In models of natural and engineered systems, sensitivity analysis can be used to assess relations among system state observations, model parameters, and model predictions. The model itself links these three entities, and model sensitivities can be used to quantify the links. Sensitivities are defined as the derivatives of simulated quantities (such as simulated equivalents of observations, or model predictions) with respect to model parameters. We present four measures calculated from model sensitivities that quantify the observation-parameter-prediction links and that are especially useful during the calibration and prediction phases of modeling. These four measures are composite scaled sensitivities (CSS), prediction scaled sensitivities (PSS), the value of improved information (VOII) statistic, and the observation prediction (OPR) statistic. These measures can be used to help guide initial calibration of models, collection of field data beneficial to model predictions, and recalibration of models updated with new field information. Once model sensitivities have been calculated, each of the four measures requires minimal computational effort.
We apply the four measures to a three-layer MODFLOW-2000 (Harbaugh et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2000) model of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system (DVRFS), located in southern Nevada and California. D’Agnese et al. (1997, 1999) developed and calibrated the model using nonlinear regression methods. Figure 1 shows some of the observations, parameters, and predictions for the DVRFS model. Observed quantities include hydraulic heads and spring flows. The 23 defined model parameters include hydraulic conductivities, vertical anisotropies, recharge rates, evapotranspiration rates, and pumpage. Predictions of interest for this regional-scale model are advective transport paths from potential contamination sites underlying the Nevada Test Site and Yucca Mountain.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmental Modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmental Modeling","conferenceDate":"August 19–21, 2003","conferenceLocation":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Headquarters 11545 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland, USA","language":"English ","publisher":"NRC","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., and Hill, M.C., 2003, Using sensitivity analysis in model calibration efforts, chap. of Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmental Modeling, p. 53-56.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"53","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"ftp://brrftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/mows/pubs/leavesley_pubs/leavesley_pdf/cp0187.pdf#page=67"}],"country":"United States ","state":"California, Nevada ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965d256e4b0d1f9f05b76f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122973,"text":"70122973 - 2003 - Simple models for predicting dune erosion hazards along the outer banks of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-29T15:33:49","indexId":"70122973","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T15:31:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simple models for predicting dune erosion hazards along the outer banks of North Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal sediments '03: \"crossing disciplinary boundaries\": the Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes: proceedings: May 18-23, 2003, Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"East Meets West Productions","usgsCitation":"Wetzell, L., Howd, P., and Sallenger, A.H., 2003, Simple models for predicting dune erosion hazards along the outer banks of North Carolina, in Coastal sediments '03: \"crossing disciplinary boundaries\": the Fifth International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes: proceedings: May 18-23, 2003, Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA, CD-ROM.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540193d1e4b0ae951d960649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetzell, L.M.","contributorId":79816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzell","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howd, P.A.","contributorId":103793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howd","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70122911,"text":"70122911 - 2003 - Giant submarine canyons: Is size any clue to their importance in the rock record?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T10:35:59","indexId":"70122911","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-29T10:40:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Giant submarine canyons: Is size any clue to their importance in the rock record?","docAbstract":"Submarine canyons are the most important conduits for funneling sediment from continents to oceans. Submarine canyons, however, are zones of sediment bypassing, and little sediment accumulates in the canyon until it ceases to be an active conduit. To understand the potential importance in the rock record of any given submarine canyon, it is necessary to understand sediment-transport processes in, as well as knowledge of, deep-sea turbidite and related deposits that moved through the canyons. There is no straightforward correlation between the final volume of the sedimentary deposits and size of the associated submarine canyons. Comparison of selected modern submarine canyons together with their deposits emphasizes the wide range of scale differences between canyons and their impact on the rock record.
Three of the largest submarine canyons in the world are incised into the Beringian (North American) margin of the Bering Sea. Zhemchug Canyon has the largest cross-section at the shelf break and greatest volume of incision of slope and shelf. The Bering Canyon, which is farther south in the Bering Sea, is first in length and total area. In contrast, the largest submarine fans-e.g., Bengal, Indus, and Amazon-have substantially smaller, delta-front submarine canyons that feed them; their submarine drainage areas are one-third to less than one-tenth the area of Bering Canyon. some very large deep-sea channels and tubidite deposits are not even associated with a significant submarine canyon; examples include Horizon Channel in the northeast Pacific and Laurentian Fan Valley in the North Atlantic. Available data suggest that the size of turbidity currents (as determined by volume of sediment transported to the basins) is also not a reliable indicator of submarine canyon size.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2370-1.175","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., and Carlson, P.R., 2003, Giant submarine canyons: Is size any clue to their importance in the rock record?: GSA Special Papers, v. 370, p. 175-190, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2370-1.175.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"370","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540193c7e4b0ae951d960610","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, Paul R.","contributorId":81469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122713,"text":"70122713 - 2003 - La mondialisation des poussieres, les vents transportent, d'un continent a l'autre, des poussieres, mai aussi des micro-organismes et des substances toxiques. Ces \"passagers clandestins\" pourraient transporter des maladies et modifier les ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T15:21:48.776191","indexId":"70122713","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-27T13:56:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9946,"text":"Pour la Science","onlineIssn":"2267-490X","printIssn":"0153-4092","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"La mondialisation des poussieres, les vents transportent, d'un continent a l'autre, des poussieres, mai aussi des micro-organismes et des substances toxiques. Ces \"passagers clandestins\" pourraient transporter des maladies et modifier les ecosystems","docAbstract":"Un tour d'horizon de la littérature scientifique révèle que de nombreux champs d'investigation sont jugés dignes d'intérêt de façon périodique : certaines idées sont à la mode pour un temps, puis sombrent dans l'oubli, avant de refaire surface comme si elles n'avaient jamais été émises. L'aérobiologie, c'est-à-dire l'étude des micro-organismes, tels des bactéries et des pollens transportés par les airs, est l'un de ces domaines.
