglacial highstand at ~ 80 ka and the last glacial lowstand at ~ 21 ka was marked by erosion and incision in the uplands and by deposition of alluvial sediment on the exposed marine shelf. Sea level rose relatively rapidly following the last glacial lowstand of − 106 m, triggering a shift from an erosional to a depositional sedimentary regime. Accumulation of sediment occurred first through vertical and lateral accretion in broad, shallow channels on the shelf. Channel avulsion and delta sedimentation produced widespread deposition, creating lobes or wedges of sediment distributed across relatively large areas of the shelf during the latest Pleistocene. Backfilling of valleys onshore (landward of present sea level) appears to have progressed in a more orderly and predictable fashion throughout the Holocene primarily because the streams were confined to their valleys. Vertical aggradation locally reduced stream gradients, causing frequent overbank flooding and lateral channel shift by meandering and/or avulsion. Local channel gradient and morphology, short-term climate variations, and intrinsic controls also affected the timing and magnitudes of these cut, fill, and flood events, and are reflected in the thickness and spacing of the episodic alluvial sequences. Floodplain aggradation within the valleys continued until at least 500 years ago, followed by intensive arroyo cutting that abandoned the relict floodplains, forming alluvial terraces. Sedimentary evidence points to overgrazing and drought, followed by catastrophic flooding, in the mid-nineteenth century as factors that may have accelerated and dramatically enhanced arroyo formation on the island.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.033","usgsCitation":"Schumann, R.R., Pigati, J., and McGeehin, J.P., 2016, Fluvial system response to late Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level change on Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, California: Geomorphology, v. 268, p. 322-340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.033.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"340","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070182","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands National Park, Santa Rosa Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.26527404785156,\n 33.880677127838844\n ],\n [\n -120.26527404785156,\n 34.04412546508576\n ],\n [\n -119.95765686035155,\n 34.04412546508576\n ],\n [\n -119.95765686035155,\n 33.880677127838844\n ],\n [\n -120.26527404785156,\n 33.880677127838844\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"268","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57933617e4b0eb1ce79e8bb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pigati, Jeffery S. jpigati@usgs.gov","contributorId":140289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pigati","given":"Jeffery S.","email":"jpigati@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":140956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174931,"text":"70174931 - 2016 - Subsidence rates at the southern Salton Sea consistent with reservoir depletion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:00:42","indexId":"70174931","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsidence rates at the southern Salton Sea consistent with reservoir depletion","docAbstract":"Space geodetic measurements from the Envisat satellite between 2003 and 2010 show that subsidence rates near the southeastern shoreline of the Salton Sea in Southern California are up to 52mmyr−1 greater than the far-field background rate. By comparing these measurements with model predictions, we find that this subsidence appears to be dominated by poroelastic contraction associated with ongoing geothermal fluid production, rather than the purely fault-related subsidence proposed previously. Using a simple point source model, we suggest that the source of this proposed volumetric strain is at depths between 1.0 km and 2.4 km (95% confidence interval), comparable to generalized boundaries of the Salton Sea geothermal reservoir. We find that fault slip on two previously imaged tectonic structures, which are part of a larger system of faults in the Brawley Seismic Zone, is not an adequate predictor of surface velocity fields because the magnitudes of the best fitting slip rates are often greater than the full plate boundary rate and at least 2 times greater than characteristic sedimentation rates in this region. Large-scale residual velocity anomalies indicate that spatial patterns predicted by fault slip are incompatible with the observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2016JB012903","usgsCitation":"Barbour, A., Evans, E., Hickman, S.H., and Eneva, M., 2016, Subsidence rates at the southern Salton Sea consistent with reservoir depletion: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 121, no. 7, p. 5308-5327, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB012903.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5308","endPage":"5327","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068800","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jb012903","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 33.53910539867444\n ],\n [\n -115.91262817382812,\n 33.52422366383016\n ],\n [\n -115.87005615234375,\n 33.48414472606364\n ],\n [\n -115.83297729492188,\n 33.44748488908883\n ],\n [\n -115.80963134765625,\n 33.4142485223105\n ],\n [\n -115.77941894531249,\n 33.39361265280212\n ],\n [\n -115.73822021484376,\n 33.37297188262367\n ],\n [\n -115.68740844726561,\n 33.37182502950726\n ],\n [\n -115.62973022460938,\n 33.35232621329064\n ],\n [\n -115.60638427734375,\n 33.31905344502012\n ],\n [\n -115.58029174804686,\n 33.2536182201511\n ],\n [\n -115.57754516601561,\n 33.22030778968541\n ],\n [\n -115.59402465820311,\n 33.173192085918075\n ],\n [\n -115.63796997070312,\n 33.146750228776455\n ],\n [\n -115.6640625,\n 33.109948297894285\n ],\n [\n -115.71212768554688,\n 33.07543248121335\n ],\n [\n -115.75881958007812,\n 33.08233672856376\n ],\n [\n -115.80413818359375,\n 33.12605104079945\n ],\n [\n -115.84259033203124,\n 33.1433007031258\n ],\n [\n -115.8563232421875,\n 33.18583537264943\n ],\n [\n -115.89340209960939,\n 33.23868752757414\n ],\n [\n -115.91949462890624,\n 33.277731642555224\n ],\n [\n -115.95932006835938,\n 33.305281685899445\n ],\n [\n -115.98129272460936,\n 33.33741240611175\n ],\n [\n -116.0211181640625,\n 33.36264966025664\n ],\n [\n -116.06643676757812,\n 33.417687357334934\n ],\n [\n -116.07742309570311,\n 33.45092240742606\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.48414472606364\n ],\n [\n -116.09390258789061,\n 33.51849923765608\n ],\n [\n -116.07879638671874,\n 33.5436838786559\n ],\n [\n -116.0540771484375,\n 33.5436838786559\n ],\n [\n -116.00875854492188,\n 33.5436838786559\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 33.53910539867444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57933619e4b0eb1ce79e8bc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbour, Andrew J. 0000-0002-6890-2452 abarbour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-2452","contributorId":140443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbour","given":"Andrew J.","email":"abarbour@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Eileen 0000-0002-7290-5269 eevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7290-5269","contributorId":167021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Eileen","email":"eevans@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eneva, Mariana","contributorId":167022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eneva","given":"Mariana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24596,"text":"Imageair Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174928,"text":"70174928 - 2016 - Variability of bed drag on cohesive beds under wave action","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T13:57:06","indexId":"70174928","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of bed drag on cohesive beds under wave action","docAbstract":"Drag force at the bed acting on water flow is a major control on water circulation and sediment transport. Bed drag has been thoroughly studied in sandy waters, but less so in muddy coastal waters. The variation of bed drag on a muddy shelf is investigated here using field observations of currents, waves, and sediment concentration collected during moderate wind and wave events. To estimate bottom shear stress and the bed drag coefficient, an indirect empirical method of logarithmic fitting to current velocity profiles (log-law), a bottom boundary layer model for combined wave-current flow, and a direct method that uses turbulent fluctuations of velocity are used. The overestimation by the log-law is significantly reduced by taking turbulence suppression due to sediment-induced stratification into account. The best agreement between the model and the direct estimates is obtained by using a hydraulic roughness of 10
Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) is a disease of marine and anadromous fish that is caused by the erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), which was recently identified as a novel member of family Iridoviridae by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the ENV DNA polymerase grouped ENV with other erythrocytic iridoviruses from snakes and lizards. In the present study, we identified the gene encoding the ENV major capsid protein (MCP) and developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting this gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the MCP gene sequence supported the conclusion that ENV does not group with any of the currently described iridovirus genera. Because there is no information regarding genetic variation of the MCP gene across the reported host and geographic range for ENV, we also developed a second qPCR assay for a more conserved ATPase-like gene region. The MCP and ATPase qPCR assays demonstrated good analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity based on samples from laboratory challenges of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii. The qPCR assays had similar diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as light microscopy of stained blood smears for the presence of intraerythrocytic inclusion bodies. However, the qPCR assays may detect viral DNA early in infection prior to the formation of inclusion bodies. Both qPCR assays appear suitable for viral surveillance or as a confirmatory test for ENV in Pacific herring from the Salish Sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.","doi":"10.1177/1040638716646411","usgsCitation":"Purcell, M., Pearman-Gillman, S., Thompson, R.L., Gregg, J.L., Hart, L.M., Winton, J., Emmenegger, E.J., and Hershberger, P., 2016, Identification of the major capsid protein of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) and development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for quantification of ENV DNA: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 28, no. 4, p. 382-391, https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638716646411.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"382","endPage":"391","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066735","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638716646411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57933617e4b0eb1ce79e8bbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K. mpurcell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen K.","email":"mpurcell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearman-Gillman, Schuyler spearman-gillman@usgs.gov","contributorId":149756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearman-Gillman","given":"Schuyler","email":"spearman-gillman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Rachel L. 0000-0001-6901-4361 rlthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-4361","contributorId":5707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Rachel","email":"rlthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gregg, Jacob L. jgregg@usgs.gov","contributorId":2884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Jacob","email":"jgregg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hart, Lucas M. lhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":4829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Lucas","email":"lhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winton, James R. jwinton@usgs.gov","contributorId":150220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James R.","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Emmenegger, Eveline J. 0000-0001-5217-6030 eemmenegger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-6030","contributorId":2434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"Eveline","email":"eemmenegger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hershberger, Paul K. phershberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"Paul K.","email":"phershberger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70174926,"text":"70174926 - 2016 - Five-year evaluation of habitat remediation in Thunder Bay, Lake Huron: Comparison of constructed reef characteristics that attract spawning lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:03:32","indexId":"70174926","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Five-year evaluation of habitat remediation in Thunder Bay, Lake Huron: Comparison of constructed reef characteristics that attract spawning lake trout","docAbstract":"Degradation of aquatic habitats has motivated construction and research on the use of artificial reefs to enhance production of fish populations. However, reefs are often poorly planned, reef design characteristics are not evaluated, and reef assessments are short-term. We constructed 29 reefs in Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, in 2010 and 2011 to mitigate for degradation of a putative lake trout spawning reef. Reefs were designed to evaluate lake trout preferences for height, orientation, and size, and were compared with two degraded natural reefs and a high-quality natural reef (East Reef). Eggs and fry were sampled on each reef for five years post-construction, and movements of 40 tagged lake trout were tracked during three spawning seasons using acoustic telemetry. Numbers of adults and spawning on the constructed reefs were initially low, but increased significantly over the five years, while remaining consistent on East Reef. Adult density, egg deposition, and fry catch were not related to reef height or orientation of the constructed reefs, but were related to reef size and adjacency to East Reef. Adult lake trout visited and spawned on all except the smallest constructed reefs. Of the metrics used to evaluate the reefs, acoustic telemetry produced the most valuable and consistent data, including fine-scale examination of lake trout movements relative to individual reefs. Telemetry data, supplemented with diver observations, identified several previously unknown natural spawning sites, including the high-use portions of East Reef. Reef construction has increased the capacity for fry production in Thunder Bay without apparently decreasing the use of the natural reef. Results of this project emphasize the importance of multi-year reef assessment, use of multiple assessment methods, and comparison of reef characteristics when developing artificial reef projects. Specific guidelines for construction of reefs focused on enhancing lake trout spawning are suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.fishres.2016.06.012","usgsCitation":"Marsden, J., Binder, T., Johnson, J., He, J., Dingledine, N., Adams, J., Johnson, N.S., Buchinger, T.J., and Krueger, C., 2016, Five-year evaluation of habitat remediation in Thunder Bay, Lake Huron: Comparison of constructed reef characteristics that attract spawning lake trout: Fisheries Research, v. 183, p. 275-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.06.012.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"286","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075570","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.06.012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Thunder Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 44.74380712723563\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 45.12974228438219\n ],\n [\n -82.99209594726562,\n 45.12974228438219\n ],\n [\n -82.99209594726562,\n 44.74380712723563\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 44.74380712723563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"183","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57933616e4b0eb1ce79e8bb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsden, J. Ellen","contributorId":10367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsden","given":"J. Ellen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binder, Thomas R.","contributorId":21093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binder","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, James","contributorId":173063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"He, Ji","contributorId":172649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"He","given":"Ji","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dingledine, Natalie","contributorId":173064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dingledine","given":"Natalie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adams, Janice","contributorId":173065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Janice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Buchinger, Tyler J.","contributorId":40508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchinger","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Krueger, Charles C.","contributorId":73131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"Charles C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70174925,"text":"70174925 - 2016 - The logic of comparative life history studies for estimating key parameters, with a focus on natural mortality rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:03:52","indexId":"70174925","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The logic of comparative life history studies for estimating key parameters, with a focus on natural mortality rate","docAbstract":"There are a number of key parameters in population dynamics that are difficult to estimate, such as natural mortality rate, intrinsic rate of population growth, and stock-recruitment relationships. Often, these parameters of a stock are, or can be, estimated indirectly on the basis of comparative life history studies. That is, the relationship between a difficult to estimate parameter and life history correlates is examined over a wide variety of species in order to develop predictive equations. The form of these equations may be derived from life history theory or simply be suggested by exploratory data analysis. Similarly, population characteristics such as potential yield can be estimated by making use of a relationship between the population parameter and bio-chemico–physical characteristics of the ecosystem. Surprisingly, little work has been done to evaluate how well these indirect estimators work and, in fact, there is little guidance on how to conduct comparative life history studies and how to evaluate them. We consider five issues arising in such studies: (i) the parameters of interest may be ill-defined idealizations of the real world, (ii) true values of the parameters are not known for any species, (iii) selecting data based on the quality of the estimates can introduce a host of problems, (iv) the estimates that are available for comparison constitute a non-random sample of species from an ill-defined population of species of interest, and (v) the hierarchical nature of the data (e.g. stocks within species within genera within families, etc., with multiple observations at each level) warrants consideration. We discuss how these issues can be handled and how they shape the kinds of questions that can be asked of a database of life history studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/icesjms/fsw089","usgsCitation":"Hoenig, J., Then, A.Y., Babcock, E.A., Hall, N.G., Hewitt, D.A., and Hesp, S.A., 2016, The logic of comparative life history studies for estimating key parameters, with a focus on natural mortality rate: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 73, no. 10, p. 2453-2467, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw089.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2453","endPage":"2467","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069001","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw089","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57933619e4b0eb1ce79e8bc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoenig, John M","contributorId":58211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoenig","given":"John M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Then, Amy Y.-H.","contributorId":173060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Then","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.-H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Babcock, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":173061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Babcock","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, Norman G.","contributorId":76245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hewitt, David A. 0000-0002-5387-0275 dhewitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-0275","contributorId":3767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewitt","given":"David","email":"dhewitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hesp, Sybrand A.","contributorId":173062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hesp","given":"Sybrand","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70174203,"text":"ofr20161090 - 2016 - Hurricane Sandy washover deposits on southern Long Beach Island, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T09:05:49","indexId":"ofr20161090","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1090","title":"Hurricane Sandy washover deposits on southern Long Beach Island, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Sedimentologic and topographic data from Hurricane Sandy washover deposits were collected from southern Long Beach Island, New Jersey, in order to document changes to the barrier-island beaches, dunes, and coastal wetlands caused by Hurricane Sandy and subsequent storm events. These data will provide a baseline dataset for use in future coastal change descriptive and predictive studies and assessments. The data presented here were collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Barrier Island and Estuarine Wetland Physical Change Assessment Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/sandy-wetland-assessment/), which aims to assess ecological and societal vulnerability that results from long- and short-term physical changes to barrier islands and coastal wetlands. This report describes data that were collected in April 2015, approximately 2½ years after Hurricane Sandy’s landfall on October 29, 2012. During the field campaign, washover deposits were photographed and described, and sediment cores, sediment samples, and surface-elevation data were collected. Data collected during this study, including sample locations and elevations, core photographs, computed tomography scans, descriptive core logs, sediment grain-size data, and accompanying Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata, are available in the associated U.S. Geological Survey data release (Bishop and others, 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7PK0D7S).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161090","collaboration":"Barrier Island and Estuarine Wetland Physical Change Assessment Project","usgsCitation":"Bishop, J.M., Richmond, B.R., Zaremba, N.J., Lunghino, B.D., and Kane, H.K., 2016, Hurricane Sandy washover deposits on southern Long Beach Island, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1090, 14 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161090.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 21 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-073323","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324814,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1090/ofr20161090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1090"},{"id":324813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1090/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":324815,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7PK0D7S","text":"USGS data release - Hurricane Sandy washover deposit data from southern Long Beach Island, New Jersey: Grain-size, elevations, and graphic core logs"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.30912017822266,\n 39.504305605954634\n ],\n [\n -74.3060302734375,\n 39.49874248613119\n ],\n [\n -74.29779052734375,\n 39.49635815560969\n ],\n [\n -74.27684783935547,\n 39.504305605954634\n ],\n [\n -74.26380157470702,\n 39.52072745681898\n ],\n [\n -74.2620849609375,\n 39.526288816558626\n ],\n [\n -74.26654815673828,\n 39.53502719632629\n ],\n [\n -74.2730712890625,\n 39.53449762886045\n ],\n [\n -74.28062438964844,\n 39.526818446639844\n ],\n [\n -74.29847717285156,\n 39.51675478434244\n ],\n [\n -74.30912017822266,\n 39.504305605954634\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502–8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov
A forty year time series of Secchi depth observations from approximately 25 lakes in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA, evidences large variations in transparency between lakes but relatively little seasonal cycle within lakes. However, there are coherent patterns over the time series, suggesting large scale processes are responsible. It has been suggested that variations in colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are primarily responsible for the variations in transparency, both between lakes and over time and further that CDOM is a robust optical proxy for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Here we present a forward model of Secchi depth as a function of DOC based upon first principles and bio-optical relationships. Inverting the model to estimate DOC concentration from Secchi depth observations compared well with the measured DOC concentrations collected since 1995 (RMS error < 1.3 mg C l-1). This inverse model allows the time series of DOC to be extended back to the mid 1970s when only Secchi depth observations were collected, and thus provides a means for investigating lake response to climate forcing, changing atmospheric chemistry and watershed characteristics, including land cover and land use.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic nutrient biogeochemistry and microbial ecology: A dual perspective","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-30259-1_18","usgsCitation":"Roesler, C.S., and Culbertson, C.W., 2016, Lake transparency: a window into decadal variations in dissolved organic carbon concentrations in Lakes of Acadia National Park, Maine, chap. of Aquatic nutrient biogeochemistry and microbial ecology: A dual perspective, p. 225-236, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30259-1_18.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"236","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070183","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c7ffb7e4b0f2f0cebfc2a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roesler, Collin S.","contributorId":152025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roesler","given":"Collin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":18855,"text":"Department of Earth and Oceanographic Science, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":587575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174888,"text":"ofr20161118 - 2016 - Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T20:59:51.652779","indexId":"ofr20161118","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1118","title":"Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015","docAbstract":"Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in South San Francisco Bay, California. This report includes data collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists for the period from January 2015 to December 2015. These data are appended to long-term datasets extending back to 1974, and serve as the basis for the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
\nFollowing significant reductions in the late 1980s, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) concentrations in sediment and M. petalum appear to have stabilized. Data for other metals, including chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), have been collected since 1994. Over this period, concentrations of these elements have remained relatively constant, aside from seasonal variation that is common to all elements. In 2015, concentrations of Ag and Cu in M. petalum varied seasonally in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and annual growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, and Se, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for Ag and Cu. In M. petalum, all observed elements showed annual maxima in January–February and minima in April, except for Zn, which was lowest in December. In sediments, annual maxima also occurred in January–February, and minima were measured in June and September. In 2015, metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue were among the lowest on record. This record suggests that regional-scale factors now largely control sedimentary and bioavailable concentrations of Ag and Cu, as well as other elements of regulatory interest, at the Palo Alto site.