","language":"French","publisher":"Pour la Science","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D., Kellogg, C., Garrison, V., and Shinn, E., 2003, La mondialisation des poussieres, les vents transportent, d'un continent a l'autre, des poussieres, mai aussi des micro-organismes et des substances toxiques. Ces \"passagers clandestins\" pourraient transporter des maladies et modifier les ecosystems: Pour la Science, v. 309, p. 79-85.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293132,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.pourlascience.fr/sd/climatologie/la-mondialisation-des-poussieres-7418.php"}],"volume":"309","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0dfe4b01f35f8fd69de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, D.","contributorId":86290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellogg, C.","contributorId":27802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrison, V.","contributorId":18300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shinn, E.","contributorId":56824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70122660,"text":"70122660 - 2003 - Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T10:55:57","indexId":"70122660","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-27T10:49:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1247,"text":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough","docAbstract":"Traditionally, an abrupt and massive influx of siliciclastic sediments into an area of deposition has been attributed to tectonic uplift without consideration of the influence of climate or climatic change on rates of weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition. With few exceptions, fluvial sediment transport is minimal in both extremely arid climates and in perhumid (everwet) climates. Maximum sediment transport occurs in climates characterized by strongly seasonal rainfall, where the effect of vegetation on erosion is minimal.
\nThe Peru–Chile trench and Andes Mountain system (P–CT/AMS) of the eastern Pacific Ocean clearly illustrates the effects of climate on rates of weathering, erosion, transport, and deep-sea sedimentation. Terrigenous sediment is virtually absent in the arid belt north of lat. 30° S in the P–CT, but in the belt of seasonal rainfall south of lat. 30° S terrigenous sediment is abundant. Spatial variations in the amount and seasonality of annual precipitation are now generally accepted as the cause for this difference. The spatial variation in sediment supply to the P–CT appears to be an excellent modern analogue for the temporal variation in sediment supply to certain ancient systems, such as the Ouachita Trough in the southern United States.
\nBy comparison, during the Ordovician through the early Mississippian, sediment was deposited at very slow rates as the Ouachita Trough moved northward through the southern hemisphere dry belt (lat. 10° S to lat. 30° S). The deposystem approached the tropical humid zone during the Mississippian, coincident with increased coarse clastic sedimentation. By the Middle Pennsylvanian (Atokan), the provenance area and the deposystem moved well into the tropical humid zone, and as much as 8,500 m of mineralogically mature (but texturally immature) quartz sand was introduced and deposited. This increase in clastic sediment deposition traditionally has been attributed solely to tectonic activity. However, we contend that the principal control on the introduction of abundant terrigenous sediment was the movement of the deposystem from an arid or semiarid climate into a seasonally wetter climatic regime. The physical and mineralogical maturity of the quartz sand is the result of tropical weathering in provenance areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.03.77.0185","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., and Cecil, C.B., 2003, Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough: Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication, v. 77, p. 185-191, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0185.","productDescription":"7","startPage":"185","endPage":"191","costCenters":[{"id":183,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293087,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0185"}],"country":"Chile;Peru;United States","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0dee4b01f35f8fd69cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70122652,"text":"70122652 - 2003 - A modern analogue for tectonic, eustatic, and climatic processes in cratonic basins: Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T10:43:43","indexId":"70122652","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-27T10:28:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1247,"text":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modern analogue for tectonic, eustatic, and climatic processes in cratonic basins: Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia","docAbstract":"The Gulf of Carpentaria is a tropical, silled epicontinental sea and may be a modern analogue for ancient cratonic basins. For the purpose of this study, the Gulf of Carpentaria is compared to Pennsylvanian cratonic basins of the United States. During the Pennsylvanian, the North American continent moved from the Southern Hemisphere, through the Equator, into the Northern Hemisphere. Today, the Gulf of Carpentaria–New Guinea region is a few degrees south of the Equator and is moving towards it. During the Pennsylvanian, the world was subjected to major glaciations and associated sea-level changes. The island of New Guinea and the Gulf of Carpentaria have undergone similar processes during the Quaternary. A reconnaissance seismic survey of the gulf conducted by the USGS and the Australian National University (ANU), combined with oil-exploration well data, provided the first step in a systematic evaluation of a modern tropical epicontinental system. During the Cenozoic, the region was dominated by terrestrial sedimentation in a temperate climate. At the same time, carbonates were being deposited on the northern shelf edge of the Australian Plate. During the Miocene, carbonate deposition expanded southward into the gulf region. Then in the Late Miocene, carbonate sedimentation was replaced by terrigenous clastics derived from the developing Central Range of the island of New Guinea, which developed a wetter climate while moving northwards into the tropics. At least 14 basin-wide transgressive–regressive cycles are identified by channels that were eroded under subaerial conditions since about the Miocene. Comparison of the modern Gulf of Carpentaria sequences with those of the Pennsylvanian reveals many similarities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.03.77.0193","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., Cecil, C.B., Mattick, R., de Deckker, P., and Djajadihardja, Y.S., 2003, A modern analogue for tectonic, eustatic, and climatic processes in cratonic basins: Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia: Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication, v. 77, p. 193-205, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0193.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"205","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293085,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0193"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Carpentaria","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 137.03,-16.62 ], [ 137.03,-10.61 ], [ 141.69,-10.61 ], [ 141.69,-16.62 ], [ 137.03,-16.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0c4e4b01f35f8fd6903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattick, R.E.","contributorId":85162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"de Deckker, Patrick","contributorId":69070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Deckker","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Djajadihardja, Yusuf S.","contributorId":29324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Djajadihardja","given":"Yusuf","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70121966,"text":"70121966 - 2003 - Quaternary sedimentation and subsidence history of Lake Baikal, Siberia, based on seismic stratigraphy and coring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T15:04:16","indexId":"70121966","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-25T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary sedimentation and subsidence history of Lake Baikal, Siberia, based on seismic stratigraphy and coring","docAbstract":"The long, continuous, high-latitude, stratigraphic record of Lake Baikal was deposited in three broad sedimentary environments, defined by high-resolution seismic-reflection and coring methods: (1) turbidite depositional systems, by far the most widespread, characterizing most of the margins and floors of the main basins of the lake, (2) large deltas of major drainages, and (3) tectonically or topographically isolated ridges and banks. Holocene sedimentation rates based on radiocarbon ages vary by more than an order of magnitude among these environments, from less than about 0.03 mm/yr on ridges and banks to more than about 0.3 mm/yr on basin floors. Extrapolating these rates, with a correction for compaction, yields tentative estimates of about 25 and 11 Ma for the inception of rifting in the Central and North basins, respectively, and less than 6 Ma for the 200-m sediment depth on Academician Ridge.
\nThe Selenga Delta has the distinctive form of a classic prograding Gilbert-type delta, but its history appears to represent a complex combination of tectonism and sedimentation. The central part of the delta is underlain by prograding, shallow-water sequences, now several hundred meters below the lake surface. These deposits and much of the delta slope are mantled by fine-grained, deep-water, hemipelagic deposits whose base is estimated to be about 650,000 years old. Modern coarse-grained sediment bypasses the delta slope through fault-controlled canyons that feed large, subaqueous fans at the ends of the South and Central basins. These relations, along with abundant other evidence of recent faulting and the great depths of the Central and South basins, suggest that these two rift basins have experienced a period of unusually rapid subsidence over the last 650,000 years, during at least part of which sedimentation has failed to keep pace.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/041703730941","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Karabanov, E., and Nelson, C.H., 2003, Quaternary sedimentation and subsidence history of Lake Baikal, Siberia, based on seismic stratigraphy and coring: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 73, no. 6, p. 941-956, https://doi.org/10.1306/041703730941.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"941","endPage":"956","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 103.7,51.46 ], [ 103.7,55.93 ], [ 110.1,55.93 ], [ 110.1,51.46 ], [ 103.7,51.46 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"73","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4ddfe4b0413fd75d6b2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karabanov, E.B.","contributorId":37084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karabanov","given":"E.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, C. H. III","contributorId":103589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200802,"text":"70200802 - 2003 - Orogenic tectonism on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T16:28:43","indexId":"70200802","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-19T16:27:44","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orogenic tectonism on Io","docAbstract":"We catalog 143 Ionian mountains (montes) and mountain‐like features (mensae, tholi, plana, and small peaks) in order to investigate orogenic tectonism on Io. From this comprehensive list, we select 96 mountains for which there are sufficient coverage and resolution to discern spatial relationships with surrounding geologic features. Three of the 96 mountains are probably volcanoes, 92 appear to be tectonic massifs, and 1 is ambiguous. Of the 92 tectonic mountains, 38 abut paterae (volcanic or volcano‐tectonic craters with irregular or scalloped margins). This juxtaposition is unlikely to be a coincidence as the probability of it occurring by chance is ∼0.1%. We propose instead that orogenic faults may act as conduits for magma ascent, thus fueling patera formation near mountains. As resurfacing buries a shell of material from Io's surface to the base of the lithosphere, its effective radius is reduced and it heats up. We calculate the lithospheric volume change due to subsidence and thermal expansion as a function of lithospheric thickness. Conservation of volume dictates that this material must be uplifted at Io's surface. By estimating the total volume of the mountains, we are able to place a lower limit of 12 km on Io's lithospheric thickness. We hypothesize that, in some cases, mountain formation may be facilitated by asthenospheric diapirs impinging on the base of the lithosphere. The resulting lithospheric swell could focus the compressive stresses that drive orogenic tectonism. This model is one of several possible mechanisms for uplifting isolated mountains such as are observed on Io.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002JE001946","usgsCitation":"Jaeger, W.L., Turtle, E.P., Keszthelyi, L., Radebaugh, J., McEwen, A., and Pappalardo, R.T., 2003, Orogenic tectonism on Io: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 108, no. E8, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001946.