\nAnalyses of the benthic community structure at the same mudflat over a 40-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinel clam, M. petalum, from the same area. Analysis of M. petalum shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable (2015), with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. The entire infaunal community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals; both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2015. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed an increase in dominance, concurrent with the decrease in Ag and Cu concentrations, and in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly in 2011–2012 and returned to pre-2011 abundance in 2015. An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for deep-dwelling animals like M. petalum. However, within two months of this event animals returned to the mudflat. The resilience of the community suggested that the disturbance was not due to a persistent toxin or to anoxia. The reproductive mode of most species present in 2015 is reflective of species that were available either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous (live-birth) species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2015 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. USGS scientists view the 2008 disturbance event as a response by the infaunal community to an episodic natural stressor (possibly sediment accretion or a pulse of freshwater), in contrast to the long-term recovery from metal contamination. We will compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed after the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Thompson, J.K., Crauder, Jeff, Parchaso, Francis, Stewart, Robin, Turner, Mathew, Hornberger, M.I., and Luoma, S.N., 2016, Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1118, 78 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-076608","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416191,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1017","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020"},{"id":416190,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1079","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2019"},{"id":416189,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1084","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2018"},{"id":416188,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1107","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017"},{"id":416187,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":325514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1118/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":325515,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1118/ofr20161118.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1118"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 37.40452830389465\n ],\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 37.52443079581378\n ],\n [\n -121.91871643066406,\n 37.52443079581378\n ],\n [\n -121.91871643066406,\n 37.40452830389465\n ],\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 37.40452830389465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"NRP staff
National Research Program
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS-435
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/
The Florida Keys reef tract (FKRT) is the largest coral-reef ecosystem in the continental United States. The modern FKRT extends for 362 kilometers along the coast of South Florida from Dry Tortugas National Park in the southwest, through the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), to Fowey Rocks reef in Biscayne National Park in the northeast. Most reefs along the FKRT are sheltered by the exposed islands of the Florida Keys; however, large channels are located between the islands of the Middle Keys. These openings allow for tidal transport of water from Florida Bay onto reefs in the area. The characteristics of the water masses coming from Florida Bay, which can experience broad swings in temperature, salinity, nutrients, and turbidity over short periods of time, are generally unfavorable or “inimical” to coral growth and reef development.
Although reef habitats are ubiquitous throughout most of the Upper and Lower Keys, relatively few modern reefs exist in the Middle Keys most likely because of the impacts of inimical waters from Florida Bay. The reefs that are present in the Middle Keys generally are poorly developed compared with reefs elsewhere in the region. For example, Acropora palmata has been the dominant coral on shallow-water reefs in the Caribbean over the last 1.5 million years until populations of the coral declined throughout the region in recent decades. Although A. palmata was historically abundant in the Florida Keys, it was conspicuously absent from reefs in the Middle Keys. Instead, contemporary reefs in the Middle Keys have been dominated by occasional massive (that is, boulder or head) corals and, more often, small, non-reef-building corals.
Holocene reef cores have been collected from many locations along the FKRT; however, despite the potential importance of the history of reefs in the Middle Florida Keys to our understanding of the environmental controls on reef development throughout the FKRT, there are currently no published records of the Holocene history of reefs in the region. The objectives of the present study were to (1) provide general descriptions of unpublished core records from Alligator Reef and (2) collect and describe new Holocene reef cores from two additional locations in the Middle Keys: Sombrero and Tennessee Reefs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161074","usgsCitation":"Toth, L.T., Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, and Kuffner, I.B., 2016, The structure and composition of Holocene coral reefs in the Middle Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1074, 27 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161074.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-074381","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1074/ofr20161074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1074"},{"id":325512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1074/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.32080078125,\n 24.58459276519208\n ],\n [\n -81.32080078125,\n 25.013439812256372\n ],\n [\n -80.43365478515625,\n 25.013439812256372\n ],\n [\n -80.43365478515625,\n 24.58459276519208\n ],\n [\n -81.32080078125,\n 24.58459276519208\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502-8068
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Survival of out-migrating juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River delta, California, USA, varies by migration route. Survival of salmonids that enter the interior and southern Delta can be as low as half that of salmonids that remain in the main-stem Sacramento River. Reducing entrainment into the higher-mortality routes, such as Georgiana Slough, should increase overall survival. In spring 2014, a floating fish-guidance structure (FFGS) designed to reduce entrainment into Georgiana Slough was deployed just upstream of the Georgiana Slough divergence. We used acoustic telemetry to evaluate the effect of the FFGS on Chinook entrainment to Georgiana Slough. At intermediate discharge (200–400 m3 s–1), entrainment into Georgiana Slough was five percentage points lower when the FFGS was in the on state (19.1% on; 23.9% off). At higher discharge (>400 m3 s–1), entrainment was higher when the FFGS was in the on state (19.3% on; 9.7% off), and at lower discharge (0–200 m3 s–1) entrainment was lower when the FFGS was in the on state (43.7% on; 47.3% off). We found that discharge, cross-stream fish position, time of day, and proportion of flow remaining in the Sacramento River contributed to the probability of being entrained to Georgiana Slough.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/MF15285","usgsCitation":"Romine, J.G., Perry, R.W., Pope, A.C., Stumpner, P., Liedtke, T.L., Kumagai, K.K., and Reeves, R., 2016, Evaluation of a floating fish guidance structure at a hydrodynamically complex river junction in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA: Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 68, no. 5, p. 878-888, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15285.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"878","endPage":"888","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069658","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin River delta","volume":"68","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db4de4b0589fa1c7e87d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romine, Jason G. 0000-0002-6938-1185 jromine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6938-1185","contributorId":2823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romine","given":"Jason","email":"jromine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, Adam C. 0000-0002-7253-2247 apope@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7253-2247","contributorId":5664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Adam","email":"apope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stumpner, Paul 0000-0002-0933-7895 pstump@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-7895","contributorId":5667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpner","given":"Paul","email":"pstump@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kumagai, Kevin K.","contributorId":173161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumagai","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":27168,"text":"Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc., Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reeves, Ryan L.","contributorId":173162,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Ryan L.","affiliations":[{"id":27169,"text":"California Department of Water Resources, Bay-Delta Office, Sacramento, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70173914,"text":"70173914 - 2016 - Characterization of mean transit time at large springs in the Upper Colorado River Basin, USA: A tool for assessing groundwater discharge vulnerability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T16:26:20","indexId":"70173914","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-20T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of mean transit time at large springs in the Upper Colorado River Basin, USA: A tool for assessing groundwater discharge vulnerability","docAbstract":"Environmental tracers (noble gases, tritium, industrial gases, stable isotopes, and radio-carbon) and hydrogeology were interpreted to determine groundwater transit-time distribution and calculate mean transit time (MTT) with lumped parameter modeling at 19 large springs distributed throughout the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), USA. The predictive value of the MTT to evaluate the pattern and timing of groundwater response to hydraulic stress (i.e., vulnerability) is examined by a statistical analysis of MTT, historical spring discharge records, and the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index. MTTs of the springs range from 10 to 15,000 years and 90 % of the cumulative discharge-weighted travel-time distribution falls within the range of 2−10,000 years. Historical variability in discharge was assessed as the ratio of 10–90 % flow-exceedance (R 10/90%) and ranged from 2.8 to 1.1 for select springs with available