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001946","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"E8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ec84e4b034bf6a803753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turtle, Elizabeth P.","contributorId":45443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radebaugh, Jani","contributorId":101792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"Jani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McEwen, A.S.","contributorId":202347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pappalardo, Robert T.","contributorId":102380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappalardo","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70047123,"text":"70047123 - 2003 - Quantifying migratory delay: A new application of survival analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T13:27:20.524478","indexId":"70047123","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T10:56:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying migratory delay: A new application of survival analysis","docAbstract":"Statistical techniques commonly used in fish passage research fail to adequately quantify delays incurred at obstacles, or the effects of modifications to those obstacles on passage rates. Analyses of telemetry data describing these effects can be misleading, particularly when passage route of some individuals is not established (e.g., because of mortality, tag failure, passage through unmonitored or alternate routes, etc.). Here, we demonstrate how event-time analysis, better known as survival analysis, can be used to quantify passage rates for any study that allows tracking of individuals through time, even when some individuals fail to pass the route or obstacle in question. We review two of the primary methods of event-time analysis (parametric and Cox's proportional hazards regression analyses) and use them in combination with logistic regression to provide unbiased estimates of delay incurred at a hydroelectric facility, as well as insights on factors affecting both rates of passage and route selection. Passage rate increased with increased depth of a surface bypass sluice gate and, among fish that passed through the turbines, with turbine flow. The data further indicate that risk of turbine passage increased with both delay and turbine flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f03-086","usgsCitation":"Castro-Santos, T., and Haro, A., 2003, Quantifying migratory delay: A new application of survival analysis: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 60, no. 8, p. 986-996, https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-086.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"986","endPage":"996","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ea8705e4b03397884d39ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":32573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, Alex 0000-0002-7188-9172","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":37223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159344,"text":"70159344 - 2003 - Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:55:48","indexId":"70159344","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results","docAbstract":"The accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data (NLCD) map is assessed via a probability sampling design incorporating three levels of stratification and two stages of selection. Agreement between the map and reference land-cover labels is defined as a match between the primary or alternate reference label determined for a sample pixel and a mode class of the mapped 3×3 block of pixels centered on the sample pixel. Results are reported for each of the four regions comprising the eastern United States for both Anderson Level I and II classifications. Overall accuracies for Levels I and II are 80% and 46% for New England, 82% and 62% for New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ), 70% and 43% for the Mid-Atlantic, and 83% and 66% for the Southeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00128-7","usgsCitation":"Stehman, S., Wickham, J., Smith, J., and Yang, L., 2003, Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 86, no. 4, p. 500-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00128-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"500","endPage":"516","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08f7e4b011227bf1fdf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wickham, J.D.","contributorId":28329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.H.","contributorId":49331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, L.","contributorId":6200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176660,"text":"70176660 - 2003 - Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites: Why add intermediate hosts?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T14:09:05","indexId":"70176660","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites: Why add intermediate hosts?","docAbstract":"Although multihost complex life cycles (CLCs) are common in several distantly related groups of parasites, their evolution remains poorly understood. In this article, we argue that under particular circumstances, adding a second host to a single-host life cycle is likely to enhance transmission (i.e., reaching the target host). For instance, in several situations, the propagules of a parasite exploiting a predator species will achieve a higher host-finding success by encysting in a prey of the target predator than by other dispersal modes. In such a case, selection should favor the transition from a singleto a two-host life cycle that includes the prey species as an intermediate host. We use an optimality model to explore this idea, and we discuss it in relation to dispersal strategies known among free-living species, especially animal dispersal. The model found that selection favored a complex life cycle only if intermediate hosts were more abundant than definitive hosts. The selective value of a complex life cycle increased with predation rates by definitive hosts on intermediate hosts. In exploring trade-offs between transmission strategies, we found that more costly trade-offs made it more difficult to evolve a CLC while less costly trade-offs between traits could favor a mixed strategy.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/375681","usgsCitation":"Choisy, M., Brown, S.P., Lafferty, K.D., and Thomas, F., 2003, Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites: Why add intermediate hosts?: American Naturalist, v. 162, no. 2, p. 172-181, https://doi.org/10.1086/375681.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-02502579","text":"External Repository"},{"id":328924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe9614e4b0824b2d14d550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choisy, Marc","contributorId":174880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Choisy","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Sam P.","contributorId":174881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Sam","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, Frederic","contributorId":57275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Frederic","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51406,"text":"ofr03237 - 2003 - Tethered acoustic doppler current profiler platforms for measuring streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T08:27:15","indexId":"ofr03237","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003–0237","displayTitle":"Tethered acoustic doppler current profiler platforms for measuring streamflow","title":"Tethered acoustic doppler current profiler platforms for measuring streamflow","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey tested and refined tethered-platform designs for measuring streamflow. Platform specifications were developed, radio-modem telemetry of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data and potential platform-hull sources were investigated, and hulls were tested and evaluated.
\nDifferent platforms, which included a variety of hull configurations, were tested for drag and stability at the U.S. Geological Survey tow tank and at a field site below a reservoir. The testing indicated that, although any of the designs could be used under certain conditions, trimaran designs provided the best all-around performance under a range of conditions. The trimaran designs housed the ADCP in the center hull; this resulted in lower drag than the catamaran designs and retained the stability advantage of catamarans over monohull designs. Waterproof radio modems that operate at 900 megahertz were used to communicate wirelessly with instruments at high baud rates.
\nA tethered-platform design with a trimaran hull and 900-megahertz radio modems is now commercially available. Continued field use has resulted in U.S. Geological Survey procedures for making tethered-platform discharge measurements, including methods for tethered-boat deployment, moving-bed tests, and measurement of edge distances.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr03237","usgsCitation":"Rehmel, M.S., Stewart, J., and Morlock, S.E., 2003, Tethered acoustic doppler current profiler platforms for measuring streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003–0237, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03237.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0237/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4413,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0237/ofr20030237.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"376 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0237"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
Knowledge of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment relative to streams and impoundments is important to those involved directly or indirectly in the development and management of water resources. Monitoring the quantity of sediment in streams and impoundments is important because: (1) sediment may degrade the water quality of streams for such uses as municipal water supply, (2) sediment is detrimental to the health of some species of aquatic animals and plants, and (3) accumulation of sediment in water-supply impoundments decreases the amount of storage and, therefore, water available for users.
One of the objectives of the Kansas Water Plan is to reduce the amount of sediment in Kansas streams by 2010. During the last 30 years, millions of dollars have been spent in Kansas watersheds to reduce sediment transport to streams. Because the last evaluation of trends in suspended-sediment concentrations in Kansas was completed in 1985, 14 sediment sampling sites that represent 10 of the 12 major river basins in Kansas were reestablished in 2000. The purpose of this report is to present the results of time-trend analyses at the reestablished sediment data-collection sites for the period of about 1970–2002 and to evaluate changes in the watersheds that may explain the trends.
Time-trend tests for 13 of 14 sediment sampling sites in Kansas for the period from about 1970 to 2002 indicated that 3 of the 13 sites tested had statistically significant decreasing suspended-sediment concentrations; however, only 2 sites, Walnut River at Winfield and Elk River at Elk Falls, had trends that were statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Increasing suspended-sediment concentrations were indicated at three sites although none were statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Samples from five of the six sampling sites located upstream from reservoirs indicated decreasing suspended-sediment concentrations. Watershed impoundments located in the respective river basins may contribute to the decreasing suspended-sediment trends exhibited at most of the sampling sites because the impoundments are designed to trap sediment. Both sites that exhibited statistically significant decreasing suspended-sediment concentrations have a large number of watershed impoundments located in their respective drainage basins. The relation between percentage of the watershed affected by impoundments and trend in suspended-sediment concentration for 11 sites indicated that, as the number of impoundments in the watershed increases, suspended-sediment concentration decreases. Other conservation practices, such as terracing of farm fields and contour farming, also may contribute to the reduced suspended-sediment concentrations if their use has increased during the period of analysis.
Regression models were developed for 13 of 14 sediment sampling sites in Kansas and can be used to estimate suspended-sediment concentration if the range in stream discharge for which they were developed is not exceeded and if time trends in suspended-sediment concentrations are not significant. For those sites that had a statistically significant trend in suspended-sediment concentration, a second regression model was developed using samples collected during 2000–02. Past and current studies by the U.S. Geological Survey have shown that regression models can be developed between in-stream measurements of turbidity and laboratory-analyzed sediment samples. Regression models were developed for the relations between discharge and suspended-sediment concentration and turbidity and suspended-sediment concentration for 10 sediment sampling sites using samples collected during 2000–02.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Putnam, J.E., and Pope, L.M., 2003, Trends in suspended-sediment concentration at selected stream sites in Kansas, 1970–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4150, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034150.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360238,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4150/wrir20034150.pdf","size":"2.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003–4150"},{"id":179074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4150/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
The Christina River Basin drains 565 mi2 (square miles) in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Water from the basin is used for recreation, drinking-water supply, and to support aquatic life. The Christina River Basin includes the major subbasins of Brandywine Creek, Red Clay Creek, White Clay Creek, and Christina River. The Brandywine Creek is the largest of the subbasins and drains an area of 327 mi2. Water quality in some parts of the Christina River Basin is impaired and does not support designated uses of the streams. A multi-agency water-quality management strategy included a modeling component to evaluate the effects of point and nonpoint-source contributions of nutrients and suspended sediment on streamwater quality. To assist in nonpoint-source evaluation, four independent models, one for each of the four main subbasins of the Christina River Basin, were developed and calibrated using the model code Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF). Water-quality data for model calibration were collected in each of the four main subbasins and in small subbasins predominantly covered by one land use following a nonpoint-source monitoring plan. Under this plan, stormflow and base-flow samples were collected during 1998 at six sites in the Brandywine Creek subbasin and five sites in the other subbasins.