discharge data. The lag-time (i.e., delay in discharge response to drought conditions) was determined by cross-correlation analysis and ranged from 0.5 to 6 years for the same select springs. Springs with shorter MTTs (<80 years) statistically correlate with larger discharge variations and faster responses to drought, indicating MTT can be used for estimating the relative magnitude and timing of groundwater response. Results indicate that groundwater discharge to streams in the UCRB will likely respond on the order of years to climate variation and increasing groundwater withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrogeologists","doi":"10.1007/s10040-016-1440-9","usgsCitation":"Solder, J.E., Stolp, B.J., Heilweil, V.M., and Susong, D.D., 2016, Characterization of mean transit time at large springs in the Upper Colorado River Basin, USA: A tool for assessing groundwater discharge vulnerability: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 24, no. 8, p. 2017-2033, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1440-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2017","endPage":"2033","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075897","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","volume":"24","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42de4b006cb45552bfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solder, John E. 0000-0002-0660-3326 jsolder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-3326","contributorId":171916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solder","given":"John","email":"jsolder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497 bjstolp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard","email":"bjstolp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174856,"text":"70174856 - 2016 - Setting priorities for private land conservation in fire-prone landscapes: Are fire risk reduction and biodiversity conservation competing or compatible objectives?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-04T15:13:58","indexId":"70174856","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-20T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Setting priorities for private land conservation in fire-prone landscapes: Are fire risk reduction and biodiversity conservation competing or compatible objectives?","docAbstract":"Although wildfire plays an important role in maintaining biodiversity in many ecosystems, fire management to protect human assets is often carried out by different agencies than those tasked for conserving biodiversity. In fact, fire risk reduction and biodiversity conservation are often viewed as competing objectives. Here we explored the role of management through private land conservation and asked whether we could identify private land acquisition strategies that fulfill the mutual objectives of biodiversity conservation and fire risk reduction, or whether the maximization of one objective comes at a detriment to the other. Using a fixed budget and number of homes slated for development, we simulated 20 years of housing growth under alternative conservation selection strategies, and then projected the mean risk of fires destroying structures and the area and configuration of important habitat types in San Diego County, California, USA. We found clear differences in both fire risk projections and biodiversity impacts based on the way conservation lands are prioritized for selection, but these differences were split between two distinct groupings. If no conservation lands were purchased, or if purchases were prioritized based on cost or likelihood of development, both the projected fire risk and biodiversity impacts were much higher than if conservation lands were purchased in areas with high fire hazard or high species richness. Thus, conserving land focused on either of the two objectives resulted in nearly equivalent mutual benefits for both. These benefits not only resulted from preventing development in sensitive areas, but they were also due to the different housing patterns and arrangements that occurred as development was displaced from those areas. Although biodiversity conflicts may still arise using other fire management strategies, this study shows that mutual objectives can be attained through land-use planning in this region. These results likely generalize to any place where high species richness overlaps with hazardous wildland vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Resilience Alliance","doi":"10.5751/ES-08410-210302","usgsCitation":"Syphard, A.D., Butsic, V., Bar-Massada, A., Keeley, J.E., Tracey, J.A., and Fisher, R.N., 2016, Setting priorities for private land conservation in fire-prone landscapes: Are fire risk reduction and biodiversity conservation competing or compatible objectives?: Ecology and Society, v. 21, no. 3, Article 2; 11 p, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08410-210302.","productDescription":"Article 2; 11 p","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071415","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5751/es-08410-210302","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70176108,"text":"70176108 - 2016 - Invasive species: Ocean ecosystem case studies for earth systems and environmental sciences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-26T10:46:20","indexId":"70176108","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5197,"text":"Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invasive species: Ocean ecosystem case studies for earth systems and environmental sciences","docAbstract":"Marine species are increasingly transferred from areas where they are native to areas where they are not. Some nonnative species become invasive, causing undesirable impacts to environment, economy and/or human health. Nonnative marine species can be introduced through a variety of vectors, including shipping, trade, inland corridors (such as canals), and others. Effects of invasive marine species can be dramatic and irreversible. Case studies of four nonnative marine species are given (green crab, comb jelly, lionfish and Caulerpa algae).","largerWorkTitle":"Reference Module","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09207-1","usgsCitation":"Schofield, P.J., and Brown, M.E., 2016, Invasive species: Ocean ecosystem case studies for earth systems and environmental sciences: Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09207-1.","ipdsId":"IP-072544","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c1683be4b0f2f0ceb907fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Pamela J. 0000-0002-8752-2797 pschofield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2797","contributorId":168659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Pamela","email":"pschofield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Mary E. 0000-0002-5580-137X mbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-137X","contributorId":5688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Mary","email":"mbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174821,"text":"sir20165100 - 2016 - Water-quality trends and constituent-transport analysis for selected sampling sites in the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site in the upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, water years 1996–2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-20T11:54:23","indexId":"sir20165100","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5100","title":"Water-quality trends and constituent-transport analysis for selected sampling sites in the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site in the upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, water years 1996–2015","docAbstract":"During the extended history of mining in the upper Clark Fork Basin in Montana, large amounts of waste materials enriched with metallic contaminants (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and the metalloid trace element arsenic were generated from mining operations near Butte and milling and smelting operations near Anaconda. Extensive deposition of mining wastes in the Silver Bow Creek and Clark Fork channels and flood plains had substantial effects on water quality. Federal Superfund remediation activities in the upper Clark Fork Basin began in 1983 and have included substantial remediation near Butte and removal of the former Milltown Dam near Missoula. To aid in evaluating the effects of remediation activities on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey began collecting streamflow and water-quality data in the upper Clark Fork Basin in the 1980s.
Trend analysis was done on specific conductance, selected trace elements (arsenic, copper, and zinc), and suspended sediment for seven sampling sites in the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site for water years 1996–2015. The most upstream site included in trend analysis is Silver Bow Creek at Warm Springs, Montana (sampling site 8), and the most downstream site is Clark Fork above Missoula, Montana (sampling site 22), which is just downstream from the former Milltown Dam. Water year is the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 and is designated by the year in which it ends. Trend analysis was done by using a joint time-series model for concentration and streamflow. To provide temporal resolution of changes in water quality, trend analysis was conducted for four sequential 5-year periods: period 1 (water years 1996–2000), period 2 (water years 2001–5), period 3 (water years 2006–10), and period 4 (water years 2011–15). Because of the substantial effect of the intentional breach of Milltown Dam on March 28, 2008, period 3 was subdivided into period 3A (October 1, 2005–March 27, 2008) and period 3B (March 28, 2008–September 30, 2010) for the Clark Fork above Missoula (sampling site 22). Trend results were considered statistically significant when the statistical probability level was less than 0.01.
In conjunction with the trend analysis, estimated normalized constituent loads (hereinafter referred to as “loads”) were calculated and presented within the framework of a constituent-transport analysis to assess the temporal trends in flow-adjusted concentrations (FACs) in the context of sources and transport. The transport analysis allows assessment of temporal changes in relative contributions from upstream source areas to loads transported past each reach outflow.
Trend results indicate that FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper decreased at the sampling sites from the start of period 1 through the end of period 4; the decreases ranged from large for one sampling site (Silver Bow Creek at Warm Springs [sampling site 8]) to moderate for two sampling sites (Clark Fork near Galen, Montana [sampling site 11] and Clark Fork above Missoula [sampling site 22]) to small for four sampling sites (Clark Fork at Deer Lodge, Montana [sampling site 14], Clark Fork at Goldcreek, Montana [sampling site 16], Clark Fork near Drummond, Montana [sampling site 18], and Clark Fork at Turah Bridge near Bonner, Montana [sampling site 20]). For period 4 (water years 2011–15), the most notable changes indicated for the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site were statistically significant decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable copper for sampling sites 8 and 22. The period 4 changes in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper for all other sampling sites were not statistically significant.