The HSPF model for the Brandywine Creek Basin simulates streamflow, suspended sediment, and the nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, the model simulates water temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and plankton as secondary objectives needed to support the sediment and nutrient simulations. For the model, the basin was subdivided into 35 reaches draining areas that ranged from 0.6 to 18 mi2. Three of the reaches contain regulated reservoir. Eleven different pervious land uses and two impervious land uses were selected for simulation. Land-use areas were determined from 1995 land-use data. The predominant land uses in the basin are forested, agricultural, residential, and urban. The hydrologic component of the model was run at an hourly time step and calibrated using streamflow data for eight U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream-flow-measurement stations for the period of January 1, 1994, through October 29, 1998. Daily precipitation data for three National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) gages and hourly data for one NOAA gage were used for model input. The difference between observed and simulated streamflow volume ranged from -2.7 to 3.9 percent for the nearly 5-year period at the eight calibration sites. Annual differences between observed and simulated streamflow generally were greater than the overall error. For example, at a site near the bottom of the basin (drainage area of 237 mi2), annual differences between observed and simulated streamflow ranged from -14.0 to 18.8 percent and the overall error for the 5-year period was 1.0 percent. Calibration errors for 36 storm periods at the eight calibration sites for total volume, low-flow-recession rate, 50-percent lowest flows, 10-percent highest flows, and storm peaks were within the recommended criteria of 20 percent or less. Much of the error in simulating storm events on an hourly time step can be attributed to uncertainty in the rainfall data.
The water-quality component of the model was calibrated using monitoring data collected at six USGS streamflow-measurement stations with variable water quality monitoring periods ending October 1998. Because of availability, monitoring data for suspended solids concentrations were used as surrogates for suspended-sediment concentrations, although suspended-solids data may underestimate suspended sediment and affect apparent accuracy of the suspended-sediment simulation. Comparison of observed to simulated loads for two to six individual storms in 1998 at each of the six monitoring sites indicate that simulation error is commonly as large as an order of magnitude for suspended sediment and nutrients. The simulation error tends to be smaller for dissolved nutrients than for particulate nutrients. Errors of 40 percent or less for monthly or annual values indicate a fair to good water-quality calibration according to recommended criteria, with much larger errors possible for individual events. Assessment of the water-quality calibration under stormflow conditions is limited by the relatively small amount of available water-quality data in the basin. Duration curves for simulated and reported sediment concentration at Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Del., are similar, indicating model performance is better when evaluated over longer periods than when evaluated on individual storm events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024279","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Koerkle, E.H., 2003, Simulation of streamflow and water quality in the Brandywine Creek subbasin of the Christina River basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1994-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4279, xii, 207 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024279.","productDescription":"xii, 207 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4279/wri20024279.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4279"},{"id":179475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4279/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Three sediment oxygen demand (SOD) measurement chambers were deployed in the Tualatin River near Tigard, Oregon, at river mile 10 in August 2000. SOD rates were calculated for three different circulation velocities during each chamber deployment. The SOD rate at each velocity was calculated from a graph of dissolved oxygen concentration versus elapsed time. An acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used to measure stream discharge and near-bottom water velocities in the Tualatin at river mile 10 and at two upstream locations. Measured river and chamber velocities were similar, indicating that results from the chambers were representative of instream effects.
\nAt low to moderate chamber circulation velocities (less than about 7.5 centimeters per second), the measured SOD rate appeared to be only slightly affected by the circulation velocity, indicating that the measured rates reflect the rate of oxygen utilization by chemical and biological reactions in the sediment rather than the rate of physical transport of oxygen to the sediment-water interface. Above about 7.5 centimeters per second, however, the measured oxygen depletion rate was affected by the circulation velocity, as sufficient energy was generated within the chamber to resuspend bottom sediment, as evidenced by increased turbidity. The resuspended sediment particles contributed to the measured oxygen loss rate by increasing the surface area of decomposing material in contact with the water column, resulting in a measured SOD rate that was anomalously high. Two different alignments of the chamber circulation diffusers were tested. With both diffuser alignments, SOD rates were similar at circulation velocities low enough to avoid sediment resuspension.
\nThe same resuspension effect probably exists in the Tualatin River during storm-runoff events following prolonged periods of low flow, when increased stream velocity may result in the resuspension of bottom sediments. The resuspension causes increased turbidity and increased oxygen demand, resulting in lower instream dissolved oxygen concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034097","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Clean Water Services","usgsCitation":"Doyle, M.C., and Rounds, S., 2003, The effect of chamber mixing velocity on bias in measurement of sediment oxygen demand rates in the Tualatin River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4097, iv, 16 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034097.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4097/wri03-4097.pdf","text":"Report","size":"562 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"},{"id":178833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4097/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, is a large island in northeastern Lake Superior that became a national park in 1940 and was designated as a wilderness area in 1976. The relative isolation of Isle Royale (Figure 1), 25 kilometers out in Lake Superior from the Canadian mainland, its generally harsh climate, and its status as a wilderness national park have minimized human influence on the geochemical evolution of its landscape.
\nUSGS sampling on Isle Royale began in 1996 as part of a larger project on the geology of the Midcontinent rift in the Lake Superior region and continued through 2000. Sampling began with collecting bedrock samples to characterize the geochemistry of the volcanic rocks that make up the much of the island, as well as samples representative of the minor native copper mineralization found on the island. Preliminary results from the bedrock study indicated, among other findings, that basaltic bedrock on the island had no detectable mercury, but that there was an association between native copper mineralization and trace amounts of mercury (Cannon and Woodruff, 1999). This finding and the recognition by the National Park Service that 6 of 32 inland lakes on Isle Royale have mercury levels in game fish that exceed State of Michigan acceptable levels for human consumption (Kallemeyn, 2000) resulted in renewed sampling on the island focused more on environmental issues.
\nTo evaluate atmospheric inputs of mercury and other elements to soil geochemistry, regionally distributed samples of both soils and lichens were collected as paired samples across the entire island. At each soil sample site, three epiphytic (grows in trees) lichen species, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia plysodes, and Parmelia sucata, were always collected. At some sites Cladina rangiferina, a lichen that grows on bare bedrock and soil surfaces, was also collected. The occurrence of Cladina rangiferina on the island is somewhat limited, and so this lichen species was not collected at all sites.
\nA high density of soil samples was collected within three individual watersheds (Sargent Lake, Lake Wagejo, and Lake Richie) for a localized study that evaluated the terrestrial distribution of mercury and other elements of environmental concern. These lakes were chosen using data from Kallemeyn (2000) that showed that Sargent Lake and Lake Wagejo have high mercury in fish, whereas Lake Richie, which is similar in size to Sargent Lake, does not. As part of this study on the terrestrial contribution of mercury to lakes, long cores of lake sediments were recovered from Sargent Lake and Lake Richie using a modified Livingston piston sampler.
\nFor an ancillary study that evolved from the study on the distribution of mercury in certain watersheds, some soil samples were collected to evaluate the impact of forest fire on soil geochemistry, deliberately sampling within and outside areas on the island that burned in severe forest fires in 1936. To complete bedrock sampling on the island, rock samples from the Copper Harbor Formation, a sedimentary unit that occurs on the southeastern part of the island were collected in 1999.
\nThis report presents all the geochemical data from samples collected by the USGS during this period (Figures 1 and 2). A number of reports presenting data interpretation are in preparation
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003276","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Cannon, W.F., Dicken, C.L., Bennett, J.P., and Nicholson, S.W., 2003, Bedrock, soil, and lichen geochemistry from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-276, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003276.","productDescription":"17 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4399,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption started on January 3, 1983. The ensuing 20-year period of nearly continuous eruption is the longest at Kilauea Volcano since the famous lava-lake activity of the 19th century. No rift-zone eruption in more than 600 years even comes close to matching the duration and volume of activity of these past two decades. Fortunately, such a landmark event came during a period of remarkable technological advancements in volcano monitoring. When the eruption began, the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Geographic Information System (GIS) were but glimmers on the horizon, broadband seismology was in its infancy, and the correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), used to measure SO2 flux, was still very young. Now, all of these techniques are employed on a daily basis to track the ongoing eruption and construct models about its behavior. The 12 chapters in this volume, written by present or past Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff members and close collaborators, celebrate the growth of understanding that has resulted from research during the past 20 years of Kilauea's eruption. The chapters range widely in emphasis, subject matter, and scope, but all present new concepts or important modifications of previous ideas - in some cases, ideas long held and cherished.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1676","usgsCitation":"2003, The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The first 20 years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, ix, 206 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1676.","productDescription":"ix, 206 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1676.jpg"},{"id":12885,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1676/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391829,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55310.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3231,\n 19.2411\n ],\n [\n -154.8083,\n 19.2411\n ],\n [\n -154.8083,\n 19.5619\n ],\n [\n -155.3231,\n 19.5619\n ],\n [\n -155.3231,\n 19.2411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad48","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Heliker, Christina C.","contributorId":60712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":747029,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":3137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":770124,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takahashi, Taeko Jane","contributorId":104049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"Taeko","email":"","middleInitial":"Jane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770125,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47799,"text":"wri034055 - 2003 - A Synoptic Study of Fecal-Indicator Bacteria in the Wind River, Bighorn River, and Goose Creek Basins, Wyoming, June-July 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:40","indexId":"wri034055","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4055","title":"A Synoptic Study of Fecal-Indicator Bacteria in the Wind River, Bighorn River, and Goose Creek Basins, Wyoming, June-July 2000","docAbstract":"A synoptic study of fecal-indicator bacteria was conducted during June and July 2000 in the Wind River, Bighorn River, and Goose Creek Basins in Wyoming as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program for the Yellowstone River Basin. Fecal-coliform concentrations ranged from 2 to\r\n3,000 col/100 mL (colonies per 100 milliliters) for 100 samples, and Escherichia coli concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,800 col/100 mL for 97 samples. Fecal-coliform concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended limit for a single sample for recreational contact with water in 37.0 percent of the samples. Escherichia coli concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended limit for a single sample for moderate use, full-body recreational contact with water in 38.1 percent of the samples and the recommended limit for infrequent use, full-body recreational contact with water in 24.7 percent of the samples.\r\n\r\nFecal-indicator-bacteria concentrations varied by basin. Samples from the Bighorn River Basin had the highest median concentrations for fecal coliform of 340 col/100 mL and for Escherichia coli of 300 col/100 mL. Samples from the Wind River Basin had the lowest median concentrations for fecal coliform of 50 col/100 mL and for Escherichia coli of 62 col/100 mL.