Trend results indicate that FACs of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic decreased at the sampling sites from period 1 through period 4 (water years 1996–2015); the decreases ranged from minor (sampling sites 8–20) to small (sampling site 22). For period 4 (water years 2011–15), the most notable changes indicated for the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site were statistically significant decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic for sampling site 8 and near statistically significant decreases for sampling site 22. The period 4 changes in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic for all other sampling sites were not statistically significant.
Trend results indicate that FACs of suspended sediment decreased at the sampling sites from period 1 through period 4 (water years 1996–2015); the decreases ranged from moderate (sampling site 8) to small (sampling sites 11–22). For period 4 (water years 2011–15), the changes in FACs of suspended sediment were not statistically significant for any sampling sites.
The reach of the Clark Fork from Galen to Deer Lodge is a large source of metallic contaminants and suspended sediment, which strongly affects downstream transport of those constituents. Mobilization of copper and suspended sediment from flood-plain tailings and the streambed of the Clark Fork and its tributaries within the reach results in a contribution of those constituents that is proportionally much larger than the contribution of streamflow from within the reach. Within the reach from Galen to Deer Lodge, unfiltered-recoverable copper loads increased by a factor of about 4 and suspended-sediment loads increased by a factor of about 5, whereas streamflow increased by a factor of slightly less than 2. For period 4 (water years 2011–15), unfiltered-recoverable copper and suspended-sediment loads sourced from within the reach accounted for about 41 and 14 percent, respectively, of the loads at Clark Fork above Missoula (sampling site 22), whereas streamflow sourced from within the reach accounted for about 4 percent of the streamflow at sampling site 22. During water years 1996–2015, decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable copper and suspended sediment for the reach generally were proportionally smaller than for most other reaches.
Unfiltered-recoverable copper loads sourced within the reaches of the Clark Fork between Deer Lodge and Turah Bridge near Bonner (just upstream from the former Milltown Dam) were proportionally smaller than contributions of streamflow sourced from within the reaches; these reaches contributed proportionally much less to copper loading in the Clark Fork than the reach between Galen and Deer Lodge. Although substantial decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable copper and suspended sediment were indicated for Silver Bow Creek at Warm Springs (sampling site 8), those substantial decreases were not translated to downstream reaches between Deer Lodge and Turah Bridge near Bonner. The effect of the reach of the Clark Fork from Galen to Deer Lodge as a large source of copper and suspended sediment, in combination with little temporal change in those constituents for the reach, contributes to this pattern.
With the removal of the former Milltown Dam in 2008, substantial amounts of contaminated sediments that remained in the Clark Fork channel and flood plain in reach 9 (downstream from Turah Bridge near Bonner) became more available for mobilization and transport than before the dam removal. After the removal of the former Milltown Dam, the Clark Fork above Missoula (sampling site 22) had statistically significant decreases in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper in period 3B (March 28, 2008, through water year 2010) that continued in period 4 (water years 2011–15). Also, decreases in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic and suspended sediment were indicated for period 4 at this site. The decrease in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper for sampling site 22 during period 4 was proportionally much larger than the decrease for the Clark Fork at Turah Bridge near Bonner (sampling site 20). Net mobilization of unfiltered-recoverable copper and arsenic from sources within reach 9 are smaller for period 4 than for period 1 when the former Milltown Dam was in place, providing evidence that contaminant source materials have been substantially reduced in reach 9.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., and Vecchia, A.V., 2016, Water-quality trends and constituent-transport analysis for selected sampling sites in the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site in the upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, water years 1996–2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5100, 82 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165100.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1996-10-01","ipdsId":"IP-074218","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5100/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":325352,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5100/sir20165100.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5100"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Clark Fork Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
The Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of southern Texas is located on the United States-Mexico borderland and represents a 240-kilometer (150-mile) linear stretch that ends at the Gulf of Mexico. The LRGV represents a unique transition between temperate and tropical conditions and, as such, sustains an exceptionally high diversity of plants and animals—some of them found in few, or no other, places in the United States. Examples include Leopardus pardalis albescens (northern ocelot) and Falco femoralis septentrionalis (northern aplomado falcon)—both endangered in the United States and emblematic of the LRGV. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) manages three national wildlife refuges (Santa Ana, Lower Rio Grande Valley, and Laguna Atascosa) that together make up the South Texas Refuge Complex, which actively conserves biodiversity in about 76,006 hectares (187,815.5 acres) of native riparian and upland habitats in the LRGV. These diminished habitats harbor many rare, threatened, and endangered species. This report updates the widely used 1988 USFWS biological report titled “Tamaulipan Brushland of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas: Description, Human Impacts, and Management Options” by synthesizing nearly 400 peer-reviewed scientific publications that have resulted from biological and sociological research conducted specifically in the four Texas counties of the LRGV in the past nearly 30 years. This report has three goals: (1) synthesize scientific insights gained since 1988 related to the biology and management of the LRGV and its unique biota, focusing on flora and fauna of greatest conservation concern; (2) update ongoing challenges facing Federal and State agencies and organizations that focus on conservation or key natural resources in the LRGV; and (3) redefine conservation opportunities and land-acquisition strategies that are feasible and appropriate today, given the many new and expanding constraints that challenge conservation activities in the LRGV. The LRGV faces every contemporary conservation challenge of the 21st century, but ongoing human population growth and its associated demands, international border issues, and oil, gas, and alternative energy development dominate impacts that affect conservation in the LRGV. Continued careful syntheses of existing and future information collected in the LRGV are needed on many biological and sociological topics to guide conservation activities. Quick response will no doubt be necessary to face contemporary and difficult-to-predict challenges such as climate change, diminished water availability and quality, spread of invasive species, and habitat loss and fragmentation. Complexities of a guarded international borderland add pressure to small patches of native habitat that remain in many places of the LRGV, particularly along the Rio Grande. Large connected corridors of restored native habitat could be the best option to maintain, and even enhance, the exceptional biodiversity of the LRGV in the face of exceptional human demand.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Oklahoma State University","usgsCitation":"Leslie, D.M., Jr., 2016, An international borderland of concern—Conservation of biodiversity in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5078, 120 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165078.","productDescription":"xii, 120 p.","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071193","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325377,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5078/sir20165078.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5078"},{"id":325376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5078/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Cameron County, Hidalgo County, Starr County, Willacy County","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 26.635183800721723\n ],\n [\n -99.19281005859375,\n 26.63763888664592\n ],\n [\n -99.17633056640625,\n 26.58852714730864\n ],\n [\n -99.17289733886717,\n 26.53570851865494\n ],\n [\n -99.129638671875,\n 26.527107834031526\n ],\n [\n -99.09393310546875,\n 26.477948705162902\n ],\n [\n -99.11727905273438,\n 26.42815367369253\n ],\n [\n -99.08294677734375,\n 26.396790205102665\n ],\n [\n -99.05067443847656,\n 26.396175149904938\n ],\n [\n -98.8824462890625,\n 26.352497858154\n ],\n [\n -98.76434326171875,\n 26.301417571540153\n ],\n [\n -98.65997314453125,\n 26.2318383390133\n ],\n [\n -98.57002258300781,\n 26.220751072791945\n ],\n [\n -98.48419189453125,\n 26.199805575765804\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 26.199805575765804\n ],\n [\n -98.23699951171874,\n 26.069119321860896\n ],\n [\n -98.16352844238281,\n 26.040743577081134\n ],\n [\n -98.074951171875,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.82501220703125,\n 26.04197744797015\n ],\n [\n -97.6629638671875,\n 26.022233955989027\n ],\n [\n -97.56683349609374,\n 25.933347157371625\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 25.874051998991952\n ],\n [\n -97.4102783203125,\n 25.834505347339903\n ],\n [\n -97.37045288085938,\n 25.8382134077492\n ],\n [\n -97.35809326171875,\n 25.87158072084242\n ],\n [\n -97.3663330078125,\n 25.90617390922084\n ],\n [\n -97.31346130371094,\n 25.92037888840585\n ],\n [\n -97.26333618164061,\n 25.941991877144947\n ],\n [\n -97.13836669921874,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -97.23175048828124,\n 26.473031635843395\n ],\n [\n -97.29766845703125,\n 26.642548900196076\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 26.635183800721723\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"The sulfur isotopic fractionation associated with the formation of organic sulfur compounds (OSCs) during thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) was studied using gold-tube pyrolysis experiments to simulate TSR. The reactants used included n-hexadecane (n-C16) as a model organic compound with sulfate, sulfite, or elemental sulfur as the sulfur source. At the end of each experiment, the S-isotopic composition and concentration of remaining sulfate, H2S, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and 2-phenylthiophene (PT) were measured. The observed S-isotopic fractionations between sulfate and BT, DBT, and H2S in experimental simulations of TSR correlate well with a multi-stage model of the overall TSR process. Large kinetic isotope fractionations occur during the first, uncatalyzed stage of TSR, 12.4‰ for H2S and as much as 22.2‰ for BT. The fractionations decrease as the H2S concentration increases and the reaction enters the second, catalyzed stage. Once all of the oxidizable hydrocarbons have been consumed, sulfate reduction ceases and equilibrium partitioning then dictates the fractionation between H2S and sulfate (∼17‰).
\nExperiments involving sparingly soluble CaSO4 show that during the second catalytic phase of TSR the rate of sulfate reduction exceeds that of sulfate dissolution. In this case, there is no apparent isotopic fractionation between source sulfate and generated H2S, as all of the available sulfate is effectively reduced at all reaction times. When CaSO4 is replaced with fully soluble Na2SO4, sulfate dissolution is no longer rate limiting and significant S-isotopic fractionation is observed. This supports the notion that CaSO4dissolution can lead to the apparent lack of fractionation between H2S and sulfate produced by TSR in nature. The S-isotopic composition of individual OSCs record information related to geochemical reactions that cannot be discerned from the δ34S values obtained from bulk phases such as H2S, oil, and sulfate minerals, and provide important mechanistic details about the overall TSR process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.026","usgsCitation":"Meshoulam, A., Ellis, G.S., Ahmad, W.S., Deev, A., Sessions, A.L., Tang, Y., Adkins, J.F., Liu, J., Gilhooly, W.P., Aizenshtat, Z., and Amrani, A., 2016, Study of thermochemical sulfate reduction mechanism using compound specific sulfur isotope analysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 188, p. 73-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.026.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"92","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070994","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"188","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a191e4b030378fb47463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meshoulam, Alexander","contributorId":172977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meshoulam","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27131,"text":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem Israel","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S. 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":1058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ahmad, Ward Said","contributorId":172978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ahmad","given":"Ward","email":"","middleInitial":"Said","affiliations":[{"id":27131,"text":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem Israel","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Deev, Andrei","contributorId":17124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deev","given":"Andrei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sessions, Alex L.","contributorId":172980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sessions","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27133,"text":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":103166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Adkins, Jess F.","contributorId":7639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkins","given":"Jess","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Liu, Jinzhong","contributorId":66155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinzhong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gilhooly, William P. 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Our results indicated high adaptability of alligators to the fluctuating habitat conditions. Use of estuaries by alligators is likely driven in part by physiology and possibly by reproductive cycle, and our results supported their opportunistic use of estuary habitat and ontogenetic niche shifts.
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Adult individuals have been found in all of the Great Lakes except Lake Superior, but no self-sustaining populations have yet been identified in Great Lakes tributaries. In 2012, a commercial fisherman caught four juvenile diploid grass carp in the Sandusky River, a major tributary to Lake Erie. Otolith microchemistry and the capture location of these fish permitted the conclusion that they were most likely produced in the Sandusky River. Due to this finding, we sampled ichthyoplankton using paired bongo net tows and larval light traps during June–August of 2014 and 2015 to determine if grass carp are spawning in the Sandusky River. From the samples collected in 2015, we identified and staged eight eggs that were morphologically consistent with grass carp. Five eggs were confirmed as grass carp using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction for a grass carp-specific marker, while the remaining three were retained for future analysis. Our finding confirms that grass carp are naturally spawning in this Great Lakes tributary. All eggs were collected during high-flow events, either on the day of peak flow or 1–2 days following peak flow, supporting an earlier suggestion that high flow conditions favor grass carp spawning. The next principal goal is to identify the spawning and hatch location(s) for the Sandusky River. Predicting locations and conditions where grass carp spawning is most probable may aid targeted management efforts.
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The flux was quantified from both aerobic and anaerobic incubations of whole cores; by monitoring the water encapsulated in bottom chambers; from pore water concentration profiles measured with a phosphate microelectrode, a diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) hydrogel, and expressed pore waters; and from mass balance and biogeochemical diagenetic models. Fluxes under aerobic conditions at summertime temperatures averaged 1.35 mg P/m2/day and displayed spatial variability on scales as small as a centimeter. Using two different temperature correction factors, the flux was adjusted to mean annual temperature yielding average annual fluxes of 0.43–0.91 mg P/m2/day and a western basin-wide total of 378–808 Mg P/year as the diffusive flux from sediments. This is 3–7% of the 11,000 Mg P/year International Joint Commission (IJC) target load for phosphorus delivery to Lake Erie from external sources. Using these average aerobic fluxes, the sediment contributes 3.0–6.3 μg P/L as a background internal contribution that represents 20–42% of the IJC Target Concentration of 15 μg P/L for the western basin. The implication is that this internal diffusive recycling of P is unlikely to trigger cyanobacterial blooms by itself but is sufficiently large to cause blooms when combined with external loads. This background flux may be also responsible for delayed response of the lake to any decrease in the external loading.