\r\n\r\nFecal-indicator-bacteria concentrations varied by land cover. Samples from sites with an urban land cover had the highest median concentrations for fecal coliform of 540 col/100 mL and for Escherichia coli of 420 col/100 mL. Maximum concentrations for fecal coliform of 3,000 col/100 mL and for Escherichia coli of 2,800 col/100 mL were in samples from sites with an agricultural land cover. The lowest median concentrations for fecal coliform of 130 col/100 mL and for Escherichia coli of 67 col/100 mL were for samples from sites with a forested land cover.\r\n\r\nA strong and positive relation existed between fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (Spearman's Rho value of 0.976). The majority of the fecal coliforms were Escherichia coli during the synoptic study. Fecal-indicator-bacteria concentrations were not correlated to streamflow, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conduc-tance, and alkalinity. Fecal-indicator-bacteria concentrations were moderately correlated with turbidity (Spearman's Rho values of 0.662 and 0.640 for fecal coliform and Escherichia coli, respectively) and sediment (Spearman's Rho values of 0.628 and 0.636 for fecal coliform and Escherichia coli, respectively).\r\n\r\nEscherichia coli isolates analyzed by discriminant analysis of ribotype patterns for samples from the Bighorn River at Basin, Wyoming, and Bitter Creek near Garland, Wyoming, in the Bighorn River Basin were determined to be from nonhuman and human sources. Using a confidence interval of 90 percent, more of the isolates from both sites were classified as being from nonhuman than human sources; however, both samples had additional isolates that were classified as unknown sources.\r\n\r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034055","usgsCitation":"Clark, M.L., and Gamper, M.E., 2003, A Synoptic Study of Fecal-Indicator Bacteria in the Wind River, Bighorn River, and Goose Creek Basins, Wyoming, June-July 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4055, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034055.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4011,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034055/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd496ce4b0b290850ef274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Melanie L. mlclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Melanie","email":"mlclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gamper, Merry E.","contributorId":48634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamper","given":"Merry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47834,"text":"fs02203 - 2003 - The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47834,"text":"fs02203 - 2003 - The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program","indexId":"fs02203","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":79773,"text":"fs20073021 - 2007 - The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program","indexId":"fs20073021","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":79773,"text":"fs20073021 - 2007 - The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program","indexId":"fs20073021","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:06","indexId":"fs02203","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"022-03","title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program","docAbstract":"In 2002, the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) launched a program to enhance the acquisition, preservation, and use of remotely sensed data for USGS science programs, as well as for those of cooperators and customers. Remotely sensed data are fundamental tools for studying the Earth's land surface, including coastal and near-shore environments. For many decades, the USGS has been a leader in providing remotely sensed data to the national and international communities. Acting on its historical topographic mapping mission, the USGS has archived and distributed aerial photographs of the United States for more than half a century. Since 1972, the USGS has acquired, processed, archived, and distributed Landsat and other satellite and airborne remotely sensed data products to users worldwide. Today, the USGS operates and manages the Landsats 5 and 7 missions and cooperates with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to define and implement future satellite missions that will continue and expand the collection of moderate-resolution remotely sensed data.\r\n\r\n\r\nIn addition to being a provider of remotely sensed data, the USGS is a user of these data and related remote sensing technology. These data are used in natural resource evaluations for energy and minerals, coastal environmental surveys, assessments of natural hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides), biological surveys and investigations, water resources status and trends analyses and studies, and geographic and cartographic applications, such as wildfire detection and tracking and as a source of information for The National Map. The program furthers these distinct but related roles by leading the USGS activities in providing remotely sensed data while advancing applications of such data for USGS programs and a wider user community.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02203","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, The U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 022-03, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02203.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0022/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672aec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47833,"text":"fs02103 - 2003 - Measuring and mapping the topography of the Florida Everglades for ecosystem restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T14:54:50.068926","indexId":"fs02103","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"021-03","title":"Measuring and mapping the topography of the Florida Everglades for ecosystem restoration","docAbstract":"One of the major issues facing ecosystem restoration and management of the Greater Everglades is the availability and distribution of clean, fresh water. The South Florida ecosystem encompasses an area of approximately 28,000 square kilometers and supports a human population that exceeds 5 million and is continuing to grow. The natural systems of the Kissimmee-Okeechobee-Everglades watershed compete for water resources primarily with the region's human population and urbanization, and with the agricultural and tourism industries. Surface water flow modeling and ecological modeling studies are important means of providing scientific information needed for ecosystem restoration planning and modeling. Hydrologic and ecological models provide much-needed predictive capabilities for evaluating management options for parks, refuges, and land acquisition and for understanding the impacts of land management practices in surrounding areas. These models require various input data, including elevation data that very accurately define the topography of the Florida Everglades.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs02103","usgsCitation":"Desmond, G.B., 2003, Measuring and mapping the topography of the Florida Everglades for ecosystem restoration: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 021-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02103.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84668,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0021/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"661 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 021-03"},{"id":4039,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0021/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.8206787109375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 26.504988828743404\n ],\n [\n -81.8206787109375,\n 26.504988828743404\n ],\n [\n -81.8206787109375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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