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With advances in telemetry capabilities, animal movement models are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Despite a need for population-level inference, animal movement models are still predominantly developed for individual-level inference. Most efforts to upscale the inference to the population level are either post hoc or complicated enough that only the developer can implement the model. Hierarchical Bayesian models provide an ideal platform for the development of population-level animal movement models but can be challenging to fit due to computational limitations or extensive tuning required. We propose a two-stage procedure for fitting hierarchical animal movement models to telemetry data. The two-stage approach is statistically rigorous and allows one to fit individual-level movement models separately, then resample them using a secondary MCMC algorithm. The primary advantages of the two-stage approach are that the first stage is easily parallelizable and the second stage is completely unsupervised, allowing for an automated fitting procedure in many cases. We demonstrate the two-stage procedure with two applications of animal movement models. The first application involves a spatial point process approach to modeling telemetry data, and the second involves a more complicated continuous-time discrete-space animal movement model. We fit these models to simulated data and real telemetry data arising from a population of monitored Canada lynx in Colorado, USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell ","doi":"10.1002/env.2402","usgsCitation":"Hooten, M., Buderman, F.E., Brost, B.M., Hanks, E., and Ivans, J.S., 2016, Hierarchical animal movement models for population-level inference: Environmetrics , v. 27, no. 6, p. 322-333, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.2402.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"333","ipdsId":"IP-076019","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.09585","text":"External Repository"},{"id":331665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58492df2e4b06d80b7b093a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooten, Mevin 0000-0002-1614-723X mhooten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1614-723X","contributorId":2958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooten","given":"Mevin","email":"mhooten@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12963,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buderman, Frances E.","contributorId":171634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buderman","given":"Frances","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brost, Brian M.","contributorId":171484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brost","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanks, Ephraim M.","contributorId":104630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Ephraim M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ivans, Jacob S.","contributorId":177286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ivans","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":16861,"text":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":655201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176135,"text":"70176135 - 2016 - Island characteristics within wetlands influence waterbird nest success and abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T09:44:20","indexId":"70176135","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-18T18:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Island characteristics within wetlands influence waterbird nest success and abundance","docAbstract":"Coastal waterbird populations are threatened by habitat loss and degradation from urban and agricultural development and forecasted sea level rise associated with climate change. Remaining wetlands often must be managed to ensure that waterbird habitat needs, and other ecosystem functions, are met. For many waterbirds, the availability of island nesting habitat is important for conserving breeding populations. We used linear mixed models to investigate the influence of pond and island landscape characteristics on nest abundance and nest success of American avocets (Recurvirostra americana), black-necked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus), and Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, based on a 9-year dataset that included >9,000 nests. Nest abundance and nest success were greatest within ponds and on individual islands located either <1 km or >4 km from San Francisco Bay. Further, nest abundance was greater within ponds with relatively few islands, and on linear-shaped, highly elongated islands compared to more rounded islands. Nest success was greater on islands located away from the nearest surrounding pond levee. Compared to more rounded islands, linear islands contained more near-water habitat preferred by many nesting waterbirds. Islands located away from pond levees may provide greater protection from terrestrial egg and chick predators. Our results indicate that creating and maintaining a few, relatively small, highly elongated and narrow islands away from mainland levees, in as many wetland ponds as possible would be effective at providing waterbirds with preferred nesting habitat.
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Management disturbances of CRP grasslands generally are not allowed unless authorized to provide relief to livestock producers during severe drought or a similar natural disaster (i.e., emergency haying and grazing) or to improve the quality and performance of the CRP cover (i.e., managed haying and grazing). Although CRP grasslands may not be hayed or grazed during the primary bird-nesting season, these disturbances may have short-term (1 yr after disturbance) and long-term (≥2 yr after disturbance) effects on grassland bird populations. We assessed the effects of haying on 20 grassland bird species in 483 CRP grasslands in 9 counties of 4 states in the northern Great Plains, USA between 1993 and 2008. We compared breeding bird densities (as determined by total-area counts) in idle and hayed fields to evaluate changes 1, 2, 3, and 4 years after haying. Haying of CRP grasslands had either positive or negative effects on grassland birds, depending on the species, the county, and the number of years after the initial disturbance. Some species (e.g., horned lark [Eremophila alpestris], bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus]) responded positively after haying, and others (e.g., song sparrow [Melospiza melodia]) responded negatively. The responses of some species changed direction as the fields recovered from haying. For example, densities for common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis), and clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida) declined the first year after haying but increased in the subsequent 3 years. Ten species showed treatment × county interactions, indicating that the effects of haying varied geographically. This long-term evaluation on the effects of haying on breeding birds provides important information on the strength and direction of changes in bird populations following a disturbance. Results from this study can help guide management of CRP and other grasslands and inform future agricultural programs that address biomass energy production. © 2016 This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.21119","usgsCitation":"Igl, L.D., and Johnson, D.H., 2016, Effects of haying on breeding birds in CRP grasslands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1189-1204, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21119.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1189","endPage":"1204","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059917","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Butte County, Eddy County, Fallon County, Day County, Grant County, Hettlinger County, Kidder County, McPherson County, Sheridan County","volume":"80","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578defa2e4b0f1bea0e03bc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174165,"text":"70174165 - 2016 - Life history diversity in Klamath River steelhead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T16:46:42","indexId":"70174165","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-18T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history diversity in Klamath River steelhead","docAbstract":"Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibits a vast array of life histories, which increases its likelihood of persistence by spreading risk of extirpation among different pathways. The Klamath River basin (California–Oregon) provides a particularly interesting backdrop for the study of life history diversity in O. mykiss, in part because the river is slated for a historic and potentially influential dam removal and habitat recolonization project. We used scale and otolith strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analyses to characterize life history diversity in wildO. mykiss from the lower Klamath River basin. We also determined maternal origin (anadromous or nonanadromous) and migratory history (anadromous or nonanadromous) of O. mykiss and compared length and fecundity at age between anadromous (steelhead) and nonanadromous (Rainbow Trout) phenotypes of O. mykiss. We identified a total of 38 life history categories at maturity, which differed in duration of freshwater and ocean rearing, age at maturation, and incidence of repeat spawning. Approximately 10% of adult fish sampled were nonanadromous. Rainbow Trout generally grew faster in freshwater than juvenile steelhead; however, ocean growth afforded adult steelhead greater length and fecundity than adult Rainbow Trout. Although 75% of individuals followed the migratory path of their mother, steelhead produced nonanadromous progeny and Rainbow Trout produced anadromous progeny. Overall, we observed a highly diverse array of life histories among Klamath River O. mykiss. While this diversity should increase population resilience, recent declines in the abundance of Klamath River steelhead suggest that life history diversity alone is not sufficient to stabilize a population. Our finding that steelhead and Rainbow Trout give rise to progeny of the alternate form (1) suggests that dam removal might lead to a facultatively anadromous O. mykiss population in the upper basin and (2) raises the question of whether both forms of O. mykiss in the Klamath River should be managed under the same strategy.
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